ASHRAE Standard 62.

1 and LEED Certification

Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

Stephen Haines, EIT, LEED AP JBA Consulting Engineers Mechanical Engineering

What is ASHRAE Standard 62.1?

The Industries Ventilation

Standard
Purpose: to specify minimum

ventilation rates and other measures intended to provide indoor air quality that is acceptable to human occupants and that minimizes adverse health effects.
Scope: All commercial, institutional

and high-rise residential buildings (excludes low-rise residential)

History of ASHRAE Standard 62.1

1981 Lower Rates (Office 5 cfm/person) 1989 Higher Rates (Office 20 cfm/person) 2001 More Mandatory Language

1970

1980

1990
1999 Little Change 2004 Key Changes: Ventilation Rate Procedure

2000

2010
2010 Most Current

1984 Steves birthday 1973 First Issued (Office 15 cfm/person)

2007 Corrections, Clarifications

Key Changes in 62.1-2004

Area-related and occupancy-related ventilation components Minimum Ventilation Rate Table revised to apply only to non-smoking areas (smoking areas are still not addressed) Appendix G Existing Buildings Additions, Equipment replacements, Substantial alterations Indoor Air Humidity (65% max) and pressure requirements (positive when dehumidifying) Requirement to deliver outside air directly to occupied spaces

Why is ASHRAE 62.1 Important?

It is the basis for many ventilation codes More stringent than codes in some cases and helps establish the standard-of-care Compliance with ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 is a prerequisite for any LEED-NC credits

Two Paths to Compliance

Ventilation Rate Procedure

Most commonly used method Table 6-1 Minimum Ventilation Rates in Breathing Zone Need to determine the zone air distribution effectiveness (Ez) LEED requires this method for compliance

Indoor Air Quality Procedure

Designed to maintain specific contaminant levels Mass balance analysis Methods used in similar buildings Validation by contaminant monitoring verification

Ventilation Rate Procedure

Ventilation Rate Procedure

Note the following rooms do not require area-based ventilation per ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007: Electrical equipment rooms Telecommunications/data rooms Elevator machine rooms Other similar non-occupied spaces Clarified under Interpretation IC 62.1-2007-17 approved on January 23, 2010 Correction made for Standard 62.1-2010

Ventilation Rate Procedure

Note the following rooms do not require area-based ventilation per ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007: Electrical equipment rooms Telecommunications/data rooms Elevator machine rooms Other similar non-occupied spaces Clarified under Interpretation IC 62.1-2007-17 approved on January 23, 2010 Corrected in the 2010 version of the Standard

Classroom Example
Single Zone - 62.1-2007

High School Classroom 35 x 35 (30 people) Breathing Zone Outdoor Airflow (Vbz) = RpPz + RaAz Occupancy component - 10 cfm/person 10 x 30 people = 300 cfm Area component - 0.12 cfm/ft2 0.12 x (35 x 35) = 147 cfm Zone Outdoor Airflow (Voz) = Vbz/Ez
Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness

Voz = (300 + 147)/1.0 = 447 cfm or 14.9 cfm/person Be careful with Ez values! Most of the time Ez = 0.8 in heating mode which yields a higher ventilation rate requirement. Reference Table 6-2!

Ventilation Rate Procedure

Multiple Zone Recirculating Systems

Vou = (RpPz + RaAz) for all zones Uncorrected Outdoor Air Intake Vot = Vou/Ev Outdoor Air Intake To determine the System Ventilation Efficiency (Ev), use Table 6-3 with the Zone Primary Outdoor Air Fraction Zp Primary Outdoor Air Fraction Zp Zp = Voz/Vpz Voz Zone outdoor airflow Vpz Zone primary airflow (for VAV systems Vpz is the minimum expected primary airflow for design purposes)

Multiple Zone Example

Office 15x10 1 Occupant 100 cfm SA Corridor 4 wide 0 Occupants 150 cfm SA Storage 10x10 0 Occupants 50 cfm SA Office 15x10 1 Occupant 100 cfm SA

