Hydraulics 6713

Assignment 2- Solutions
FALL 2009
1. Pump Characteristics:
Discharge (l/s)
Head (m)
Efficiency (%)

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
26.25 24.00 21.75 19.50 17.50 15.00 11.75
0
28
51
68
80
85
80

70
6.75
64

a. Given the pump characteristics above, determine the pump efficiency and
power requirement for a pipeline of diameter 250 mm, length 2 km,
roughness = 0.03 mm, and a static head of 15 m. Comment on the
suitability of the pump and pipeline combination.
b. What would be the operating conditions if another pump (with the same
characteristics as above) is connected in parallel to the first pump to
handle the pumping requirement of the pipeline?
Part a)
= 15 + + ,

2
= 15 +
8 2000 2
= 15 +
= 15 + 169,219.80 2
2 0.255
0.03
=
= 0.00012,
250
,

= 0.0125,

= 15 + 2115 2 (1)

Plot (1) on the same graph as the pump curve data

Operating point Ho = 18 m and Qo = 38 l/s
Check Reynolds Number:
4
4 0.038
=
=
= 1.94 105
1 106 0.25
= 0.0171

35
Pump Curve
System Curve, f = 0.0125

30

System Curve, f = 0.0171

Pumps in Parallel

25

H (m)

20

15

10

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60
70
Q (l/s)

80

90

100

110

120

130

New systems curve:

= 15 + 2894 2 (2)

New operating point: Ho = 18.5 m and Qo = 35 l/s

Efficiency ~ 75%, therefore OK.
New Re = 1.78 x 105, didnt change much, wont change f.

Part b)
If another identical pump is connected in parallel, new pump curve shows that the flow
rate doubles the flow rate of a single pump at the same head.
Q2 = 43 l/s H2 = 21 m
Should check Re, f may be reduced a little.
If one pump shuts down the single pump will operate at a decreased flow rate and
decreased head.
2

140

150

2. For the given trapezoidal channel, determine the uniform flow depth accurate to 2
decimal places given that the flow rate is 25 m3/s, Mannings n is 0.025, and the
bed slope is 0.002. Plot the depth vs. flow rate, for flow rates going from 25 to 35
m3/s - use Excel.

1:2
5m

1
3

253
, =
, = 0.025, = 0.002

25 0.025
0.002

= 13.98

= 5 + 2 , = 5 + + 5 = 5 + 3.236
,

13.98 =

By trial and error:

y (m)
1
2
1.75
1.80
1.81
1.83
1.85

5 + 2

5 + 3.236

3
2

A5/3
19.812
81.323
61.268
65.008
65.772
67.316
68.882

P2/3
4.078
5.087
4.845
4.893
4.903
4.923
4.942

= 1.85

=? 13.98
4.86
15.99
12.65
13.29
13.42
13.67
13.94 (very close)

Using Excel to calculate depths for given flow rates and to plot Depth vs. Flow Rate
Flow Rate, Q
(m3/s)
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

Depth, y
(m)
1.85
1.89
1.94
1.98
2.02
2.06
2.09
2.13
2.17
2.20
2.24

Depth vs. Flow Rate

2.25
2.20

Depth, y (m)

2.15
2.10
2.05
2.00
1.95
1.90
1.85
1.80
25

26

27

28

29

30

31

Flow Rate, Q (m3/s)

32

33

34

35

3. The figure below shows a restriction in a horizontal channel at a point B created

by a smooth reduction in the channel width. The width at section A is 2 m and the
width at section B is 1.7 m. If the depth of flow at section A is 1.5 m and the flow
rate is 5 m3/s,
a. What is the depth of flow at section B?
b. What width at section B will cause the flow to choke?
c. Explain the above 2 phenomena using a q-y diagram.

