Chapter 2 Civil

Electric Power Technical Standards (LETS),
Chapter 2 Hydropower Civil Engineering Facilities

2-1 General
Article 8
Definitions
The following terms are defined as specified by their relevant paragraph. 1. Dam "Dam" means an embankment, including its foundation and affiliated electric and mechanical facilities, installed to store flowing water or divert it to intakes. 2. Dam body height " Dam body height" means the difference in elevation between the lowest part of the dam body foundation and the crest of the non-overflow section of the dam body. . !aterway "!aterway" means channels and au"iliaries which convey water from reservoirs to powerhouses for generating, and convey water from powerhouses to downstream river for water return. #enerally, $!aterway% includes intakes, settling basins, headraces, head tanks, surge tanks, penstocks, and tailraces. &. 'eservoir "'eservoir" means flowing water impounded by one or more dams, dike, training dam, or surrounding ground( it also means land on which water is impounded to the highest level. ). *n the case that a dam or waterway is established as a $low-voltage hydropower electric plant% defined in +rticle )), ,aragraph 11, and in the case that establishing dam or waterway, operating dam or waterway, and collapsing of dam or waterway may conform with the principles mentioned in +rticle 1, and in the case that damage by these is limited within the hydropower civil engineering facilities even if it collapses( then the dam or waterway is e"cluded from these definitions -i.e. it is possible for the dam or waterway not to conform with these technical standards..
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Ministry of Industry and Handicrafts (MIH) a!an International "oo!eration A#ency ( I"A)
2-2 Fundamental Requirements Article $ 1. Pre%ention of &%erto!!in# fro' (on)o%erflow Sections of Da's
*nflow design flood shall be established appropriately according to the conse/uences of dam failure based on sufficient hydrological research and review. 0very dam shall be e/uipped with a spillway designed to be capable of sure and safe discharge of the inflow design flood. The dam body shall have a sufficient freeboard depending on the type of dam, presence or non-presence of a spillway gate, and wave height. Da' Sta,ility
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Article *+ 1. 2. .
+ concrete dam shall be stable against sliding, overturning and materials failure. + fill dam shall be stable against sliding. Dams other than concrete or fill dams shall be stable against sliding, overturning, and materials failure, which are foreseeable. Pre%ention of See!a#e -ailure of Da's
Article ** 1.
+ dam foundation shall have the re/uired water-tightness and shall be such that no seepage failure occurs. + dam body shall have the re/uired water-tightness. + fill dam body shall be such that no seepage failure occurs. + concrete dam body shall be designed and constructed so that no e"cessive uplift occurs. The contact area between the dam body and its foundation shall be such that no seepage failure occurs. Pre%ention of Serious Defor'ation and "rac/in# of Da's
2.
Article *. 1.
+ dam foundation shall have the re/uired bearing capacity. + fault or weak stratum shall be given appropriate treatment to prevent serious settlement from occurring. + concrete dam body shall be such that no serious cracking occurs. + fill dam body shall be embanked with the materials selected so as to prevent serious settlement or cracking. 2-2-1
Ministry of Industry and Handicrafts (MIH), Lao P0D010 a!an International "oo!eration A#ency ( I"A)
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Article *2 1.
Pre%ention of -ailure of 3aterways and &ther -acilities
+ waterway shall be stable against e"pected loads and shall not be damaged by a landslide or flood. + waterway shall be able to convey and control designed discharge safely and securely and be stable against hydraulic phenomena which are foreseeable. + waterway shall be such that sand flowing into the waterway does not damage a turbine. Pre%ention of -ailure of Powerhouses and &ther -acilities
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Article *4
+ny structure related to hydropower civil engineering facilities, including powerhouses, maintenance roads, and temporary facilities for construction, shall be stable against the imposition of e"pected loads and be protected against damage by landslide or flood. Article *5 Pre%ention of See!a#e -ailure of 6round around a 1eser%oir
0stablishing a reservoir shall not cause serious water leakage to surrounding ground, seepage failure, or large-scale landslide. Article *7 1. Pre%ention of Da'a#e to 8!strea' and Downstrea' Areas
Discharge from a dam during a flood shall be ensured so as not to aggravate damage to the downstream area. +ppropriate measures shall be taken when there is a possibility that an inundation of properties such as houses at upper reach areas will occur because of the rising water level due to sedimentation. +ppropriate measures shall be taken when there is a possibility that damage of the downstream area will occur by rapid change of water level due to the discharge from the tailrace of the hydropower station. +ppropriate measures shall be taken so that necessary discharge may be implemented for water utili1ation and river environment prevention of the affected 1one between a dam and a powerhouse.
