Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
P6 .................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Leadership styles........................................................................................................................................... 2 Democratic leadership .............................................................................................................................. 2 Charismatic leadership .............................................................................................................................. 2 Laissez-faire leadership ............................................................................................................................ 2 Task-oriented leadership ........................................................................................................................... 3 Effectiveness of these approaches in an organization ................................................................................... 3 Motivation of team members .................................................................................................................... 3 P7 .................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Theories of Motivation ................................................................................................................................. 4 Taylors Theory ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Elton Mayos Theory ................................................................................................................................ 4 Abraham Maslows theory ........................................................................................................................ 5 Frederick Herzbergs Theory .................................................................................................................... 5 Adamss equity theory .............................................................................................................................. 6 How is it applied in organization? ............................................................................................................ 7 Motivational theory and the Management ................................................................................................ 7 Motivational theories helping managers ................................................................................................... 8 P9 .................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Group Dynamics ........................................................................................................................................... 8 Group structure ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Formal Groups and Informal Groups ...................................................................................................... 11 Formal Group ...................................................................................................................................... 11 Informal Group ................................................................................................................................... 11 Behavior of groups in organizations ....................................................................................................... 11 Team Dynamics: ......................................................................................................................................... 12 Factors Affecting Performance of Team Members:................................................................................ 12 The Impact of Technology .......................................................................................................................... 13 Globalization ........................................................................................................................................... 13 Scotia Airways ........................................................................................................................................ 13
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Democratic leadership
Democratic leadership highlights a group theory. The ideas of many members of the business are received, with the purpose of building the finest strategy. One of the benefits of the democratic style is that it lets the workers enjoy a sense of independence. It also inspires them to be creative in their methods to tackle problems.
Charismatic leadership
It is a style which is focused on the character of the leader. In this procedure, he or she is basically the center of the organization. He tries to encourage the workers to finish a project with his enthusiastic character. The leader normally has the upper command on the project, and the workers try to fulfill the leader's demands.
Laissez-faire leadership
It is a strategy in which the leader basically allows the workers to work for them. It highlights the faith of the manager has in his or her employees. There is a good working connection between the workers and the leader, to ensure that work is coordinated. Laissez-faire is French term, which means roughly to let it be.
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Task-oriented leadership
This leadership style pressures the completion of the task above all other aspects. It is regularly linked to dictatorial procedures of political leadership. The most important task in this style is the completion of the task. Employees, who feel that they are of secondary importance, regularly have a negative view of this style. If the leader has the respect of his workers, still this can prove to be an effective leadership style.
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P7 Theories of Motivation
There is a large amount of different opinions as to what motivates employees. The views or theories that are most commonly held have been discussed below and it has taken over the last 100 years or so to develop. Unfortunately all of these theories do not touch the same conclusions.
Taylors Theory
Frederick Winslow Taylor theory forwards the impression that employees are motivated mainly by pay. His Theory of Scientific Management said the following: Employees do not certainly enjoy work and so they need close command and control. So leaders should break down production into a number of small tasks Employees should be offered suitable training and tools so they can work as professionally as possible on one task. Employees are then paid according to the number of items they produce in a period of time. Consequently employees are encouraged to work hard and maximization of their productivity.
Taylors methods were extensively adopted as organizations felt the welfares of improved productivity levels and lesser unit charges. Still employees shortly started to dislike Taylors approach as they were given boring, repetitive tasks to work on and were being treated slightly better than machines. Organizations could also afford to dismiss workers as productivity levels improved. This led to intensification in strikes and other procedures of industrial action by dissatisfied workers. Henry Ford used this to plan the first ever production line, manufacturing cars under the name of Ford. This was the beginning of the age of mass production.
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Job enlargement workers are given a larger variety of tasks to achieve which should make the work more motivating. Job enrichment - involves workers are given a broader variety of more complexes, motivating and challenging tasks surrounding a complete division of work which should give a greater sense of success. Empowerment means giving additional authority to workers to make their own choices over areas of their working life.
Output Examples Pay Bonus Prizes Recognition of the workers contribution Positive work reviews Work promotions Pension Employer flexibility Annual leave
Adams specified that if a worker considers that his work outputs are not equivalent or greater than his inputs then the worker will become de-motivated. Adams theory contains the declaration that when a worker is judging whether the outputs they obtain are fair the worker will often match their coworkers work inputs and outputs with their own. The comparison will often be made with a worker at a parallel level in the organization to the worker.
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P9 Group Dynamics
A group can be defined as numerous individuals who come together to achieve a specific job or goal. Group dynamics mentions the attitudinal and social features of a group. Group dynamics include how groups are formed, their construction and procedure, and how they perform. Group dynamics are appropriate in both formal and informal groups. In an organization, groups are a very common thing and the learning of groups and group dynamics is an important area of study in organizational behavior. The following sectors deliver information related to group dynamics. Precisely, the forming and development of groups is first discussed. Then some main types or classifications of groups are discussed. Then the structure of groups is examined. GROUP DEVELOPMENT Group dynamics is includes why and how groups are developed. There are numerous theories as to why groups develop. A common theory, advises that groups develop based on actions, interactions, and sentiments. Mainly, the theory means that when persons share common actions, they will have more interaction and have attitudes toward each other. The major element in this theory is the communication of the individuals.