2m

1.7 m

A
Plan View
Part a)

52
52
= : 1.5 +
= +
2(2 1.5)2
2(1.7 )2
0.441
1.642 = +
2
2
3 1.642 2 + 0.441 = 0
Solving for : 1 = 1.42 , 2 = 0.46 , 3 = 0.68
Part b)
For flow to choke, section B must have critical flow
2
2
i.e. For a given E, = 3 = 3 1.642 = 1.095
= 1.095 =
1.313 =

52

2
= 1.393

5
, = =

Part c)
q-y diagram:
y (m)

E = 1.642 m

yc

2.5
A

2.94
B

q (m2/s)

4. Derive an expression for critical condition in any channel in terms of discharge Q,

cross-sectional area A, and top-width of the water surface B. Hence show that in a
rectangular channel the critical depth is 2/3 of the critical specific energy E.

B
dy
A

dA ~ Bdy

2
2

=+
, ,
=1
=0
2
2

3
2
, 3 = 1

For a rectangular channel, B=b, A=by

;

2
2
2
=
=
=1
3 3 2 3 3

Substituting into the specific energy equation,

2
=+
,
2 2

= + = 1.5
2
2
: =
3

5. The data below were derived from the measured cross-section of a natural stream
channel. The discharge is 60 m3/s, Mannings n = 0.04, and the bed slope S is
0.015.
Elevation (m)
Area (m2)
Wetted Perimeter (m)
Surface width (m)
0.5
3.5
9.5
9.0
1.0
9.0
13.9
13.0
1.5
16.0
16.7
15.0
2.0
24.0
19.5
17.0
2.5
35.0
22.0
18.5
Using the data, estimate the uniform flow depth and the associated Froude number; and
estimate the critical flow depth. Hint: Do this graphically.
5

60 0.04
=
,

=
= 19.6
1
2
1
1
2
3
2
0.015 2
5

Plotting depth, y VS.

3
2

A5/3/P2/3 vs. Depth, y (m)

3
2.5

Depth, y (m)

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

10

20

30
A5/3/P2/3

The estimated uniform flow depth is y = 1.7 m

Estimating the critical flow depth:
2
2
602
1=
.

=
= 367
3

9.81

40

50

60

3 2
=

Plotting Depth, y (m) VS.

Depth, y (m) vs. A3/B

3

Depth, y (m)

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

500

1000

1500
A3/B

The critical flow depth, yc ~ 1.63 m

Finding the associated Froude number,
=

2
=
3

602
9.81 3

Interpolating to find B and A, when y = 1.7 m:

For B:
2.0 1.5
2.0 1.7
=
, = 15.8
17.0 15.0 17.0
For A:
2.0 1.5
2.0 1.7
=
, = 19.2
24.0 16.0 24.0
602 15.8
9.81 19.23
= 0.91
=

2000

2500

6. Show that the hydraulic jump equation for a rectangular channel may be
expressed as:

+1 ,
2

: =

2
1

Hint: Start by equating M1 = M2 for a rectangular channel and you also need the critical
flow equation.
1 = 2 ,

12 2
22
2
+
=
+
2 1
2 2
,

1 2
2 1
1
1 22 =

2
2 1
1 2
1 2
1 22 (1 + 2 ) = 3
2
1 2
1 + 2
3
=
2
1 2
3
1 + 2 2
=
212
13
3 1 1 2 + 22
=
1
2
12
3

= + 2 = + 1
1
2
2
3

= +1
1
2

10

7.

For the given flow under the sluice gate, and the hydraulic jump downstream of
the gate, calculate the depth after the hydraulic jump, the depth before the gate,
and the force on the gate. The channel is rectangular and flow rate is 4 m3/s/m and
y2 = 0.15 m. Sketch the E-y diagram and show clearly on it the specific energies
before and after the gate and after the hydraulic jump. Calculate also the energy
loss at the jump and indicate it on the E-y diagram.
y
E

gate
q = 4 m3/s/m

y3

y1

y1

y3

y2

y2
45
E

42
1 = 2 = 0.15 +
= 36.394
20.152
42
0.8155
1 +
=

+
= 36.394
1
21 2
1 2

,
1 = 36.39

36.392
42
0.152
42
= 1 2 =
+

2
36.39
2
0.15
= 662.161 10.885 = 651.276
, = 9810 651.276 = 6,389,018 /
= 6,389 /
, 2 = 3 ,
2
3 =
1 + 822 1 , 2 =
2
0.15
3 =
1 + 8(21.983)2 1
2
3 = 4.59