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2-3
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2-3-1 Common Rules Article *9 1. Inflow Desi#n -lood
*nflow design flood shall be set as follows, according to the dam classification specified in ,aragraph 2. Ta,le *9)* Inflow desi#n flood
Dam classification 2igh 5ignificant 9ow ,robable ma"imum flood -,34.
*nflow design flood
6etween ,34 and annual e"ceedance probability 171,888 6etween ,34 and annual e"ceedance probability 17188
2.
0ach dam shall be classified in terms of the reasonably foreseeable conse/uences of failure. :onsideration of potential damage shall not be confined to conditions e"isting at the time of construction. ,robable future development in the downstream flood plain shall be evaluated in estimating damages and ha1ards to human life that would result from failure of the dam. Ta,le *9). Da' classification
Dam classification 2igh 5ignificant 9ow
9oss of life 9arge increase in loss e"pected 5ome increase in loss e"pected ;o increase in loss e"pected
*mpact on economy, society and environment 0"cessive increase in economic social and7or environmental impact 5ubstantial increase in economic social and7or environmental impact 9ow increase in economic social and7or environmental impact
Article *8
:asic 3ater Le%els
6asic water level, on which the specifications of a dam are to be determined, shall be set as follows< 1. ;ormal water level shall be the highest level of water stored in the reservoir of a dam during a non-flood period. 4lood water level shall be the highest water level when the inflow design flood flows over the spillway. *n the case that the storage effect of the reservoir is absolutely identified, the flood water level may be the water level which is the storage effect subtracted from the highest water level. 2- -1
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9ow water level shall be the lowest level of water stored in the reservoir of a dam under normal reservoir operation. -ree,oard
Article *$
The non-overflow portion of the dam body shall satisfy the following< 1. The non-overflow portion of the dam body shall be higher than both the normal water level plus the freeboard and the flood water level plus the freeboard. 4reeboard shall be set separately for flood water level and normal water level by considering the type of dam, wind-induced waves, earth/uake-induced waves, and presence or non-presence of a spillway gate. 4reeboard for normal water level -normal freeboard. hw = he = ha = hi and yet 2 m or higher -2. 4reeboard for flood water level -minimum freeboard. hw = ha = hi and yet 1 m or higher where hw < the wave height caused by wind he < the wave height caused by earth/uake ha < 8.) m if the dam has a spillway gate and 8 m if it does not hi < 1 m for a fill dam and 8 m for a concrete dam. 2. *n the case of a fill dam, both the normal water level and the flood water level shall be e/ual to or lower than the crest of the impervious 1one. Loads
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Article .+
9oads imposed on the dam body shall be set as follows< 1. The loads which shall be considered in the case of design of dam body shall be defined in the table below.
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Ta,le .+)* Loads i'!osed on da' ,odies

Type of dam 9oads #ravity dam 5elf-weight, hydrostatic pressure, hydrodynamic pressure, mud pressure, seismic forces and uplift +rch dam 5elf-weight, hydrostatic pressure, hydrodynamic pressure, mud pressure, seismic forces, uplift and temperature load 4ill dam 5elf-weight, hydrostatic pressure, seismic forces and pore pressure
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,ore pressure and uplift ,ore pressure for a fill dam shall be determined by considering the permeability of the materials used for the dam body, and drainage, and based on calculations, tests and e"perience through actual measurements of seepage flow. >plift for a concrete dam shall be determined by considering the permeability of the foundation after treatments, and drainage. 5eismic force 5eismic force acting on the dam body shall be deemed as acting hori1ontally on the dam body as static design seismic coefficient. Design seismic coefficient shall be determined by considering various parameters, including the level of seismic activity at the dam site, geological conditions of the foundation, type of dam, and reservoir operation conditions. ;otwithstanding the preceding, seismic force need not be considered in the study in the case of flood conditions.
