6th International Conference of Textile Research Division NRC, Cairo, Egypt, April 5 7, !!

"

Textile #rocessing$ %tate of the Art & '(t(re Develop)ents

6 (X) (2009) XXX XXX

Comparison of Low-Velocity Impact Response of S ort !la"# $lass an% Copper !i&re' (po"y Steel )ire Composite Str*ct*re
+, -&o*-.ale&/# -, (l-S ie0 2# S, I&ra eem/
1

Textile Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt 2 College of Textiles, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27965,USA

-&stract

n this paper, the shock impact properties of flax(natural), glass (man-made) and copper(metallic) fibre reinforced composites with unsaturated polyester epoxy processed by compression moulding are investigated. The specimens produced by hand lay-up method were characterized by low velocity impact test (drop-weight test).The composites, shock effect was further examined by investigating the peak dynamic force, duration time, impulse, indentation contact force and absorbed energy of composite-steel wire hybrid systems prepared by gluing thin tyre rubber plates on the face and rear of the flax, glass and copper fibre composites. athematical models describing these parameters are presented in a form can be easily predicted. The predicted shock- absorbing capacity shows good agreement with the experimental results. !t was found that the shock impact properties of copper composites increased significantly when using "#.$ kg copper per cubic meter(%m") of composite panel and the ratio of broken short rounded straight steel wire to copper weight in the composite panel is &' using an aspect ratio ranging from $' to %''. 1eywor%s2 (ow-)elocity !mpact, *rop +eight, ,einforcing, -omposites. -opyright./0/1assabo2&''3 T,*, 4,-, /ll ,ights ,eserved.

/, Intro%*ction
5ver the last few decades, the search for lighter armour materials with better performance armour materials has continued unabated due to increasing sophistication in the weapons industry. /ramid and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fibres appear to have replaced nylon and glass fibres as the most dominant materials for structural lightweight armour. 1owever, the scientific based research output in the open literature includes most of the high performance fibres and their composites. -omposite is a material that contains at least two different components, clearly separated one from another and uniformly filling its volume, produced in order of creating particular properties. ost of natural fibres have porous structure which can be a factor facilitating their saturation with resins.

The mechanical properties of vegetables fibers are very good and may successfully compete with glass fibre in terms of strength and strength modulus referred to the density of fiber. )egetable fibers show higher elongation when broken than glass or carbon fibers, which may be good for the performance of composites%. 6ast fibres have higher cellulose contents and a few, such as ramie and hemp, have very low lignin contents. 6ast-type fibres have been found particularly suited to composite applications, while leaf fibres have found use in specially papers re7uiring high strength&. 8hort glass fibres or short carbon fibres, etc. are extensively used with thermoplastics to improve the performance especially when used for engineering applications. The fibres confer enhanced mechanical strength and in particular stiffness"-3. The interest in natural fiber reinforced polymer composite materials is rapidly growing

3Correspon%in4 a*t or2 1. /bou-Taleb

-%%ress2 Textile 9ngineering *epartment, :aculty of 9ngineering,

ansoura ;niversity, "$$%<

ansoura, 9gypt

(-mail a%%ress2 haboutaleb.mm= yahoo.com T,*, <>'"?>$"3>TT>:T42&''3 Textile ,esearch *ivision, 4ational ,esearch -entre. /ll ,ights ,eserved (-mail a%%ress2 conf=trd-egypt.org

