Thermodynamics Heat Transfer Solutions

Solutions Manual
for
Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
Yunus A. Cengel
2
nd
Edition, 2008
Chapter !
"AT#$A% C&"'ECTI&"
($&($IETA$Y A") C&"*I)E"TIA%
This Manual is the proprietary property of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
(McGraw-Hill) an protecte !y copyri"ht an other state an feeral laws. #y
openin" an usin" this Manual the user a"rees to the followin" restrictions, an if the
recipient oes not a"ree to these restrictions, the Manual shoul !e promptly returne
unopene to McGraw-Hill$ This Manual is being provided only to authorized
professors and instructors for use in preparing for the classes using the affiliated
textbook. No other use or distribution of this Manual is permitted. This Manual
may not be sold and may not be distributed to or used by any student or other third
party. No part of this Manual may be reproduced, displayed or distributed in any
form or by any means, electronic or otherwise, without the prior written permission
of McGraw!ill.
"#$"#%&T'#( M'T&#%'). % &''( The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. )imite istri!ution permitte only to teachers an
eucators for course preparation. If you are a stuent usin" this Manual, you are usin" it without permission.
*+-*
(hysical +echanisms of "atural Con,ection
*+*, ,atural con-ection is the moe of heat transfer that occurs !etween a soli an a flui which mo-es
uner the influence of natural means. ,atural con-ection iffers from force con-ection in that flui
motion in natural con-ection is cause !y natural effects such as !uoyancy.
*+-, The con-ection heat transfer coefficient is usually hi"her in force con-ection !ecause of the hi"her
flui -elocities in-ol-e.
*+., The hot !oile e"" in a spacecraft will cool faster when the spacecraft is on the "roun since there is
no "ra-ity in space, an thus there will !e no natural con-ection currents which is ue to the !uoyancy
force.
*++, The upwar force e.erte !y a flui on a !oy completely or partially immerse in it is calle the
!uoyancy or liftin" force. The !uoyancy force is proportional to the ensity of the meium. Therefore,
the !uoyancy force is the lar"est in mercury, followe !y in water, air, an the e-acuate cham!er. ,ote
that in an e-acuate cham!er there will !e no !uoyancy force !ecause of a!sence of any flui in the
meium.
*+/, The !uoyancy force is proportional to the ensity of the meium, an thus is lar"er in sea water than
it is in fresh water. Therefore, the hull of a ship will sin/ eeper in fresh water !ecause of the smaller
!uoyancy force actin" upwars.
*+0, 0 sprin" scale measures the wei"ht force actin" on it, an the person will wei"h less in water
!ecause of the upwar !uoyancy force actin" on the person1s !oy.
*+1, The "reater the -olume e.pansion coefficient, the "reater the chan"e in ensity with temperature,
the "reater the !uoyancy force, an thus the "reater the natural con-ection currents.
*+2, There cannot !e any natural con-ection heat transfer in a meium that e.periences no chan"e in
-olume with temperature.
*+3, The lines on an interferometer photo"raph represent isotherms (constant temperature lines) for a "as,
which correspon to the lines of constant ensity. Closely pac/e lines on a photo"raph represent a lar"e
temperature "raient.
*+*4, The Grashof num!er represents the ratio of the !uoyancy force to the -iscous force actin" on a
flui. The inertial forces in 2eynols num!er is replace !y the !uoyancy forces in Grashof num!er.
*+** The -olume e.pansion coefficient is efine as
P
T

,
_
*
. 3or an ieal "as,
RT P
or
RT
P
, an thus
( )
( )
T T RT
P
T
RT
P
T
RT P
P
* * * *

4 *
&

,
_

,
_

,
_
*+-&
"atural Con,ection o,er -urfaces
*+*-, 2aylei"h num!er is the prouct of the Grashof an 5rantl num!ers.
*+*., 0 -ertical cyliner can !e treate as a -ertical plate when
+ 4 *
67
Gr
L
D .
*+*+, ,o, a hot surface will cool slower when facin" own since the warmer air in this position cannot
rise an escape easily.
*+*/, The heat flu. will !e hi"her at the !ottom of the plate since the thic/ness of the !ounary layer
which is a measure of thermal resistance is the lowest there.
*+-6
*+*0 Heat is "enerate in a hori8ontal plate while heat is lost from it !y con-ection an raiation. The
temperature of the plate when steay operatin" conitions are reache is to !e etermine.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin" conitions e.ist. - 0ir is an ieal "as with constant properties. . The local
atmospheric pressure is * atm.
Properties :e assume the surface temperature to !e 7'C. Then the properties of air at * atm an the film
temperature of (Ts;T
)4& < (7';&')4& < 67C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''6&+> . '
= ) &>6 67 (
* *
>&?( . ' 5r
4s m *' ?77 . *
C :4m. '&?&7 . '
f
T
k
Analysis The characteristic len"th in this case is

m + '+++ . '
)@ m &' . ' ( ) m *? . ' A( &
) m &' . ' )( m *? . ' (
+

p
A
L
s
c
The 2aylei"h num!er is
7B6 , &&& ) >&?( . ' (
) 4s m *' ?77 . * (
) m '++++ . ' )( = &' 7' )( = ''6&+> . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
c s
L T T g
Ra
The ,usselt num!er relation for the top surface of the plate is
>6 . ** ) 7B6 , &&& ( 7+ . ' 7+ . '
&7 . ' &7 . '
Ra Nu
Then
C . :4m B&( . ? ) >6 . ** (
m 7'++++ . '
C :4m. '&?&7 . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
c
an
) &' ( '.&&*> C ) &' )( m &' . ' *? . ' )( C . :4m B&( . ? ( ) (
& &
top

s s s
T T T T hA Q
The ,usselt num!er relation for the !ottom surface of the plate is
(?7 . 7 ) 7B6 , &&& ( &> . ' &> . '
&7 . ' &7 . '
Ra Nu
Then
C . :4m +?+ . 6 ) (?7 . 7 (
m 7'++++ . '
C :4m. '&?&7 . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
c
) &' ( '.**'( C ) &' )( m &' . ' *? . ' )( C . :4m +?+ . 6 ( ) (
& &
!ottom

s s s
T T T T hA Q
Consierin" that raiation heat loss to surrounin"s occur !oth from top an !ottom surfaces, it may !e
e.presse as
[ ]
[ ]
+ + B
+ + + & ( &
+
surr
+
ra
) = &>6 *> ( ) = &>6 ( *' &?7B . 6
) = &>6 *> ( ) = &>6 ( ) .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m &' . ' *? . ' )( & )( B . ' (
) ( &
+ +
+ +

s
s
s
T
T
T T A Q
:hen the heat lost from the plate eCuals to the heat "enerate, the steay operatin" conitions are reache.
The surface temperature in this case can !e etermine !y trial-error or usin" DD9 to !e
*+-+
0ir
T
< &'C
Q
con-
Q
ra
L < *? cm
Q
con-
Q
ra
[ ]
, +0.2
+ + + +
+ +
s
s s s
T
T T T
Q Q Q Q
+ + B
ra !ottom top total
) = &>6 *> ( ) = &>6 ( *' &?7B . 6 ) &' ( '.**'( ) &' ( '.&&*> : &'

*+-7
*+*1 3lue "ases are release to atmosphere usin" a cylinrical stac/. The rates of heat transfer from the
stac/ with an without win cases are to !e etermine.
Properties The properties of air at * atm an the film
)4& < (+';*')4& < &7C are

(Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''667? . '
= ) &>6 &7 (
* *
>&B? . ' 5r
4s m *' 7?& . *
C :4m. '&77* . '
f
T
k
Analysis (a) :hen there is no win heat transfer is !y

natural con-ection. The characteristic len"th in this
case is the hei"ht of the stac/, m. *' L L
c
Then,
*&
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' B76 . & ) >&B? . ' (
) 4s m *' 7?& . * (
) m *' )( = *' +' )( = ''667? . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
:e can treat this -ertical cyliner as a -ertical plate since
+ 4 * + 4 * *& + 4 *
67
thus an '.? E &+? . '
) >&B? . ' 4 *' B76 . & (
) *' ( 67 67
Gr
L
D
Gr
L

The ,usselt num!er is etermine from

*+67 ) *' B76 . & ( * . ' * . '
6 4 * *& 6 4 *
Ra Nu (from Ta!le *+-*)
Then
C . :4m ??' . 6 ) *+67 (
m *'
C :4m. '&77* . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
c
an
. 20/0

C ) *' +' )( m *' ? . ' )( C . :4m ??' . 6 ( ) (
& &
T T hA Q
s
(b) :hen the stac/ is e.pose to &' /m4h wins, the heat transfer will !e !y force con-ection. :e ha-e
flow of air o-er a cyliner an the heat transfer rate is etermine as follows$
+'' , &*6
4s m *' 7?& . *
m) m4s)('.? 6?'' 4 *''' &' (
2e
& 7

VD
B . +>6 ) >&B? . ' ( ) +'' , &*6 ( '&> . ' 5r 2e '&> . ' ,u
6 4 * ('7 . ' 6 4 * ('7 . '
(from
Ta!le *B-&)
C . :4m *7 . &' ) B . +>6 (
m ? . '
C :4m. '&77* . '
,u
&

D
k
h
. ,010

C ) *' +' )( m *' ? . ' )( C . :4m *7 . &' ( ) (
& &
T T hA Q
s
Discussion There is more than fi-e-fol increase in heat transfer ue to wins.

*+-?
0ir
T
< *'C
T
s
< +'C
L < *' m
D < '.? m
*+*2 Heat "enerate !y the electrical resistance of a !are ca!le is issipate to the surrounin" air. The
surface temperature of the ca!le is to !e etermine.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. + The temperature of the surface of the ca!le is constant.
Properties :e assume the surface temperature to !e *''C. Then the properties of air at * atm an the film
)4& < (*'';&')4& < ?'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''6''6 . '
= ) &>6 ?' (
* *
>&'& . ' 5r
4s m *' (B? . *
C :4m. '&('( . '
f
T
k
Analysis The characteristic len"th in this case is the outer iameter of the pipe, m. ''7 . ' D L
c

Then,
& . 7B' ) >&'& . ' (
) 4s m *' (B? . * (
) m ''7 . ' )( = &' *'' )( = ''6''6 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
D T T g
Ra
s
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
6+? . &
>&'& . ' 4 77B . ' *
) & . 7B' ( 6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
+
+
'
+
+
Ra
Nu

&
&
m '?&(6 . ' ) m + )( m ''7 . ' (
C . :4m *> . *6 ) 6+? . & (
m ''7 . '
C :4m. '&('( . '

DL A
Nu
D
k
h
s
C *&(.(
C ) &' )( m '?&(6 . ' )( C . :4m *> . *6 ( ) 0 F)(*.7 ' ? (
) (
& &

s
s
s s
T
T
T T hA Q
which is not close to the assume -alue of *''C. 2epeatin" calculations for an assume surface
temperature of *&'C, ATf < (Ts;T
)4& < (*&';&')4& < >'C@

* -
& 7
= ''&B*7 . '
= ) &>6 >' (
* *
>*>> . ' 5r
4s m *' BB7 . *
C :4m. '&((* . '
f
T
k
? . ?++ ) >*>> . ' (

) 4s m *' BB7 . * (
) m ''7 . ' )( = &' *&' )( = ''&B*7 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
D T T g
Ra
s
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
6(> . &
>*>> . ' 4 77B . ' *
) ? . ?++ ( 6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
+
+
'
+
+
Ra
Nu
C . :4m >? . *6 ) 6(> . & (
m ''7 . '
C :4m. '&((* . '
&

Nu
D
k
h
*+->
0ir
T
< &'C
Ca!le
T
s
< G
L<+ m
D < 7 mm
, *-+.*

s
s
s s
T
T A
T T hA Q
C ) &' )( m '?&(6 . ' )( C . :4m >? . *6 ( ) 7 . * )( F ?' (
) (
& &
which is sufficiently close to the assume -alue of *&'C.

*+-(
*+*3 0 hori8ontal hot water pipe passes throu"h a lar"e room. The rate of heat loss from the pipe !y
natural con-ection an raiation is to !e etermine.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. + The temperature of the outer surface of the pipe is constant.
Properties The properties of air at * atm an the film temperature
of (Ts;T
)4& < (>6;&>)4& < 7'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''6'B? . '
= ) &>6 7' (
* *
>&&( . ' 5r
4s m *' >B( . *
C :4m. '&>67 . '
f
T
k
Analysis (a) The characteristic len"th in this case is the outer iameter of the pipe, m. '? . ' D L
c

Then,
7
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' >+> . ? ) >&&( . ' (
) 4s m *' >B( . * (
) m '? . ' )( = &> >6 )( = ''6'B? . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

D T T g
Ra
s
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
'7 . *6
>&&( . ' 4 77B . ' *
) *' >+> . ? ( 6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * 7
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
'
+
+
Ra
Nu

&
&
m ((7 . * ) m *' )( m '? . ' (
C . :4m B7' . 7 ) '7 . *6 (
m '? . '
C :4m. '&>67 . '

DL A
Nu
D
k
h
s
5 /*0

C ) &> >6 )( m ((7 . * )( C . :4m B7' . 7 ( ) (
& &
T T hA Q
s s
(b) The raiation heat loss from the pipe is