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Article .*
Da' -oundations
+ dam foundation shall satisfy the following< 1. + dam foundation shall be put to appropriate geologic investigation, permeability tests and strength tests depending on the dam si1e. + dam foundation shall have a re/uired bearing capacity and a shearing strength, and shall not have serious settlement, serious cracks, sliding failure and serious erosion. +ppropriate countermeasures such as grouting or drainage shall be taken at the dam foundation when warranted in order to prevent e"cessive uplift, serious water leakage or seepage failure. +ny fault or other weak stratum in the foundation shall be given appropriate treatment as necessary so that the foundation possesses the re/uired strength and water-tightness. 2- Ministry of Industry and Handicrafts (MIH), Lao P0D010 a!an International "oo!eration A#ency ( I"A)
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Article ..
Pre%ention of Serious 3ater Lea/a#e fro' Da's
The dam body and the contact areas between the dam body and its foundation shall be such that serious water leakage does not occur. Article .2 1. Monitorin# and Ins!ections
*n principle, in the case that the dam body height is 1) meters or more, or in the case that the type of the dam is special, or in the case that the permeability of the dam foundation before taking countermeasures is high, or in the case that there is a large weak stratum, of the foundation, with insufficient strength before taking countermeasures, in order to confirm the safety and proper functioning of a dam body, and proper functioning of a reservoir, monitoring e/uipment shall be established and regular monitoring shall be implemented depending on the conditions of the safety of the dam body and the progress of sedimentation of the reservoir. *n the case of a concrete dam, volume of water leakage, uplift, deformation and sedimentation shall be monitored. *n the case of a fill dam, volume of water leakage, deformation, permeation line of a homogeneous fill dam, and sedimentation shall be monitored. *n the case that abnormal loads such as earth/uake or flood occur, an emergency inspection shall be implemented immediately in order to confirm the safety and proper functioning of the dam. The inspection items shall be volume of water leakage from the dam and around the reservoir, uplift of the concrete dam, deformation, permeation line of the homogeneous fill dam, the proper functioning of the spillway gates, and so on. *n principle, in the case that the dam body height is 1) meters or more, or in the case that the type of the dam is special, or in the case that the permeability of the dam foundation before taking countermeasures is high, or in the case that there is a large weak stratum, of the foundation, with insufficient strength before taking countermeasures, it is desirable to have an established gallery in accordance with necessity for inspections and repairs.
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2-3-2 Concrete Article .4 "oncrete Materials
ams
:oncrete materials used for a dam shall be confirmed by the tests which are specified in a standard such as *5? -*nternational ?rgani1ation for 5tandardi1ation. that they shall satisfy the following ,aragraphs, or they shall be materials as specified in a standard such as *5? which specify the following ,aragraphs< 1. :ement shall be capable of cementing and solidifying according to the level of its /uality. +ggregate shall be appropriately strong and durable. +ggregate, water, and admi"ture shall be free of acid, salt, organic substances, or mud which prevents concrete cementing, seriously rusts reinforcements, or prevents adhesion between concrete and reinforcements. &. :oncrete properties such as unit weight, strength, deformation modulus and ,oisson@s ratio shall be determined by testing the materials which are actually to be used. -oundations for "oncrete Da's
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Article .5
The foundation for a concrete dam shall satisfy the following< 1. The shear strength, internal friction coefficient and modulus of deformation shall be determined by the results of in-situ tests in principle, taking into consideration the geology of the foundation. *n principle, in the case that the dam body height is less than 1) meters, and the geology of the dam site is similar to that of previously e"isting dams, the foundation properties may be determined by both the actual results of previously e"isting dams and the geology of the dam being constructed. *n conducting an in-situ test, representative points that are appropriate for determining the foundation properties of the dam shall be selected based on careful consideration of the geology of the dam foundation. Sta,ility of "oncrete 6ra%ity Da's
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Article .7
+ concrete gravity dam shall satisfy the following< 1. The dam body shall be stable with respect to overturning due to cracking. >nder usual operation, the application center of resulting force of the e"pected e"ternal force and the self-weight shall be within the center one-third -i.e. the middle third. of the hori1ontal 2- -)
section of the dam body. *n the case of earth/uake or flood, it shall be within the center one-second -i.e. the middle half. of the hori1ontal section of the dam body. 2. The dam body, the contact area between the dam body and the foundation, and any weak stratum of the foundation shall be stable with respect to sliding. The safety factor calculated by the following formula shall be three or more under usual conditions -the water level of the reservoir is between the normal water level and the low water level, and the water level of the dam downstream is e/ual to or lower than the water level when the ma"imum design discharge flows.. *t shall be two or more in the case of an earth/uake or flood. n A -f v = l.72 where 5hear friction safety factor *nternal friction coefficient B5hear strength -;7m2. Total vertical force acting on the shear plane per unit width -;. 2Total hori1ontal force acting on the shear plane per unit width -;. +rea resisting with respect to the shear force per unit width-m2. -2. *f the dam body height is less than 1) meters and the shear strength of the foundation is not taken into account, the shear friction safety factor shall be maintained at 1.) or more under normal conditions and 1.2 or more in the case of an earth/uake or flood. 5tress inside the dam body shall not e"ceed the allowable stress as described below. The allowable compressive stress of concrete shall be one third of the compressive strength. *t shall be one half of the compressive strength in the case of an earth/uake or flood. The allowable tensile stress of concrete shall be one fortieth of the compressive strength.