both in terms of industrial applications and fundamental research. These fibers are incorporated into a matrix material such as thermosetting plastics, thermoplastics or rubber. The significant weight savings and the ease and low cost of the raw constituent materials make these composites an attractive alternative material to glass and carbon fibers. The combination of a plastic matrix and reinforcing fibers give rise to composites having the best properties of each component. 8ince the plastics are soft, flexible and lightweight compared to fibers, their combination provides a high strength to weight ratio to the resulting composite. The properties of composites depend on those of the individual components and on their interfacial compatibility. The stress transfer at the interface to different phases is determined by the degree of adhesion %,%' .!n order to achieve improved fiber-matrix bond characteristics@ and to enhance fiber dispensability in the composite mix , straight steel fibers (wire segments) are produced by cutting or chopping wire , typically having diameter between '.&$ mm and %.' mm, whereas the length range from %3 to <' mm, the aspect ratio (lengthAdiameter) range from "' to %''. The ultimate tensile strength of steel fiber range from "#$ > %?'' Ba and the youngCs modulus is &'$ Ba%%-%$. /s long as the aspect ratio of the fiber is less than $', the fibers may be dispensed directly without any risk of balling. +ith higher aspect ratios some manufacturers employ special packing techni7ues to reduce the risk. 1owever, visual inspection during purring is necessary to check fiber distribution is satisfactory. (ow velocity impact of fibre reinforced plastics has been the subDect of many experimental and analytical investigations%<, %?. 8usceptibility to low velocity impact damage of glass fibre reinforced polymeric composite materials has been well documented%E.%3.There are many studies of the behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composite laminates subDected to impact loads &',.&%. 1owever, there is not much reported work on the impact response of natural and mineral fibre composites.
.a&le /2 C aracteristics of reinforce% composite panels, Target 4o. % & " # $ < :ibre type (H%) :lax -opper copper 0lass 0lass -opper :ibre weight,gramsA#"#.&cm" (H&) %$ #$ %$ "' %$ "' 8teel wire A fibre weight ratio(H") < < &' < %" %"

!t is clear from the open literature that research on shock impact has been focused on the high performance fibres. 4o attempts seem to have been made to compare among natural, metal and high performance fibres under shock impact. The present research work bridges the gap and investigates the response of flax, glass and copper fibre reinforced composites subDected to low velocity impacts by falling weight impact test method. Blenty of work has been published on shock impact properties of high performance fibres such as Fevlar, spectra and carbon fibres and their composites, literature on the shock impact potential of natural, man > made and metallic fibre composites is almost non-existent. The aim of the present work is to compare of the shock performance of short flax, glass and copper fibre reinforced composites commingled short broken steel wire.

2, ("perimental )or0 2 1! "amples Fa#rication

/ hand lay-up method was used to prepare the composite samples. / measured 7uantity of unsaturated polyester resin mixed with a formulated catalyst ( 9FB) for rapid curing was poured on a pre- weighed amount of mixture of flax, glass or copper fibres and broken short rounded, straight steel wire which was placed in a mould. /fter pouring the resin the mixture was then left for about " min to allow air bubbles to escape from the surface of the resin. The mould was closed and the composite panel was left to cure in a hydraulic press at a temperature of "' G- to obtain panels with constant thickness (%' mm) approximately. -omposite steel hybrid systems prepared by gluing thin tyre rubber plates ('.3& mm thickness) on the face and rear of the composite panel. /fter being taken out from the hydraulic press, the panel was left to cure at a temperature of "'-"$ G- for &# hr before being removed from the mould. 8ix different panels were constructed with various factors e.g. fibre type (H%), fibre weight, gramsA#"#.& cm" (H&) and steel wireA fibre weight ratio (H") in the composite vest system. The characteristics of these panels are listed in Table (%).

:ibre volume fraction &%.E# &<.?" &?.&% &#.E# &<.E' &3.$?

Banel weight (FgAm&) %".<"# &&.'3? &&.'#< %E.""' %3.?%< &".?%#

Banel thickness (mm ) %& %& %& %& %& %&

Banel density (gAcm") %.%"< %.E#% %.E"? %.$&E %.<#" %.3?<

?'