[ ] 5 /.. + +

+ + + & ( &
+ +
) = &>6 &> ( ) = &>6 >6 ( ) .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m ((7 . * )( ( . ' (
) (
surr s s rad
T T A Q
*+-B
0ir
T
< &>C
5ipe
T
s
< >6C
< '.(
L<*' m
D < ? cm
*+-4 0 power transistor mounte on the wall issipates '.*( :. The surface temperature of the transistor
is to !e etermine.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin" conitions e.ist. - 0ir is
an ieal "as with constant properties. . 0ny heat transfer
from the !ase surface is isre"are. + The local
atmospheric pressure is * atm. / 0ir properties are
e-aluate at *''C.
Properties The properties of air at * atm an the "i-en
film temperature of *''C are (Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''&?( . '
= ) &>6 *'' (
* *
>*** . ' 5r
4s m *' 6'? . &
C :4m. '6'B7 . '
f
T
k
Analysis The solution of this pro!lem reCuires a trial-an-error approach since the etermination of the
2aylei"h num!er an thus the ,usselt num!er epens on the surface temperature which is un/nown. :e
start the solution process !y "uessin" the surface temperature to !e *?7C for the e-aluation of h. This is
the surface temperature that will "i-e a film temperature of *''C. :e will chec/ the accuracy of this
"uess later an repeat the calculations if necessary.
The transistor loses heat throu"h its cylinrical surface as well as its top surface. 3or con-enience,
we ta/e the heat transfer coefficient at the top surface of the transistor to !e the same as that of its sie
surface. (The alternati-e is to treat the top surface as a -ertical plate, !ut this will ou!le the amount of
calculations without pro-iin" much impro-ement in accuracy since the area of the top surface is much
smaller an it is circular in shape instea of !ein" rectan"ular). The characteristic len"th in this case is the
outer iameter of the transistor, m. ''+ . ' D L
c
Then,
? . &B& ) >*** . ' (
) 4s m *' 6'? . & (
) m ''+ . ' )( = 67 *?7 )( = ''&?( . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
D T T g
Ra
s
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
'6B . &
>*** . ' 4 77B . ' *
) ? . &B& ( 6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
+
+
'
+
+
Ra
Nu
& & &
&
m ''''?B* . ' + 4 m) ''+ . ' ( ) m ''+7 . ' )( m ''+ . ' ( + 4
C . :4m >( . *7 ) '6B . & (
m ''+ . '
C :4m. '6'B7 . '
+ +

D DL A
Nu
D
k
h
s
an
[ ]
C *(>
) = &>6 &7 ( ) &>6 ( ) *' ?> . 7 )( m ''''?B* . ' )( * . ' (
C ) 67 )( m ''''?B* . ' )( C . :4m ( . *7 ( : *( . '
) ( ) (
+ + ( &
& &
+ +

+ + +

+
s
s
s
surr s s s s
T
T
T
T T A T T hA Q
which is relati-ely close to the assume -alue of *?7C. To impro-e the accuracy of the result, we repeat
the 2aylei"h num!er calculation at new surface temperature of *(>C an etermine the surface
temperature to !e
Ts < *2.,
*+-*'
0ir
67C
5ower
transistor, '.*( :
D < '.+ cm
< '.*
Discussion : e-aluate the air properties a"ain at *''C when repeatin" the calculation at the new surface
temperature. It can !e shown that the effect of this on the calculate surface temperature is less than *C.
*+-**
*+-* &&6 5ro!. *+-&' is reconsiere. The effect of am!ient temperature on the surface temperature of
the transistor is to !e in-esti"ate.
Analysis The pro!lem is sol-e usin" DD9, an the solution is "i-en !elow.
"GIVEN"
Q_dot=0.18 [W]
T_infinity=35 [C]
L=0.0045 [m]
=0.004 [m]
!"#i$on=0.1
T_#%&&=T_infinity'10 [C]
"()*(E)TIE+"
,$%id-=./i&.
0=Cond%1ti2ity3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m5
(&=(&/ndt$3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m5
&6o=!n#ity3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m4 (=101.35
m%=Vi#1o#ity3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m5
n%=m%7&6o
8!t/=173T_fi$m9:;35
T_fi$m=17:<3T_#9T_infinity5
#i=m/=5.>;E'8 [W7m?:'@?4] A+t!f/n'Bo$tCm/nn 1on#t/nt"
==D.80; [m7#?:] A=&/2it/tion/$ /11!$!&/tion"
"ENELF+I+"
d!$t/=
)/=3=<8!t/<3T_#'T_infinity5<d!$t/?357n%?:<(&
N%##!$t=30.>930.38;<)/?317>55731930.55D7(&5?3D71>55?387:;55?:
6=07d!$t/<N%##!$t
E="i<<L9"i<?:74
Q_dot=6<E<3T_#'T_infinity59!"#i$on<E<#i=m/<33T_#9:;35?4'3T_#%&&9:;35?45
T
7,8 Ts 7,8
*' *7B.B
*& *?*.(
*+ *?6.>
*? *?7.?
*( *?>.7
&' *?B.+
&& *>*.6
&+ *>6.&
&? *>7.*
&( *>>
6' *>(.B
6& *('.>
6+ *(&.?
6? *(+.7
6( *(?.+
+' *((.&
*+-*&
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
155
160
165
170
175
180
185
190
T
2C3
T
s

2
C
3

*+--& 0 hot plate with an insulate !ac/ is consiere. The rate of heat loss !y natural con-ection is to !e
etermine for ifferent orientations.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin" conitions e.ist. - 0ir is an ieal "as
with constant properties. . The local atmospheric pressure is * atm.
Properties The properties of air at * atm an the film temperature of
(Ts;T
)4& < (*6';>7)4& < *'&.73 are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 6
2 ''*>>( . '
2 ) +?' 7 . *'& (
* *
>&7? . ' 5r
4s ft *' *(&6 . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*767 . '
f
T
k
Analysis (a) :hen the plate is -ertical, the characteristic len"th is

the hei"ht of the plate. ft. & L L
c
Then,
(
& & 6
6 -* &
&
6
*' 7'6 . 7 ) >&7? . ' (
) 4s ft *' *(&6 . ' (
) ft & )( 2 >7 *6' )( 2 ''*>>( . ' )( ft4s & . 6& (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
? . *'&
>&7? . '
+B& . '
*
) *' 7'6 . 7 ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * (
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
& & &
&
ft + ) ft & (
3 . #tu4h.ft >(?B . ' ) ? . *'& (
ft &
3 #tu4h.ft. '*767 . '

L A
Nu
L
k
h
s
an 4tu5h /0.

C ) >7 *6' )( ft + )( 3 . #tu4h.ft >(?B . ' ( ) (
& &
T T hA Q
s s
(b) :hen the plate is hori8ontal with hot surface facin" up, the characteristic len"th is etermine from
ft 7 . '
+
ft &
+ +
&

L
L
L
P
A
L
s
s
.
Then,
?
& & 6
6 -* &
&
6
*' 7B( . ( ) >&7? . ' (
) 4s ft *' *(&6 . ' (
) ft 7 . ' )( 2 >7 *6' )( 2 ''*>>( . ' )( ft4s & . 6& (
5r
) (

c s
L T T g
Ra
&+ . &B ) *' 7B( . ( ( 7+ . ' 7+ . '
+ 4 * ? + 4 *
Ra Nu
3 . #tu4h.ft (B>7 . ' ) &+ . &B (
ft 7 . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*767 . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
c
an 4tu5h 1/.!

C ) >7 *6' )( ft + )( 3 . #tu4h.ft (B>7 . ' ( ) (
& &
T T hA Q
s s
(c) :hen the plate is hori8ontal with hot surface facin" own, the characteristic len"th is a"ain '7 . ft
an the 2aylei"h num!er is
?
*' 7B( . ( Ra . Then,
?& . *+ ) *' 7B( . ( ( &> . ' &> . '
+ 4 * ? + 4 *
Ra Nu
3 . #tu4h.ft ++(> . ' ) ?& . *+ (
ft 7 . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*767 . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
c
an 4tu5h 18./

C ) >7 *6' )( ft + )( 3 . #tu4h.ft ++(> . ' ( ) (
& &
T T hA Q
s s
*+-*6
Q
Insulation
0ir
T
< >73
5late
T
s
< *6'3
L < & ft
*+-.& &&6 5ro!. *+-&&D is reconsiere. The &/t! of n/t%&/$ 1on2!1tion 6!/t t&/n#f!& fo&
diff!&!nt o&i!nt/tion# of t6! "$/t! /# / f%n1tion of t6! "$/t! t!m"!&/t%&! is to !e plotte.
"GIVEN"
L=: [ft]
T_infinity=;5 [,]
T_#=130 [,]
"()*(E)TIE+"
,$%id-=./i&.
(&=(&/ndt$3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m5
&6o=!n#ity3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m4 (=14.;5
m%=Vi#1o#ity3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m5<Con2!&t3$8m7ft'64 $8m7ft'#5
n%=m%7&6o
8!t/=173T_fi$m94>05
==3:.: [ft7#?:]
"ENELF+I+"
"3/54 "$/t! i# 2!&ti1/$"
d!$t/_/=L
)/_/=3=<8!t/<3T_#'T_infinity5<d!$t/_/?357n%?:<(&
N%##!$t_/=0.5D<)/_/?0.:5
6_/=07d!$t/_/<N%##!$t_/
E=L?:
Q_dot_/=6_/<E<3T_#'T_infinity5
"3854 "$/t! i# 6o&iCont/$ Git6 6ot #%&f/1! f/1in= %""
d!$t/_8=E7"
"=4<L
)/_8=3=<8!t/<3T_#'T_infinity5<d!$t/_8?357n%?:<(&
N%##!$t_8=0.54<)/_8?0.:5
6_8=07d!$t/_8<N%##!$t_8
Q_dot_8=6_8<E<3T_#'T_infinity5
"3154 "$/t! i# 6o&iCont/$ Git6 6ot #%&f/1! f/1in= doGn"
d!$t/_1=d!$t/_8
)/_1=)/_8
N%##!$t_1=0.:;<)/_1?0.:5
6_1=07d!$t/_1<N%##!$t_1
Q_dot_1=6_1<E<3T_#'T_infinity5
*+-*+
Ts 798 :a 7;tu<h8 :b 7;tu<h8 :c 7;tu<h8
(' >.>*+ B.B(7 +.BB6
(7 *(.6& &6.>& **.(?
B' 6'.6( 6B.6& *B.??
B7 +6.+> 7?.&? &(.*6
*'' 7>.6> >+.&? 6>.*6
*'7 >*.B> B6.*7 +?.7(
**' (>.*7 **&.( 7?.+
**7 *'&.( *66.* ??.7?
*&' **B *7+ >>.'&
*&7 *67.? *>7.7 (>.>7
*6' *7&.7 *B>.+ B(.>&
*67 *?B.B &*B.B *'B.B
*+' *(>.7 &+&.> *&*.6
*+7 &'7.+ &?7.B *6&.B
*7' &&6.> &(B.7 *++.>
*77 &+&.* 6*6.+ *7?.>
*?' &?'.B 66>.> *?(.(
*?7 &>B.B 6?&.& *(*.*
*>' &BB.* 6(>.* *B6.7
*>7 6*(.7 +*&.& &'?.*
*(' 66(.* +6>.? &*(.(
80 100 120 140 160 180
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
T
s
2*3
6

2
4
t
u
5
h
3
6
a
6
7
6
c

*+-*7
*+-+ 0 cylinrical resistance heater is place hori8ontally in a flui. The outer surface temperature of the
resistance wire is to !e etermine for two ifferent fluis.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. + 0ny heat transfer !y raiation is i"nore. / 5roperties are e-aluate at
7''C for air an +'C for water.
Properties The properties of air at * atm an 7''C are (Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''*&B+ . '
= ) &>6 7'' (
* *
, ?B(? . ' 5r
4s m *' ('+ . >
C :4m. '77>& . '
f
T
k
The properties of water at +'C are (Ta!le 0-*7)

* -
& ?
= '''6>> . ' , 6& . + 5r
4s m *' ?7(& . ' 4 C, :4m. ?6* . '

k
Analysis (a) The solution of this pro!lem reCuires a trial-an-error approach since the etermination of the
start the solution process !y "uessin" the surface temperature to !e *&''C for the calculation of h. :e
will chec/ the accuracy of this "uess later an repeat the calculations if necessary. The characteristic len"th
in this case is the outer iameter of the wire, m. ''7 . ' D L
c
Then,

> . &*+ ) ?B(? . ' (
) 4s m *' ('+ . > (
) m ''7 . ' ( C ) &' *&'' )( = ''*&B+ . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
D T T g
Ra
s
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
B*B . *
?B(? . ' 4 77B . ' *
) > . &*+ ( 6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
+
+
'
+
+
Ra
Nu
&
&
m '**>( . ' ) m >7 . ' )( m ''7 . ' (
C . :4m 6( . &* ) B*B . * (
m ''7 . '
C :4m. '77>& . '

DL A
Nu
D
k
h
s
an
, *-**
s s s s
T T T T hA Q C ) &' )( m '**>( . ' )( C . :4m 6( . &* ( : 6'' ) (
& &
which is sufficiently close to the assume -alue of *&''C use in the e-aluation of h, an thus it is not
necessary to repeat calculations.
(b) 3or the case of water, we "uess the surface temperature to !e +'C. The characteristic len"th in this
case is the outer iameter of the wire, m. ''7 . ' D L
c
Then,
*B> , B& ) 6& . + (
) 4s m *' ?7(& . ' (
) m ''7 . ' )( = &' +' )( = '''6>> . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
& & ?
6 -* &
&
6
D T T g
Ra
s
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
B(? . (
6& . + 4 77B . ' *
) *B> , B& ( 6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
+
+
'
+
+
Ra
Nu
C . :4m **6+ ) B(? . ( (
m ''7 . '
C :4m. ?6* . '
&

Nu
D
k
h
an
, +-./
s
& &
C ) &' )( m '**>( . ' )( C . :4m **6+ ( : 6'' ) ( T T T T hA Q
s s s
*+-*?
0ir
T
< &'C
2esistance
heater, T
s
6'' :
L < '.>7 m
D < '.7 cm
which is sufficiently close to the assume -alue of +'C in the e-aluation of the properties an h. The film
temperature in this case is (Ts;T
)4& < (+&.7;&')4& <6*.6C, which is close to the -alue of +'C use in the
e-aluation of the properties.
*+-*>
*+-/ :ater is !oilin" in a pan that is place on top of a sto-e. The rate of heat loss from the cylinrical
sie surface of the pan !y natural con-ection an raiation an the ratio of heat lost from the sie surfaces
of the pan to that !y the e-aporation of water are to !e etermine.
(Ts;T
)4& < (B(;&7)4& < ?*.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''&BB . '
= ) &>6 7 . ?* (
* *
>*B( . ' 5r
4s m *' B*' . *
C :4m. '&(*B . '
f
T
k
Analysis (a) The characteristic len"th in this case is the

hei"ht of the pan, m. *& . ' L L
c
Then
?
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' &BB . > ) >*B( . ' (
) 4s m *' B*' . * (
) m *& . ' )( = &7 B( )( = ''&BB . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
+ 4 * + 4 * ? + 4 *
67
thus an '.&7 E '>++6 . '
) >*B( . ' 4 *' &BB . > (
) *& . ' ( 67 67
Gr
L
D
Gr
L

Therefore,
?' . &(
>*B( . '
+B& . '
*
) *' &BB . > ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * ?
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
&
&
m 'B+&7 . ' ) m *& . ' )( m &7 . ' (
C . :4m >&' . ? ) ?' . &( (
m *& . '
C :4m. '&(*B . '

