KLIPPEL Tutorial On Cone Vibration and Radiation AES 2010

Loudspeakers and Headphones
a Tutorial on Cone Vibration and Sound Radiation Diagnostics g
Wolfgang Klippel
Institute of Acoustics and Speech p Communication, , TU Dresden KLIPPEL GmbH
www.klippel.de
Tutorial: Cone Vibration and Radiation Diagnostics, AES London 2010, 1
Our Topic Today

PERFORMANCE
80 70 60 SPL [dB] 50 40 30 20 103 Frequency [Hz] 104
DESIGN (geometry, material)

cone surround
Total Sound Pressure Level
Dust cap
0 330 300 30 60
Relationship ?
Voice coil
spider
270
-20
-10
90
240 210 180 150
120
Simulation by Ulrik Skov

www.klippel.de
What limits the usable frequency range ? What causes peaks and dips in the SPL response after break-up ? How to measure the mechanical vibration ? Which mechanical modes are beneficial which are not ? How to cope with vibration and radiation problems ? How to get smooth responses, optimal directivity and low distortion ?
for assessing small signal performance

Distance 1 cm Distance > 1 m
Measurements
stimulus
Electrical Measurement
80 70 60 SPL [d dB] 50 40 30
KLIPPEL
Acoustical Measurement
magnitude of electric impedance Z(f)
measured 15 14 13 12 11 10 [Ohm] 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
1 10 2 10 f [Hz] 3 10
Impedance Ze(f)=U(f)/I(f)
electrical
estimated
20 103 Frequency [Hz] 104
0 330 300 30 60
Far Field SPL Response acoustical
270
-20
-10
90
240 210 180 150
120
Lumped Parameters
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Distributed Parameters
Loudspeaker Model
stimulus
Distance 1 cm
X(r)
near Distance > 1m Radiation field
soundfield
far field
Motor
V
Vibration F(r)
80 70 60 SPL [d dB] 50 40 30
KLIPPEL
magnitude of electric impedance Z(f)
measured 15 14 13 12 11 10 [Ohm] 9 8 7 6 5 4 3
1 10 2 10 f [Hz] 3 10
electrical
estimated
20 103 Frequency [Hz] 104
0 330 300 30 60
270
-20
-10
90
240 210 180 150
120
Lumped Parameters
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More Comprehensive Assessment

F u X(r)
Voice coil
soundfield
Radiation
Motor
Vibration
Cones surface
near field
far field
F(r)
electrical
Mechanical Measurement
Hx(f)=X(f)/U(f)
mechanical
Cone Vibration + Geometry

mechanical
Lumped Parameters
www.klippel.de
Cone Scanning Techniques

Amplitude Amplitude+ phase Amplitude + phase + geometry
Doppler Interferometry (Polytech, 1995)

Cladni Figures (Cladni, 1787 Corrington 1951)
intensity
Triangulation Laser Scanner (Klippel, 2007)
geometry Velocity destribution on the cone
Laser Intensity Interferometry (Frankort 1978)

www.klippel.de
displacement
Diagnostics on Cone Vibration and Radiation

Improvements, New design choices
Sound Pressure
of total vibration of separated components on axis on-axis Directivity (polar plot)
Drive Unit
(woofer, tweeter, ...)
Sound Power
Vibration & Radiation Analysis
of separated components directivity index coverage angle
Geometry
zc(,rc)
3937,5 Hz
Hc(j,,r rc)
Vibration
Acceleration
(accumulated level) of total vibration of separated components
Components
modal analysis radial/circumferential contribution to SPL output irregularities
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Selection of optimal drive unit for loudspeaker system design
Prediction of Sound Pressure in the Far Field

using Distributed Mechanical Parameters from Laser Scanning
Rayleigh Integral Equation
p( j, ra ) =
2 0 X ( j, rc ) jk r e 2 S ra rc
c
rc
dSc
p j , ra SPL( , ra ) = 20 log po
dB
Fast prediction of sound pressure Based on measured geometry and displacement x in z-direction Sufficiently accurate for shallow cones Could be improved by BEA
www.klippel.de
Practical Examples
see W. Klippel, et.al., Distributed Mechanical Parameters of Loudspeakers, Journal AES, Vol. 57, No. 7/8,9, 2009
Woofer A with paper cone
Woofer B with magnesium cone
Woofer C with flat radiator
www.klippel.de
Smooth SPL Response ?