6th International Conference of Textile Research ivision, NRC, Cairo, !gy"t, A"ril 5 #7, 2$$9

%& A'o()Tale' et al * 6th Inter& Conf& of Text& Res& iv& 6 +,- +2$$9- ,,, # ,,,

2 2 Mixture Design
+e chose the simplex lattice method for the experiments because of its obvious advantages of analysis of all the 7uadratic and interaction effects &&-&# . :or bindery systems, at using three components (I J ") the regular &- simplex is an e7uilateral triangle with its interior. 9ach point of the triangle corresponds to a certain composition of the ternary system, and conversely each composition is represented by one distinct point .!n the 6ozebum triangle, the composition of a ternary system is read from three segments of one side as shown in :ig. (%).

.a&le (8)2- ("perimental %esi4n of st*%ie% factors.

.ar4et 9o, % & " # $ < Co%e% le7els of factors Simple" lattice !actorial %esi4n met o% met o% X/ X2 X8 X/ X2 X8 % ' ' K% -% -% ' % ' -% K% -% ' ' % -% -% K% '.$ '.$ ' ' ' -% '.$ ' '.$ ' -% ' ' '.$ '.$ -% ' '

The second > degree polynomial of mixture design in three components has the general form. L MJ N 6i Hi K N 6iD Hi HD OOOO.(%)

+hereL M J The measure response for each experiment, 6i J -oefficient of the main factor effects, biD J -oefficient of the interaction effects, and 7 J 4umber of the chosen factors. !n order to determine the regression coefficients, the response (M) has to be found by using different experimental combinations of the variables under the consideration. The mathematical models obtained by simplex lattice method could be modified by converting the coded levels of factors (', '.$, %) to correspond with the factorial design levels (-%, ', K%) as listed in Table (").

!i4*re /2 Ro5e&*m6s concentration trian4le,

The experiments carried out on composite vest systems were planned according to the simplex lattice method for the three variables i.e. The fibre type (H%) , fibre weight, gramsA#"#.& cm " (H&) and steel wireA fibre weight ratio (H") in the composite vest system. The range of variation of these factors is given in Table (&). The design of simplex lattice method for three components is given in Table (") ./nd the mixture levels of simplex lattice method are converted to factorial design levels as listed in Table (").

2 3 Falling $eig%t &mpact Test

/ low velocity instrumented falling weight impact test method was employed with a hemi cylindrical nose impact up with a diameter of #' mm fitted in the impactor at a height of %$' and &'' mm and total impact mass of %$ kg. This mass in combination with a release heights of %$' and &'' mm provided an incident energy of &.&$ and " P at a striking velocities of '.$#E and '.<"& mAsec respectively. ,ectangular specimens were cut from the composite laminate &&' Q %<' x %& mm using a pair of scissors. *rop- tower arrangement is shown in :igure (&).*uring the impact in this system , the resistive force exerted by the specimen on the striker was measured by a load cell as a function of time and stored in a computer for subse7uent display and analysis . :rom the basic force > time information, the software calculated important parameters such as contact force, duration time and impulse which were used to characterize the impact event.

.a&le (2)2- Ran4e of 7ariation for st*%ie% factors, !actors H%- :ibre type . H&- :ibre weight, gramsA#"#.& cm" H" - 8teel wireA fibre weight ratio -/ copper %$ < Le7els 0 glass "' %" / flax #$ &' Inter7al ---%$ ?

Textile .rocessing/ State of the Art 0 1(t(re evelo"2ents

?%

!nstron Tester was used at a give displacement rate %' mmAmin. to drive the indentor into the specimen under stroke-control mode. The stroke output yielded the amount of indentation. /t different stages of loading, the stroke was reversed and unloading curves were obtained.

8, Res*lts an% <isc*ssion

(a)2 Sc ematic Layo*t of Low Velocity %ynamic .est,

3 1 "%oc) &mpact *arameters

-omposite panels are often subDected to impacts that donCt penetrate, or cause visible damage, yet may cause internal damage. +ith these materials, maximum load is less important than the load and energy at the onset of damage. The force histories show multiple oscillations before peak load for all samples at all energy levels which may result from vibrations of the supports and the initiation of damage in the material. :rom :igures (#-?), the maximum peak force, duration time and absorbed energy (impulse) values are extracted and listed in Tables (#,$).

