Study Guide Exam 3

Here is a brief set of questions to remind you of some of the topics we have covered in this section of the course. We reserve the right to ask you about any of the topics covered in lecture or in the book, but these questions should at least cover some of the basics. In addition to these questions, I would recommend paging through your book and answering the "concept check" questions in the book and trying to describe in your own words the general point of each of the figures in chapters 13-17.

Chapter 13: Meiosis

What is the function of meiosis? How does it generate genetic variation? Describe the process of meiosis in detail: where does it occur? What happens in meiosis 1 and meiosis 2? How does meiosis differ from mitosis? Explain the terms homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids How does meiosis lead to independent assortment of chromosomes? What is crossing over and why is it important? Describe a human karyotype and some abnormalities that might be present as a result of problems during meiosis.

Chapter 14 Mendelian Inheritance

What are Mendels rules of inheritance? How do they relate to meiosis? How do you set up a Punnett square to predict offspring phenotypes? Know the difference between: o gene vs. allele o genotype vs. phenotype o dominant vs. recessive o homozygous vs. heterozygous o monohybrid vs. dihybrid cross What is a testcross and why are they used? How can you determine whether a trait is caused by a dominant or recessive allele using pedigree data (like you did in your MB homework)? You should be able to solve all of the genetics problems at the end of the chapter.

Chapter 15 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

What are sex-linked traits? Explain how Morgans results for white-eyed flies showed that the trait was on the X chromosome. How can sex linked traits be identified in pedigrees? How do you calculate the map distance between two genes on a chromosome? (understand how the crosses are set up and how to identify parental and recombinant offspring). Be able to calculate the map distance given the number of each type of offspring. Understand how crossing over generates new combinations of alleles on chromosomes. You should be able to solve all of the genetics problems at the end of the chapter.

How are organelle genes inherited (e.g. DNA of mitochondria, chloroplasts)?

Chapter 16: structure and replication of DNA

Describe the structure of the DNA double helix, the way bases pair, and the 5 to 3 organization of the two strands. Understand how experiments by Griffiths, Avery, Hershey and Chase, Chargaff etc showed that DNA was the genetic material. Describe the experimental evidence that supports the semi-conservative model for DNA replication (Meselsohn and Stahl expt). Understand in detail the current model for the process of DNA replication. Diagram a replication fork showing what happens on the leading and lagging strands. Include the function of: Helicase, topoisomerase, primase, DNA Polymerase III, DNA Polymerase I, DNA ligase, Single-stranded-DNA-binding proteins, Okazaki fragments How is the replication of telomeres different? Why do linear chromosomes shorten after each replication? How are mutations corrected?

Chapter 17 Transcription and Translation

What is the general flow of information between DNA, RNA and Protein? Transcription: How does RNA polymerase synthesize RNA from a DNA template? How is transcription initiated in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? What is the role of the promoter? Describe the modification of the primary transcript of the messenger RNA in eukaryotes. Include the following: o 5 cap, Poly-A tail, RNA splicing, Introns, Exons, Spliceosome What are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA? What is a ribozyme? What is alternative RNA splicing? Translation: How does the genetic code work? Understand how to read the codon table. What is some of the evidence that code is a 3-letter code? Describe the process of translation. Include a description of: o t-RNA o aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase o ribosomes o initiation of translation o elongation of translation o codon recognition o peptide bond formation o translocation o termination

Describe the following types of mutations and their genetic consequences: o Point mutations o Substitutions o Missense mutations o Nonsense mutations o Insertions and deletions (frame-shift mutations)