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The specific age of the concrete that should be used for the strength test shall be D1 days in principle. *t shall be determined by considering the time lapse from the time point of concrete placing to that of loading. The proportioning strength of concrete shall be decided with the additional rate which shall be considered in terms of variance of compressive strength to the re/uired compressive strength as follows< -The proportioning strength.A-The re/uired compressive strength. -The additional rate of variance of compressive strength.
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*n the case of earth/uake, static analyses using the appropriate design seismic coefficient shall be implemented in principle. Sta,ility of Arch Da's
Article .9
+rch dams shall satisfy the following< 1. The contact area between the dam body and the foundation and any part of the foundation shall be stable with respect to sliding. The safety factor of sliding calculated by the following formula shall be four or more under usual conditions -the water level of the reservoir is between the normal water level and the low water level, and the water level of the dam downstream is e/ual to or lower than the water level when the ma"imum design discharge flows.. *t shall be 2.E or more in the case of an earth/uake or flood. n A -f v = l.72 where 5hear friction safety factor *nternal friction coefficient B5hear strength -;7m2. Total vertical force acting on the shear plane per unit width -;. 2Total hori1ontal force acting on the shear plane per unit width -;. +rea resisting with respect to the shear force per unit width-m2. 2- -E
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5tress inside the dam body shall not e"ceed the allowable stress as described below. The allowable compressive stress of concrete shall be one third of the compressive strength. *t shall be one half of the compressive strength in the case of an earth/uake or flood. The allowable tensile stress of concrete shall be one fortieth of the compressive strength. The specific age of the concrete that should be used for the strength test shall be D1 days in principle. *t shall be determined by considering the time lapse from the time point of concrete placing to that of loading. The proportioning strength of concrete shall be decided with the additional rate which shall be considered in terms of variance of compressive strength to the re/uired compressive strength as follows< -The proportioning strength.A-The re/uired compressive strength. -The additional rate of variance of compressive strength.
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*n the case of earth/uake, static analyses using the appropriate design seismic coefficient shall be implemented. Dynamic analysis using appropriate estimation of earth/uake motions, the dynamic properties of the foundation and the materials of the dam body, together with reliable analysis, is re/uired to be implemented. Structural Details of "oncrete Da' :ody
Article .8
+ concrete dam body shall satisfy the following< 1. 2. +ppropriate contraction Foints shall be constructed to prevent detrimental cracks. Drainage holes shall be installed as necessary at the gallery to reduce uplift that acts on the dam body, acts on the contact area between the dam body and the foundation, and7or acts on the inside of the foundation. The area surrounding the openings, such as galleries, water discharge e/uipment or penstocks installed inside the dam body, shall be structurally safe with respect to concentrated stress and stress caused by temperature change.
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!aterstops shall have water-tightness and durability, and shall be able to follow stretching of the Foints. They shall be installed near and upstream of transverse Foints. Te'!erature 1e#ulation for "oncrete Da' :ody
Article .$
Temperature regulation shall be conducted for the dam body in order to prevent concrete cracking so that the ma"imum temperature rise of the concrete during placing is reduced.
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2-3-3 Fill ams Article 2+ E',an/'ent Materials
+ny embankment material shall satisfy the following< 1. 3aterials possessing properties conforming to the respective purposes shall be used as dam body materials. ?f impervious materials, soil materials shall comply with the following< a. b. c. 5oil materials shall have ade/uate strength and water-tightness for dam stability. 5oil materials shall be easily compacted and subFect to little deformation. 5oil materials shall be free of e"pandability or shrinkage that may cause problems to dam stability. d. e. f. 5oil materials shall not be prone to softening. 5oil materials shall contain no organic matter and shall not be water-solvent. The coefficient of permeability, strength, and compaction characteristics shall be identified from the actual materials to be used.