80 75
on -axis -30 degree
KLIPPEL

SPL [dB]
70 65 60 55 50 45 40
2 10
+30 degree
3 10
f [Hz]
on -axis
90 80
KLIPPEL

SPL [dB]
70 60 50 40 30 20 10
2
-30 degree +30 degree

f [Hz] 10
3
10
80 70
on -axis
KLIPPEL
60 50 40 30 20
2 10 3 10 4 10
-30 degree +30 degree
www.klippel.de
How to Assess Total Cone Vibration ?

X ( j , rc )
Potential energy
depends p on bending g stiffness
Kinetic Energy p on depends moving mass Total mechanical energy Not practical !
However, thickness of cone, Youngs E Modulus, density are not known and can not be measured by laser scanner !!
www.klippel.de Tutorial: Cone Vibration and Radiation Diagnostics, AES London 2010, 11
Accumulated Acceleration Level

1078,1 Hz
X ( j , rc )
Weighted Sum of the absolute value of cone acceleration l ti
X ( j , rc )
aa ( j , r a ) =
2 0 2
Sc
X ( j , rc ) ra rc
dSc
Very similar to Rayleigh Integral for SPL prediction !!

90 80 KLIPPEL
Acceleration Level
a ( j , r a ) AAL( , r a ) = 20 log q po
Reference sound pressure p0
dB
ALL [dB]
70 60 50 40 30 100 1000 f [Hz] 10000
Rigid body modes
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Accumulated Acceleration Level (AAL)

90 80 70 SPL [dB] 60 50 40 30 100 f [Hz] 1000 10000
Acceleration Level
Acceleration level
KLIPPEL
Rigid body modes Rigid body modes
Total SPL Total sound Pressure level
INTERPRETATION: AAL describes total mechanical vibration AAL is comparable with SPL AAL is identical with SPL for a rigid body mode AAL is never smaller than SPL AAL neglects acoustical cancellation AAL has significantly less dips
Sufficient Cone Vibration ?

80 75 70 SPL [dB] 65 60 55 50
2 10 3 10
acceleration level
Total SPL
KLIPPEL
Compare SPL and AAL !
Woofer A with paper cone: low Q factor of cone resonances AAL is 5-8 dB higher than SPL
KLIPPEL
f [Hz]
90 85 80 SPL [dB] 75 70 65 60 55 50
2 10 3 10
acceleration level
Total SPL
Woofer B with magnesium cone: natural modes cause high peaks in SPL AAL is 5-10 dB higher than SPL
4 10
f [Hz]
90
80
acceleration level
KLIPPEL
70 SPL [dB]
60
50
Total SPL
40
30
2 10 3 10 4 10
Woofer C with flat radiator dips are not visible in AAL AAL cause peak at 0.8 kHz AAL is 10 30 dB higher than SPL
f [Hz]
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Modal Analysis
Expansion into a Series of Orthogonal Modes
90 80 70 SPL [dB] 60 50 40 30 100 f [Hz] 1000 10000 KLIPPEL
Accumulated Acceleration: :
Acceleration Level
a ( j ) = ai H i ( j )
Frequency response for each mode Displacement:
i =0
X ( j , rc ) = H i ( j ) i (rc )
i =0
Natural Functions describing mode shape
Natural frequencies Natural Function
70 Hz
840 Hz
3,8 kHz
8,1 kHz
11,2 kHz
Completely different mode shapes (orthogonal) !