(&)2 - : oto4rap of .estin4 ;et o% of t e Vest,

!i4*re 22 <rop )ei4 t .ower Impact .estin4 Confi4*rations,

2 ' "tatic &n(entation Test

-ompression after !mpact (-/!) tests were performed on damage laminates, following /8T *?%"? R&$S. The purpose of the indentation test was to establish the static-force-indentation relation between the impactor and the panel. / similar procedure was used by 8abita and 8ahay R&<S for composite plates. :inally, -ompression after !mpact (-/!) tests was performed in an !nstron Tester which is $$'' , model type according to &$ as shown in :ig. (").

!n this section the results of low velocity drop weight test on six types of new construction are listed in Tables (#,$) and discussed@ for this study the aramid Twaron is selected as textile material control and comparison purposes. :or the purpose of comparison each target impulse is normalized by that for Tawron and is listed in Tables (#, $).

!i4*re =2 !orce - time istory for 2,2> ?,

!i4*re 82 In%entation in Composite :anel,

The dimensions of the specimens were %<'mm x &&'mm. 8pherical steel indentors with a diameter of %# mm were used in the test. The panel specimen was tested on a thick steel block, and an ?&

!i4*re >2 !orce - time istory for 2,2> ?,

6th International Conference of Textile Research ivision, NRC, Cairo, !gy"t, A"ril 5 #7, 2$$9

%& A'o()Tale' et al * 6th Inter& Conf& of Text& Res& iv& 6 +,- +2$$9- ,,, # ,,,
.a&le =2 Low 7elocity %ynamic test res*lts at %rop ei4 t (/>CmA 2,2> ?),
Target 4o. *%& *&& *"& *#& *$& *<& Twaron Beak *ynamic :orce(4) &"?$ %E<."< ?$' %3"?.$ $"<E.# %#$&.<" "?' *uration Time (msec) &?<.3& %#".%E $%.<% &#.? %$$.?? &' &.<' !mpulse due to free falling of drop mass (4.msec) "$&#<3.< &?<33.% &%%"".3$ &$<&$.$' &?<<&'.&" %$E$".3E $$3.< 4ormalized !mpulse to Twaron <&3.3 #3.$ "?.E #$.E #3#." &E." %

!i4*re 62 !orce - time istory for 8 ?

400 350 300 Impulse (N.sec) 250 200 150 100 50 0 D12 D22 D32 D42 D52 D62

!i4*re @2 !orce - time istory for 8 ?

Target type

-t <rop +ei4 t (/>Cm A 2,2> ?)2 /s illustrated from the figures (#, $), the resultant peak force of (*$&, *%&) panels was more than (*&&, *"&, *#& T*<&). This difference can be explained by the fact that the greater the orientation difference between the panels, the greater is the damage caused from impact loading. Therefore for panels (*$&, *%&), less damage was caused as compared to (*&&, *"&, *#&T*<&). Target *$& type exhibits the largest force $"<E 4 and duration time '.%$< sec, followed by targets *#& and *<& but with smaller duration times. The time duration of the remaining targets takes the values from '.'$ sec to '." sec, and the maximum peak force of any each of them is less than the above mentioned targets, *$&, *#& and *<&. The impulse provided by the target in arresting the drop mass is calculated from the area under each curve, these calculations shown in :ig. (E). :rom Table (#), it is recognized that all the types which have impulses larger than Twaron, and the increase in impulse ranges from &?''U to $E<$'U. The three best targets, based on the impulse generation are identified in order *%&, *$& and *#&. :rom Table (#) the targets *%&, *$& and *#& generate high impulses. *<& generates impulse lower than expected %$.E (4. sec) and this is attributed to its construction.

