THE WORLDS ASPARAGUS PRODUCTION, 2003

Brian L. Benson California Asparagus Seed and Transplants, Inc. 2815 Anza Ave., avis, California !5"1" #.S.A.

Keywords: Asparagus officinalis L., green asparagus , $%ite asparagus, production, consu&ption, e'port, i&port, %e&isp%eres, canned, fres%, frozen.

A s!r"#! T$e d"!" o% !$e "s&"r"'(s &rod(#)%' "re"s, &er)ods o* &rod(#!)o% "%d !$e (!)+),"!)o% o* s&e"rs "re &rese%!ed *or !$e Wor+ds "s&"r"'(s &rod(#)%' #o(%!r)es- T$ese 2003 d"!" "re "sed o% #o%!"#!s w)!$ )%!er%"!)o%"+ "s&"r"'(s rese"r#$ers, 'rowers "%d )%d(s!ry re&rese%!"!).es "%d /001 "%d 200/ d"!" "re *ro2 !$e 0 !$ "%d /0!$ I%!er%"!)o%"+ As&"r"'(s Sy2&os)" wor+d "s&"r"'(s (&d"!esCo%!)%(ed e3&"%s)o% o* "s&"r"'(s &rod(#!)o% )s e)%' see% )% #o(%!r)es w)!$ )%#re"sed do2es!)# #o%s(2&!)o% "%d )% #o(%!r)es w)!$ )2&ro.ed )%!er%"!)o%"+ 2"r4e!sINTRODUCTION Asparagus officinalis L. production areas in various countries are continuall( c%anging and are difficult to &onitor since asparagus is considered a &inor crop in &ost countries and t%e production data is usuall( reported under t%e )road ter& of *vegeta)le production+. T%e collection of data on t%e recent c%anges in asparagus production in t%e various countries and t%e crop utilization %as to )e ac,uired fro& t%ose people t%at are inti&atel( associated $it% t%is crop. T%e increased production in t%e asparagus industries t%roug%out t%e $orld is t%e result of t%e $orld$ide increased consu&er de&and for t%is product and t%e c%anges in t%e econo&ic conditions in t%e producing and consu&ing nations. International &ove&ents of fres%, frozen and canned asparagus are inter-related and dependent upon t%e consu&ption and production periods of t%e various countries. T%e largest increases in asparagus production in t%e last ten (ears %as occurred in countries in t%e Sout%ern .e&isp%ere and C%ina and in countries $it% lo$ la)or rates $%ere t%e( can produce spears relativel( c%eapl( and/or &ar0et t%eir production during a %ig%er priced &ar0et $indo$ in anot%er countr( or %e&isp%ere. Increased internal consu&ption and %ig%er &ar0et prices %ave %elped to sta)ilize t%e production in t%e countries $it% long %istories of asparagus production, alt%oug% increased i&ports and %ig%er production costs in t%ese countries %as negativel( affected t%eir production areas. T%e 1!!1 and 2221 $orld asparagus production data fro& t%e participants of t%e International Asparagus S(&posia 3IAS4, 3Benson 1!!!, Benson 22224, provides an %istorical loo0 at t%e c%anges t%at %ave occurred in t%e last 1 (ears in t%e $orld5s asparagus producing countries. uring t%is period t%e esta)lis%&ent of 6ree Trade Agree&ents in t%e A&ericas %as led to t%e increases in t%e production and e'portation of asparagus into t%e #nited States of A&erica fro& 7e'ico, 8eru and C%ile $%ile causing a decrease in production in t%e #.S.A. In Asia, C%ina %as continued to increase production to &eet increased internal consu&ption and i&proving e'port &ar0ets. An updated, $orld$ide, 0no$ledge of t%e areas of asparagus spear production, t%e periods of production and t%e utilization of t%e spears is necessar( for t%ose involved in t%is industr( to plan for c%anges in t%eir respective countries. 5ATERIALS AND 5ETHODS In 9cto)er and :ove&)er of 222; t%e aut%or collected production data esti&ates fro&