Frequency Response of a Single Mode

Natural Functions
X ( j , rc ) = H i ( j ) i (rc )
i =0
H i ( j ) =
Loss factor
1 + i j / i / i
Frequency response
Natural Frequency
www.klippel.de
How to Specify the Radiator

Cone, Diaphragm and Surround
KLIPPEL
Natural Functions
90 80 70 SPL [dB] 60 50 40 30 100 f [Hz] 1000 10000
Acceleration Level
Rigid body modes
Total sound Pressure level
Modal loss factor i of each mode ith-mode with i=1,2,...
Natural frequency fi of the ith-mode with i 12 i=1,2,...
Natural Function i (rc)of each mode ith-mode with i=1 2 i=1,2,...
Loss factor of the material
Youngs E Modulus of the material
Geometry of the Radiator (shape, thickness, ..)
www.klippel.de
Sufficient Damping of the Material ?

Read the bandwidth for 3dB decay in the accumulated acceleration level !!
92,5 AAL [dB] 87,5 85,0 82,5 80,0 77,5
2 6*10 2 7*10 2 8*10
0 dB - 3dB Acceleration Level fIfi

f [Hz]
2 9*10
fI+
103
f f i = i + i fi
Modal Loss Factor depends on frequency and temperature describes the material used (independent of the geometry) multiple parts (cone, surround, spider) may contribute to the modal loss factor
www.klippel.de
Where to apply additional damping ?

Total Acceleration Level
90 85
ACC [dB]
80 75 70
10 View the shape of the modes !

2
65
Frequency [Hz]
103
104
820,3 Hz
12398,4 Hz
Find places of high deformation !
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Where to apply additional damping ?

Woofer B Magnesium cone
90 85 80 AAL [dB] 75 70 65 60 55 50 100 f [Hz] 1000 10000 Acceleration Level KLIPPEL
0 > 1
1 = 0.5
2 < 0.01
11109,4 Hz
Rubber surround has sufficient losses

www.klippel.de
Magnesium requires damping
What Causes the Dips

in the SPL Response of Woofer C ?
90 KLIPPEL 80
acceleration level
1078,1 Hz
q2
70
SPL [dB]
60
50
Total SPL
Significant difference between AAL and SPL !
40
30
2 10 3 10 4 10
q1
f [Hz]
PROBLEM:
There is sufficient mechanical vibration (no dip in AAL) Node devides radiator in two areas each producing the same volume velocity in opposite phase Acoustical cancellation q1+ q2=0
SoundSound -Pressure Pressure-Related Decomposition

Total displacement of woofer C at 1.4 kHz
xtotal = xin + x anti + xout of quadrature

generates sound Reduces sound no sound
www.klippel.de
SPL Components
80 70 60 SPL [dB] 50 40 30 20 10 0 102 f [Hz] KLIPPEL
In-Phase Component
Total SPL
Rigid body mode
Anti-Phase Component
Quadrature component
103
In-phase component produces the highest SPL Anti-phase component generates a small SPL below break-up Quadrature component generates no SPL
www.klippel.de
The Secret of a Conventional Paper Cone

Cone break-up starts outside Outer O t ring i area does d not t radiate di t significant i ifi t sound d Centre part radiates sound (in-phase component) Effective radiation area decreases with frequency A woofer converts into a tweeter at higher frequencies
rb r b 6 4 kHz 2 kHz 1 kHz
InIn -Phase Component contributing constructively to the sound
500 Hz
3 kHz
7 kHz
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Acoustical Cancellation
90 80 70 60 SPL [dB] 50 40 30 20 10 0 2*10 2 102 4*10 4 102 6*10 6 102 8*10 8 102 103 f [Hz] 2*10 2 103 4*10 4 103 6*10 6 103 8*10 8 103 KLIPPEL
In-Phase Component
Total SPL
If the in-phase component equals the SPL of anti-phase component then a dip in the total SPL response is generated !!
www.klippel.de
Components change the position at a cancellation frequency

Total Vibration Component
Anti-Phase Component anti-phase component
In-Phase Component In-phase component

