AVERAGE POWER

POWER in RESISTOR
VAC R v(t)

v(t) = Vmcos t i(t) = Imcos t p(t) = v(t) i(t) = i 2( t ) R = v2(t)/R

p(t) 2 i(t) t

AVERAGE POWER
From the previous formula we can find the instantaneous power, but it has little practical use. What we really need is the average power over one period of the current or voltage. The instantaneous power is p = i2R The average power P is P = average (i2R) = (average i2)R

p( t ) P

AVERAGE POWER
The expression for the average power brings into the average of the current squared.

Im2 i2(t)
Average i2(t) = Im2/2

Im t i( t)

AVERAGE POWER
From the previous figure we see that the average power P is P = (Im2/2)R To make the formula parallel to the power for DC current which is P = I2R we choose Irms such that the average power will be P = Irms2R where Irms2 = Im2/2 Irms = Im/2

AVERAGE POWER
Using the same reason we can write P = Vrms2/R where Vrms2 = Vm2/2 Vrms = Vm/2

Root Mean Square

RMS stand for root mean square. For sinusoidal current we have Vrms = Vm/2 Irms = Im/2 The average power in resistor is P = Irms2R or P = Vrms2/R When we say the voltage is 220 V we always mean that 220V is the RMS value

POWER IN CAPACITOR
v(t) i(t) 2 VAC C

v(t) = Vmcos(t +)

+ -

p(t)

i (t ) = I m sin(t + )
p(t) = v(t) i(t) = VmImcos (t + )sin(t + )

Average Power P = 0

POWER IN INDUCTOR
v(t) i(t) 2 v( t )

i (t ) = I m cos(t + )

+ -

v(t) = Vmsin(t +) p(t) p(t) = v(t) i(t)

= VmImcos (t + )sin(t + )

Average Power P = 0

Power in Impedance
v(t) i(t) t

i = Imcos t v = Vmcos (t+) p = vi = (VmIm){cos +cos(2t+)} Average power is then P = (VmIm)cos = VrmsIrms cos = VIcos

+ -

p(t)

Power in Impedance
+ +

p = (VmIm){cos +cos(2t+)} = VIcos + VI cos(2t+) VI cos(2t+) VIcos

Complex Power
Complex power is defined as S = VI* The unit of complex power is Volt Ampere (VA) S= VI* = I2Z = I2(R+jX) = I2R+jI2X = I2Z cos +jI2Z sin S = VI cos +jVI sin = P + jQ S is called apparent power and the unit is va P is called active power and the unit is watt and Q is called reactive power and the unit is var

Complex Power
Using this concept the calculation of power is easier E.g.: A generator is to supply heater, welder and motor

Gen

Motor 60 kw 0.8 pf Heater Welder 15 kw Z=4+j3

What is the power and current must be supplied by the generator.

Complex Power
Anwer: P Q Motor 60 45 Heater 15 0 Welder 2.3 1.7 Total 77.3 46.7 S=77.3+j46.7=90.231.2 kva I* =S/V= 751.67 amp

Gen 120 V Heater Welder 15 kw Z=4+j3

Motor 60 kw 0.8 pf