DL A
Nu
L
k
h
s
an
. !8.2

C ) &7 B( )( m 'B+&7 . ' )( C . :4m >&' . ? ( ) (
& &
T T hA Q
s s
(b) The raiation heat loss from the pan is

[ ] . !/.0 + +

+ + + & ( &
+ +
) = &>6 &7 ( ) = &>6 B( ( ) .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m 'B+&7 . ' )( (' . ' (
) (
surr s s rad
T T A Q
(c) The heat loss !y the e-aporation of water is

: B+' /: B+'+ . ' ) /H4/" &&7> )( /"4s 6?'' 4 7 . * (
fg
h m Q
Then the ratio of the heat lost from the sie surfaces of the pan to that !y the e-aporation of water then
!ecomes
1.19
+
'BB . '
B+'
6 . +> & . +?
f
*+-*(
Fapor
& /"4h
:ater
*''C
5an
T
s
< B(C
< '.('
0ir
T
< &7C
*+-0 :ater is !oilin" in a pan that is place on top of a sto-e. The rate of heat loss from the cylinrical
sie surface of the pan !y natural con-ection an raiation an the ratio of heat lost from the sie surfaces
of the pan to that !y the e-aporation of water are to !e etermine.
(Ts;T
)4& < (B(;&7)4& < ?*.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''&BB . '
= ) &>6 7 . ?* (
* *
>*B( . ' 5r
4s m *' B*' . *
C :4m. '&(*B . '
f
T
k
Analysis (a) The characteristic len"th in this case is

the hei"ht of the pan,
m. *& . ' L L
c
Then,
?
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' &BB . > ) >*B( . ' (
) 4s m *' B*' . * (
) m *& . ' )( = &7 B( )( = ''&BB . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
+ 4 * + 4 * ? + 4 *
67
thus an '.&7 E '>++6 . '
) >*B( . ' 4 *' &BB . > (
) *& . ' ( 67 67
Gr
L
D
Gr
L

Therefore,
?' . &(
>*B( . '
+B& . '
*
) *' &BB . > ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * ?
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
&
&
m 'B+&7 . ' ) m *& . ' )( m &7 . ' (
C . :4m >&' . ? ) ?' . &( (
m *& . '
C :4m. '&(*B . '

DL A
Nu
L
k
h
s
an
. !8.2

C ) &7 B( )( m 'B+&7 . ' )( C . :4m >&' . ? ( ) (
& &
T T hA Q
s s
(!) The raiation heat loss from the pan is

[ ] . :.1 + +

+ + + & ( &
+ +
) = &>6 &7 ( ) = &>6 B( ( ) .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m 'B+&7 . ' )( *' . ' (
) (
surr s s rad
T T A Q
(c) The heat loss !y the e-aporation of water is

: B+' /: B+'+ . ' ) /H4/" &&7> )( /"4s 6?'' 4 7 . * (
fg
h m Q
Then the ratio of the heat lost from the sie surfaces of the pan to that !y the e-aporation of water then
!ecomes
:.:9
+
'77 . '
B+'
B . 7 & . +?
f
*+-*B
Fapor
& /"4h
:ater
*''C
5an
T
s
< B(C
< '.*
0ir
T
< &7C
*+-1 9ome cans mo-e slowly in a hot water container mae of sheet metal. The rate of heat loss from the
four sie surfaces of the container an the annual cost of those heat losses are to !e etermine.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. . Heat loss from the top surface is isre"are.
)4& < (77;&')4& < 6>.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''6&&* . '
= ) &>6 7 . 6> (
* *
>&?& . ' 5r
4s m *' ?>( . *
C :4m. '&?++ . '
f
T
k
Analysis The characteristic len"th in this case is the

hei"ht of the !ath, m. 7 . ' L L
c
Then,
(
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' 7?7 . 6 ) >&?& . ' (
) 4s m *' ?>( . * (
) m 7 . ' )( = &' 77 )( = ''6&&* . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
(+ . (B
>&?* . '
+B& . '
*
) *' 7?7 . 6 ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * (
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
[ ]
&
&
m 7 . + ) m 7 . 6 )( m 7 . ' ( ) m * )( m 7 . ' ( &
C . :4m >7 . + ) (+ . (B (
m 7 . '
C :4m. '&?++ . '
+

s
A
Nu
L
k
h
an
: * . >+( C ) &' 77 )( m 7 . + )( C . :4m >7 . + ( ) (
& &

T T hA Q
s s
The raiation heat loss is

[ ] : B . >7' ) = &>6 &' ( ) = &>6 77 ( ) .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m 7 . + )( > . ' (
) (
+ + + & ( &
+ +
+ +

surr s s rad
T T A Q
Then the total rate of heat loss !ecomes

5 *+33 + + B . >7' * . >+(
rad
convection
natural total
Q Q Q

The amount an cost of the heat loss urin" one year is
/:h *6* , *6 h) (>?' )( /: +BB . * ( t Q Q
total total

=***0 ) /:h 4 '(7 . ' )(I /:h *6* , *6 ( Cost
*+-&'
:ater !ath
77C
0erosol can
*+-2 9ome cans mo-e slowly in a hot water container mae of sheet metal. It is propose to insulate the
sie an !ottom surfaces of the container for I67'. The simple pay!ac/ perio of the insulation to pay for
itself from the ener"y it sa-es is to !e etermine.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. . Heat loss from the top surface is isre"are.
Properties Insulation will rop the outer surface temperature to a -alue close to the am!ient temperature.
The solution of this pro!lem reCuires a trial-an-error approach since the etermination of the 2aylei"h
num!er an thus the ,usselt num!er epens on the surface temperature, which is un/nown. :e assume
the surface temperature to !e &?C. The properties of air at the anticipate film temperature of
(&?;&')4&<&6C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''66( . '
= ) &>6 &6 (
* *
>6'* . ' 5r
4s m *' 7+6 . *
C :4m. '&76? . '
f
T
k
Analysis :e start the solution process !y

"uessin" the outer surface temperature to !e
&?C. :e will chec/ the accuracy of this "uess
later an repeat the calculations if necessary with
a !etter "uess !ase on the results o!taine. The
characteristic len"th in this case is the hei"ht of
the tan/, m. 7 . ' L L
c
Then,
>
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' ?&& . > ) >6'* . ' (
) 4s m *' 7+6 . * (
) m 7 . ' )( = &' &? )( = ''66( . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
76 . 7?
>6'* . '
+B& . '
*
) *' ?&& . > ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . ' ,u
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * >
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+
[ ]
&
&
m > . + ) m ?' . 6 )( m 7 . ' ( ) m *' . * )( m 7 . ' ( &
C . :4m (?( . & ) 76 . 7? (
m 7 . '
C :4m. '&76? . '
+

s
A
Nu
L
k
h
Then the total rate of heat loss from the outer surface of the insulate tan/ !y con-ection an raiation
!ecomes
: 7 . B>
@ ) = &>6 &' ( ) = &>6 &? )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m > . + )( * . ' ( ;
C ) &' &? )( m > . + )( C . :4m (?( . & (
) ( ) (
+ + + & ( &
& &
+ +

+ +

+ +
surr s s s s rad conv

T T A T T hA Q Q Q

In steay operation, the heat lost !y the sie surfaces of the tan/ must !e eCual to the heat lost from the
e.pose surface of the insulation !y con-ection an raiation, which must !e eCual to the heat conucte
throu"h the insulation. The secon conitions reCuires the surface temperature to !e
m '7 . '
C ) (77
) m C)(+.> :4m. '67 . ' ( : B>.7
& tan/

s s
s insulation
T
L
T T
kA Q Q

*+-&*
0erosol can
insulation
:ater !ath, 77C
It "i-es Ts < &7.6(C, which is -ery close to the assume temperature, &?C. Therefore, there is no nee to
repeat the calculations.
The total amount of heat loss an its cost urin" one year are
/:h > . (76 h) (>?' )( : 7 . B> ( t Q Q
total total

I>&.? ) /:h 4 '(7 . ' )(I /:h > . (76 ( Cost
Then money sa-e urin" a one-year perio ue to insulation !ecomes
*'+6 I ? . >& I ***? I Cost Cost sa-e Money
insulation
ith
insulation
ithout
where I***? is o!taine from the solution of 5ro!lem *+-&(. The insulation will pay for itself in
days *-- > yr 4.../+
!r 4 *'+6 I
67' I
sa-e Money
Cost
perio 5ay!ac/
Discussion :e woul efinitely recommen the installation of insulation in this case.
*+-&&
*+-3 0 printe circuit !oar (5C#) is place in a room. The a-era"e temperature of the hot surface of the
!oar is to !e etermine for ifferent orientations.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin" conitions e.ist. - 0ir is an ieal "as with
constant properties. . The local atmospheric pressure is * atm. . The heat
loss from the !ac/ surface of the !oar is ne"li"i!le.
Properties The properties of air at * atm an the anticipate film
)4& < (+7;&')4& < 6&.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''6&>6 . '
= ) &>6 7 . 6& (
* *
>&>7 . ' 5r
4s m *' ?6* . *
C :4m. '&?'> . '
f
T
k
Analysis The solution of this pro!lem reCuires a trial-an-error approach

since the etermination of the 2aylei"h num!er an thus the ,usselt
num!er epens on the surface temperature which is un/nown
(a) ?ertical ",; . :e start the solution process !y "uessin" the surface temperature to !e +7C for the
e-aluation of the properties an h. :e will chec/ the accuracy of this "uess later an repeat the calculations
if necessary. The characteristic len"th in this case is the hei"ht of the 5C#, m. & . ' L L
c
Then,
>
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' >7? . * ) >&>7 . ' (
) 4s m *' ?6* . * (
) m & . ' )( = &' +7 )( = ''6&>6 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
>( . 6?
>&>7 . '
+B& . '
*
) *' >7? . * ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . ' ,u
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * >
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+
&
&
m '6 . ' ) m & . ' )( m *7 . ' (
C . :4m >B+ . + ) >( . 6? (
m & . '
C :4m. '&?'> . '

s
A
Nu
L
k
h
Heat loss !y !oth natural con-ection an raiation heat can !e e.presse as

[ ]
+ + ( & & &
+ +
) = &>6 &' ( ) &>6 ( ) *' ?> . 7 )( m '6 . ' )( ( . ' ( C ) &' )( m '6 . ' )( C . :4m >B+ . + ( : (
) ( ) (
+ + +
+
s s
surr s s s s
T T
T T A T T hA Q
Its solution is
, +0.0
s
T
which is sufficiently close to the assume -alue of +7C for the e-aluation of the properties an h.
(b) !orizontal, hot surface facing up 0"ain we assume the surface temperature to !e +7 C an use the
properties e-aluate a!o-e. The characteristic len"th in this case is
m. '+&B . '
) m *7 . ' m & . ' ( &
) m *7 . ' )( m &' . ' (
+

p
A
L
s
c

Then
7
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' >&( . * ) >&>7 . ' (
) 4s m *' ?6* . * (
) m '+&B . ' )( = &' +7 )( = ''6&>6 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

c s
L T T g
Ra
'* . ** ) *' >&( . * ( 7+ . ' 7+ . '
+ 4 * 7 + 4 *
Ra Nu
*+-&6
Insulation
0ir
T
< &'C
5C#, T
s

( :
L < '.& m
C . :4m ?B? . ? ) '* . ** (
m '+&B . '
C :4m. '&?'> . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
c
Heat loss !y !oth natural con-ection an raiation heat can !e e.presse as

@ ) = &>6 &' ( ) &>6 )A( *' ?> . 7 )( m '6 . ' )( ( . ' ( C ) &' )( m '6 . ' )( C . :4m ?B? . ? ( : (
) ( ) (
+ + ( & & &
+ +
+ + +
+
s s
surr s s s s
T T
T T A T T hA Q
Its solution is
C !2.8
s
T
which is sufficiently close to the assume -alue of +7C in the e-aluation of the properties an h.
(c) !orizontal, hot surface facing down This time we e.pect the surface temperature to !e hi"her, an
assume the surface temperature to !e 7'C. :e will chec/ this assumption after o!tainin" result an repeat
calculations with a !etter assumption, if necessary. The properties of air at the film temperature of
(7';&')4&<67C are (Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''6&+> . '
= ) &>6 67 (
* *
>&?( . ' 5r
4s m *' ?77 . *
C :4m. '&?&7 . '
f
T
k
The characteristic len"th in this case is, from part (!), Lc < '.'+&B m. Then,
&'' , &'' ) >&?( . ' (
) 4s m *' ?77 . * (
) m '+&B . ' )( = &' 7' )( = ''6&+> . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
c s
L T T g
Ra
>** . 7 ) &'' , &'' ( &> . ' &> . '
+ 4 * + 4 *
Ra Nu
C . :4m +B+ . 6 ) >** . 7 (
m '+&B . '
C :4m. '&?&7 . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
c
Consierin" !oth natural con-ection an raiation heat loses