How to Avoid Dips in the Total SPL Response ?
65 60 55 dB 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 200
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In-phase In phase
KLIPPEL
total-phase anti-phase
Keep anti anti-phase phase component 10 dB below in-phase component
1000 200 Frequency [Hz]
800
Where is the sound radiated

in paper cone of Woofer A ?
80 70 60 SPL [dB] 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 2 f [Hz] 103 KLIPPEL
In-Phase Component
In-phase In phase component is dominant No acoustical cancellation In-phase component stays in the centre radiation area shrinks with frequency
In-Phase Component
0.1 kHz
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0.7 kHz
1 kHz
1 kHz
4 kHz
10 kHz
Gradual Break Break-up of the Paper Cone

q4 q1
High bending stiffnes Low bending stiffness
q2
q3
Volume velocity
q1 is dominant and generates p a dominant in-phase component
frequency
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Where is the sound radiated

in Woofer B: Magnesium Cone ?
S 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 103 Frequency [Hz] 104 In-Phase Component Anti-Phase Component KLIPPEL
dB - [V] (rms)
In-phase p component p is dominant No acoustical cancellation In-phase component stays in the centre radiation area shrinks with frequency
3 kHz
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7.5 kHz
In-Phase Components 12 kHz 10 kHz
15 kHz
20 kHz
Dominant InIn-Phase Component ?

95 dB - [V] ( (rms) 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 103 Frequency [Hz] 104 In-Phase Component Anti-Phase Component KLIPPEL
Cancellation frequencies
in-phase anti-phase
Check difference !
Localization of the in-phase component

There is no dominant in-phase component which produces sound Anti-phase component becomes equal to in-phase component In-phase and anti-phase components change their location
How to Fix Acoustical Cancellation Problems ?

INCREASE Area of in-phase component
node
Target: Make in-phase component dominant Suppress anti-phase component Steps: 1. find location of in-phase component 2. use FEA to simulate behavior 3. increase bending stiffness at this area (thickness, curvature, rips)
www.klippel.de
Radiation into 3D Space

90o
90o 180o
ro
-90o
-90o
Simulation by Ulrik Skov
Transfer Response H(j,,,ro)

Pressure at the reference point
Sensitivity
H ( j , , , r0 ) U 0 L p ( f , , ) = 20 log10 p0
@ r0= 1m and Uo=2.83 V
P( , , , r0 ) H ( j , , , r0 ) = U ( )
Voltage at the terminals
dB
www.klippel.de
Important Responses Describing Acoustical Output
Toole, 2007
On-axis Response
Lon ( f ) = L p ( f ,0,0)
Listening Window Response

LlW ( f ) = 1 9 L p ( f , i , i ) 9 i =1
Early Reflection Response

Ler ( f ) = 1 I L p ( f ,i , i ) I i =1
Sound Power Response
( f ) =
=0, 10 , 20 , 30 = 10 10
=0, 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 , 50 , 60 60 , 70 70 , 80 80 , 90 90 , 1800 1800 = 20, 30, 40, 40, 50, 60
( f ) L ( f ) = 10 log10 P 0
With P0=10-12 W
c S
H ( j , , , r0 ) U 0 dS
2
Directivity
D=
S
H ( j ,0,0, r0 ) 2 S
H ( j , , , r )
0
dS
Directivity Index
DI = 10 log10 D
www.klippel.de
Three Important Responses

Sound Pressure SPL @ 1m, 1V Power Level +47 dB @ 1V 100 KLIPPEL Accumulated Acceleration (AAL)
90
AAL
Maximal possible sound pressure output
80
70
Acoustical cancellation Piston mode

Displacement is inin-phase OmniOmni -directional behavior (like a point source)
101 102 103
60
On-axis
Directivity Index
50
Power
Example: woofer
Desired Directivity Index ?