Break Room 10x20 4 Occupants 200 cfm SA

Conference 12x12 6 Occupants 150 cfm SA

Office 10x20 2 Occupants 150 cfm SA

Note: supply airflows are heating minimum values Office 18x10 2 Occupants 150 cfm SA Office 18x10 2 Occupants 150 cfm SA

Multiple Zone Example

Vou = (RpPz + RaAz) for all zones uncorrected outdoor air intake Offices
15 x 10 x (0.06 cfm/ft2) + 1 person x 5 cfm/person = 14 cfm OA 10 x 20 x (0.06 cfm/ft2) + 2 people x 5 cfm/person = 22 cfm OA 18 x 10 x (0.06 cfm/ft2) + 2 people x 5 cfm/person = 21 cfm OA

Office total
(14 cfm) x 2 + 22 cfm + (21 cfm) x 2 Office total = 92 cfm OA

Multiple Zone Example

Vou = (RpPz + RaAz) for all zones uncorrected outdoor air intake Break Room 10 x 20 x (0.06 cfm/ft2) + 4 people x 5 cfm/person = 32 cfm OA Conference 12 x 12 x (0.06 cfm/ft2) + 6 people x 5 cfm/person = 39 cfm OA Storage 10 x 10 x (0.12 cfm/ft2) = 12 cfm OA Corridor 296 ft2 x (0.06 cfm/ft2) = 18 cfm OA

Multiple Zone Example

Vou = (RpPz + RaAz) for all zones uncorrected outdoor air intake Office total 92 cfm Break room 32 cfm Conference 39 cfm Storage 12 cfm Corridor -18 cfm Building total = 92 + 32 + 39 + 12 + 18 = 194 cfm BUT WAIT!

Multiple Zone Example

Building total = 194 cfm OA But Vou is the uncorrected outdoor air intake we also have to account for the System Ventilation Efficiency (Ev) What exactly is the System Ventilation Efficiency? Here is where it can get a little tricky!

System Ventilation Efficiency

The System Ventilation Efficiency (Ev) increases the outside air at the system to account for the critical zones Example The critical zone is a conference room where the zone requires 50% of the minimum supply air to be outside air Based on the building area and occupant requirements for ventilation, the % outside air at the air handling unit is only 15% The critical zone will always be underventilated under these conditions ASHRAE says we need to increase the outside air at the unit to compensate for this How does this affect our Multiple Zone Example?

Multiple Zone Example

Lets calculate the Zone Primary Outdoor Air Fraction for each zone Zp = Voz/Vpz Office 1 15 x 10
Zp = (18 cfm OA)/(100 cfm SA) = 0.18

Office 2 10 x 20
Zp = (28 cfm OA)/(150 cfm SA) = 0.19

Office 3 18 x 10
Zp = (27 cfm OA)/(150 cfm SA) = 0.18

Multiple Zone Example

Zp = Voz/Vpz Break Room Zp = (40 cfm OA)/(200 cfm SA) = 0.20 Conference Zp = (49 cfm OA)/(150 cfm SA) = 0.33 Storage Zp = (15 cfm OA)/(50 cfm SA) = 0.30 Corridor Zp = (23 cfm OA)/(150 cfm SA) = 0.16

Multiple Zone Example

Office 1 Zp = 0.18 Office 2 Zp = 0.19 Office 3 Zp = 0.18 Break Room - Zp = 0.20 Conference - Zp = 0.33 Storage - Zp = 0.30 Corridor - Zp = 0.16 Highest Zp Conference 0.33

Multiple Zone Example

Vot = Vou/Ev Outdoor Air Intake Using Table 6-3 with Zp = 0.33 and by interpolating, Ev = 0.82 Vot = (194 cfm)/0.82 Vot = 236 cfm OA required Will use 240 cfm OA
0.82