asparagus researc%ers and industr( personnel in Asia and t%e A&ericas on t%e nu&)ers of %ectares in t%eir countries, t%e pro<ected c%anges t%at are ta0ing place in eac% countr( and t%e percentage of spear t(pe %arvested 3$%ite or green4. T%e esti&ates of t%e percent of spears used for fres%, canned or frozen spear &ar0ets and t%e percent of spears consu&ed in t%e do&estic &ar0et or e'ported $ere also collected. T%e periods of &ar0eta)le spear production for eac% countr( is fro& t%e 12t% International Asparagus S(&posiu& 3Benson 22224. RESULTS AND DISSCUSSION In 222;, t%ere $ere at least 28 asparagus producing countries in Asia and t%e A&ericas $it% an esti&ated total production area of 1=",;22 %ectares 3Ta)le 14 . Asia5s production is esti&ated at 85,252 %ectares, $it% C%ina gro$ing 15,522 %ectares. :ort% A&erica5s production is esti&ated at ;5,122 %ectares $it% t%e #.S.A. producing 21,8"2 %ectares follo$ed )( 7e'ico $it% 11,"22 %ectares. Sout% A&erica5s production is esti&ated at 25,552 %ectares, $it% 8eru gro$ing 18,222 %ectares. T%e a)ove Asian and A&erican areas of production $ere calculated fro& availa)le 222; data and 2221 data collected at t%e 12 t% IAS. >it% t%e e'ception of t%e #.SA, all of t%e asparagus producing countries are esti&ated to %ave eit%er a sta)le production areas or an increasing production areas,. 3Ta)le14. T%ese sta)le and increasing areas are assu&ed to )e due to increased consu&ption of eit%er $%ite or green asparagus for e'port or internal &ar0ets. T%e greatest c%ange in t%e production of $%ite and green asparagus, do&estic consu&ption and spear utilization and e'port %as )een seen in C%ina and 8eru. T%e largest increase in asparagus production area since t%e earl( 1!!25s %as )een in C%ina $%ile t%e greatest area reduction %as )een in t%e #nited States of A&erica 3Ta)le 14. A significant increase in t%e percentage of green asparagus production 3Ta)le 24 in C%ina %as )een due to t%e increased do&estic consu&ption and t%e e'port of green asparagus in C%ina. T%e i&proving C%inese canned $%ite &ar0et co&petition in t%e ?# %as caused an increase in green asparagus production in 8eru, for t%e continuing good &ar0et for green spear e'port to t%e #.S.A. Since 1!!1, C%ina %as increased t%e percentage of fres% spear utilization fro& 1 percent to ;5 percent 3Ta)le ;4. C%ina %as also led in t%e greatest increase in do&estic consu&ption of asparagus $it% 1 percent in 1!!1 to =2 percent in 222; 3Ta)le =4. T%e ti&ing of t%e periods of spear production of a given countr( 3Ta)le 54 allo$s t%at countr( to )eco&e an e'porter of fres% spears to countries t%at are not producing spears. Sout%ern %e&isp%ere countries and countries $it% (ear around spear production %ave e'ploited t%eir a)ilit( to produce fres% spears for e'port to nort%ern %e&isp%ere countries or to countries t%at %ave a &ar0et de&ands for off-season fres% asparagus. In general, increases in asparagus production in Asia and in t%e A&ericas 3as $ell as t%e rest of t%e $orld4 are found in countries $it% 314 lo$er land and la)or costs, 324 increased internal consu&ption, 3;4 i&proving &ar0ets or &ar0et $indo$s and 3=4 decreases in &ar0et constraints. T%e a)ilit( of an e'porting countr( to ac,uire a %ig%er &ar0et s%are in a given &ar0et t%an its5 co&petitors re,uires t%e presentation of product t%at is 314 e,ual in ,ualit( and lo$er in price or 324 a superior product at an e,ual or lo$er price.