80 75 70 Powe er [dB] 65 60 55 50 45 40 102 f [Hz] 103 Sound Power Level
SPL on-axis
SPL on-axis
KLIPPEL
power
30 Paper Cone
KLIPPEL
20 Magnesium Cone
10
90 85
Sound Power Level
SPL on-axis KLIPPEL
0
Power [dB]
80 75 70 65 60
SPL on-axis
-10
OmniOmni -directional
-20 -30
Flat Piston

50 45 40 102 f [Hz] 103
55
power
104
90 85 80 Power [dB]
Sound Power Level
SPL on-axis KLIPPEL
2 10
3 10
4 10
75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 102 f [Hz] 103
SPL on-axis
power
104
www.klippel.de
Directivity Pattern in the Piston Mode

ra
rc,2 rc,1
Cone vibrates as a rigid body
p( j, ra ) =
c
rc
dSc
Phase shift generating by the difference in the distance between particular source point rc and reference point ra
www.klippel.de
Transition Frequency ft
for a rigid piston
Polar plot
r
|r-r1|
0 330 300 30 30 60
r1
ro
/2
|r-r2| r2
ft =
0.7co ro
270
-15 -10 -5
90
240 210 180 150
120
At f= ft sound wavelength in air is approximately equal to the piston circumference At f > ft Sound power response decreases by 6 dB/oct. directivity index increases by 6 dB/oct. the beam becomes more directive
Cone CutCut-off Frequency fc

for rigid cone
/2
fc =
co H
Polar plot
0 330 300 30 60
f > fc many sound waves fit between cone top and base attenuation on-axis generation of side lobes
www.klippel.de
270
-15 -10 -5
90
240 210 180 150
120
Rigid Piston and Cone

Sound Pressure in axis Sound Power
LP
L
piston
piston
cone
cone
ft fc ft fc
ft fc
transition frequency (above which piston has higher directivity) cut-off frequency wavelength > 3H (cone height H)
www.klippel.de
Directivity Pattern after Break Break-up

ra
1078,1 Hz
rc,2 rc,1
Out of phase
p( j, ra ) =
c
rc
dSc
2. Phase difference in the mechanical 1. Phase shift generating by the cone vibration of different source difference in the distance between points rc particular source point rc and reference point ra
Distance compensates for Phase of Displacement
In-Phase Component Inradiating the sound in 60 degree off off-axis (woofer C)
0 330 30
300
60
270
-15
-10
-5
90
Both geometry and vibration determine the directivity pattern !!
240
120
210 180
150
www.klippel.de
Headphone Vibration 2760 Hz
www.klippel.de
Headphone Radiation 2760 Hz

0 330 30
Two Circumferential modes with opposite phase cause a beam steering off off-axis
+ + 270
300
60
dipole
dipole
240
-15
-10
-5
90
120
210 180
150

80 70 60 SPL [dB] 50 40 30 20 103 Frequency [Hz] 104
www.klippel.de
How to Separate Circumferential Modes ?

Total vibration mode
Decomposition technique for raditors with axialaxialsymmetrical geometry:
xtotal = x rad + xcirc

Averaging over circumference
xcirc = xtotal x rad
Radial vibration mode
Circumferential vibration mode
www.klippel.de
HigherHigher -order Circumferential Modes

Accumulated Acceleration Level

Total AAL 90 85 80 SPL [dB] 75 70 65 60 55 50 102 f [Hz] 103 104 Radial AAL Circumferential AAL KLIPPEL
Above 4 kHz the AAL of the circumferential mode becomes comparable with the radial component How much sound is generated by the circumferential modes ?
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SPL Generated by Circumferential Modes

onon -axis response of woofer C
90 80 70 KLIPPEL
Total SPL
on-axis
SPL [dB]
60 50
Circular Component (Acceleration)

40 30 20 10 0 102 f [Hz] 103 104
Circ lar Component (SPL) Circular
Circumferential component produces very low output on-axis

Sound Radiated in Other Directions ?

90 80 70 60 SPL [dB] 50 40 30 20 10 102 f [Hz] 103 104 KLIPPEL
Total SPL
Circular Component (Acceleration)
off-axis
Circular Component (SPL)
Circular component contibutes significantly to 60 degree off-axis

