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Concept of translation
Oxford eng dictionary: 1 the act or an instance of translating. a written or spoken rendering of the meaning of a word or text in another language. 2 a written or spoken expression of the meaning of a word, speech, book, etc. in another language.
Developments:
2. Strategies
Form (style) vs sense (meaning). Speed dating, might not exist in a different culture, that should not stop them being expressed in some way in the target language (TL). Jakobson goes on to claim that only poetry by definition is untranslatable since in verse the form of words contributes to the construction of the meaning of the text. Such statements express a classical dichotomy in translation between sense/content on the one hand and form/style on the other. Literal vs Free Literal translation is used when dealing with technical language or texts with historical significance like The Bible. Free translation, on the other hand, is applied to literary texts and books, to deal with problematic items from the SL. Translationeese (def, how to deal with,) term to characterize the language of translation, often very artificial and rich in lexical calques. Results from using words without considering the context and proper synonyms. Same lexical structure, different semantic content. Awareness of foreign culture. Interference- results from calquing the SL words. Explicitation- when a concept is explained clearer in the translation than in the original. Domestication- concealing the traces of translation by using only the SL.
Translatability- ability to convey the meaning despite language and cultural differences. Untranslatability- words or concepts may be exclusive to a given culture or register, they cannot be transferred directly to the TL.
Comprehensibility vs Translatability Comprehensibility is lost when sticking too much to the form without considering other factors. There are certain criteria to adopt in order to achieve comprehensibility. Criteria
3. Hallidays
units: morpheme, word, group, clause, sentence Clause level is responsible for meaning in communicative context
4. Baker levels of eq
Word Collocation Grammar Thematic and information structure, cohesion and pragmatics
4. Translation shifts
John Catford opposite to formal correspondence in trans.. 2 aspects of language linguistic system language, all uses of language besides from parole. Parole: Communiccative process linguistic and rhetorical norms mediation between languages and cultures
Catfords formal correspondence- a language item in SL occupies the same place in TL. Comparison and description of language systems, without analyzing language pairs. Shift is when there is no formal correspondent. Vinay and Darbelnet: 1. Direct translation borrowing, calque and literal 2. Oblique trans transposition, modulation equivalence adaptation. 3 levels of lang : Lexicon Grammatical structures Message of higher text elements: sentence paragraph.
Pragmatic equivalence similar to Nidas dynamic, when translation aimed to have same effect on respective readers
9. Translation strategies
Roman Jackobson sense/content vs form/style Sense can be translated, form cannot(puns, wordplay, songs and poetry). Translatability extent to which a given a linguistic structure can be express in other languages. Untranslatability property of the text, in which there is no direct equivalent of a words. Ways of translating (Cicero and St Jerome) Literal word-for-word translation Free- adaptation
Translationese - term for the language of translation, ST is similar to TT because of the literal approach Usage of common linguistic phenomena. Interference domestication explicitation. Words bearing visible traces of ST and translation. Visible in backtranslation
Comprehensibility and translatability Accounting for the purpose, audience and text type to successfully trasnalte.
8. Dynamic eq
Dynamic equivalence, on the other hand, refers to reproducing in the TT the impact or reaction that the ST generated amongst readers. The biggest problem of dynamic equivalence regards freedom that the translator has while transferring the meaning, which makes him prone to mistranslation Hatim adds that nida uses adjustment techniques: Adding footnotes Adding or omitting info Altering the material Removing material which may turn out foreign and misinterpreted