5"6or "s&"r"'(s &rod(#)%' #o(%!r)es A )rief description of t%e %istor( and pro<ected future of t%e &a<or asparagus producing

countries follo$s. /- C$)%"T%e $orld5s largest asparagus producing countr( started t%e &a<or increases in production in t%e 1!125s $it% gro$t% during t%e 1!825s and a large e'pansion in t%e &id to late 1!!25s. T%e predo&inant cultivar used in C%ina is t%e 6 2 of #C151. Since t%e late 1!!25s t%ere %as )een an increase in t%e i&portation of %()rid asparagus cultivars due to lo$ production and increased disease pro)le&s found in t%e 62 of #C151. T%e principle asparagus gro$ing provinces are 6u<ian, @%e<iang, Aiangsu, S%andong, .e)ei and S%aan'i, alt%oug% asparagus is gro$n to so&e e'tent in all of t%e provinces. C%ina5s asparagus industr( $as severel( affected )( t$o natural cala&ities in 222;. Isolation of t%e outla(ing asparagus production areas )( t%e esta)lis%&ent of road )arriers esta)lis%ed )( local to$ns%ips to eli&inate t%e spread of t%e SABS virus restricted so&e of t%e co&&erce and asparagus &ove&ent in C%ina. T%is resulted in &an( gro$ers not %arvesting t%eir asparagus crop. 6looding along t%e >ei%i and Cello$ river valle(s in 7a( of 222; flooded an esti&ated 15,222 %ectares of asparagus and destro(ed t%e fields. T%e affected areas are pro<ected to )e replanted. A reduction in t%e suppl( of asparagus is anticipated for t%e ne't t$o (ears due to t%e lo$er spear production fro& t%e replanted, previousl( flooded areas. Significant c%anges %ave occurred in t%e percentage of green and $%ite asparagus spears and in t%e do&estic consu&ption of asparagus since 1!!1. In 1!!1, 15 percent of t%e production $as %arvested as green asparagus and onl( 1 percent of t%e production $as used do&esticall(. T%e production of green spears in 222; reac%ed =5 percent and do&estic consu&ption increased to =2 percent 3Ta)le =4. T%e average area used for asparagus )( a gro$er in C%ina is 1/15 of a %ectare 31 &u4 $%ic% is %arvested, cultivated and cared for )( fa&il( &e&)ers. T%ere are so&e larger production areas t%at %ave )een rented )( )usiness&en or )( foreign investors fro& local to$ns%ips for e'tended ter&s. T%e la)orers are paid #SD 2.22 per da( in t%e larger asparagus production field operations. 2- 7"&"% Aapan5s asparagus production started as $%ite asparagus t%e earl( 1!225s on t%e island of .o00aido. 7ove&ent of asparagus production continues to &ove out of t%e nort%ern islands to t%e &ore sout%ern islands pri&aril( as green asparagus production. Currentl(, &ost of t%e green asparagus production is gro$n on t%e islands of .ons%u and E(us%u using various &et%ods of production to lengt%en t%e spear production periods. Freen spear production is considered to )e sta)le, $it% &inor c%anges since 2221. 3- T$")+"%d Belativel( s&all increases in green spear production are anticipated in T%ailand to &eet e'panding e'port &ar0ets to counties ot%er t%an Aapan. T%e use of t%e &ot%er fern &et%od of spear productions, (ear around production and use of innovative &et%ods to co&)at spear %ead opening in t%is tropical countr( %as ena)led t%e gro$ers to produce %ig% (ields of %ig% ,ualit( green asparagus.

8- P$)+)&&)%es T%e 8%ilippine gro$ers utilize t%e &ot%er fern &et%od for fres%, green spear e'port.