@ ) = &>6 &' ( ) &>6 )A( *' ?> . 7 )( m '6 . ' )( ( . ' ( C ) &' )( m '6 . ' )( C . :4m +B+ . 6 ( : (
) ( ) (
+ + ( & & &
+ +
+ + +
+
s s
surr s s s s
T T
T T A T T hA Q
Its solution is
C :0.0
s
T
which is -ery close to the assume -alue. Therefore, there is no nee to repeat calculations.
*+-&+
*+.4 &&6 5ro!. *+-&B is reconsiere. The !ff!1t# of t6! &oom t!m"!&/t%&! /nd t6!
!mi##i2ity of t6! 8o/&d on t6! t!m"!&/t%&! of t6! 6ot #%&f/1! of t6! 8o/&d fo&
diff!&!nt o&i!nt/tion# of t6! 8o/&d /&! to !e in-esti"ate.
"GIVEN"
L=0.: [m]
G=0.15 [m]
T_infinity=:0 [C]
Q_dot=8 [W]
!"#i$on=0.8
T_#%&&=T_infinity
"()*(E)TIE+"
,$%id-=./i&.
(&=(&/ndt$3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m5
&6o=!n#ity3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m4 (=101.35
n%=m%7&6o
8!t/=173T_fi$m9:;35
T_fi$m=17:<3T_#_/9T_infinity5
==D.80; [m7#?:] A=&/2it/tion/$ /11!$!&/tion"
"ENELF+I+"
"3/54 "$/t! i# 2!&ti1/$"
d!$t/_/=L
)/_/=3=<8!t/<3T_#_/'T_infinity5<d!$t/_/?357n%?:<(&
N%##!$t_/=0.5D<)/_/?0.:5
6_/=07d!$t/_/<N%##!$t_/
E=G<L
Q_dot=6_/<E<3T_#_/'T_infinity59!"#i$on<E<#i=m/<33T_#_/9:;35?4'
3T_#%&&9:;35?45
"3854 "$/t! i# 6o&iCont/$ Git6 6ot #%&f/1! f/1in= %""
d!$t/_8=E7"
"=:<3G9L5
)/_8=3=<8!t/<3T_#_8'T_infinity5<d!$t/_8?357n%?:<(&
N%##!$t_8=0.54<)/_8?0.:5
6_8=07d!$t/_8<N%##!$t_8
Q_dot=6_8<E<3T_#_8'T_infinity59!"#i$on<E<#i=m/<33T_#_89:;35?4'
3T_#%&&9:;35?45
"3154 "$/t! i# 6o&iCont/$ Git6 6ot #%&f/1! f/1in= doGn"
d!$t/_1=d!$t/_8
)/_1=)/_8
N%##!$t_1=0.:;<)/_1?0.:5
6_1=07d!$t/_1<N%##!$t_1
Q_dot=6_1<E<3T_#_1'T_infinity59!"#i$on<E<#i=m/<33T_#_19:;35?4'
3T_#%&&9:;35?45
*+-&7
T
798 Ts,a 7,8 Ts,b 7,8 Ts,c 7,8

7 6&.7+ &(.B6 6(.&B
> 6+.6+ 6'.>B 6B.B>
B 6?.*+ 6&.?7 +*.??
** 6>.B7 6+.7* +6.67
*6 6B.>7 6?.6? +7.'+
*7 +*.77 6(.&& +?.>6
*> +6.67 +'.'> +(.+&
*B +7.*7 +*.B& 7'.*&
&* +?.B7 +6.>( 7*.(*
&6 +(.>7 +7.?6 76.7*
&7 7'.77 +>.+( 77.&*
&> 7&.67 +B.66 7?.B*
&B 7+.*? 7*.*B 7(.?&
6* 77.B? 76.'+ ?'.6&
66 7>.>? 7+.(B ?&.'6
67 7B.7? 7?.>+ ?6.>+
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
T
2C3
T
s

2
C
3
T
s,a
T
s,7
T
s,c
*+-&?
*+.* ,@ &&6 0!sor!er plates whose !ac/ sie is hea-ily insulate is place hori8ontally outoors. 9olar
raiation is incient on the plate. The eCuili!rium temperature of the plate is to !e etermine for two
cases.
)4& < (**7;&7)4& < >'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''&B*7 . '
= ) &>6 >' (
* *
>*>> . ' 5r
4s m *' BB7 . *
C :4m. '&((* . '
f
T
k
start the solution process !y "uessin" the surface temperature to !e **7C for the e-aluation of the
properties an h. :e will chec/ the accuracy of this "uess later an repeat the calculations if necessary. The
characteristic len"th in this case is
m. &+ . '
) m ( . ' m & . * ( &
) m ( . ' )( m & . * (
+

p
A
L
s
c
Then,
>
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' +*+ . ? ) >*>> . ' (
) 4s m *' BB7 . * (
) m &+ . ' )( = &7 **7 )( = ''&B*7 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

c s
L T T g
Ra
66 . +( ) *' +*+ . ? ( 7+ . ' 7+ . '
+ 4 * > + 4 *
Ra Nu
C . :4m ('* . 7 ) 66 . +( (
m &+ . '
C :4m. '&((* . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
c
&
m B? . ' ) m & . * )( m ( . ' (
s
A
In steay operation, the heat "ain !y the plate !y a!sorption of solar raiation must !e eCual to the heat loss
!y natural con-ection an raiation. Therefore,
: ? . 7(+ ) m B? . ' )( :4m >'' )( (> . ' (
& &

s
A " Q

@ ) = &>6 *' ( ) &>6 )A( *' ?> . 7 )( m B? . ' )( 'B . ' (
C ) &7 )( m B? . ' )( C . :4m ('* . 7 ( : 7(+.?
) ( ) (
+ + ( &
& &
+ +
+ + +

+
s
s
sk! s s s s
T
T
T T A T T hA Q
Its solution is C :.8

s
T
which is ientical to the assume -alue. Therefore there is no nee to repeat calculations.
If the a!sor!er plate is mae of orinary aluminum which has a solar a!sorpti-ity of '.&( an an
emissi-ity of '.'>, the rate of solar "ain !ecomes
: & . *(( ) m B? . ' )( :4m >'' )( &( . ' (
& &

s
A " Q

0"ain notin" that in steay operation the heat "ain !y the plate !y a!sorption of solar raiation must !e
eCual to the heat loss !y natural con-ection an raiation, an usin" the con-ection coefficient etermine
a!o-e for con-enience,

@ ) = &>6 *' ( ) &>6 )A( *' ?> . 7 )( m B? . ' )( '> . ' ( C ) &7 )( m B? . ' )( C . :4m ('* . 7 ( : *((.&
) ( ) (
+ + ( & & &
+ +
+ + +
+
s s
sk! s s s s
T T
T T A T T hA Q
Its solution is Ts < //.-,

2epeatin" the calculations at the new film temperature of +'C, we o!tain
h < +.7&+ :4m
&
.C an Ts < 0-.2,
*+-&>
Insulation
0ir
T
< &7C
0!sor!er plate
s
< '.(>
< '.'B
>'' :4m
&
L < *.& m
*+.- 0n a!sor!er plate whose !ac/ sie is hea-ily insulate is place hori8ontally outoors. 9olar
raiation is incient on the plate. The eCuili!rium temperature of the plate is to !e etermine for two
cases.
)4& < (>';&7)4& < +>.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''6*& . '
= ) &>6 7 . +> (
* *
>&67 . ' 5r
4s m *' >>+ . *
C :4m. '&>*> . '
f
T
k
start the solution process !y "uessin" the surface temperature to !e >'C for the e-aluation of the
characteristic len"th in this case is
m. &+ . '
) m ( . ' m & . * ( &
) m ( . ' )( m & . * (
+

p
A
L
s
c
Then,
>
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' 6>B . + ) >&67 . ' (
) 4s m *' >>+ . * (
) m &+ . ' )( = &7 >' )( = ''6*& . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

c s
L T T g
Ra
B6 . +6 ) *' 6>B . + ( 7+ . ' 7+ . '
+ 4 * > + 4 *
Ra Nu
C . :4m B>6 . + ) B6 . +6 (
m &+ . '
C :4m. '&>*> . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
c
&
m B? . ' ) m & . * )( m ( . ' (
s
A
In steay operation, the heat "ain !y the plate !y a!sorption of solar raiation must !e eCual to the heat loss
!y natural con-ection an raiation. Therefore,
: ? . ?7( ) m B? . ' )( :4m >'' )( B( . ' (
& &

s
A " Q

@ ) = &>6 *' ( ) &>6 )A( *' ?> . 7 )( m B? . ' )( B( . ' (
C ) &7 )( m B? . ' )( C . :4m B>6 . + ( : ?7(.?
) ( ) (
+ + ( &
& &
+ +
+ + +

+
s
s
surr s s s s
T
T
T T A T T hA Q
Its solution is C /0.:

s
T
which is close to the assume -alue. Therefore there is no nee to repeat calculations.
3or a white painte a!sor!er plate, the solar a!sorpti-ity is '.&? an the emissi-ity is '.B'. Then
the rate of solar "ain !ecomes
: > . *>+ ) m B? . ' )( :4m >'' )( &? . ' (
& &

s
A " Q

0"ain notin" that in steay operation the heat "ain !y the plate !y a!sorption of solar raiation must !e
eCual to the heat loss !y natural con-ection an raiation, an usin" the con-ection coefficient etermine
a!o-e for con-enience (actually, we shoul calculate the new h usin" ata at a lower temperature, an
iteratin" if necessary for !etter accuracy),
@ ) = &>6 *' ( ) &>6 )A( *' ?> . 7 )( m B? . ' )( B' . ' (
C ) &7 )( m B? . ' )( C . :4m B>6 . + ( < : *>+.>
) ( ) (
+ + ( &
& &
+ +
+ + +

+
s
s
surr s s s s
T
T
T T A T T hA Q
Its solution is C 0:.0

s
T
Discussion If we recalculate the h usin" air properties at 6'C, we woul o!tain
*+-&(
Insulation
0ir
T
< &7C
0!sor!er plate
s
< '.B(
< '.B(
>'' :4m
&
L < *.& m
h < 6.+> :4m
&
.C an Ts < 6?.?C
*+-&B
*+.. 0 resistance heater is place alon" the centerline of a hori8ontal cyliner whose two circular sie
surfaces are well insulate. The natural con-ection heat transfer coefficient an whether the raiation effect
is ne"li"i!le are to !e etermine.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin" conitions e.ist. - 0ir
is an ieal "as with constant properties. . The local
Analysis The heat transfer surface area of the cyliner is

&
m '7'&> . ' ) m ( . ' )( m '& . ' ( DL A
,otin" that in steay operation the heat issipate
from the outer surface must eCual to the electric
power consume, an raiation is ne"li"i!le, the
con-ection heat transfer is etermine to !e
, . 5<m **.3
-

C ) &' *&' )( m '7'&> . ' (

: ?'
) (
) (
&
T T A
Q
h T T hA Q
s s
s s

The raiation heat loss from the cyliner is

: > . + @ ) = &>6 &' ( ) = &>6 *&' )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m '7'&> . ' )( * . ' (
) (
+ + + & ( &
+ +
+ +

surr s s rad
T T A Q
Therefore, the fraction of heat loss !y raiation is

J ( . > '>( . '
: ?'
: > . +
fraction 2aiation
total
radiation
Q
Q
which is "reater than 7J. Therefore, the raiation effect is still more than accepta!le, an corrections must
!e mae for the raiation effect.
*+-6'
0ir
T
< &'C
Cyliner
T
s
< *&'C
< '.*
L < '.( m
D < & cm
2esistance
heater, ?'
:
*+.+ 0 thic/ flui flows throu"h a pipe in calm am!ient air. The pipe is heate electrically. The power
ratin" of the electric resistance heater an the cost of electricity urin" a *'-h perio are to !e etermine.
Properties The properties of air at * atm an
the film temperature of (Ts;T
)4& < (&7;')4&

< *&.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''67'6 . '
= ) &>6 7 . *& (
* *
>66' . ' 5r
4s m *' ++( . *
C :4m. '&+7( . '
f
T
k
Analysis The characteristic len"th in this case is the outer iameter of the pipe, m. 6 . ' D L
c
Then,
>
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' *'? . ( ) >66' . ' (
) 4s m *' ++( . * (
) m 6 . ' )( = ' &7 )( = ''67'6 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

c s
L T T g
Ra
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
&B . 76
>66' . ' 4 77B . ' *
) *' *'? . ( ( 6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * >
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
'
+
+
Ra
Nu

&
&
m &7 . B+ ) m *'' )( m 6 . ' (
C . :4m 6?? . + ) &B . 76 (
m 6 . '
C :4m. '&+7( . '

DL A
Nu
L
k
h
s
c

an
: &(> , *' C ) ' &7 )( m &7 . B+ )( C . :4m 6?? . + ( ) (
& &

T T hA Q
s s
The raiation heat loss from the cyliner is

: ('( , *( @ ) = &>6 6' ( ) = &>6 &7 )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m &7 . B+ )( ( . ' (
) (
+ + + & ( &
+ +
+ +

surr s s rad
T T A Q
Then,
;. 21. + + : 'B+ , &B ('( , *( &(> , *'
radiation
convection
natural total
Q Q Q

The total amount an cost of heat loss urin" a *' hour perio is
/:h B . &B' h) /:)(*' * . &B ( t Q Q

<28.8 4/:h) /:h)(I'.'B B . &B' ( Cost
*+-6*
0sphalt
L < *'' m
D <6' cm
T
s
< &7C
< '.(
T
s/y
< -6'C
T
< 'C
*+./ 0 flui flows throu"h a pipe in calm am!ient air. The pipe is heate electrically. The thic/ness of the
insulation neee to reuce the losses !y (7J an the money sa-e urin" *'-h are to !e etermine.
Properties Insulation will rop the outer surface temperature to a -alue close to the am!ient temperature,
an possi!le !elow it !ecause of the -ery low s/y temperature for raiation heat loss. 3or con-enience, we
use the properties of air at * atm an 7C (the anticipate film temperature) (Ta!le 0-&&),
* -
& 7
= ''67B> . '
= ) &>6 7 (
* *
>67' . ' 5r
4s m *' 6(& . *
C :4m. '&+'* . '
f
T
k
Analysis The rate of heat loss in the pre-ious

pro!lem was o!taine to !e &B,'B+ :. ,otin"
that insulation will cut own the heat losses !y
(7J, the rate of heat loss will !e
: +6?+ : 'B+ , &B *7 . ' ) (7 . ' * (
insulation no
Q Q

The amount of ener"y an money insulation will sa-e urin" a *'-h perio is simply etermine from
/:h 6 . &+> h) /:)(*' 'B+ . &B (7 . ' (
,
t Q Q
saved total saved

=--.-0 ) /:h 4 'B . ' )(I /:h 6 . &+> ( < ener"y) of cost t sa-e)(Kni Dner"y ( sa-e Money
The characteristic len"th in this case is the outer iameter of the insulate pipe,
insul insul c
t t D L & 6 . ' & + + where tinsul is the thic/ness of insulation in m. Then the pro!lem can !e
formulate for Ts an tinsul as follows$
) >67' . ' (
) 4s m *' 6(& . * (
) & 6 . ' ( =@ ) &>6 )A( = ''67B> . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
insul s c s
t T L T T g
Ra
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
>67' . ' 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
'
+
+
'
+
+
Ra Ra
Nu
m) )(*'' & 6 . ' (
C :4m. '&+'* . '
' insul s
c c
t L D A
Nu
L
Nu
L
k
h
+

The total rate of heat loss from the outer surface of the insulate pipe !y con-ection an raiation !ecomes
@ ) = &>6 6' ( )A .= :4m *' ?> . 7 ( ) * . ' ( ; ) &>6 ( +6?+
) ( ) (
+ + + & (
+ +
+
+ +
s s s s
T A T hA
T T A T T hA Q Q Q