23

= 21.983

3 2 3
=
= 31.78
42 3
=
= 9.81 4 31.78
= 1,247 /
11

8. A circular concrete culvert (n = 0.015) is placed on a slope of 0.020. The culvert

is 1.8 m in diameter and 25 m long. The entrance is square-edged and flush with
the wall. The tail water level ranges from 1 m below the culvert crown to a level
coincident with the culvert crown at the outlet. If the discharge is 8 m3/s, what is
the design head-water elevation?
HW
hL

D/2

El. 0.5 m

0.8 m

0.020 x 25 = 0.5

El. 0 m
L = 25 m

Since the TW depth could range from 1.8 m to 0.8 m, we have to check for both outlet
and inlet control to see which condition gave the higher HW elevation.
Case 1: Inlet control

= 2
8 = 0.6

1.82
1.8
2
4
2

0.9 = 1.399
= 2.299

= 2.299 + 0.5 = 2.80

Case 2: Outlet control

+ = 1.8 +
= 1.8 + = 1.8 + 0.020 25 = 1.3
= 1.5

1.8 m

2 2 2
+ 4
2
3

,
= 2.54 2 ,
= 5.6549 ,

2
2
2
3.14
0.015 3.14 25
= 1.5
+
+ 1.3
4
2
0.449 3
= 0.7538 + 0.1613 + 1.3
= 2.215 = 2.215 + 0.5 = 2.72
= 3.14

= 0.449

The inlet control gave a higher HW elevation, so the design HW elevation is 2.80 m.
12

9. A temporary pipeline (diameter = 200 mm, CD = 0.40) is to be placed on an

approximately horizontal river bed at right angle to the direction of flow. The
river is approximately rectangular in section, and is 60 m wide. The depth of flow
downstream of the pipe is 2.5 m and the mean velocity is 3 m/s. Determine the
depth and velocity upstream of the pipe once it is put in place; and the resultant
drag force on the pipe.

y1

2.5 m

P
(1)

0.2 m
(3)

(2)

2
2.5 = 7.5

3 2
=
= 1.79

=3

Therefore y2 = 2.5 m is subcritical, and provided the pipeline does not choke flow at (3),
condition will remain subcritical from (1) to (2).
7.52
3 = 2 = 2.5 +
0.2 = 2.76
2 2.52
3
3
= = 1.79 = 2.69
2
2
3 > ,
Part a:
1 2 =
1

= 2

1
12 2.52
12
2
7.52
2
+

=
+
2 1

2
2.5
1
12 2.52
12
2
7.52
2
+

=
+
2 1

2
2.5
1
0.40 0.20 1 7.52
12 7.52
2
+

= 5.419
2
1
9.81 12
12 5.734 0.2294
+

= 5.419
2
1
12
13

,
1 = 2.53

7.5
1 =
=
1 2.53
1 = 2.964 /
Part b:
1
= 0.4 (0.2 60) 1000 2.9642
2
= 21,084.7 21.08

14

10. A 4-m wide rectangular channel contains a rectangular step whose width is the
same as the channel. The given flow conditions are y1 = 0.40 m, v1 = 8 m/s, and
y2 = 2 m.
a. What is the height of the step if the drag coefficient, CD, of the step is 0.6?
b. What would be y2 if the step was not present?
c. Determine the rate of energy dissipation for conditions (a) and (b).
q = 8m/s x 0.40 = 3.2 m3/s/m
y2 = 2 m
y1 = 0.40 m

Part a:
4 1 2
4

1
2
2 1
= =

0.42
42
22
42
+

+
2
0.4
2 2

1
0.6 1000 4 82
2
=
9810

4.157 2.8155 = 1.9572

1.3415
,
=
1.9572
= 0.685
Part b:
If there is no step,
1
2 =
1 + 812 1
2
0.40
2 =
2

82
1+8
1
0.40

2 = 2.093
Step has effectively lowered the downstream water level.
Part c:

42

42

With step, = 1 2 = 0.40 + 20.4 2 2 + 222 + 0.685

= 5.497 2.204 0.685
= 2.608
Without step,
=

2.0930.40 3

42.0930.40

= 1.449

15