Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INGLS COMERCIAL II
Santillanaformacin
INGLS COMERCIAL II
INDEX
Ingls comercial II
1. Getting in touch Keep in touch..................................................................................................3 First grade conditional....................................................................................7 Make and Do .................................................................................................9 Franchising...................................................................................................13 Necessity of an advice..................................................................................14 Offers, suggestions, invitations.....................................................................18
2004 by Santillana Formacin, S. L
2. Going into the Stock Exchange Uniform, constant, equable...........................................................................21 Environment ethic ........................................................................................23 World markets .............................................................................................26 Business ethic..............................................................................................28 Yard sales ...................................................................................................31 Recycling.....................................................................................................33 3. Being impersonal How things are made...................................................................................36 The Agent (Passive) ...................................................................................38 Doing a market research ..........................................................................42 Alliances......................................................................................................43 Phrasal verbs...............................................................................................46 4. Writing in/ for business Negotiations.................................................................................................51 Information checkers .................................................................................54 How to sell a product ..................................................................................57 Commercial letters......................................................................................60 The language of complaints .......................................................................62 Letters of reply and adjustment .................................................................66 5. Going on holiday Enquires and replies...................................................................................70 Electronic correspondence.........................................................................72 Banks and money.......................................................................................75 How to place and order ..............................................................................78 Energy.........................................................................................................81 Reports........................................................................................................84
INGLS COMERCIAL II
Ingls comercial II
1 Getting in touch
Keep in touch
Two of the most popular web sites in the world are Classmates and Friends Reunited which offers the same service, they enable people to get back in touch with friends who went to the school with them.
2004 by Santillana Formacin, S. L
Today Classmates , which was founded by Michael Schutzler in 1995, has over 35 million members in the United States where it has grown rapidly. The site, which provides listing for most public and private schools, and universities, is visited by people worldwide. Users, who can register for free by providing their name, name of the school they attended, graduating years, and contact information, can view the names of who have also registered with Classmates. Only when a user wants to contact someone, they pay a subscription fee. Four years after, a husband and wife decided to start a similar service in Britain where they launched Friends Reunited. They ran the original operation from a spare room in their house. Today it is one of the best known and most popular sites in Britain whose 86 million registered members come from nine different countries. However, it has received some criticism and been accused of causing several divorces, as some users have used the site to say bad things about their exteachers, while others have made contact with teenage sweethearts and left their partners. GRAMMAR POINT Look at these expressions from the text: which offer the same service. which was founded by Michael Schutzler in 1995. which provides listing for most public and private schools and universities. who went to the school with them. who can register for free. Where it has grown rapidly. Where they launched friends Reunited. The names of whom have also registered with classmates. 3
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INGLS COMERCIAL II
GETTING IN TOUCH
Whose 8.6 million registered members come from nine different countries.
They are all relative clauses, short phrases beginning with words like who, that, which (called relative pronouns) that define or describe people and things. They follow a noun (grammatically called antecedent) about which they add some sort of information. Relative clauses are often used in both spoken and written English. There is a tendency to use non-defining relative clauses mostly in written, rather than in spoken English. We use relative clauses to provide extra information. This information can either define something (defining clause), or provide unnecessary, but interesting, added information (non-defining clause). There are two types of relative clauses: Defining relative clauses: we use them to identify exactly which person or thing we mean. The information provided in a defining relative clause is crucial in understanding the meaning of the sentence. They enable people to get back in touch with friends who went to the school with them. The purpose of a defining relative clause is to clearly define who or what we are talking about. Without this information, it would be difficult to know who or what is meant. We are not talking about any friends, but only about those whom we met at school and have not seen for years. Non- defining relative clauses: give extra information which is not necessary for the sentence to make sense. In writing, they go between commas. Users, who can register for free, can view the names of Classmate's members. Correct punctuation is essential in non-defining relative clauses.
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Relative pronouns in non-defining relative clauses Person Subject Object Possessive who who, whom whose Object which which whose,of which
If the non-defining relative clause occurs in the middle of a sentence, a comma is put before the relative pronoun and at the end of the clause.
2004 by Santillana Formacin, S. L
If the non-defining relative clause occurs at the end of a sentence, a comma is put before the relative pronoun.
Relative pronouns in defining relative clauses Person Subject Object who that , that, whom who, Object which, that , which, that whose, of which
Possessive whose
Relative clauses can be introduced by: A relative pronoun: who (whom), which, that, whose.
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Relative pronouns Which: refer to things. That: refers to things and people. It is more common, especially in speech. Who/Whom: refer to people. In formal speech and writing we can use whom instead of who, when who is not the subject but the object of a sentence, and after a preposition. However, this is becoming less common and in modern English speakers rarely use whom they prefer who with the preposition at the end of the phrase or that.
2004 by Santillana Formacin, S. L
They can view the names of whom have also registered. Whose: shows that something belongs to someone. It can be translated by: cuyo/a, cuyos/as. Friends Reunited whose 8.6 million people come from 9 different countries. Where: can be a relative pronoun when its antecedent is a noun indicating place: Britain where they launched a similar service When: can also be a relative pronoun when its antecedent is a noun indicating time: The day when she came was the best in our lives. No relative pronoun, . Where, why and when instead of a relative pronoun. When, where and why Where, referring to a place, why, referring to a reason, and when, referring to a time, can be used instead of a relative pronoun after a noun. In defining relative clauses why and when, unlike where can be omitted. When, where and why are not omitted in non-defining relative clauses. It is preferable to use that (not which ) after the following words: all, any (thing), every (thing), few, little, many, much, no (thing), none, some(thing), and after superlatives.
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When using the pronoun to refer to the object, that can be omitted. Leave out the relative pronoun Sometimes we can leave out the relative pronoun: In a defining relative clause that refers to the object. The doctor I spoke to told me not to worry (The doctor whom I spoke to ). After a superlative. That was the best film I've ever seen! ( the best film that I've ever seen). But we cannot leave out the pronoun:
2004 by Santillana Formacin, S. L
In a defining relative clause that refers to the subject. The doctor who treated me told me not to worry. In non-defining relative clauses: Cervantes, who died long ago, is still the best Spanish writer.
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the question. You have a maximum of 30 seconds to match the question and answer. If you correctly match the question and answer then you can colour both shapes with your colour and move to the answer shape. If you do not manage to match them correctly you will have to return to the shape you occupied previously. When all the shapes are coloured, the virus and antivirus teams should count how many shapes they matched right. The winner is the team that has the most coloured shapes: virus/antivirus.