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?f impervious materials, those other than soil ones shall be identified to have the re/uired water-tightness, strength and durability from the actual materials to be used. 5emi-pervious materials shall comply with the following< a. 5emi-pervious materials shall have ade/uate strength and drainage properties for dam stability. 5emi-pervious materials shall have the re/uired grain si1e distribution. 5emi-pervious materials shall be easily compacted and subFect to little deformation. The coefficient of permeability, strength, and unit weight shall be identified from the actual materials to be used.
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b. c. d.
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,ervious materials shall comply with the following< a. ,ervious materials shall have ade/uate strength and drainage properties for dam stability. 2- -18
b. c. d.
,ervious materials shall be hard and durable. ,ervious materials shall be easily compacted and subFect to little deformation. The coefficient of permeability, strength, unit weight, and durability shall be identified from the actual materials to be used.
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3aterials used for the surface of the dam body shall not be seriously eroded by waves or rainfall. !hen materials are selected, they shall be given appropriate tests to identify their characteristics before actual use. !hen the strength of any selected material is determined as part of the process of stability calculation, its consolidation and drainage conditions shall be considered in setting the strength. -oundations for -ill Da's
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Article 2*
Dam foundations of a fill dam shall satisfy the following< 1. 4oundations of impervious 1ones re/uire hard rock foundations and shall have ade/uate water-tightness and strength. *n the case of foundations other than rock, the water-tightness, strength and deformation shall be investigated through in-situ and laboratory tests. 5afety against li/uefaction in case of an earth/uake shall also be ensured. 5and-gravel foundations shall re/uire countermeasures to be taken as necessary in order to secure ade/uate stability against seepage. 5oil foundations shall re/uire countermeasures to be taken as necessary in order to secure ade/uate stability against sliding and deformation.
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Article 2.
Sta,ility of -ill Da's
+ fill dam shall satisfy the following< 1. + dam body and its foundation shall be stable with respect to sliding. The analyses against sliding shall be reliable circular arc methods -in principle 5pencerHs method.. *n the case that sliding lines, which include the foundation, and so on are e"pected, the calculations along the sliding lines, not only circular, shall be implemented. 'e/uired safety factors shall be the following< 5afety factor shall be 1.) or more under usual conditions -the water level of the reservoir is between the normal water level and the low water level, and the seepage flow in the dam is in steady state.. 5afety factor shall be 1.& or more in the case of flood. 5afety factor shall be 1.& or more in the case of being Fust after completion and before filling. 5afety factor shall be 1. or more in the case of rapid drawdown if fre/uent drawdown of the reservoir is implemented. 5afety factor shall be 1.1 or more in the case of earth/uake. *n the case of earth/uake, static analyses shall be implemented using the appropriate design seismic coefficient in principle. 1estrictions on -acilities such as Dischar#e -acilities
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Article 22
Discharge facilities or waterways which have a possibility of cracks occurring inside the dam body shall not be constructed inside the dam body. Article 24 Desi#n for Ho'o#eneous Ty!e -ill Da's
4or homogenous type dams constructed with impervious materials, the seepage line shall not appear on the slope of the downstream part of the dam. +ppropriate drainage shall be installed as necessary to promote elimination of pore pressure. Article 25 Desi#n for ;oned Ty!e -ill Da's
4or 1oned type dams, 1ones shall be appropriately allocated. 3aterials of these 1ones in contact with each other shall not be too much different in order that movement of material particles in each 1one does not occur. 2- -12
Article 27
Desi#n for Surface Dia!hra#' Ty!e -ill Da's
+ surface diaphragm type fill dam shall satisfy the following< 1. + surface diaphragm type fill dam shall be designed and constructed so that cracking that damages the sealing function of the diaphragm may not occur. +ppropriate water sealing countermeasures shall be taken, depending on the permeability of the foundation, to prevent seepage failure at the foundation.
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2-3-! "ther #ypes o$ ams Article 29 &ther Ty!es of Da's
?ther dams such as rubber dams and gabion dams -those other than a fill dam, a concrete dam or a concrete arch dam. shall be installed in accordance with the following< 1. 5afety against e"pected events, such as overturning, sliding, occurrence of e"cessive stress on materials used, cracking, or seepage failure, shall be sufficiently considered in designing dams. *n case materials other than soil, rock, or concrete are used, the materials shall be tested to fully identify their durability, water-tightness and strength. :oncrete materials shall satisfy +rticle 2&. 5oil and rock materials shall satisfy +rticle 8.