In steay operation, the heat lost !y the sie surfaces of the pipe must !e eCual to the heat lost from the
throu"h the insulation. Therefore,
@ 6 . ' 4 ) & 6 . ' lnA(
= ) m)(&B( C)(*'' :4m. '67 . ' ( &
: +6?+
) 4 ln(
) ( &
tan/
insul
s
o
s
insulation
t
T
D D
T T kL
Q Q
+

The solution of all of the eCuations a!o-e simultaneously usin" an eCuation sol-er "i-es Ts < &(*.7 = <
(.7C an tinsul # 4.4*. m < *.. cm.
*+-6&
0sphalt
L < *'' m
D ; &t
ins

&7C
Insulation
< '.*
T
s/y
< -6'C
T
< 'C
,ote that the film temperature is ((.7;')4& < +.&7C which is -ery close to the assume -alue of 7C.
Therefore, there is no nee to repeat the calculations usin" properties at this new film temperature.
*+-66
*+.0& 0n inustrial furnace that resem!les a hori8ontal cylinrical enclosure whose en surfaces are well
insulate. The hi"hest allowa!le surface temperature of the furnace an the annual cost of this loss to the
plant are to !e etermine.
Properties The properties of air at * atm an the
anticipate film temperature of (Ts;T
)4& <
(*+';>7)4&<*'>.73 are (Ta!le 0-&&D)
* -
& 6
2 ''*>?& . '
2 ) +?' 7 . *'> (
* *
>&+B . ' 5r
4s ft *' *(7& . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*7+? . '
f
T
k
start the solution process !y "uessin" the surface temperature to !e *+'3 for the e-aluation of the
characteristic len"th in this case is the outer iameter of the furnace, ft. ( D L
c
Then,
*'
& & 6
6 -* &
&
6
*' BB* . 6 ) >&+B . ' (
) 4s ft *' *(7& . ' (
) ft ( )( 2 >7 *+' )( 2 ''*>?& . ' )( ft4s & . 6& (
5r
) (

D T T g
Ra
s
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
( . 6>?
>&+B . ' 4 77B . ' *
) *' BB* . 6 ( 6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * *'
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
'
+
+
Ra
Nu
&
&
ft > . 6&? ) ft *6 )( ft ( (
3 . #tu4h.ft >&(> . ' ) ( . 6>? (
ft (
3 #tu4h.ft. '*7+? . '

DL A
Nu
D
k
h
s
The total rate of heat "enerate in the furnace is
#tu4h *' B6? . 6 #tu4therm) *'',''' ( therms4h) +( )( (& . ' (
?

gen
Q
,otin" that *J of the heat "enerate can !e issipate !y natural con-ection an raiation ,
#tu4h 6?' , 6B #tu4h) *' B6? . 6 )( '* . ' (
?
Q
The total rate of heat loss from the furnace !y natural con-ection an raiation can !e e.presse as
@ ) 2 +?' >7 ( )A .2 #tu4h.ft *' *>*+ . ' )( m > . 6&? )( (7 . ' (
)@ 2 +?' >7 ( )A ft > . 6&? ( 3) . #tu4h.ft >&(> . ' ( #tu4h 6?' , 6B
) ( ) (
+ + + & ( &
& &
+ +
+ +
+
+
s
s
surr s s s s
T
T
T T A T T hA Q
Its solution is
* !.8 2 ( . ?'*
s
T
which is -ery close to the assume -alue. Therefore, there is no nee to repeat calculations. The total
amount of heat loss an its cost urin" a-&('' hour perio is
#tu *' *'& . * h) &('' )( #tu4h 6?' , 6B (
(
t Q Q
total total

<28/ therm) 4 *7 . * )(I therm ''' , *'' 4 *' *'& . * ( Cost
(
*+-6+
L < *6 ft
3urnace
< '.*
0ir
T
< >73
D < ( ft
*+.1 0 "lass winow is consiere. The con-ection heat transfer coefficient on the inner sie of the
winow, the rate of total heat transfer throu"h the winow, an the com!ine natural con-ection an
raiation heat transfer coefficient on the outer surface of the winow are to !e etermine.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin" conitions e.ist. - 0ir is an
ieal "as with constant properties. . The local atmospheric
pressure is * atm.
)4& < (7;&7)4& < *7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''6+>& . '
= ) &>6 *7 (
* *
>6&6 . ' 5r
4s m *' +>' . *
C :4m. '&+>? . '
f
T
k
Analysis (a) The characteristic len"th in this case is the hei"ht of the winow, m. & . * L L
c
Then,
B
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' B(B . 6 ) >6&6 . ' (
) 4s m *' +>' . * (
) m & . * )( = 7 &7 )( = 6+>& ' . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

'
c s
L T T g
Ra
> . *(B
>6&6 . '
+B& . '
*
) *' B(B . 6 ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * B
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
&
m + . & m) m)(& & . * (
) > . *(B (
m & . *
C :4m. '&+>? . '

s
A
Nu
L
k
h C . .5m 0.1:
2
(b) The sum of the natural con-ection an raiation heat transfer from the room to the winow is
: B . *(> C ) 7 &7 )( m + . & )( C . :4m B*7 . 6 ( ) (
& &
con-ection

s s
T T hA Q

: 6 . &6+ @ ) = &>6 7 ( ) = &>6 &7 )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m + . & )( B . ' (
) (
+ + + & ( &
+ +
raiation
+ +

s surr s
T T A Q
. !22.2 + + 6 . &6+ B . *(>

raiation con-ection total
Q Q Q

(c) The outer surface temperature of the winow can !e etermine from
C ?7 . 6
) m + . & )( C :4m. >( . ' (
) m ''? . ' )( : & . +&& (
C 7 ) (
&
total
, , , , total

s
i s o s o s i s
s
kA
t Q
T T T T
t
kA
Q

Then the com!ine natural con-ection an raiation heat transfer coefficient on the outer winow surface !ecomes
C . .5m 20.0:
2

C )@ 7 ( ?7 . 6 )A m + . & (
: & . +&&
) (
or
) (
&
, ,
total
com!ine
, , com!ine total
o o s s
o o s s
T T A
Q
h
T T A h Q
,ote that R Q T

an thus the thermal resistance R of a layer is proportional to the temperature rop
across that layer. Therefore, the fraction of thermal resistance of the "lass is eCual to the ratio of the
temperature rop across the "lass to the o-erall temperature ifference,
+.7J) (or '+7 . '
) 7 ( &7
?7 . 6 7
total
"lass
total
"lass
TR
T
R
R
*+-67
Q
Lutoors
-7C
Glass
T
s
< 7C
< '.B
L < *.& m
2oom
T
< &7C
which is low. Thus it is reasona!le to ne"lect the thermal resistance of the "lass.
*+-6?
*+.2 0n insulate electric wire is e.pose to calm air. The temperature at the interface of the wire an the
plastic insulation is to !e etermine.
)4& < (7';6')4&

< +'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''6*B7 . '
= ) &>6 +' (
* *
>&77 . ' 5r
4s m *' >'& . *
C :4m. '&??& . '
f
T
k
start the solution process !y "uessin" the surface temperature to !e 7'C for the e-aluation of the
characteristic len"th in this case is the outer iameter of the insulate wire Lc < D # '.''? m. Then,
6 . 66B ) >&77 . ' (
) 4s m *' >'& . * (
) m ''? . ' )( = 6' 7' )( = ''6*B7 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
D T T g
Ra
s
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
*'* . &
>&77 . ' 4 77B . ' *
) 6 . 66B ( 6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
+
+
'
+
+
Ra
Nu
&
&
m &&?& . ' m) m)(*& ''? . ' (
C . :4m 6&> . B ) *'* . & (
m ''? . '
C :4m. '&??& . '

DL A
Nu
D
k
h
s
The rate of heat "eneration, an thus the rate of heat transfer is
: >' 0) F)(*' > ( $ Q ?
Consierin" !oth natural con-ection an raiation, the total rate of heat loss can !e e.presse as
@ ) = &>6 6' ( ) &>6 )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m &&?& . ' )( B . ' (
C ) 6' )( m &&? . ' )( C . :4m 6&> . B ( : >'
) ( ) (
+ + + & ( &
& &
+ +
+ + +

+
s
s
surr s s s s
T
T
T T A T T hA Q
Its solution is
C B . +B
s
T
which is -ery close to the assume -alue of 7'C. Then the temperature at the interface of the wire an the
plastic co-er in steay operation !ecomes

C :0.
+
) m *& )( C :4m. &' . ' ( &
) 6 4 ? ln( ) : >' (
; C B . +B
&
) 4 ln(
) (
) 4 ln(
&
* &
* &

kL
D D Q
T T T T
D D
kL
Q
s i s i

*+-6>
0ir
T
< 6'C
T
s

< '.B
L < *& m
D < ? mm
2esistance
heater
*+.3 0 steam pipe e.tene from one en of a plant to the other with no insulation on it. The rate of heat
loss from the steam pipe an the annual cost of those heat losses are to !e etermine.
)4& < (*>';&')4& < B7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''&>*> . '
= ) &>6 B7 (
* *
>*&& . ' 5r
4s m *' &7+ . &
C :4m. '6'? . '
f
T
k
Analysis The characteristic len"th in this case is the outer iameter of the pipe, m '.'?'6 D L
c
.
Then,

?
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' &&B . * ) >*&& . ' (
) 4s m *' &7+ . & (
) m '?'6 . ' )( = &' *>' )( = ''&>*> . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

D T T g
Ra
s
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
+* . *7
>*&& . ' 4 77B . ' *
) *' &&B . * ( 6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * ?
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
'
+
+
Ra
Nu
&
&
m 6> . ** m) m)(?' '?'6 . ' (
C . :4m (&* . > ) +* . *7 (
m '?'6 . '
C :4m. '6'? . '

DL A
Nu
D
k
h
s
Then the total rate of heat transfer !y natural con-ection an raiation !ecomes
;. 2/.!
+ + +

+
: &>,6B6
@ ) = &>6 &' ( ) = &>6 *>' )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m 6> . ** )( > . ' (
C ) &' *>' )( m 6> . ** )( C . :4m (&* . > (
) ( ) (
+ + + & ( &
& &
+ +
surr s s s s
T T A T T hA Q
The total amount of "as consumption an its cost urin" a one-year perio is
therms4yr +B( , *' s4h) 6?'' h4yr (>?' (
/H *'7,7''
therm *
>( . '
/H4s 6B6 . &>

,
_
t Q
Q
gas

<,::05yr therm) 4 *' . * )(I therms4yr +B( , *' ( Cost
*+-6(
9team
L < ?' m
D <?.'6 cm
T
s
< *>'C
< '.>
0ir
T
< &'C
*++4 &&6 5ro!. *+-6B is reconsiere. The !ff!1t of t6! #%&f/1! t!m"!&/t%&! of t6! #t!/m
"i"! on t6! &/t! of 6!/t $o## f&om t6! "i"! /nd t6! /nn%/$ 1o#t of t6i# 6!/t $o## i# to !e
in-esti"ate.
"GIVEN"
L=>0 [m]
=0.0>03 [m]
T_#=1;0 [C]
T_infinity=:0 [C]
!"#i$on=0.;
T_#%&&=T_infinity
!t/_f%&n/1!=0.;8
HnitCo#t=1.10 [-7t6!&m]
tim!=:4<3>5 [6]
"()*(E)TIE+"
,$%id-=./i&.
(&=(&/ndt$3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m5
&6o=!n#ity3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m4 (=101.35
n%=m%7&6o
8!t/=173T_fi$m9:;35
==D.80; [m7#?:] A=&/2it/tion/$ /11!$!&/tion"
"ENELF+I+"
d!$t/=
)/=3=<8!t/<3T_#'T_infinity5<d!$t/?357n%?:<(&
N%##!$t=30.>930.38;<)/?317>55731930.55D7(&5?3D71>55?387:;55?:
6=07d!$t/<N%##!$t
E="i<<L
Q_dot=6<E<3T_#'T_infinity59!"#i$on<E<#i=m/<33T_#9:;35?4'3T_#%&&9:;35?45
Q_=/#=3Q_dot<tim!57!t/_f%&n/1!<Con2!&t364 #5<Con2!&t3I4 0I5<Con2!&t30I4 t6!&m5
Co#t=Q_=/#<HnitCo#t
*+-6B
Ts 7,8 : 758 ,ost 7=8
*'' **?6? +B'7
*'7 *&7B+ 76'B
**' *67>> 7>&6
**7 *+7(7 ?*+(
*&' *7?*( ?7(+
*&7 *??>? >'6'
*6' *>>?' >+(?
*67 *((?B >B7+
*+' &'''+ (+6&
*+7 &**?? (B&&
*7' &&677 B+&6
*77 &67>' BB6?
*?' &+(*+ *'+?'
*?7 &?'(7 *'BB?
*>' &>6(7 **7+6
*>7 &(>*6 *&*'6
*(' 6''>* *&?>?
*(7 6*+7B *6&?*
*B' 6&(>> *6(7B
*B7 6+6&> *++>'
&'' 67('> *7'B+
100 120 140 160 180 200
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
T
s
2C3
6

2
.
3
C
o
s
t

2
<
3
6
Cost
*+-+'
*++* 0 steam pipe e.tene from one en of a plant to the other. It is propose to insulate the steam pipe for
I>7'. The simple pay!ac/ perio of the insulation to pay for itself from the ener"y it sa-es are to !e etermine.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin" conitions e.ist. - 0ir is an
ieal "as with constant properties. . The local atmospheric
pressure is * atm.
)4& < (67;&')4& <

&>.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''66&( . '
= ) &>6 7 . &> (
* *
>&(B . ' 5r
4s m *' 7(+ . *
C :4m. '&7> . '
f
T
k
Analysis Insulation will rop the outer surface temperature to a -alue close to the am!ient temperature. The
solution of this pro!lem reCuires a trial-an-error approach since the etermination of the 2aylei"h num!er an
thus the ,usselt num!er epens on the surface temperature which is un/nown. :e start the solution process !y
"uessin" the outer surface temperature to !e 67C for the e-aluation of the properties an h. :e will chec/ the
accuracy of this "uess later an repeat the calculations if necessary. The characteristic len"th in this case is the
outer iameter of the insulate pipe, m. *?'6 . ' D L
c
Then,
?
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' (7? . 7 ) >&(B . ' (
) 4s m *' 7(+ . * (
) m *?'6 . ' )( = &' 67 )( = ''66&( . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