T%ere is a continuing increase in production area to provide fres% spears on a (ear-around )asis to t%eir pri&ar( e'port countr( of Aapan. 9. U%)!ed S!"!es o* A2er)#" Freen asparagus production started on t%e east coast of t%e #.S.A. in t%e late 18!25s and spread to t%e $est coast )( t%e 1!;25s. >%ite spear production for e'port to ?urope fro& Central California )eca&e non-profita)le due to t%e co&petition fro& Tai$an in t%e &id 1!"25s. 8roduction reac%ed it5s pea0 in t%e 1!825s and earl( 1!!25s follo$ed )( a slo$ decline to t%e present. In t%e late 1!!25s increased i&port co&petition fro& 7e'ico and 8eru due to t%e :ort% A&erican 6ree Trade Agree&ent and t%e Andean Trade Agree&ents and increasing la)or costs %as led to a continuing reduction in t%e asparagus production in t%e #.S.A. T%e pro<ected asparagus production in t%e near future $ill decline at a rate of 5 to 12 percent. :- 5e3)#o T%e co&plete eli&ination of i&port tariffs as directed )( t%e :ort% A&erican 6ree Trade Agree&ent %as provided t%e 7e'ican gro$ers $it% an open #.S.A. &ar0et for t%eir green asparagus. 7e'ican gro$ers co&pete ver( $ell in t%e #.S.A. &ar0etplace )ecause of t%eir lo$er la)or and land costs. .o$ever, t%e cost of agricultural c%e&icals and t%e li&itation of $ater in so&e of t%e asparagus production areas %ave restricted large increases in production. Also, co&petition fro& 8eru in t%e #.S.A. &ar0et %as restricted production increases in 7e'ico. 7ost of t%e production is e'ported to t%e #.S.A. for consu&ption aalt%oug% so&e is transs%ipped to Aapan and t%e ?# &ar0ets. 1- Per( T%e initial asparagus plantings in 8eru $ere esta)lis%ed in t%e Tru<illo area for $%ite canned spear production in t%e &id-1!"25s. Freen spear production started to increase ver( ,uic0l( in 1!85 and spread up t%e coastal valle(s fro& Ica, in t%e sout%, to 8iura, in t%e nort%. B( t%e &id 1!!25s asparagus )eca&e t%e leading, legal, e'ported vegeta)le in 8eru. Co&petition $it% C%inese canned $%ite asparagus in t%e ?# &ar0et %as )een increasing since t%e &id-1!!25s and %as influenced t%e &ove&ent fro& $%ite to green spear production. 8eru5s spear production in 1!!1 $as ;5 percent green and "5 percent $%ite. Currentl(, "2 percent of t%e spear production is green and =2 percent $%ite. ;- C$)+e Freen, fres% asparagus production increased significantl( in t%e earl( 1!825s for e'port to #.S.A.. B( t%e late 1!825s, 8eruvian co&petition for t%e #.S.A. fres% &ar0et %ad caused a decline in t%e C%ilean fres% &ar0et e'ports and a &ove&ent to frozen spears for e'port. T%ere is rene$ed interest in esta)lis%ing ne$ production areas after recent declines caused )( increased international co&petition fro& 8eru. T%e sta)ilized prices for t%e frozen and fres% &ar0et spears t%at are destined pri&aril( to e'port &ar0ets 315G of production is e'ported4 %ave provide an econo&ic cli&ate for future e'pansion. 0- Nor!$er% "%d Ce%!r"+ E(ro&e"% Co(%!r)es :inet( five percent of t%e asparagus production is gro$n for $%ite spears for seasonal fres% spear consu&ption. T%ese countries produce ";G of fres% t%e asparagus t%e( consu&e and i&port t%e re&aining spears. T%e average per capita consu&ption in t%ese countries is around =22 gra&s. S$itzerland leads in per capita consu&ption $it% 1.5 Eg. per person and is follo$ed )( Fer&an( $it% 1.12 Eg. per person. Fer&an( leads in total production 358G4 and

consu&ption 3";G4. T%ere is a s&all increase in green spear production )eing o)served )ut it is still less t%an 5 percent of total production. A s&all increase in production and consu&ption is e'pected in t%e future. Increases in production area are )eing found in t%e eastern ?uropean countries. /0- 5ed)!err"%e"% Co(%!r)es T%e costs of asparagus production and increased foreign co&petition resulted in t%e reduction of t%e production areas in 6rance and Spain. 7ost of t%e ot%er countries surrounding t%e 7editerranean are slig%tl( increasing t%eir production areas or t%e areas are sta)le.