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Social exchange theory offers an alternative explanation for group development. According to this theory, individuals form relationships based on the implicit expectation of mutually beneficial exchanges based on trust and felt obligation. Thus, a perception that exchange relationships will be positive is essential if individuals are to be attracted to and affiliate with a group. According to Tuckman, five stages of group development are there which are forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Forming: Forming is a coordination period when fellows get to know each another and share hopes about the group. Members absorb the main purpose of the group as well as the directions to be followed. The forming stage should not be rushed because trust and openness must be developed. Storming: The group is expected to see the maximum level of disagreement and encounter in this stage. Fellows often experiment group goals and tussle for power. Individuals often compete for the control position during this stage of development. Norming: This stage is considered by the respect of separate differences and shared beliefs. Cooperative work should begin to give results. Tasks are separated among fellows and the group decides how it will progress. Performing: it is the stage when the group has developed and reaches a feeling of cohesiveness. Thru this stage of growth, characters admit one another and conflict is settled through group conversation. Adjourning: Not all groups reach this stage of growth because it is considered by the dismissal of the group. Reasons that groups split vary, with mutual reasons being the success of the task or individuals determining to go their own ways. GROUP TYPES One simple way to categorize group is by whether they are formal or informal in nature. Command groups Command groups are stated by the structural chart and frequently involve of an administrator and the subordinates that report to that administrator. An example is an academic department chairman and the faculty members in that department.
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Task groups Task groups contain people who work organized to attain a common job. Followers are brought together to achieve a variety of aims within a definite time period. Task groups are also commonly known as task forces. The organization hires members and gives the responsibilities and tasks to be done. Examples of common task groups are ad hoc committees, project groups, and standing committees. Functional group A functional group is created by the organization to achieve specific goals within an undetermined time. Functional groups stay in survival after accomplishment of current goals and objectives. Examples of functional groups would be a marketing department, a customer service department, or an accounting department. Interest groups Interest groups regularly continue over time and last longer than common informal groups. Followers may not be part of the same organizational department but they are bound other common interest. An example would be students who come collected to form a study group for a specific class. Friendship groups Friendship groups are formed by members who enjoy similar social activities, political beliefs, religious values, or other common bonds. Members enjoy each other's company and often meet after work to participate in these activities. For example, a group of employees who form a friendship group may have an exercise group, a softball team, or a potluck lunch once a month. Reference group The central determinations of reference groups are social justification and social comparison. Social validation lets persons to explain their attitudes and values while social comparison helps persons assess their own movements by associating themselves to others. Reference groups have a strong effect on fellows' behavior. By associating themselves with other members, individuals are able to measure whether their performance is satisfactory and whether their attitudes and values are right or wrong e.g. for a new employee the reference group of an organization can be a group of employees that work in a different department or even a different organization.
Group structure
It is a form of relations among memberships that grip the group composed and help it attain allocated goals. Structure can be defined in a many ways. Among the more common considerations are group size, group roles etc.
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A formal group is the thoughtful and methodical grouping of people in an organization so that organizational aims and objectives are better achieved. The total number of people functioning in an organization is distributed into smaller groups (teams or sections or departments) and each group is accountable for accomplishing a task which would eventually contribute to accomplishing the organizations goal. This increases the efficiency of the organization.
Informal Group
Informal groups are the normal and spontaneous grouping of people whenever they work collectively over a period of time. Whenever people cooperate and work together over a definite period of time, its very usual for them and it comes very spontaneously for them, that they form informal groups. For example, a person is formally allocated to the computer engineering department. But in the hostel, he lives with friends from other branches. So when all of them live collected for a period, its natural to cooperate and build up groups informally with friends from other branches. The same way, any organization would have informal groups.
Accommodation Avoidance Collaboration Competition Interdependence (degree to which group depend on each other). Organizational culture Social networks in organizations
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P10
Team Dynamics:
The psychological processes and behavior that are influenced by the interactions of people in a particular group is known as Team Dynamics. Or the developmental stages that a team goes through are known as team dynamics. These developmental stages are known as: 1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing 5. Transforming
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P11
The Impact of Technology
The impact of technology is huge on the businesses these days. Organizations must react to the increasingly global, fast moving, knowledge based economy by processing information and making decisions quickly. In these days, the increased connectivity has increased instability within the industries and across the economy as a whole. Connectivity and complexity together are causing the organizations to find new ways of working and surviving in this fast moving world. Different teams are formed to complete specific tasks. The communication between these team members is very important for achieving the organizations goals. Previously, the communication between these members was not that easy but with the help of the modern technology, it has been made easy. New networks of communication have been produced between team members in the last thirty years. Communications between team members in businesses have been improved by the use of general hardware like telephones, PCs, modems, communication links such as the switched networks and the local area networks, and information technologies. Then they have the ability to interact with other individuals through such developments as e-mail, chat-rooms and the Usenet.
Globalization
There is a trend towards globalization and cross-cultural meetings currently are becoming a part of the daily businesses. People from different national backgrounds are joined together in workgroups and teams in order to get things done across geographical boundaries. With the trends of becoming more global, the people who are to make things happen are moving closer into contact with colleagues, partners and customers from different part of the world.
Scotia Airways
In the Scotia airways, technology is widely used for the success of the tasks and organizational goals between the member of the teams, which are responsible for their specific tasks and goals, just like other airline companies. Employees in an aircraft and on the ground have to communicate for the safe flights. Like ways, employees in the ticketing, those responsible for the maintenance of the aircrafts, those who are in the checking, loading and unloading of the luggage, security etc. work in teams. So, communication between the team members is vital for the success of Scotia Airways.
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