Power Generated by Circumferential Modes

woofer C Flat Piston
90
KLIPPEL
Total AAL
80 70 60 50 Circular Component (Sound Power) 40 30 20
2 10 3 10 4 10
Total Power
power
Power [dB]
f [Hz]
www.klippel.de
How to Find Circumferential Modes

on Radiators with NonNon-axially Symmetrical Shape (e.g. Oval Speaker) ?
OnOn -axis Cancellation effect in SPL on axis t maxima i i in quadrature d t generates component of AAL (sound pressure related decomposition)
Acceleration Level
Total Quadrature
70 65 60 55 50 SPL [dB] 45 40 35 30
Total Component
Quadrature Acceleration KLIPPEL
1.3 kHz
25 20 103 f [Hz] 104
www.klippel.de
Is the Rocking Mode Too High ?

voice coil rubbing
80 70 60 50 [dB] 40 30 20 10 0
Total AAL
-20 dB
Quadrature Component (AAL)
Rocking is negliglible if quadrature d t component t is 20 dB below total component !
100
f [Hz]
1000
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Anisotropy of the Cone Material

Midrange with Kevlar
Fibre structure
7 kHz
phase
amplitude
generated by significant deformation of the geometry

Shell segment
Nonlinear Distortion
stress
plastic deformation
<< b
High local displacement
stretch
Compression driver
www.klippel.de
18 inch woofer
Influence of the Air Load ?

example headphone transducer
80 70 SPL [dB B] 60 50 40 30 KLIPPEL
SPL vacuum SPL free air Perform scans in air and in vacuum Compare mechanical vibration (AAL) or predicted sound pressure output (SPL)
f [Hz]
3 10
3.8 kHz
4 10
in air
in vacuum
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How to Optimize the Design ?

Coupled mechano-acoustical analysis
Magnetic
FEA
FEA
F
coil former
BEA
v(r)
Acoustical System
(enclosure, horn) near field
Motor
(coil,gap, magnet)
Mechanical System
(suspension, cone, diaphragm)
X(rc)
Radiator
Sound Propagation
p(ra)
Far-Field
v Tv P
F(rc)
p(r)
Thermal Dynamics
Thermal
FEA
Providing Input Data for FEA

Finite Element Analysis
3937,5 Hz
E,
Radiator
(cone, diaphragm, panel)
Material Parameters
Predicted Vbration
Modal & Decomposition Analysis Modal & Decomposition Analysis
3937,5 Hz
(accumulated level + shape) of total vibration of separated components
Drive Unit
Fitting
Geometry Vibration
www.klippel.de
Measured Vbration
(accumulated level + shape) of total vibration of separated components
FEA Tools for Cone Design

Progress: Processing ocess g time, t e, handling a d g Asymmetries in the shape Geometrical nonlinearities (variation of the geometry) Acoustical-mechanical coupling
FineCone By P. Larsen
by A. Svobodnik NADwork
Problems: (Nonlinear) Material parameters visco-elastic properties (Hyperelasticity, creep, Relaxation)

Pacsys
ANSYS
Comsol
www.klippel.de
Optimal Design of the Enclosure

Drive Unit
Sound Pressure Acoustical BEA + FEA

on-axis directivity
Geometry Vibration System

(enclosure, horn, room)
3937,5 Hz
Linear Lumped & Distributed Parameters
Sound Power
enclosure, Geometry horn horn, room
Admittance
Y(j) at voice coil Velocity in the port
Air Noise
www.klippel.de
Enclosure and Horn Design