A#4%ow+ed'e2e%!s T%e aut%or $ould li0e to t%an0 and ac0no$ledge t%e follo$ing people for t%eir efforts and ti&e spent in collecting and trans&itting t%e data fro& t%eir respective countries for inclusion in t%is paper. I%*or2"!)o% so(r#es *or !$e As)" AapanH r. Tatsuo Sato, Eanaga$a Fov. Bes. Inst. Agric, Aapan T%ailandH9rasa assataporn, ept. Agric. ?'tension, Bang0o0, T%ailand C%inaH r. C%en Fuang(u, Biotec%. Cent., Aiang'i Acad. Agric. Sci., :anc%ang, C%ina 8%ilippinesHFarlandino Cueto, ole Tropifres%, 7a0ati Cit(, 8%ilippines IndonesiaHTino 9nggo, 6acult( of Agric., #niv. of 8ad<ad<aran So(r#es *or !$e A2er)#"s 8eruH Andres Casas, ept.of .ort., #niv. :at. Agraria, La 7olina, Li&a, 8eru 7e'icoHTerr( 6ole(, ole 6res% Ieg., Salinas, Calif. C%ileHC%ristian Erarup, #niv. Catolica, Santiago, C%ile ArgentinaHCesar 7olinas, ?S8B9, Buenos Aires, Argentina Fuate&alaH avid >arren, Cent. A&er. 8rod. Inc., 8o&pano Beac%, 6L, #.S.A CanadaH9ntario Asparagus Advisor( Board #.S.A. California HC%ere >atte, ir. California Asparagus Co&&ission >as%ington HAlan Sc%rei)er, >as%ington State Asparagus Co&&ission 7ic%igan HAo%n Ba00er, 7ic%. Asparagus Advisor( Board So(r#es *or E(ro&e 3Infor&ation presented at t%e 5t% ?#BAS8?B Conference, Bologna, Ital(4 :ort%ern and Central ?urope--7i0ola< Enafle$s0i, #niv. of Agric., 8oznan, 8oland 7editerranean ?urope--Luciano Trentini, Asses. Agricola Begion ?&ilia Bo&agna, Ital( L)!er"!(re C)!ed Benson, B. L. , 1!!!. >orld asparagus production areas and periods of production. 8roc. of !t% Int. Asparagus S(&p. ?d. B. Benson. Acta .ort. =1!J =;-52 Benson, B.L., 2222. #pdate of t%e $orld5s asparagus production areas, spear utilization and production periods. 8roc. 9f 12t% Int. Asparagus S(&p. ?d.B. Benson. Acta .ort. 58!J ;;-=2

Table 1. Worlds Asparagus Production areas, change in production areas and average yield per hectare (November 2003, 2001 and 1997) Change in Area ASIA China India Ind nesia !a"an K rea &ala'sia (a)istan (hili""ines *ai+an *hailand ,ietnaEUROPE A.stria /elgi.C0ech 1e".$lic C'"r.s 3en-ar) 4rance 5er-an' 5reece H.ngar' Ital' 6etherlands ( land ( rt.gal 1 -ania #"ain #+it0erland 7nited Kingd Increasing Increasing Increasing #ta$le Increasing Increasing Increasing Increasing #ta$le Increasing #ta$le Hectares 2003 75,000 150 %,500 Hectares 2001 90,000 100 100 %,700 0 200 0 1,200 1,500 1,5%8 10 Hectares 1997 55,000 100 100 8,700 0 200 0 1,200 500 2,000 10 Average Yield, Kg./ Hectare 8,250 1,500 3,720

1,800 1,%00

9,500 15,%00

#ta$le #ta$le #ta$le #ta$le #ta$le 3ecreasin g #ta$le #ta$le #ta$le #ta$le #ta$le #ta$le #ta$le #ta$le 3ecreasin g #ta$le #ta$le