Multiple Zone Example

Now what happens if we increase the VAV box minimums on the critical zones? Zp = Voz/Vpz Conference (increased minimum SA from 150 cfm to 250 cfm) Zp = (49 cfm OA)/(250 cfm SA) = 0.20 (previously 0.33) Storage (increased minimum SA from 50 cfm to 100 cfm) Zp = (15 cfm OA)/(100 cfm SA) = 0.15 (previously 0.30) Using Table 6-3 with the max Zp = 0.20 and by interpolating, Ev = 0.95 Vot = (194 cfm)/0.95 Vot = 205 cfm OA required Use 205 cfm OA instead of 240 cfm
0.95

Alternative Procedures

Appendix A Another way to calculate System Ventilation Efficiency (Ev) other than using Table 6-3 Ev = minimum (Evz) Evz = 1 + Xs Zd Xs is the Average Outdoor Air Fraction at the air handling unit Zd is the Discharge Outdoor Air Fraction at the zone In our Multiple Zone Example, Ev = 1 + (194 cfm)/(1200 cfm) 0.33 = 1 + 0.16 0.33 = 0.83 Vot = (194 cfm)/0.83 = 234 cfm very similar result All zone Zp values do not necessarily need to be calculated, just the critical zones

Title 24 Requirements

But what about Title 24? Based on Section 121 Requirements for Ventilation Mechanical Ventilation
The conditioned floor area of the space times the applicable

ventilation rate from Table 121-A or

15 cfm/person times the expected number of occupants Cannot be less than the larger of the two!

Multiple Zone Example

Area-based ventilation rate: Table 121-A for office space (other) is 0.15 cfm/sf Required OA = 1,600 sf x 0.15 cfm/sf = 240 cfm People-based ventilation rate: 15 cfm/person Required OA = 18 people x 15 cfm/person = 270 cfm Title 24 Ventilation 270 cfm ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Ventilation 240 cfm This result is not always the case!

Title 24 Requirements

Section 144 (d) Space-conditioning Zone Controls

Minimizes reheating to reduce energy use The volume of primary air that is reheated, re-cooled, or mixed air

supply shall not exceed the larger of:

50 percent of the peak primary airflow, or The design zone outdoor airflow rate per Section 121

May not be possible to increase minimum zone airflows to reduce

Zp in the critical zones

Title 24 Requirements

Section 121 (c) Operation and Control Requirements

Required Demand Control Ventilation

CO2 sensors required in densely occupied spaces (occupant density greater than or equal to 25 people per 1,000 sf) May reduce OA for these spaces based on CO2 levels

Dynamic Reset not a requirement in ASHRAE Standard 62.1 CO2 sensors are required for LEED OA Delivery Monitoring credit

ASHRAE 62.1 Design Tips

Identify the critical zones

High occupant density and low airflow requirement (i.e. little to no envelope load) Interior conference/meeting rooms Interior waiting/lobby areas Interior break rooms Not necessarily limited to interior zones (north-facing and no glass)

Increase VAV box minimum airflows in critical zones to reduce outside air where possible [ watch out for Title 24 Section 144 (d) ] May use transfer fans to increase supply air to a critical space

ASHRAE 62.1 Design Tips

May account for Occupant Diversity the ratio of the system population to the sum of the zone populations Utilize calculation spreadsheet

Spreadsheet provided with ASHRAE 62.1 Users Manual Allows you to input only the critical zones Spreadsheet uses Appendix A approach

Caution!

Dont forget about building pressurization - a pressurization calc should be done to ensure that the building is positively pressurized which could result in higher air quantities than ASHRAE 62.1 requires Make sure heating minimum supply air values can handle the zone heat losses with the selected reheat coil

LEED Compliance

LEED Version 3.0 requires that the design meet the minimum requirements of Sections 4 through 7 of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007

IEQ Prerequisite 1 Minimum IAQ Performance (mandatory) IEQ Credit 2 Increased Ventilation (optional)

The Ventilation Rate Procedure must be correctly documented and uploaded to LEED Online for review Best method 62MZCalc spreadsheet

Pre-programmed spreadsheet template Accepted by USGBC Available with purchase of ASHRAE 62.1 Users Manual Free through LEED Online under Credit Resources