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2-3-% &pillways and "ther ischarge Facilities Article 28 S!illways
+ spillway shall satisfy the following< 1. +ll dams shall be e/uipped with spillways designed to safely discharge a volume of water e/ual to or smaller than the inflow design flood to the downstream side of the dam. 4or a fill dam, no spillways shall be constructed on7in the dam body. The bottoms of structures such as bridges or hoisted gate leafs shall be sufficiently apart from the overflowing water surface of the water discharged from the spillway at the flood water level in order that the overflowing water which is discharged from the spillway at the flood water level flows safely. The force of water flowing through7down the spillway shall be buffered to prevent negative impacts on the dam body and the downstream areas. + spillway shall have the stability prescribed in +rticle 2C or 2E with respect to loads as provided for by the applicable specifications for concrete gravity dams and the loads to be generated during the down-flow of water discharged from the spillway at the flood water level. 'eliable calculation methods shall be used in designing spillways or discharge facilities. *n case calculations alone are not sufficient to produce satisfactory results, hydraulic model tests shall be conducted to verify safety. S!illway 6ates and Au<iliaries
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Article 2$
+ spillway gate and any au"iliaries shall satisfy the following< 1. + spillway gate, as defined herein including a valve and any au"iliaries, shall have sufficient water-tightness and durability. + spillway gate and any au"iliaries shall be designed to be opened and closed easily and their operation shall not generate any dangerous vibration. + spillway gate and any au"iliaries shall be stable and there shall be no occurrence of buckling against self-weight, hydrostatic pressure, hydrodynamic pressure, mud pressure, seismic force, buoyancy and forces caused by opening and closing. + spillway 2- -1)
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gate shall be the structure which conveys the imposed loads to the dam body and so on safely. &. 3aterials used for a spillway gate and any au"iliaries shall be confirmed to have necessary strength by the tests which are specified in a standard such as *5?, or they shall be materials as specified in a standard such as *5? which specify necessary strength. *n the case that a power-drive device is used to operate the spillway gate, a power-drive device and back-up device shall be installed to ensure gate operation. &ther Dischar#e -acilities
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Article 4+
?ther discharge facilities shall satisfy the following< 1. + discharge facility shall be installed in order to decrease the water level of the reservoir at emergency times or to discharge to the affected 1one between the dam and the powerhouse. *f a water use outlet or a spillway already has this function, such a discharge facility is not re/uired. 2. *n case discharge facilities are not usually used, periodic operation checks shall be conducted to ensure proper gate operation.
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2-! 'aterways Article 4* "o''on 1ules
+ waterway shall satisfy the following< 1. 2. + waterway shall not be damaged by a flood, land sliding and so on. :onstruction of a waterway shall not cause serious water leakage, landslides, or any other detrimental conse/uences. + waterway shall not be significantly damaged by driftwood, floating debris, or sediments which flow into the waterway. + waterway shall be able to safely eliminate the e"cess volume of water if water in e"cess of the designed discharge flows into the waterway. + waterway shall be a structure in which it is easy to inspect necessary points and to repair. The concrete to be used for a waterway shall satisfy +rticle 2&. 5teel materials to be used for a waterway shall be confirmed to have necessary strength by the tests which are specified in a standard such as *5?, or they shall be materials as specified in a standard such as *5? which specify necessary strength. ?ther materials to be used for a waterway shall be confirmed that they shall have re/uired strength and durability. Inta/es
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Article 4.