350

250 300 200 200 10,500 12,500 %,000 500 %,000 2,275 1,500 200 50 17,000 200 900

250 200 200 200 12,120 12,000 %,000 500 %,300 2,300 1,000 200 50 20,200 200 750

%,300

250

2,000

7,200 12,222 %,000 800 %,500 2,300 1,500 200 50 1%,000 8%0

3,000 2,100 2,000 5,000 5,100 %,500 2,000 2,200 2,000 2,000 2,200

Table 1. Continued

Change in Area NORTH AMERICA 3ecreasin 7.#.A. g 3ecreasin Cali8 rnia g 3ecreasin 9ashingt n g 3ecreasin &ichigan g Canada :;ntari < #ta$le &e=ic Increasing /ahi :5.ana>.at < #ta$le Ca$ rca #ta$le /a>a Cali8 rnia #ta$le ;$reg n Increasing &e=icali ,alle' #ta$le CENTRAL AMERICA C sta 1ica Increasing ?l #alvad r Increasing 5.ate-ala Increasing H nd.ras Increasing 6icarag.a Increasing (ana-a #ta$le

Hectares 2003

Hectares 2001

Hectares 1997

Average Yield, Kg./ Hectare

21,8%0 9,720 %,070 %,070 990 11,%00 3,000 5,000 800 100 2700

33,500

35,000 3,580 3,580 1,782

1,500 15,000

1,250 10,000 2,500 5,250 2,000 2,090

20 50 200 10 210 50

20 50 %00 20 50 50

SOUTH AMERICA Argentina /ra0il Chile C l -$ia ?c.ad r (er. 7r.g.a' ,ene0.ela

#ta$le Increasing Increasing Increasing Increasing #ta$le #ta$le #ta$le

1,700 3,700 150 18,000

2,000 %00 2,200 800 100 20,000 %00 20

2,000 5,500 800 100 20,000 %00 20

2,800 2,500 %,000 10,000

Table 1. Continued Change in Area AFRICA ?g'"t ?hi "ia 5hana Ken'a @es th &ala+i & r cc 6a-i$ia # .th A8rica *.nisia 7ganda Aa-$ia Ai-$a$+e Increasing Hectares 2003 100 Hectares 2001 50 20 10 200 300 10 100 15 2,500 100 20 150 0 Hectares 1997 50 20 10 200 300 10 100 15 3,500 %0 20 150 %50 Average Yield, Kg./ Hectare 5,500

#ta$le Increasing Increasing

150

2,500

80

3,500

3ecreasin g

AUSTRALIAN AREA A.stralia #ta$le 3ecreasin 6e+ Aealand g 9estern #a- a #ta$le

2,500 2,177 10

2,500 2,500 10

3,200 3,500

Table 2. Percentage of asparagus grown as white and green spears in the Worlds asparagus producing countries, (November 2003, 2001 and 1997). 2003 (?1C?6*A5? 2001 (?1C?6*A5? 9HI*? 51??6 9HI*? 51??6 ASIA China India Ind nesia !a"an K rea &ala'sia (a)istan (hili""ines *ai+an *hailand ,ietnaEUROPE A.stria /elgi.C0ech 1e".$lic C'"r.s 3en-ar) 4rance 5er-an' 5reece H.ngar' Ital' 6etherlands ( land ( rt.gal 1 -ania #"ain #+it0erland 7nited Kingd 55 50 1 45 50 99 6 6 6 0 100 70 90 10 3 Cr " 3ata Cr " 0 95 0 3ata 30 10 90 97 6 Cr " 6 3ata 6 Cr " 100 5 100 6 3ata 1997 (?1C?6*A5? 9HI*? 51??6 85 6 Cr " 3 Cr " 3ata Cr " 0 95 0 Cr " 15 6 Cr " 97 6 Cr " 6 3ata 6 Cr " 100 5 100 6 Cr "