!i4*re B2 Imp*lse 7ia %ifferent composite panels types (at 2,2>?),

-t <rop +ei4 t (20Cm A 8 ?)2 Target *&" type exhibits the largest force #$&< 4 and duration time '.%?# sec, followed by targets *$", *#" and 8<" but with smaller duration times. The time duration of the remaining targets takes the values from '.%& sec to '.#< sec, and the maximum peak force of any each of them is less than the above mentioned targets, *$", *#" and *<". The impulse provided by the target in arresting the drop mass is calculated from the area under each curve, these calcuations shown in :ig. (3). :rom Table ($), it is recognized that all the types which have impulses larger than Twaron, and the increase in impulse ranges from ?$''U to %&<<$''U. The three best targets, based on the impulse generation are identified in order *%", *&" and *$". :rom Table ($) the targets *%" and *&" generate high impulses. *#" generates impulse lower than expected #< (4. sec) and this is attributed to its construction.

.a&le >2 Low 7elocity %ynamic test res*lts at %rop ei4 t (20CmA 8 ?), Textile .rocessing/ State of the Art 0 1(t(re evelo"2ents

?"

Target 4o. *%" *&" *"" *#" *$" *<" Twaro n

Beak *ynamic :orce(4) "'' #$&<." ?$' %%<%." %3#?.# 3$' "?'

*uration Time (msec) #$?.E3 %?".<E %&&.? E".E? &&".$ %$<.<? &.<'

!mpulse due to free falling of drop mass (4.msec) %<%&#3&.# #??"'&.3? #?<%E.#< #$3<#.< %E&%#'.3# <'E#%.3? $$3.<

4ormalized !mpulse to Twaron &EE%.$ E$&.3 E$.% E&.% "&$.$ %'E.? %

between measured and calculated values obtained from the response-surface e7uation with the correlation coefficients between them. The response surface agrees fairly with the experimental data as can be seen from the high correlation coefficients.
.a&le B2 Comparison &etween meas*re% an% calc*late% 7al*es of t e s oc0 a&sor&in4 parameters (at 2,2> ?) Composite :anel 9o, *% & *& & *" & *# & *$ & *< & D/ ( :ea0 !orce #9) meas, cal, &"?$ &"?$ %E<.# %E<.# ?$' ?$' %3"?.$ %3"?.$ $"<E.# $"<E.# %#$&.< %#$&.< D2 (Imp*lse# 9,sec) meas, cal, "$&.$ "$&.$ &?.? &?.? &%.% &%.% &$.< &$.< &?<.< &?<.< %$.E %$.E

1800 1600 1400 Impulse (N.sec) 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 D13 D23 D33 D43 D53 D63 Target type

.a&le (9)2 Comparison &etween meas*re% an% calc*late% 7al*es of t e s oc0 a&sor&in4 parameters, (at 8 ?)

!i4*re 92 Imp*lse 7ia %ifferent composite panels types (at 8 ?),

Composite :anel 9o, *% " *& " *" " *# " *$ " *< "

8,/,/, ("perimental -nalysis /s shown in the experimental plan in Table (") the results obtained for composite vest systems in Tables (#, $) were fed to !6 computer, and the regression coefficients were determined. The response- surface e7uations for the shockabsorbing parameters are given in Tables (<, ?).
.a&le (6)2 Response- s*rface eC*ations for composite 7est system at 2,2> ? , Response S*rface (C*ation D/ (:ea0 !orce# 9) A ?%'&.E K $<$'.&H% K%?"#.#H& K$%<$."H" K <$<.EH%H& K "E'$.3H%H" K 3E#.#H&H" D2 (Imp*lse# 9,sec) A %&$.%K%'%.$$H% -%$%.$H& K 33.$H" -%<#.$H%H& K E3.E H%H" - '.E$ H&H" R % %

D/ ( :ea0 !orce #9) meas, cal, "'' "'' #$&<." #$&<." ?$' ?$' %%<%." %%<%." %3#? %3#? 3$' 3$'

(Imp*lse# 9,sec) meas, cal, %<%&.$ %<%&.$ #??." #??." #?.< #?.< #< #< %E&.% %E&.% <'.E <'.E