D T T g
Ra
s
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
&6 . &+
>&(B . ' 4 77B . ' *
) *' (7? . 7 ( 6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * ?
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
'
+
+
Ra
Nu
&
&
m && . 6' m) m)(?' *?'6 . ' (
C . :4m ((+ . 6 ) &6 . &+ (
m *?'6 . '
C :4m. '&7> . '

DL A
Nu
D
k
h
s
Then the total rate of heat loss from the outer surface of the insulate pipe !y con-ection an raiation !ecomes
: &'6B
@ ) = &>6 &' ( ) = &>6 67 )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m && . 6' )( * . ' ( ;
C ) &' 67 )( m && . 6' )( C . :4m ((+ . 6 (
) ( ) (
+ + + & ( &
& &
+ +

+ +

+ +

T T A T T hA Q Q Q

In steay operation, the heat lost from the e.pose surface of the insulation !y con-ection an raiation must !e
eCual to the heat conucte throu"h the insulation. This reCuirement "i-es the surface temperature to !e
) m ?' )( C :4m. '6( . ' ( &
) '6 . ? 4 '6 . *? ln(
C ) *>' (
: &'6B
&
) 4 ln(
* &
. .
insulation

s s i s
ins
s i s
T
kL
D D
T T
R
T T
Q Q

It "i-es 6'.(C for the surface temperature, which is somewhat ifferent than the assume -alue of 67C.
2epeatin" the calculations with other surface temperatures "i-es
: *B(( an C 6 . 6+ Q T
s

Heat loss an its cost without insulation was etermine in the 5ro!. *+-6B to !e &>.6(( /: an I**,77'. Then
the reuction in the heat losses !ecomes
/: +' . &7 B(( . * 6(( . &>
sa-e
Q
or &7.6((4&>.+' < '.B&> (B&.>J)

Therefore, the money sa-e !y insulation will !e '.B&>(I**,77'4yr) < =*4,144<yr which will pay for the cost of
I>7' in I>7'4(I*',?+'4yr)<'.'>'* year < -0 days.
*+-+*
9team
L < ?' m
D <*?.'6 cm
*>'C, < '.*
0ir
T
< &'C
Insulation
< '.*
*++- 0 circuit !oar containin" sCuare chips is mounte on a -ertical wall in a room. The surface
temperature of the chips is to !e etermine.
with constant properties. . The local atmospheric pressure is * atm. +
The heat transfer from the !ac/ sie of the circuit !oar is ne"li"i!le.
)4& < (67;&7)4& < 6'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''66 . '
= ) &>6 6' (
* *
>&(& . ' 5r
4s m *' ?'( . *
C :4m. '&7(( . '
f
T
k
start the solution process !y "uessin" the surface temperature to !e 67C for the e-aluation of the
characteristic len"th in this case is the hei"ht of the !oar, m. 7 . ' L L
c
Then,
(
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' *+' . * ) >&(& . ' (
) 4s m *' ?'( . * (
) m 7 . ' )( = &7 67 )( = ''66 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
>& . ?6
>&(& . '
+B& . '
*
) *' *+' . * ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * (
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
& &
&
m &7 . ' m) 7 . ' (
C . :4m 6' . 6 ) >& . ?6 (
m 7 . '
C :4m. '&7(( . '

s
A
Nu
L
k
h
@ ) = &>6 &7 ( ) = &>6 )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m &7 . ' )( > . ' (
C ) &7 )( m &7 . ' )( C . :4m 6' . 6 ( : ) *( . ' *&* (
) ( ) (
+ + + & ( &
& &
+ +
+ + +

+
s
s
surr s s s s
T
T
T T A T T hA Q
Its solution is
Ts < .0.-,
which is sufficiently close to the assume -alue in the e-aluation of properties an h. Therefore, there is no
nee to repeat calculations !y ree-aluatin" the properties an h at the new film temperature.
*+-+&
0ir
T
< &7C
T
surr
< &7C
5C#, T
s

< '.>
*&*'.*( :
L < 7' cm
*++. 0 circuit !oar containin" sCuare chips is positione hori8ontally in a room. The surface temperature
of the chips is to !e etermine for two orientations.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. + The heat transfer from the !ac/ sie of the circuit !oar is ne"li"i!le.
)4& < (67;&7)4& < 6'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''66 . '
= ) &>6 6' (
* *
>&(& . ' 5r
4s m *' ?'( . *
C :4m. '&7(( . '
f
T
k
start the solution process !y "uessin" the surface temperature to !e 67C for the e-aluation of the
properties an h. The characteristic len"th for !oth cases is etermine from
m. *&7 . '
m)@ 7 . ' ( ; m) 7 . ' &A(
m) 7 . ' (
&

p
A
L
s
c

Then,
?
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' >(* . * ) >&(& . ' (
) 4s m *' ?'( . * (
) m *&7 . ' )( = &7 67 )( = ''66 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

c s
L T T g
Ra
(a) Chips (hot surface) facin" up$
>6 . *B ) *' >(* . * ( 7+ . ' 7+ . '
+ 4 * ? + 4 *
Ra Nu
& &
&
m &7 . ' m) 7 . ' (
C . :4m '( . + ) >6 . *B (
m *&7 . '
C :4m. '&7(( . '

s
c
A
Nu
L
k
h
@ ) = &>6 &7 ( ) = &>6 )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m &7 . ' )( > . ' (
C ) &7 )( m &7 . ' )( C . :4m '( . + ( : ) *( . ' *&* (
) ( ) (
+ + + & ( &
& &
+ +
+ + +

+
s
s
surr s s s s
T
T
T T A T T hA Q
Its solution is Ts < ./.-,

which is sufficiently close to the assume -alue. Therefore, there is no nee to repeat calculations.
(b) Chips (hot surface) facin" up$
(?6 . B ) *' >(* . * ( &> . ' &> . '
+ 4 * ? + 4 *
Ra Nu
C . :4m '+ . & ) (?6 . B (
m *&7 . '
C :4m. '&7(( . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
c
@ ) = &>6 &7 ( ) = &>6 )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m &7 . ' )( > . ' (
C ) &7 )( m &7 . ' )( C . :4m '+ . & ( : ) *( . ' *&* (
) ( ) (
+ + + & ( &
& &
+ +
+ + +

+
s
s
surr s s s s
T
T
T T A T T hA Q
Its solution is Ts < .2..,

*+-+6
0ir
T
< &7C
T
surr
< &7C
5C#, T
s

< '.>
*&*'.*( :
L < 7' cm
which is ientical to the assume -alue in the e-aluation of properties an h. Therefore, there is no nee to
repeat calculations.
*+-++
*+++ ,@ &&6 It is propose that the sie surfaces of a cu!ic inustrial furnace !e insulate for I77' in
orer to reuce the heat loss !y B' percent. The thic/ness of the insulation an the pay!ac/ perio of the
insulation to pay for itself from the ener"y it sa-es are to !e etermine.
)4& < (**';6')4& < >'C are

(Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''&B*7 . '
= ) &>6 >' (
* *
>*>> . ' 5r
4s m *' BB7 . *
C :4m. '&((* . '
f
T
k
Analysis The characteristic len"th in this case is the hei"ht of the furnace, m. & L L
c
Then,
*'
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' 6'* . 6 ) >*>> . ' (
) 4s m *' BB7 . * (
) m & )( = 6' **' )( = ''&B*7 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
& . 6?B
>*>> . '
+B& . '
*
) *' 6'* . 6 ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * *'
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
& &
&
m *? ) m & ( +
C . :4m 6*( . 7 ) & . 6?B (
m &
C :4m. '&((* . '

s
c
A
Nu
L
k
h
Then the heat loss !y com!ine natural con-ection an raiation !ecomes
: **B , *7
@ ) = &>6 6' ( ) = &>6 **' )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m *? )( > . ' (
C ) 6' **' )( m *? )( C . :4m 6*( . 7 (
) ( ) (
+ + + & ( &
& &
+ +
+ + +

+
surr s s s s
T T A T T hA Q
,otin" that insulation will reuce the heat losses !y B'J, the rate of heat loss after insulation will !e
: *7*& : **B , *7 * . ' ) B . ' * (
: ?'> , *6 : **B , *7 B . ' B . '
insulation no loss
insulation no sa-e

Q Q
Q Q

The furnace operates continuously an thus (>?' h. Then the amount of ener"y an money the insulation
will sa-e !ecomes
therms4yr 7&*7 s4yr) 6?'' ((>?'
/H *'7,7''
therm *
>( . '
/H4s ?'> . *6
sa-e Dner"y
,
_
t Q
saved

I&(?( ) therm 4 77 . ' )(I therms 7&*7 ( < ener"y) of cost t sa-e)(Kni Dner"y ( sa-e Money
Therefore, the money sa-e !y insulation will pay for the cost of I77' in
77'4(I&(?(4yr)<'.*B*( yr < 14 days.
*+-+7
Hot "ases
T
< 6'C
3urnace
T
s
< **'C
< '.>
& m
& m
Insulation will lower the outer surface temperature, the 2aylei"h an ,usselt num!ers, an thus the
con-ection heat transfer coefficient. 3or the e-aluation of the heat transfer coefficient, we assume the
surface temperature in this case to !e 7'C. The properties of air at the film temperature of (Ts;T
)4& <
(7';6')4& < +'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''6*B7 . '
= ) &>6 +' (
* *
>&77 . ' 5r
4s m *' >'& . *
C :4m. '&??& . '
f
T
k
Then,
*'
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' &7? . * ) >&77 . ' (
) 4s m *' >'& . * (
) m & )( = 6' 7' )( = ''6*B7 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
' . &>&
>&77 . '
+B& . '
*
) *' &7? . * ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * *'
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
C . :4m ?&' . 6 ) ' . &>& (
m &
C :4m. '&??& . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
m ) & m)(& & ( +
insul s
t A +
The total rate of heat loss from the outer surface of the insulate furnace !y con-ection an raiation
!ecomes
@ ) = &>6 6' ( ) = &>6 )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 ( ) > . ' ( ;
C ) 6' ( C) . :4m ?&' . 6 ( : *7*&
) ( ) (
+ + + & (
&
+ +
+ +

+ +
s
s
T A
T A
T T A T T hA Q Q Q

In steay operation, the heat lost !y the sie surfaces of the pipe must !e eCual to the heat lost from the
throu"h the insulation. Therefore,
insul
s
s
ins
s
s insulation
t
T
A
t
T T
kA Q Q
C ) (**'
C) :4m. '6( . ' ( : *7*&
) (
furnace

9ol-in" the two eCuations a!o-e !y trial-an error (or !etter yet, an eCuation sol-er) "i-es
Ts < +*.*C an tinsul # '.'&(7 m < -.2/ cm
*+-+?
*++/ 0 cylinrical propane tan/ is e.pose to calm am!ient air. The propane is slowly -apori8e ue to a
crac/ e-elope at the top of the tan/. The time it will ta/e for the tan/ to empty is to !e etermine.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. + 2aiation heat transfer
is ne"li"i!le.
)4& < (-+&;&7)4& < -(.7C are

(Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''6>(* . '
= ) &>6 7 . ( (
* *
>6(6 . ' 5r
4s m *' &?7 . *
C :4m. '&&BB . '
f
T
k
Analysis The tan/ "ains heat throu"h its cylinrical surface as well as its circular en surfaces. 3or
con-enience, we ta/e the heat transfer coefficient at the en surfaces of the tan/ to !e the same as that of its
sie surface. (The alternati-e is to treat the en surfaces as a -ertical plate, !ut this will ou!le the amount
of calculations without pro-iin" much impro-ement in accuracy since the area of the en surfaces is much
smaller an it is circular in shape rather than !ein" rectan"ular). The characteristic len"th in this case is the
outer iameter of the tan/, m. 7 . * D L
c
Then,
*'
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' (?B . 6 ) >6(6 . ' (
) 4s m *' &?7 . * (
) m 7 . * @( = ) +& ( &7 )A( = ''6>(* . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

D T T g
Ra
s
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
* . 6>+
>6(6 . ' 4 77B . ' *
) *' (?B . 6 ( 6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * *'
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
'
+
+
Ra
Nu
& & &
&
m 6( . && + 4 m) 7 . * ( & ) m + )( m 7 . * ( + 4 &
C . :4m >66 . 7 ) * . 6>+ (
m 7 . *
C :4m. '&&BB . '
+ +

D DL A
Nu
D
k
h
s
an
: (7B( C )@ +& ( &7 )A( m 6( . && )( C . :4m >66 . 7 ( ) (
& &

s s
T T hA Q
The total mass an the rate of e-aporation of propane are

/"4s '&'&6 . '
/H4/" +&7
/H4s 7B( . (
/" +*'> ) m + (
+
) m 7 . * (
) /"4m 7(* (
+
&
6
&

fg
h
Q
m
L
D
m

V
an it will ta/e
hours /0.+ s BB? , &'&
/"4s '&'&6 . '
/" +*'>
m
m
t
for the propane tan/ to empty.