6 6 6

95 99 100 95 98 95 100 20 98 100 75 100 80 35 100

5 1 0 5 2 5 0 80 2 0 25 0 20 %5 0

95 99 100 95 98 95 100 15 98 100 90 100 80 35 100

5 1 0 5 2 5 0 85 2 0 10 0 20 %5 0

95 90 100 95 98 95 100 30 98 100 90 100 90 35 100

5 10 0 5 2 5 0 70 2 0 10 0 10 %5 0

Table 2. Continued 2003 (?1C?6*A5? 2001 (?1C?6*A5? 9HI*? 51??6 9HI*? 51??6 NORTH AMERICA 7.#.A. 0 100 0 100 Cali8 rnia 0 100 0 100 9ashingt n 0 100 &ichigan 0 100 Canada :;nt.< 0 100 1 99 &e=ic 0 100 2 98 /ahi Ca$ rca /a>a ;$reg n &e=icali CENTRAL AMERICA C sta 1ica ?l #alvad r 5.ate-ala H nd.ras 6icarag.a (ana-a SOUTH AMERICA Argentina /ra0il Chile C l -$ia ?c.ad r Peru 7r.g.a' ,ene0.ela 1997 (?1C?6*A5? 9HI*? 51??6 0 0 100 100

1 2

99 98

0 0 3 0 0 0

100 100 97 100 100 100

0 0 3 0 0 0

100 100 97 100 100 100

30 1 5 30

70 99 95 70

50 80 1 %0 10 50 0 0

50 20 99 20 90 50 100 100

50 6 3ata 1 %0 %0 65 0 0

50 6 3ata 99 20 20 35 100 100

Table 2. Continued

2003 (?1C?6*A5? 9HI*? 51??6 AFRICA ?g'"t @es th & r cc # .th A8rica *.nisia 7ganda Ai-$a$+e 25 75 %0 75 25 20

2001 (?1C?6*A5? 9HI*? 51??6 20 100 85 50 0 80 0 15 50 100

1997 (?1C?6*A5? 9HI*? 51??6 20 100 90 50 0 0 80 0 10 50 100 100

AUSTRALIAN AREA A.stralia 0 6e+ Aealand 0 9estern #a- a 0

100 100 100

0 0 0

100 100 100

0 0 0

100 100 100

Table 3. Percentage of asparagus used for fresh, canned or frozen spears the Worlds asparagus

producing countries, (November 2003, 2001 and 1997).

2003 (?1C?6*A5? 2001 (?1C?6*A5? 1997 (?1C?6*A5? 41?#H CA66?3 41;A?6 41?#H CA66?3 41;A?6 41?#H CA66?3 41;A?6 ASIA China India Ind nesia !a"an K rea &ala'sia (a)istan (hili""ines *ai+an *hailand ,ietnaEUROPE A.stria /elgi.C0ech 1e".$lic C'"r.s 3en-ar) 4rance 5er-an' 5reece H.ngar' Ital' 6etherlands ( land ( rt.gal 1 -ania #"ain #+it0erland 7nited Kingd 35 10 100 35 0 0 30 0 0 25 5 100 97 6 Cr " 100 6 Cr " 100 6 3ata 98 6 3ata 55 95 0 3 0 0 2 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3ata 1 100 90 100 100 6 3ata 90 0 10 0 0 9 0 0 0 0

100

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 100 90 100 100 90 100 100

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 5 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 0

100 98 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 90 100 100

0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 5 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 100 90 100 100

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0

Table 3. Continued

2003 (?1C?6*A5? 2001 (?1C?6*A5? 1997 (?1C?6*A5? 41?#H CA66?3 41;A?6 41?#H CA66?3 41;A?6 41?#H CA66?3 41;A?6 NORTH AMERICA 7.#.A. Cali8 rnia 9ashingt n &ichigan Canada :;nt.< &e=ic /ahi Ca$ rca /a>a ;$reg n &e=icali CENTRAL AMERICA C sta 1ica ?l #alvad r 5.ate-ala H nd.ras 6icarag.a (ana-a SOUTH AMERICA Argentina /ra0il Chile C l -$ia ?c.ad r (er. 7r.g.a' ,ene0.ela 58 99 25 7 95 100 29 1 50 55 5 0 13 0 5 38 0 25 50 5 50 20 10