D2

8,/,2, $rap ical Sol*tion :igures (%', %%) are contour plots of each parameter on three dimensions represent three variables in a two dimensional space. The plots show how the studied parameters behave within the limitation of the composite vest system. The problem of improving the shockabsorbing parameters of the composite vest system could be solved by overlaying all the graphs of the response > surfaces together as shown in figures (%',%%) respectively. !n figure (%'), it is clear that the shaded area at point / achieves all these parameters and according to this, optimum factors can be accurately defined to realize these parameters. !n figure (%') if the value of (V %) was e7ual to $''' 4 and upward and (V &)was larger than &?' 4. sec then the desired tailoring variables would be found in point (/) which H% J -%(copper) @ H& J -%(%$ grams) and H" J K%(&') . Thus, figure (%') shows one graphical solution, which represents all the investigated parameters.

.a&le (@)2 Response- s*rface eC*ations for composite 7est system at 8 ? , Response S*rface (C*ation R D/ (:ea0 !orce# 9) A &3$E.? K "&'.$$H% K %'%%."H& K %?3?.#H" > %&$%.E$H%H& K %#&&.#H%H" / D2 (Imp*lse# 9,sec) A -%'%E.#3 - %'?3.&3H% > %&''.$3H& > E&$.EH" > %&"?.$3H%H& - <#?.3$H%H" > &'%.<$ H&H" /

The response surface agrees fairly well with the experimental data, as can be seen from the high correlation coefficients. -ontour maps were constructed by using the response > surface e7uations. To understand this interaction, the graphical representation shown in :igures (%"-%$) was used .0iven in Tables (3-%%) comparison ?#

6th International Conference of Textile Research ivision, NRC, Cairo, !gy"t, A"ril 5 #7, 2$$9

%& A'o()Tale' et al * 6th Inter& Conf& of Text& Res& iv& 6 +,- +2$$9- ,,, # ,,,

!i4*re /02 E7erlap of pea0 %ynamic force (FFF) Gimp*lse (-----) conto*rs of fi&re composite panels at (2,2> ?)

In%entation (mm) !i4*re /22 !orce-In%entation Response in Contact Loa%in4 of :anel (</),

!i4*re //2 E7erlap of pea0 %ynamic force (FFF) Gimp*lse (---) conto*rs of fi&re composite panels at (8 ?),

In%entation (mm) !i4*re /82 !orce-In%entation Response in Contact Loa%in4 of :anel (<2),

!n figure (%%) if the value of (V%) was e7ual to %%'' 4 and upward and (V&) was larger than "'' 4. sec, then the optimum variables would be found in point (6) which H% J% (copper) , H& J -%(%$grams) and H" J K%(&') Thus, figure (%#) shows one graphical solution, which represents all the investigated parameters. 0enerally speaking, the present study was conducts to find out a scientific and practical method which help the manufacturer to select optimum factors according to the re7uired parameters at low cost.

In%entation (mm) !i4*re /=2 !orce-In%entation Response in Contact Loa%in4 of :anel (<8),

3 2 "tatic &n(entation *arameters

The effect of damage on lateral contact loads of a panel was investigated so that the contact loads were introduced without bending effects. / &&' mm Q %<' mm Q %& mm straw A epoxy flat panel was statically indented by a steel spherical indentor with diameter of %# mm. The typical force > deflection response from the experiment is shown in :igures (%&-%?). / new feature in this data is the pronounced softening at very high loads and contact deflection. Bresumably this softening is associated with significant damage of the panels, as seen from the depth of penetration and size of the residual WcraterX after unloading.