+n intake shall satisfy the following< 1. +n intake shall be stable with respect to self-weight, hydrostatic pressure, hydrodynamic pressure, mud pressure, seismic force, e"ternal water pressure and earth pressure. + hydraulic gate or stoplog shall be installed to allow inspection and repair of the waterway and prevent inflow of water in a volume greater than the designed discharge. + location and structure of an intake shall be designed to prevent inflowing sediment, debris, garbage and so on. *n the case that an intake is connected to pressure conduits of a headrace or penstock, the location and structure of the intake shall be designed to prevent air intrusion to the pressure conduits, the penstocks or the turbines. 2-&-1
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Article 42
Settlin# :asins
+ settling basin shall satisfy the following< 1. + settling basin shall be stable with respect to self-weight, hydrostatic pressure, hydrodynamic pressure, seismic force, e"ternal water pressure and earth pressure. + settling basin shall have the capacity to be able to settle sediments which damage a downstream waterway or a turbine. + settling basin shall have the structure in which accumulated sediment can be flushed easily. Headraces
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Article 44
+ headrace shall satisfy the following< 1. + headrace shall be stable with respect to self-weight, hydrostatic pressure, internal water pressure, e"ternal water pressure, seismic force, earth pressure and surcharge. +ny leakage from inside a headrace shall not damage the surrounding ground or other structures. + headrace shall not significantly cause damage to the downstream waterway or a turbine due to slitting of the waterway. *n the case of a pressure conduit, countermeasures such as lining shall be taken to prevent cave-in of surrounding ground. + headrace shall be designed so that a turbine is not significantly damaged by air intrusion. Sur#e Tan/s and Head Tan/s
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Article 45 1. -1.
+ surge tank shall satisfy the following< + surge tank shall be stable with respect to self-weight, internal water pressure, seismic force, e"ternal water pressure, earth pressure and force caused by wind. The fluctuation of the water level in the surge tank shall not accelerate and return to e/uilibrium in a short period. !hen full loads are shut off or loads increase from half to full, -a. the fluctuation of the water level shall not lead to an overflow and -b. the down surge water level shall be 2-&-2
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higher than the crest of the waterway and the penstock. ;otwithstanding the preceding, the above -a. may not apply if a spillway or spillway channel is installed to allow safe discharge of spill stream. 2. -1. + head tank shall satisfy the following< + head tank shall be stable with respect to self-weight, internal water pressure, seismic force, e"ternal water pressure and earth pressure. !hen a head tank is operating normally or even if loads increase rapidly, a head tank shall have an ade/uate water capacity to be able to operate safely so that penstock does not inhale air. + head tank shall have a spillway so that it can control ma"imum designed discharge safely when the full load is shut off. ;otwithstanding the preceding, if facilities other than the spillway have functions to safely control spillage, this may not apply. -&. The increase of water level, when the spillage overflows, shall not cause damage to the headrace. + spillway or a spillway channel shall be designed so that discharge from the spillway or the spillway channel does not cause damage to surrounding facilities or the river utili1ation. The structures of a head tank shall be designed in order that garbage or sand does not flow into a penstock or a turbine, and the accumulated sediment can be flushed easily. Penstoc/s
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Article 47
+ penstock shall satisfy the following< 1. + penstock shall be stable with respect to loads in accordance with the following types of penstock. Ta,le 47)* Loads i'!osed on !enstoc/s
Type 0"posed type :omposite ma"imum water pressure of hydrostatic pressure, water hammer pressure and pressure rise by surging( self-weight of pipe, temperature loads, e"ternal pressure, water weight in pipe, seismic force and forces of flowing water inside the pipe 'ock-embedded type :omposite ma"imum water pressure of hydrostatic pressure, water hammer pressure and pressure rise by surging( temperature loads and e"ternal pressure 0arth-embedded type :omposite ma"imum water pressure of hydrostatic pressure, water hammer pressure and pressure rise by surging( earth pressure, surcharge loads, temperature loads, e"ternal loads and water weight in pipe
9oads
2-&Ministry of Industry and Handicrafts (MIH), Lao P0D010 a!an International "oo!eration A#ency ( I"A)
2.
The crest of a penstock shall be placed below the lowest hydraulic gradient line when the water level of the head tank or the surge tank is at its lowest point. + pipeshell shall be stable with respect to vibration, buckling and erosion. + penstock shall not cause serious water leakage. *n the case of e"posed type penstocks, anchor blocks or saddles shall be installed in order to support the penstock pipeshells. +n anchor block or saddle shall be stable with respect to the possible anticipated loads of self-weight, self-weight of pipe, water weight in pipe, seismic force, forces of flowing water inside the pipe, surcharge loads and temperature loads. The supporting part of a saddle shall be structured so that the pipeshell can move smoothly as the pipeshell contracts and e"pands. Tailraces
. &. ).