*+-+>
D < *.7 m
L < + m
5ropane tan/
'
T
s
< -+&C
0ir
T
< &7C
*++0& The a-era"e surface temperature of a human hea is to !e etermine when it is not co-ere.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. + The hea can !e appro.imate as a *&-in.-iameter sphere.
Properties The solution of this pro!lem reCuires a trial-an-error approach since the etermination of the
start the solution process !y "uessin" the surface temperature to !e B'3 for the e-aluation of the
properties of air at * atm an the anticipate film temperature of (Ts;T
)4& < (B';>')4& < ('3 are (Ta!le

0-&&D)
* -
& +
2 ''*(7& . '
2 ) +?' (' (
* *
>&B' . ' 5r
4s ft *' ?B> . *
3 #tu4h.ft. '*+(* . '
f
T
k
Analysis The characteristic len"th for a spherical

o!Mect is Lc < D < *&4*& < * ft. Then,
>
& & +
6 -* &
&
6
*' '*B . 6 ) >&B' . ' (
) 4s ft *' ?B> . * (
) ft * )( 2 >' B' )( 2 ''*(7& . ' )( ft4s & . 6& (
5r
) (

D T T g
Ra
s
>B . 67
>&B' . '
+?B . '
*
) *' '*B . 6 ( 7(B . '
&
5r
+?B . '
*
7(B . '
&
B 4 +
*? 4 B
+ 4 * >
B 4 +
*? 4 B
+ 4 *
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+
Ra
Nu
& & &
&
ft *+& . 6 ) ft * (
3 . #tu4h.ft 76'' . ' ) >B . 67 (
ft *
3 #tu4h.ft. '*+(* . '

D A
Nu
D
k
h
s
Consierin" !oth natural con-ection an raiation, the total rate of heat loss can !e written as
@ ) 2 +?' >' ( ) 2 +?' )A( .2 #tu4h.ft *' *>*+ . ' )( ft *+& . 6 )( B . ' (
3 ) >' )( ft *+& . 6 ( 3) . #tu4h.ft 76'' . ' ( #tu4h) + 4 &+' (
) ( ) (
+ + + & ( &
& &
+ +
+ + +

+
s
s
surr s s s s
T
T
T T A T T hA Q
Its solution is
Ts < 2-.39
which is sufficiently close to the assume -alue in the e-aluation of the properties an h. Therefore, there is
no nee to repeat calculations.
*+-+(
0ir
T
< >'3
Hea
Q < N &+' #tu4h
D < *& in
< '.B
*++1 The eCuili!rium temperature of a li"ht "lass !ul! in a room is to !e etermine.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. + The li"ht !ul! is appro.imate as an (-cm-iameter sphere.
Properties The solution of this pro!lem reCuires a trial-an-error approach since the etermination of the
start the solution process !y "uessin" the surface temperature to !e *>'C for the e-aluation of the
properties of air at * atm an the anticipate film temperature of (Ts;T
)4& < (*>';&7)4& < B>.7C are

(Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''&?BB . '
= ) &>6 7 . B> (
* *
>**? . ' 5r
4s m *' &>B . &
C :4m. '6'>> . '
f
T
k
Analysis The characteristic len"th in this case is

Lc < D < '.'( m. Then,
?
& & 7
6 * - &
&
6
*' ?B+ . & ) >**? . ' (
) 4s m *' &>B . & (
) m '( . ' )( = &7 *>' )( = ''&?BB . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

D T T g
Ra
s

( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
+& . &'
>**? . ' 4 +?B . ' *
) *' ?B+ . & ( 7(B . '
&
5r 4 +?B . ' *
7(B . '
&
B 4 +
*? 4 B
+ 4 * ?
B 4 +
*? 4 B
+ 4 *
+
+
+
Ra
Nu
Then
& & &
&
m '&'** . ' m) '( . ' (
C . :4m (7+ . > ) +& . &' (
m '( . '
C :4m. '6'>> . '

D A
Nu
D
k
h
s
Consierin" !oth natural con-ection an raiation, the total rate of heat loss can !e written as
@ ) = &>6 &7 ( ) &>6 )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m '&'** . ' )( B . ' (
C ) &7 )( m '&'** . ' )( C . :4m (7+ . > ( : ) ?' B' . ' (
) ( ) (
+ + + & ( &
& &
+ +
+ + +

+
s
s
surr s s s s
T
T
T T A T T hA Q
Its solution is
Ts < *03.+,
which is sufficiently close to the -alue assume in the e-aluation of properties an h. Therefore, there is no
nee to repeat calculations.
*+-+B
0ir
T
< &7C
)amp
?' :
< '.B
D < ( cm
)i"ht
? :
*++2 0 -ertically oriente cylinrical hot water tan/ is locate in a !athroom. The rate of heat loss from
the tan/ !y natural con-ection an raiation is to !e etermine.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. + The temperature of the outer surface of the tan/ is constant.
of (Ts;T
)4& < (++;&')4& < 6&C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''6&>B . '
= ) &>6 6& (
* *
>&>? . ' 5r
4s m *' ?&> . *
C :4m. '&?'6 . '
f
T
k
Analysis The characteristic len"th in this case is the hei"ht of

the cyliner,
m. * . * L L
c
Then,
B
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' ((6 . 6
) 4s m *' ?&> . * (
) m * . * )( = &' ++ )( = ''6&>B . ' )( m4s (* . B ( ) (
Gr
L T T g
s
0 -ertical cyliner can !e treate as a -ertical plate when
m *7+& . '
) *' ((6 . 6 (
m) * . * ( 67
Gr
67
m) + . ' (
+ 4 * B *4+

L
D
which is satisfie. That is, the ,usselt num!er relation for a -ertical plate can !e use for the sie surfaces.
3or the top an !ottom surfaces we use the rele-ant ,usselt num!er relations. 3irst, for the sie surfaces,
B B
*' (&7 . & ) >&>? . ' )( *' ((6 . 6 ( Gr5r 2a
& . *>'
>&>? . '
+B& . '
*
) *' (&7 . & ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * B
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
&
&
m 6(& . * ) m * . * )( m + . ' (
C . :4m '&> . + ) & . *>' (
m * . *
C :4m. '&?'6 . '

DL A
Nu
L
k
h
s
: ? . *66 C ) &' ++ )( m 6(& . * )( C . :4m '&> . + ( ) (
& &
sie

T T hA Q
s s
3or the top surface,

m * . '
+
m + . '
+
+ 4
&

D
D
D
p
A
L
s
c
?
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' *&6 . & ) >&>? . ' (
) 4s m *' ?&> . * (
) m * . ' )( = &' ++ )( = ''6&>B . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
2a
c s
L T T g
?* . &' ) *' *&6 . & ( 7+ . ' 2a 7+ . ' ,u
+ 4 * ? + 4 *

& & &
&
m *&7> . ' + 4 ) m + . ' ( + 4
C . :4m 6?7 . 7 ) ?* . &' (
m * . '
C :4m. '&?'6 . '

D A
Nu
L
k
h
s
c
: & . *? C ) &' ++ )( m *&7> . ' )( C . :4m 6?7 . 7 ( ) (
& &
top

T T hA Q
s s
*+-7'
0ir
T
< &'C
Tan/
T
s
< ++C
< '.+
L < *.* m
D < '.+ m
3or the !ottom surface,
6* . *' ) *' *&6 . & ( &> . ' 2a &> . ' ,u
+ 4 * ? + 4 *

C . :4m ?(6 . & ) 6* . *' (
m * . '
C :4m. '&?'6 . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
c
: * . ( C ) &' ++ )( m *&7> . ' )( C . :4m ?(6 . & ( ) (
& &
!ottom

T T hA Q
s s
The total heat loss !y natural con-ection is

5 */1.3 + + + + * . ( & . *? ? . *66
!ottom top sie con-
Q Q Q Q

The raiation heat loss from the tan/ is
[ ]
5 *4*.*
+ + + +

+ + + & ( &
+ +
ra
) = &>6 &' ( ) = &>6 ++ ( ) .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m *&7> . ' *&7> . ' 6(& . * )( + . ' (
) (
surr s s
T T A Q
*+-7*
*++3 0 rectan"ular container fille with col water is "ainin" heat from its surrounin"s !y natural
con-ection an raiation. The water temperature in the container after a 6 hours an the a-era"e rate of heat
transfer are to !e etermine.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. + The heat transfer coefficient at the top an !ottom surfaces is the same as
that on the sie surfaces.
)4& < (*';&+)4& < *>C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''6++( . '
= ) &>6 *> (
* *
>6*> . ' 5r
4s m *' +(B . *
C :4m. '&+B* . '
f
T
k
The properties of water at &C are (Ta!le 0-*7)

C H4/". +&*+ an /"4m *'''
6

p
c
Analysis :e first e-aluate the heat transfer coefficient on the sie surfaces. The characteristic len"th in this
case is the hei"ht of the container,
m. &( . ' L L
c
Then,
>
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' *66 . * ) >6*> . ' (
) 4s m *' +(B . * (
) m &( . ' )( = *' &+ )( = ''6++( . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
2a
L T T g
s
7& . 6'
>6*> . '
+B& . '
*
) *' *66 . * ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * >
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
C . :4m &&+ . + ) 7& . 6' (
m &( . '
C :4m. '&+B* . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
&
m '.&??+ < ) *( . ' *( . ' *( . ' &( . ' *( . ' &( . ' ( & + +
s
A
The rate of heat transfer can !e e.presse as
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+
1
]
1
,
_
+

1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+
,
_
+
+

+
& + + & ( - &
& & &
+
& * +
surr
& *
ra con-
&
&>7
- &B> ) .= :4m *' )(7.?> m ?+ ('.?)('.&?
&
&>7
- &B> ) m C)('.&??+ . :4m &&+ . + (
& &
T
T
T T
T A
T T
T hA Q Q Q
s s

(DC. *)
where (T*; T&)4& is the a-era"e temperature of water (or the container surface). The mass of water in the
container is
/" .'>& B '.*()m '.*( )('.&( /"4m *''' (
6 6
V m
Then the amount of heat transfer to the water is
&>7) - 6(,&&B( < C &>7) - C)( H4/". /")(+&*+ '>& . B ( ) (
& & * &
T T T T mc Q
p

*+-7&
0ir
T
< &+C
Container
T
s

< '.?
The a-era"e rate of heat transfer can !e e.presse as
&>7) - ( 76B>? . 6
s ?'' 6 6
&>7) - ( &&B , 6(
&
&
T
T
t
Q
Q
(DC. &)
9ettin" DC. * an DC. & eCual to each other, we o!tain the final water temperature.
, **.1 = > . &(+
&
T
:e coul repeat the solution usin" air properties at the new film temperature usin" this -alue to increase
the accuracy. Howe-er, this woul only affect the heat transfer -alue somewhat, which woul not ha-e
si"nificant effect on the final water temperature. The a-era"e rate of heat transfer can !e etermine from
DC. &
5 .+.. &) (**.> 76B>? . 6 Q
*+-76
*+/4 &&6 5ro!. *+-+B is reconsiere. The G/t!& t!m"!&/t%&! in t6! 1ont/in!& /# / f%n1tion
of t6! 6!/tin= tim! i# to !e plotte.
"GIVEN"
6!i=6t=0.:8 [m]
L=0.18 [m]
G=0.18 [m]
T_infinity=:4 [C]
T_G1=: [C]
!"#i$on=0.>
T_#%&&=T_infinity
tim!=3 [6]
"()*(E)TIE+"
,$%id-=./i&.
(&=(&/ndt$3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m5
&6o=!n#ity3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m4 (=101.35
n%=m%7&6o
8!t/=173T_fi$m9:;35
T_fi$m=17:<3T_G_/2!9T_infinity5
T_G_/2!=17:<3T_G19T_G:5
&6o_G=!n#ity3G/t!&4 T=T_G_/2!4 (=101.35
1_"_G=C(3G/t!&4 T=T_G_/2!4 (=101.35<Con2!&t30I70='C4 I70='C5
==D.80; [m7#?:] A=&/2it/tion/$ /11!$!&/tion"
"ENELF+I+"
d!$t/=6!i=6t
)/=3=<8!t/<3T_infinity'T_G_/2!5<d!$t/?357n%?:<(&
N%##!$t=0.5D<)/?0.:5
6=07d!$t/<N%##!$t
E=:<36!i=6t<L96!i=6t<G9G<L5
Q_dot=6<E<3T_infinity'T_G_/2!59!"#i$on<E<#i=m/<33T_#%&&9:;35?4'
3T_G_/2!9:;35?45
m_G=&6o_G<V_G
V_G=6!i=6t<L<G
Q=m_G<1_"_G<3T_G:'T_G15
Q_dot=Q73tim!<Con2!&t364 #55
*+-7+
time 7h8 Tw- 7,8
'.7 +.'*6
* 7.(6>
*.7 >.+B?
& B.'*6
&.7 *'.+*
6 **.?B
6.7 *&.((
+ *6.B(
+.7 *7
7 *7.B?
7.7 *?.(7
? *>.?B
?.7 *(.+(
> *B.&&
>.7 *B.B&
( &'.7B
(.7 &*.&*
B &*.(*
B.7 &&.6>
*' &&.B*
0 2 4 6 8 10
2.5
7
11.5
16
20.5
25
time 2h3
T
=
2

2
C
3

*+-77
*+/* 0 room is to !e heate !y a cylinrical coal-!urnin" sto-e. The surface temperature of the sto-e an
the amount of coal !urne urin" a *+-h perio are to !e etermine.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. + The temperature of the outer surface of the sto-e is constant. / The heat
transfer from the !ottom surface is ne"li"i!le. 0 The heat transfer coefficient at the top surface is the same
as that on the sie surface.
)4& < (*6';&+)4& < >>C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''&(7> . '
= ) &>6 >> (
* *
>*?* . ' 5r
4s m *' '?? . &
C :4m. '&B6* . '
f
T
k

hei"ht of the cylinir, m. > . ' L L
c
Then,
B
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' 6(> . &
) 4s m *' '?? . & (
) m >' . ' )( = &+ *6' )( = ''&(7> . ' )( m4s (* . B ( ) (
Gr
L T T g
s
0 -ertical cyliner can !e treate as a -ertical plate when
m **'( . '
) *' 6(> . & (
m) > . ' ( 67
Gr
67
m) 6& . ' (
+ 4 * B *4+

L
D
which is satisfie. That is, the ,usselt num!er relation for a -ertical plate can !e use for sie surfaces.
B B
*' >'B . * ) >*?* . ' )( *' 6(> . & ( Gr5r 2a
& . *+7
>*?* . '
+B& . '
*
) *' >'B . * ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * B
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
& & &
&
m >(+* . ' + 4 ) m 6& . ' ( ) m > . ' )( m 6& . ' ( + 4
C . :4m '(' . ? ) & . *+7 (
m > . '
C :4m. '&B6* . '
+ +

D DL A
Nu
L
k
h
s
Then the surface temperature of the sto-e is etermine from
C !8.8
+

+ +

= ? . +*B
) &(> )( .= :4m *' )(7.?> m (+* ('.(7)('.>
) &B> )( m C)('.>(+* . :4m '(' . ? ( : *7''
) ( ) (
+ + + & ( - &
& &
+
surr
+
ra con-
s
s
s
s s s s
T
T
T
T T A T T hA Q Q Q

The amount of coal use is etermine from
;g 0.88

/H4/" 6','''
/H)4'.?7 (>7,?'' 4
/H >7,?'' < s4h) 6?'' h4ay /H4s)(*+ 7 . * (
coal
%V
Q
m
t Q Q
*+-7?
0ir
T
< &+C
9to-e
T
s