In%entation (mm) !i4*re />2 !orce-In%entation Response in Contact Loa%in4 of :anel (<=),

Textile .rocessing/ State of the Art 0 1(t(re evelo"2ents

?$

:igures (%E, %3) are plotted to show the different indentation parameters separately where each contour line represents a particular value for each parameter. These figures give the manufacturer a wide range of possibilities to choose the optimum variables levels to produce a product with re7uired properties.
In%entation (mm) !i4*re /62 !orce-In%entation Response in Contact Loa%in4 of :anel (<>),

In%entation (mm) !i4*re /@2 !orce-In%entation Response in Contact Loa%in4 of :anel (<6),

!i4*re /B2Contact force conto*rs of fi&re composite panels ,

:rom Table (%') the targets *$ and *< generate high absorbed energy. *% generates absorbed energy lower than expected &""?.& Fg. mm and this is attributed to its construction.

.a&le /02 In%entation test res*lts, .ar4et 9o, *% *& *" *# *$ *< ;a", Contact !orce (14) $%$.&% %%#'.3E %#<E.3% %$%%.3< &#'%."$ &&##.$< In%entation (mm) %'.&? %# %&.&< %%.?? %#.%?< %".%3 -&sor&e% (ner4y (14,mm) &""?.& E#3%.' 3%E3.3 3E%#.< %?"$'.< %?'?%.E

!i4*re /92 -&sor&e% ener4y conto*rs of fi&re composite panels

8,2,/, ("perimental analysis /s listed in the experimental plan in Table (") the results obtained for composite vest systems in Table (%') were fed to !6 computer, and the regression coefficients were determined. The response > surface e7uations for the indentation parameters are given in Table (%%).

0iven in Table (%&) comparison between measured and calculated values obtained from the response-surface e7uations with the correlation coefficients between them. The response surface agrees fairly with the experimental data as can be seen from the high correlation coefficients.
.a&le /22 Comparison &etween meas*re% an% calc*late% 7al*es of t e in%entation parameters Composi te panel 9o, *% *& *" *# *$ *< D/(Contact force# 04) meas, cal, $%$.&% $%$.&% %%#'.3E %%#'.3E %#<E.3% %#<E.3% %$%%.3< %$%%.3< &#'%."$ &#'%."$ &&##.$< &&##.$< D2 (-&sor&e% ener4y# 04 ,mm) meas, cal, &""?.& &""?.& E#3%.' E#3%.' 3%E3.3 3%E3.3 3E%#.< 3E%#.< %?"$'.< %?"$'.< %?'?%.E %?'?%.E

.a&le //2 Response s*rface eC*ations for composite 7est system %*e to in%entation,
Response S*rface (C*ation D/ (Contact force# 04) A #%3".<$ K %3#3.%H% K %33"."H& K &EE&."$H" K #E".&H%H& K %&'E."H%H" K 3"3.<H&H" D2 (-&sor&e% ener4y, 14, mm) A "#&&?.3$ K %?%$<.%$H% K %<E??."$H& K &##%"."$H" K ##''.$H%H& K %%$E?.'$H%H" K E&"%."$H&H" R %

8,2,2, $rap ical Sol*tion :igures (%E, %3) are contour plots of each parameter on three dimensions represent three variables in a two dimensional space. The plots

?<

6th International Conference of Textile Research ivision, NRC, Cairo, !gy"t, A"ril 5 #7, 2$$9

%& A'o()Tale' et al * 6th Inter& Conf& of Text& Res& iv& 6 +,- +2$$9- ,,, # ,,, show how the studied parameters behave within the limitation of the fibre composite vest system. The problem of improving the indentation parameters of the fibre composite vest system could be solved by overlaying the graphs (:igures %E, %3) of the response > surfaces together as shown in figure (&'). !n this figure, it is clear that the shaded area achieves all these parameters (contact force and absorbed energy) and according to this, optimum factors can be accurately defined to realize these parameters. !n figure (&') if the value of (V%) was e7ual to %#'' kg and upward and (V&) was larger than 3''' kg. mm then the desired tailoring variables would be found in point (-) which H% J -% (copper) @ H& J - %(%$grams) and H" J K% (&') . Thus, figure (&') shows one graphical solution, which represents all the investigated parameters.