88 90

12 0

0 10

90

10

100 100 100 100 100 100

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

100 100 100 100 100 100

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

7% 35 100 20

15 1 0 50

9 %2 0 10

70 6 3ata 50 30 90 25 80 100

30 0 70 10 50 0 0

0 50 0 0 5 20 0

70 6 3ata 35 30 90 35 80 100

30 10 70 10 %0 0 0

0 55 10 0 5 20 0

Table 3. Continued

2001 (?1C?6*A5? 1997 (?1C?6*A5? 41?#H CA66?3 41;A?6 41?#H CA66?3 41;A?6 AFRICA ?g'"t @es th & r cc # .th A8rica *.nisia Ai-$a$+e 100 0 100 35 100 0 100 0 %5 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 100 33 100 100 0 100 0 %7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

AUSTRALIAN AREA A.stralia 90 6e+ Aealand 22 9estern #a- a 100

10 28 0

0 28 0

90 35 100

10 50 0

0 15 0

Table 4. Percentage of asparagus exported or used for domestic markets in the Worlds asparagus producing countries, (November 2003, 2001 and 1997). 2003 (?1C?6*A5? 2001 (?1C?6*A5? 1997 (?1C?6*A5? ?B(;1* 3;&?#*IC ?B(;1* 3;&?#*IC ?B(;1* 3;&?#*IC ASIA China India Ind nesia !a"an K rea &ala'sia (a)istan (hili""ines *ai+an *hailand ,ietnaEUROPE A.stria /elgi.C0ech 1e".$lic C'"r.s 3en-ar) 4rance 5er-an' 5reece H.ngar' Ital' 6etherlands ( land ( rt.gal 1 -ania #"ain #+it0erland 7nited Kingd %0 0 0 20 100 100 %5 0 0 0 0 99 6 3ata %5 0 35 100 100 100 100 1 6 3ata 35 100 99 6 3ata 0 50 0 99 6 3ata %5 0 1 6 3ata 100 50 100 1 6 3ata 35 100

0 90 50 20 2 85 %0 5 29 %7 20 30 0 0

100 10 50 80 98 15 20 95 51 33 80 70 100 100

0 20

100 80

100

20 20 90 90 5 80 50

80 80 10 10 95 20 50

20 15 90 90 5 80 50

80 85 10 10 95 20 50

50 0 0

50 100 100

0 0

100 100

*a$le 2.C ntin.ed

2003 (?1C?6*A5? 2001 (?1C?6*A5? 1997 (?1C?6*A5? ?B(;1* 3;&?#*IC ?B(;1* 3;&?#*IC ?B(;1* 3;&?#*IC NORTH AMERICA 7.#.A. Cali8 rnia 9ashingt n &ichigan Canada :;nt.< &e=ic /ahi Ca$ rca /a>a ;$reg n &e=icali CENTRAL AMERICA C sta 1ica ?l #alvad r 5.ate-ala H nd.ras (ana-a SOUTH AMERICA Argentina /ra0il Chile C l -$ia ?c.ad r (er. 7r.g.a' ,ene0.ela

10 20 2 0 1 90

90 80 9% 100 99 10

20 20

80 80

20

80

0 95

100 5

6 3ata 95

6 3ata 5

95 100 100 6 3ata 6 3ata

5 0 0 6 3ata 6 3ata

95 100 100 6 3ata 6 3ata

5 0 0 6 3ata 6 3ata

50 75

50 25

99

%0 0 70 90 100 99 20 0

20 100 30 10 0 1 80 100

%0 0 80 90 100 99 20 0

20 100 20 10 0 1 80 100

*a$le 2.C ntin.ed 2003 (?1C?6*A5? 2001 (?1C?6*A5? 1997 (?1C?6*A5? ?B(;1* 3;&?#*IC ?B(;1* 3;&?#*IC ?B(;1* 3;&?#*IC AFRICA

?g'"t @es th & r cc # .th A8rica *.nisia Ai-$a$+e AUSTRALIAN AREA A.stralia 6e+ Aealand 9estern # - a

95 100 95 80

5 0 5 20

95 100 100 85

5 0 0 15

95 100 100 85 90

5 0 0 15 10

%0 50 0

20 50 100

%0 25 0

20 75 100