Article 49
+ tailrace shall satisfy the following< 1. + tailrace shall be stable with respect to self-weight, hydrostatic pressure, internal water pressure, e"ternal water pressure, seismic force, earth pressure and surcharge. +ny leakage from inside the tailrace shall not damage the surrounding ground or other structures. + tailrace shall not significantly cause damage to the downstream waterway due to slitting of the waterway. *n the case of a pressure conduit, countermeasures such as lining shall be taken to prevent cave-in of surrounding ground. *n the case that a surge tank is installed at the pressure tailrace, it shall be installed as provided for in +rticle &), ,aragraph 1. 6ates, =al%es, and Au<iliaries
2.
&.
).
Article 48
+ gate, valve and any au"iliaries shall satisfy the following< 1. + gate, valve and any au"iliaries shall be stable with respect to self-weight, hydrostatic pressure, hydrodynamic pressure, seismic force and buoyancy which are anticipated to impose on them. + gate, valve and any au"iliaries shall be water tight.
2.
2-&-&
. &.
+ gate, valve and any au"iliaries shall be able to open and close easily. + gate, valve and any au"iliaries shall have no dangerous vibration upon opening or closing of the gate and the valve. The door of a gate shall not be subFect to structural bending. ?peration of a door shall be conducted while checking the actual condition of the door in principle. +n operation panel installed outdoors shall be sufficiently durable and weather-resistant.
). C.
E.
2-&-)
2-% (owerhouses and "ther Facilities Article 4$ Powerhouses
+ powerhouse shall satisfy the following< 1. + powerhouse building shall be stable with respect to self-weight, water pressure, seismic force, earth pressure, forces caused by wind, crane-weight and lifting loads of crane. 5tructures around a turbine shall be stable with respect to vibration. + powerhouse building shall not be inundated by flood, and shall not be damaged by landslide. &ther -acilities
2. .
Article 5+
?ther hydropower civil engineering facilities such as maintenance roads or temporary facilities for construction -those other than dam, waterway, powerhouse or reservoir. shall satisfy the following< 1. ,ermanent facilities such as a maintenance road shall be designed to be structurally stable and, as much as possible, shall not cause serious turbid water. Temporary facilities for construction works shall be stable considering time span availability during construction, and it is desired that they do not cause serious turbid water flow out of the construction areas.
2.
2-)-1
2-) Reservoirs Article 5* Pre%ention of Landslide
+ reservoir shall satisfy the following< 1. !hen water is stored by establishing a reservoir, the permeability of surrounding ground and a possibility of landslide shall be investigated. 0specially, a narrow ridge and landslide area shall be investigated sufficiently. !ater sealing countermeasures or countermeasures against landslide shall be taken so that establishing a reservoir may not cause serious water leakage through surrounding ground, seepage failure, or landslide. Sedi'entation and 3ater >uality
2.
Article 5. 1.
+ppropriate countermeasures such as dredging, flushing or establishing check dams shall be taken as necessary so that damage due to serious water rise of a river bed at upper reach areas or serious reduction of reservoir capacity does not occur because of e"cessive sedimentation due to the establishing of the reservoir. !hen flushing is implemented, the impact on downstream areas shall be minimi1ed. *f a deterioration of water /uality in a reservoir or downstream such as cool water damage or turbid water resident is e"pected because of the establishing of the reservoir, appropriate countermeasures shall be taken as much as possible.
2.
2-C-1
2-* Article 52
ownstream
1e#ulation of Dischar#e to Downstrea' Areas
Discharge to downstream areas shall take place in accordance with the following< 1. *f a serious environment impact or damage to humans is e"pected because of the rapid water level change by the discharge from a hydropower station, appropriate countermeasures to mitigate possible impact or damage shall be taken. These include establishing a re-regulation pond to be able to relieve water level change and warning by sirens to downstream areas. The discharge of flood water shall be implemented so that flood damage to the downstream is not increased compared with e"pected flood damage before the dam was established, such that the volume of outflow from the reservoir does not increase compared with the volume of inflow to the reservoir. +ppropriate countermeasures such as warning by sirens and sending notice to populations downstream shall be taken so that damage downstream is minimi1ed. Article 54 -acilities to Dischar#e to Downstrea' Areas
2.
4acilities which may discharge a necessary amount of water for water utili1ation or environment prevention to the affected 1one between a dam and a powerhouse shall be able to discharge small amounts of water, and shall be stable with respect to vibrations during small openings of the facilities.
2-E-1

Chapter 2 Civil

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Chapter 2 Civil

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Electric Power Technical Standards (LETS),

Chapter 2 Hydropower Civil Engineering Facilities

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