>, References
%. Fozlowski ,. and Brzybylak .+., W 4atural :ibers as reinforcing aterials for -ompositesX. #th !nternational -onference of Textile ,esearch *ivision, 4,-, -airo, 9gypt, /pril %$-%?, &''?, p. (&?&-&E"). 6rouwer +.*.,4atural :iber -omposites in 8tructural -omponentsL /lternative /pplications for 8isal ,Broceedings of a 8eminar held by the ;4 (:/5) and -:- L&''' ,ome %" *ecember. 0upta ).6 and et al, 8ome studies on glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene. Bart !!L mechanical properties and their dependence on fiber length , interfacial adhesion , and fibre dispersion. Bolym -ompos %' (%3E3), pp %<-&?. Poshi . and et al, !nfluence of fiber length, fiber orientation, and interfacial adhesion on poly butylene terephthalate)Apolyethylene alloys reinforced with short glass fibers. Bolym -ompos %$ (%33#), pp. "#3"$E. :u 8.V. and et al, -haracterization of tensil behaviour of hybrid short glass fiberAcalcite particlesA/68 compositesL Bart / &3/ (%33E), pp. $?$-$E". :u 8.V. and et al, /nalysis of mechanical properties of inDection molded short glass fibreAcalciteA/68 composites. P ater 8ci Technol %" (%33?), pp. "E3-"3<. :u 8.V. and et al, Tensile properties of short-glass-fiber and short-carbon-fiberreinforced polypropylene composites. -ompositesL Bart / "%/ (&'''), pp. %%%?%%&$. :u 8.V. and et al, 1ybrid effects on tensile properties of short-glass-fiber and short-carbon-fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites. P ater 8ci "< (&''%), pp. %&#"%&$%. ,ueda (.! and et al, echanics of short fibres in filled styrene >butadiene rubber (86,) composites. Bolym -ompos 3 (%3E3), pp. %33-&'". Voung ,./., W;tilization of 4atural :ibresL -haracterization, odification and /pplicationsX. !n (ignocellulosic > Blastics -omposites, /.(. (ea et al.@ %33< L 8ao Baulo 6razil. /-! -ommittee $##. !,, (%33<) :ibre reinforced concrete, /merican -oncrete institute, ichigan, ;8/. /-!:-, (%333) /n !ntroduction 0uideL 8teel fibre reinforced concrete ??

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=, Concl*sion
:rom the work described in the research the following conclusions can be deducedL The optimum construction factors for giving the highest shock impact resistance regarding the drop weight and indentation tests for straw composite panels areL anufacturing of composite panels made from %''U copper fibre. ;sing %$grams fibre weight per #"#.& cm" of the composite panel or "#." kg fibre per cubic meter (%m") of composite panel. The ratio of broken short rounded straight steel wire to fibre weight in the composite panel is &' using an aspect ratio ranging from $' to %''. :rom observation, it is seen that both the weight and cost of straw composite panel has the minimum value compared to Twaron composite panel. /lso both normalized peak contact force and impulse or absorbed energy of straw composite panel has the maximum value compared to Twaron composite panel.

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Fnapton P., (&''") 0round bearing concrete slabs, Thomas Telford, (ondon. anolis 0., 0areis B., Tsonos /. and 4eal P., (%33?) *ynamic properties of polypropylene fibre-reinforced concrete slabs, -ement and -oncrete -omposites, %3, BB."#%-"#3. 4ewman P. and -hoo 6., (&''") /dvanced concrete technology (processes), 9lsevier (td, 5xford. 6ogdanovich /. 9. and et al, -omposite 8tructure, vol &? (%33#), pp. #"3-#$<. 4aik 4.F. and et al, P. reinforced Blastic %? (%33E), pp. %&"&-%&<". ,ichardson .5.+. and et al, P. compositeL Bart / &? (%33<), pp. %%&"-%%"%. 6yun P.1. and et al, -omposite structure ?< (&''<), pp. &%-&?.

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6th International Conference of Textile Research ivision, NRC, Cairo, !gy"t, A"ril 5 #7, 2$$9