Field Geology

2010-2011

Field Geology
2011-2012

Lecture 10 Lecture 1
Ibrahim M.J. Mohialdeen, Ibrahim M.J. Mohialdeen,
MSc,PhD MSc,PhD

Subject: Field maps and field notebooks * lecturers name: Ibrahim M.J. Mohialdeen * Contacts: Tel: 0770 142 6262, Email: ibrahim.jaza@univsul.net *Subject objective: As mentioned in the previous lecture map is the basic equipment which should be with the geologist during the field work. In this lecture a detailed description of maps and notebooks will be discusses. *Scientific content of the subject: Maps Notebooks *Subject references:
-Judson, S. , Bonini, W., Rhodes, D., and Rossbacher, L., 1996, Physical Geology, Prentice-Hall International(UK)236p. - Compton, R.R., 1962, Manual of Filed Geology, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 378p. - Barnes, J.W., 1995, Basic Geological Mapping, 3rd ed., John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 133p. http://geology.isu.edu/FieldCamp/howto.htm http://geology.com/field-camp.shtml http://www.nagt.org/nagt/organization/northwest/guidebooks.html

Field Geology 2011-2012

Field maps and field notebooks

Field maps and field notebooks are valuable documents which constitute part of the record of the field evidence on which the interpretation of geology depend on which the interpretation of the geology was made.ds. Field map: A field map is an aid to the systematic collection of geological data in the field and shows the evidence
Field Geology 2011-2012

It shows the geological features you actually saw in the field. The field map should contains all collected data and no evidence should be erased from it to tidy it up, or because it is not needed to aid the present interpretation., nor you should add anything to it at a later date which you think you saw in the field but did not record at the time. The type of information to be recorded on a field map is: 1- The location of all rock exposures examined. 2-Brief notes on the rocks seen. 3-Dip and strike measurements. 4-Locations to which more detailed notes in your notebook refer.
Field Geology 2011-2012

5-The location of fossil specimens which are collected. 6-The location of each picture was taken or field sketch made. 7-Topographic features, change of slope or vegitation and positions of seeps and spring-lines. 8-All major contacts. 9-River terraces. 10-Alluvium, scree, boulder clay and any superficial materials, including landslide debris.

11-Cuttings, quarries and other man- made excavations exposing geology, e.g. boreholes. 12-comments on the degree of exposure or lack of exposure, and on soil cover. Hence, the field map is valuable, so should be kept clean and protected from rain and damp.

Field Geology 2011-2012

Preparation:
Before using a new map sheet, cut it into a number of sections or field slips, which will fit into your map case without having to be folded. Folding ruins a map. Any symbols used on the map should be shown and explained. The numbers of the notebooks which refer to the slip should also be included, together with the name of the author of the map and the dates of starting and completing it. Do not stick your field slips together with adhesive tape when fieldwork is complete.

How and what to plot? A field map is a record of field observations of the type listed previously. Plot the position of exposures seen and indicated rock type by formation letters, letter symbols, or by coloring. Keep notes short and use abbreviations such as fig. (figure), lam (laminated,.. Structural observations and symbols should be large and clear enough to be easily traced to fair copy
Field Geology 2011-2012

Contacts should be shown as continuous lines where seen on the ground, with a note or symbol to indicate their type. Distinguish faults by the letter f or , if the dip in known , by a dip arrow. Inferred contacts are shown by broken lines and different reliabilities of inferred contacts can be distinguished by the frequency of the breaks.
Field Geology 2011-2012

Field notebooks
Like field maps , field notebooks are valuable documents that form part of field evidence on which the interpretation of geology depends. Field notebook may be want by later workers for more studies in certain area. During a project , non-geological records, such as expenses, also have to be kept. Write the name of the project, the year, and the notebook number, on the other of every book. Recording information is the main purpose of a field notebook. Do not repeat the same information as on the field map, try to write expand information.

Field Geology 2011-2012

Sketches and cross-sections Use sketches to supplement notebook descriptions whenever possible. Sketches should show dimensions or, at the very least, some indication of scale. One of the aided technique used to understanding of the structure of the area is drawing cross-section.

Fair copy maps and other illustration

Geological maps are records of factual observations made in the field, they are not interpretative maps. Therefore, when the process of mapping has been completed, you must compile a fair copy manuscript map from your field maps , notes, and your later laboratory work, to accompany your report. Much of the information gathered during fieldwork is not transferred to the fair copy. The finished fair copy map should show the geology of the region in such a manner that the geological formations can be clearly distinguished, one from another. Structural symbols should be sufficiently clear so that the sequence of events can be elucidated and the stratigraphy determined ( Barnes, 1995).

Field Geology 2011-2012

-Transferring topography -Transferring geology -Lettering and symbols -Formation letters -Layout -Colouring -Cross-sections -Overlays -Text illustrations
Field Geology 2011-2012

16 00

15 00

36 21 36 21
12 0 ain 0 nt 13 ou m sh ra 00 w a 14 300 1 Ke 0

11 00

10

00

00

0 4 8/

90

700 1 000
5 4 /2 04

1100

12

27

s tud ied s ection

80 0

04

Example
Fig. 1. Geologic map of Rania area, Sulaimani region NE Iraq (after Qaradaghi, 2007) showing the studied area.

04 6 / 23 800

90 0

/2 8

H a njira village
36 19
0 54 / 29

T otaka village

60 0

R ania
36 17 44 48 44 50 36 17

0 km

1 44 52

Legend
Shiranish Fm. & Tanjiro Fm. (Upper Senonian) Blue marl, marly limestone, silty marl and sandstone Kometan Fm. (Turonian) White-weathering, light grey thin bedded Limestone Qamcuqa Fm. (Hauterivian-Albian) Succession units of Limestone and Dolomitic Limestone Sarmord Fm. (Hauterivian-Barremian) Rhythmic Alternation between Marl and Marly limestone Chiagara Fm.& Balambo Fm. (U. Jurassic & Cretaceous) Ammonitiferous limestone Naokelekan Fm.& Barsarin Fm. (U. Jurassic) Stratomatolitic Limestone and Dolomitic limestone and shaly limestone Sargelu Fm. (M. Jurassic) Thin bedded black ,bituminous Limestone, Dolomitic limestone and black papery shales Sarki Fm. & Sehkanyan Fm. (L.-U. Jurassic) Dolomitic limestone alternation with marl and shales

Covered area

Field Geology 2011-2012