using FEA and BEA Tools
NADwork
ABEC
PacSys
Summary
Check List
Smooth SPL and power response (no dips and peaks) ? Sufficient S ffi i t vibration ib ti of f th the radiator di t ( (modal d l density) d it ) ? Sufficient damping of the modal resonances ( > 0.03) ? Gradual break-up replacing the piston mode ? No acoustical cancellation (sharp dips in SPL) Dominant in-phase component (AALin-phase > AALanti-phase) ? In-phase component in the centre of the radiator ? Shrinking size of area covered by in-phase component (Sd(f) 0) ? Low q quadrature component p generating g g no sound (AAL ( quad < AALtotal) ? Negligible rocking mode generating rub&buzz (AALcircular < AALtotal) ? High local displacement causing nonlinear distortion ? Desired directivity index ? Higher-order circumferential modes contributing to power response ?
www.klippel.de
Many thanks !
Get a CD with the Analysis Software More detailed information please find in :
W. Klippel, J. Schlechter, Distributed Distributed Mechanical Parameters of Loudspeakers Part 1: Measurement, J. Audio Eng. Society 57, No. 7/8, pp. 501 511. W. Klippel, J. Schlechter, Distributed Mechanical Parameters of Loudspeakers Part 2: Diagnostics, J. Audio Eng. Society 57, No. 9,
www.klippel.de
Further References
F.J. M Frankort, Vibration Patterns and Radiation Behavior of Loudspeaker Cones, J. of Audio Eng. Soc., Sept. 1978, Vol.l 26. Pp. 609609-622 Kaizer, A., Calculation of the Sound Radiation of a Nonrigid Loudspeaker Diaphragm Using the FiniteFinite-Element Method, J. of Audio Eng. Soc., ,Vol. 36 ,Nr. 7/8, pp. 539 539-551; July 1988. L. Beranek, "Acoustics", published by the Acoustic Society of America, New York (1996) Wright, J. R , Automatic Vibration Analysis by Laser Interferometry, presented at the 88th Convention of the Audio Eng. Soc., preprint 2889; (March 1990).
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KLIPPEL Tutorial On Cone Vibration and Radiation AES 2010

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Loudspeakers and Headphones

a Tutorial on Cone Vibration and Sound Radiation Diagnostics g

Tutorial: Cone Vibration and Radiation Diagnostics, AES London 2010, 1

Our Topic Today

DESIGN (geometry, material)

Total Sound Pressure Level

240 210 180 150

Simulation by Ulrik Skov

for assessing small signal performance

20 103 Frequency [Hz] 104

Far Field SPL Response acoustical

240 210 180 150

Tutorial: Cone Vibration and Radiation Diagnostics, AES London 2010, 3

20 103 Frequency [Hz] 104

Far Field SPL Response acoustical

240 210 180 150

Tutorial: Cone Vibration and Radiation Diagnostics, AES London 2010, 4

More Comprehensive Assessment

Cone Vibration + Geometry

Far Field SPL Response acoustical

Tutorial: Cone Vibration and Radiation Diagnostics, AES London 2010, 5

Cone Scanning Techniques

Doppler Interferometry (Polytech, 1995)

Triangulation Laser Scanner (Klippel, 2007)

geometry Velocity destribution on the cone

Laser Intensity Interferometry (Frankort 1978)

Tutorial: Cone Vibration and Radiation Diagnostics, AES London 2010, 6

Diagnostics on Cone Vibration and Radiation

Selection of optimal drive unit for loudspeaker system design

Tutorial: Cone Vibration and Radiation Diagnostics, AES London 2010, 7

Prediction of Sound Pressure in the Far Field

Tutorial: Cone Vibration and Radiation Diagnostics, AES London 2010, 8

Woofer A with paper cone

Woofer B with magnesium cone

Woofer C with flat radiator

Tutorial: Cone Vibration and Radiation Diagnostics, AES London 2010, 9

Smooth SPL Response ?

on -axis -30 degree

Woofer A with paper cone

Woofer B with magnesium cone

-30 degree +30 degree

Woofer C with flat radiator

-30 degree +30 degree

Tutorial: Cone Vibration and Radiation Diagnostics, AES London 2010, 10

How to Assess Total Cone Vibration ?

Accumulated Acceleration Level

Weighted Sum of the absolute value of cone acceleration l ti

Very similar to Rayleigh Integral for SPL prediction !!

70 60 50 40 30 100 1000 f [Hz] 10000

Rigid body modes

Tutorial: Cone Vibration and Radiation Diagnostics, AES London 2010, 12

Accumulated Acceleration Level (AAL)

Rigid body modes Rigid body modes

Total SPL Total sound Pressure level

Sufficient Cone Vibration ?

Compare SPL and AAL !

Tutorial: Cone Vibration and Radiation Diagnostics, AES London 2010, 14

Natural Functions describing mode shape

Natural frequencies Natural Function

Completely different mode shapes (orthogonal) !

Frequency Response of a Single Mode

How to Specify the Radiator

Rigid body modes