LEED Compliance 62MZCalc

Entered Values Critical Zone

System Ev = 0.84 Required Vot = 229 cfm

LEED Compliance 62MZCalc

62MZCalc spreadsheet tips

Required only to input potentially critical zones Analyze all operating conditions

Cooling mode Heating mode Check with Architect for a building program or design occupancy May be based on full-time equivalent (FTE) occupants

Apply occupant diversity (D) where possible

Spreadsheet instructions Cell unlock code

LEED Compliance

LEED Documentation Materials

IEQp1 Submittal Template (LEED Online form v3.0 or Template PDF v2.2) ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Documentation of the VRP

62MZCalc Spreadsheet Trane Trace 700 Calculation Report Carriers HAP Calculation Report Other suitable analysis program

Equipment schedules identifying design OA for all systems Equipment submittals (if applicable)

LEED Compliance

LEED Design Review Process

Design Application Submission Design Application Review GBCI (25 business days) Final Design Review Appeals ($500 per credit)

Design Application Review Pending Issues It is unclear Technical Advice Please provide revised VRP calculations demonstrating

Design Application Review Comments

The LEED Submittal Template has been provided stating that the project complies with the minimum requirements of ASHRAE Standards 62.1-2004. A narrative has been provided describing the project's ventilation system design. However, specific information regarding the fresh air intake volumes has not been provided. TECHNICAL ADVICE: Please provide a more detailed narrative or resubmit the LEED Submittal Template to include a more detailed narrative that includes specific information regarding the fresh air intake volumes.

Design Application Review Comments

The LEED Submittal Template has been provided stating that the project complies with the minimum requirements of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, using the Ventilation Rate Procedure However, two issues are pending: 1. The documentation and Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP) calculations indicate an Ez value of 1.0 for all VRP calculations, and it is unclear whether the operating conditions represented in the calculations reflect the worst-case scenario. 2. It is unclear how the System Ventilation Efficiency (Ev) value has been determined. In addition, it is unclear which zone, for each unit serving multiple zones, is the critical zone. Therefore, it is unclear whether the critical zone has been used to determine the Primary Outdoor Air Fraction (Zp) and System Ventilation Efficiency (Ev) values. TECHNICAL ADVICE: 1. Please provide revised VRP calculations demonstrating that the values have been adjusted such that they are in compliance with ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004, Table 6.2. Provide a detailed narrative including specific information regarding the selection of the worst-case design conditions for the VRP calculations. Alternatively, include information explaining the selection of an Ez value of 1.0 for all systems. 2. Indicate in the narrative how the Ev value has been determined, as well as the critical zone for each unit serving multiple zones. If necessary, provide revised calculations demonstrating that the critical zone has been used to determine the Primary Outdoor Air Fraction (Zp) and System Ventilation Efficiency (Ev) values.

Design Application Review Comments

The LEED Prerequisite Form has been provided stating that the project is mechanically ventilated and mechanically conditioned, therefore the project applies Case 1. The project has utilized the VRP Compliance Calculator. However, the tenant guidelines do not indicate the requirements of ASHRAE 62.1-2007 must be met and a copy of the legally binding document (e.g. lease, sales agreement), specifying minimum performance criteria for IEQp1 for the tenant work, has not been provided. TECHNICAL ADVICE: 1. Provide revised tenant guidelines to include a reference to meeting the minimum requirements of ASHRAE 62.12007 and ensure that a copy of the legally binding document (e.g. lease, sales agreement), explicitly stating the performance requirements for the tenant work is included.

Other Important Sections in ASHRAE 62.1

Minimum MERV ratings for filters (minimum MERV 6 upstream of cooling coils) Exhaust rates (Table 6.4)

Restrooms Copy/printing rooms Kitchenettes (break rooms) Chemical storage rooms (housekeeping)

Natural ventilation specifies location and size of openings in lieu of or in addition to mechanical ventilation Outside air intake minimum separation distances (Table 5.1)

References

ASHRAE Standard 62.1 PDFs available of older versions of the Standard ASHRAE 62.1 Users Manual
More detailed explanation of the Ventilation Rate Procedure Example problems

ASHRAE website

Questions?