< '.(7
L <'.> m
D < '.6& m
*+/- :ater in a tan/ is to !e heate !y a spherical heater. The heatin" time is to !e etermine.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin" conitions e.ist. - The temperature of the outer surface of the sphere is
constant.
Properties Ksin" the a-era"e temperature for water (*7;+7)4&<6'C
as the flui temperature, the properties of water at the film
)4& < ((7;6')4& < 7>.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* - 6
& ?
= *' 7'* . '
*& . 6 5r
4s m *' +B6 . '
C :4m. ?7*7 . '
k
0lso, the properties of water at 6'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)
C H4/". +*>( an /"4m BB?
6

p
c
Analysis The characteristic len"th in this case is Lc < D < '.'? m. Then,
(
& & ?
6 -* 6 &
&
6
*' +B7 . > ) *& . 6 (
) 4s m *' +B6 . ' (
) m '? . ' )( = 6' (7 )( = *' 7'* . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
2a
D T T g
s
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
++ . (>
*& . 6 4 +?B . ' *
) *' +B7 . > ( 7(B . '
&
5r 4 +?B . ' *
7(B . '
&
B 4 +
*? 4 B
+ 4 * (
B 4 +
*? 4 B
+ 4 *
+
+
+
Ra
Nu
& & &
&
m '**6* . ' m) '? . ' (
C . :4m 7 . B+B ) ++ . (> (
m '? . '
C :4m. ?7*7 . '

D A
Nu
D
k
h
s
The rate of heat transfer !y con-ection is
: ? . 7B' ) 6' )((7 m C)('.'**6* . :4m 7 . B+B ( ) (
& &
con-

T T hA Q
s s
The mass of water in the container is

/" .(+ 6B ) m )('.'+' /"4m BB? (
6 6
V m
The amount of heat transfer to the water is
H *' +.BB+ < C *7) - C)(+7 H4/". /")(+*>( (+ . 6B ( ) (
?
* &
T T mc Q
p

Then the time the heater shoul !e on !ecomes
hours 2.0:
s (+7?
H4s 7B'.?
H *' +.BB+
?
Q
Q
t

*+-7>
:ater
T
,a-"
< 6'C
2esistance
heater
T
s
< (7C
D < ? cm
D < ? cm
"atural Con,ection from *inned -urfaces and (C4s
*+/., 3inne surfaces are freCuently use in practice to enhance heat transfer !y pro-iin" a lar"er heat
transfer surface area. 3inne surfaces are referre to as heat sin/s in the electronics inustry since they
pro-ie a meium to which the waste heat "enerate in the electronic components can !e transferre
effecti-ely.
*+/+, 0 heat sin/ with closely pac/e fins will ha-e "reater surface area for heat transfer, !ut smaller
heat transfer coefficient !ecause of the e.tra resistance the aitional fins introuce to flui flow throu"h
the interfin passa"es.
*+//, 2emo-in" some of the fins on the heat sin/ will ecrease heat transfer surface area, !ut will
increase heat transfer coefficient. The ecrease on heat transfer surface area more than offsets the increase
in heat transfer coefficient, an thus heat transfer rate will ecrease. In the secon case, the ecrease on
heat transfer coefficient more than offsets the increase in heat transfer surface area, an thus heat transfer
rate will a"ain ecrease.
*+/0 0n aluminum heat sin/ of rectan"ular profile oriente -ertically is use to cool a power transistor.
The a-era"e natural con-ection heat transfer coefficient is to !e etermine.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin"
conitions e.ist. - 0ir is an ieal "as with
constant properties. . 2aiation heat
transfer from the sin/ is ne"li"i!le. + The
entire sin/ is at the !ase temperature.
Analysis The total surface area of
the heat sin/ is
&
&
&
m '&*+?7 . ' ''?(67 . ' '*+?6 . '
m ''?(67 . ' ) m '>?& . ' )( m '6*> . ' ( ) m '>?& . ' )( m '*+7 . ' )( + (
m '*+?6 . ' ) m '>?& . ' )( m ''+( . ' )( & ( ) m '*7& . ' )( m '>?& . ' )( ? )( & ( &
+ +
+
+
unfinned fins total
unfinned
fins
A A A
A
nLb A
Then the a-era"e natural con-ection heat transfer coefficient !ecomes
C . .5m /.0
2

C ) && *&' )( m '&*+?7 . ' (

: *7
) (
) (
&
T T A
Q
h T T hA Q
s total
s total

*+-7(
b <*.7& cm
B.?( cm
5ower
transistor Heat sin/
*+/1 0luminum heat sin/s of rectan"ular profile oriente -ertically are use to cool a power transistor. 0
shrou is place -ery close to the tips of fins. The a-era"e natural con-ection heat transfer coefficient is to
!e etermine.
conitions e.ist. - 0ir is an ieal
"as with constant properties. 6
2aiation heat transfer from the
sin/ is ne"li"i!le. + The entire sin/
is at the !ase temperature.
Analysis The total surface area of
the shroue heat sin/ is
&
&
&
&
m '67+(? . ' '*+>7& . ' ''?(67 . ' '*6(B( . '
m '*+>7& . ' ) m '>?& . ' )( m 'B?( . ' )( & (
m ''?(67 . ' ) m '>?& . ' )( m '6*> . ' ( ) m '>?& . ' )( m '*+7 . ' )( + (
m '*6(B( . ' ) m '*7& . ' )( m '>?& . ' )( ? )( & ( &
+ + + +

+

shroud unfinned fins total
shroud
unfinned
fins
A A A A
A
A
nLb A
Then the a-era"e natural con-ection heat transfer coefficient !ecomes
C . .5m !.12
2

C ) && *'( )( m '67+(? . ' (

: *7
) (
) (
&
T T A
Q
h T T hA Q
s total
s total

*+-7B
b <*.7& cm
B.?( cm
5ower
transistor
Heat sin/
9hrou
*+/2& 0 heat sin/ with eCually space rectan"ular fins is to !e use to cool a hot surface. The optimum
fin spacin" an the rate of heat transfer from the heat sin/ are to !e etermine.
conitions e.ist. - 0ir is an ieal "as with
constant properties. . The atmospheric
pressure at that location is * atm. + The
thic/ness t of the fins is -ery small
relati-e to the fin spacin" & so that DCs.
*+-6& an *+-66 for optimum fin spacin"
are applica!le.
Properties The properties of air at * atm
an * atm an the film temperature of
(Ts;T
)4& < (*(';>()4&<*&B3 are (Ta!le

0-&&D)

* -
& 6
2 ''*?B( . '
2 ) +?' *&B (
* *
>&*> . ' 5r
4s ft *' *B>7 . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*7B> . '
f
T
k
Analysis The characteristic len"th in this case is the fin hei"ht, in. ( L L
c
Then,
>
& & 6
6 -* &
&
6
& *
*' '7( . 6 ) >&*> . ' (
) 4s ft *' *B>7 . ' (
) ft *& 4 ( )( 2 >( *(' )( 2 ''*?B( . ' )( ft4s & . 6& (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
The optimum fin spacin" is
in 0.212
ft '&+66 . '
) *' '7( . 6 (
ft *& 4 (
>*+ . & >*+ . &
+ 4 * > + 4 *
Ra
L
&
The heat transfer coefficient for this optimum spacin" case is
3 . #tu4h.ft (7>( . '
ft '&+66 . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*7B> . '
6'> . * 6'> . *
&

&
k
h
The num!er of fins an the total heat transfer surface area is
fins *?
'( . ' &B*? . '
?
t &
n
&
ft &.&&? < ft) *& 4 & . * ( ft) ('.'(4*& *? & ft) *& 4 ( ( ft) ('.'(4*& *?
ft) ft)(*.&4*& *& 4 ( ( *? & & &
+ +
+ + nt% ntL nL% A
s
Then the rate of natural con-ection heat transfer !ecomes
;tu<h *30

3 ) >( *(' )( ft &&? . & )( 3 . #tu4h.ft (?& . ' ( ) (
& &
T T hA Q
s s
Discussion If the fin hei"ht is isre"are, the num!er of fins an the rate of heat transfer !ecome
fins &*
&B*? . '
?

+
t s
n
&
ft &.( < ft) ft)(*.&4*& *& 4 ( ( &* & & nL% A
s
;tu<h -+/

3 ) >( *(' )( ft ( . & )( 3 . #tu4h.ft (7>( . ' ( ) (
& &
T T hA Q
s s
Therefore, the fin tip area is si"nificant in this case.

*+-?'
' < ? in
L < ( in
% < *.& in
&
*('3
T
< >(3
*+/3& &&6 5ro!. *+-7(D is reconsiere. The !ff!1t of t6! $!n=t6 of t6! fin# in t6! 2!&ti1/$
di&!1tion on t6! o"tim%m fin #"/1in= /nd t6! &/t! of 6!/t t&/n#f!& 8y n/t%&/$
1on2!1tion i# to !e in-esti"ate.
"GIVEN"
G_#=3>71:5 [ft]
J_#=3871:5 [ft]
T_infinity=;8 [,]
t_fin=30.0871:5 [ft]
L_fin=8 [in]
J_fin=31.:71:5 [ft]
T_#=180 [,]
"()*(E)TIE+"
,$%id-=./i&.
(&=(&/ndt$3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m5
&6o=!n#ity3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m4 (=14.;5
m%=Vi#1o#ity3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m5<Con2!&t3$8m7ft'64 $8m7ft'#5
n%=m%7&6o
8!t/=173T_fi$m94>05
==3:.: [ft7#?:] A=&/2it/tion/$ /11!$!&/tion"
"ENELF+I+"
L_fin_ft=L_fin<Con2!&t3in4 ft5
d!$t/=L_fin_ft
)/=3=<8!t/<3T_#'T_infinity5<d!$t/?357n%?:<(&
+_ft=:.;14<L_fin_ft7)/?0.:5
+=+_ft<Con2!&t3ft4 in5
6=1.30;<07+_ft
n_fin=G_#73+_ft9t_fin5
E=:<n_fin<L_fin_ft<J_fin9n_fin<t_fin<L_fin_ft9:<n_fin<t_fin<J_fin
Q_dot=6<E<3T_#'T_infinity5
)fin
7in8
6
7in8
:
7;tu<h8
& '.&'?7 B&.>6
&.7 '.&*(6 *'+.7
6 '.&&(7 **7.6
6.7 '.&6>7 *&7.6
+ '.&+77 *6+.>
+.7 '.&7&B *+6.?
7 '.&7B? *7&
7.7 '.&?7B *?'.*
? '.&>*> *?>.B
?.7 '.&>>& *>7.+
> '.&(&+ *(&.?
>.7 '.&(>6 *(B.?
( '.&B& *B?.6
(.7 '.&B?+ &'&.B
B '.6''> &'B.6
B.7 '.6'+( &*7.?
*+-?*
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.2
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.3
0.32
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
%
fin
2in3
-

2
i
n
3
6

2
4
t
u
5
h
3
-
6
*' '.6'(> &&*.>
*+-?&
*+04 0 heat sin/ with eCually space rectan"ular fins is to !e use to cool a hot surface. The optimum fin
hei"ht an the rate of heat transfer from the heat sin/ are to !e etermine.
conitions e.ist. - 0ir is an ieal "as
with constant properties. . The
atmospheric pressure at that location is
* atm.
Properties The properties of air at *
atm an * atm an the film
)4& < ((7;&7)4&

< 77C are (Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''6'+B . '
= ) &>6 77 (
* *
>&*7 . ' 5r
4s m *' (+> . *
C :4m. '&>>& . '
f
T
k
Analysis The characteristic len"th in this case is the hei"ht of the surface Lc # L # '.*( m. Then,
>
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' &*+ . & ) >&*7 . ' (
) 4s m *' (+> . * (
) m *( . ' )( = &7 (7 )( = ''6'+B . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
The optimum fin spacin" is
mm >.*&& m ''>*&& . '
) *' &*+ . & (
m *( . '
>*+ . & >*+ . &
+ 4 * > + 4 *

Ra
L
&
The heat transfer coefficient for this optimum fin spacin" case is
C . :4m '(> . 7
m ''>*&& . '
C :4m. '&>>& . '
6'> . * 6'> . *
&

&
k
h
The criteria for optimum fin hei"ht % in the literature is "i-en !y pk hA %
c
4 (not in the te.t) where
Ac4p t4& for rectan"ular fins. Therefore,
m 4.44.13

C) :4m. *>> ( &
m) C)('.''* . :4m '(> . 7 (
&
&
k
ht
%
The num!er of fins an the total heat transfer surface area is
fins &*
''>*&& . '
*7 . '

+
t &
n
&
m '.'&(?7 < m) m)('.''6>B *( . ' ( &* & & nL% A
s
Then the rate of natural con-ection heat transfer !ecomes
5 2.1/

C ) &7 (7 )( m '&(?7 . ' )( C . :4m '(> . 7 ( ) (
& &
T T hA Q
s s
*+-?6
' < *7 cm
L < *( cm
%
&
(7C
T
< &7C
"atural Con,ection inside Enclosures
*+0*, :e woul recommen puttin" the hot flui into the upper compartment of the container. In this
case no con-ection currents will e-elop in the enclosure since the li"hter (hot) flui will always !e on top
of the hea-ier (col) flui.
*+0-, :e woul isa"ree with this recommenation since the air space introuces some thermal
resistance to heat transfer. The thermal resistance of air space will !e 8ero only when the con-ection
coefficient approaches infinity, which is ne-er the case. Howe-er, when the air space is eliminate, so is its
thermal resistance.
*+0., Oes, i-iin" the air space into two compartments will retar air motion in the air space, an thus
slow own heat transfer !y natural con-ection. The -inyl sheet will also act as a raiation shiel an reuce
heat transfer !y raiation.
*+0+, The effecti-e thermal conucti-ity of an enclosure represents the enhancement on heat transfer as
result of con-ection currents relati-e to conuction. The ratio of the effecti-e thermal conucti-ity to the
orinary thermal conucti-ity yiels ,usselt num!er
k k Nu
eff
4
.
*+0/ Conuction thermal resistance of a
meium is e.presse as
) 4(kA L R
. Thermal
resistance of a rectan"ular enclosure can !e
e.presse !y replacin" L with characteristic
len"th of enclosure Lc, an thermal conucti-ity
k with effecti-e thermal conucti-ity eff
k
to
"i-e
) 4( ) 4( kNuA L A k L R
c eff c

*+-?+
L
c

A Q
*+00 The K-factors for the center-of-"lass section of a ou!le-pane winow an a triple-pane winow are
to !e etermine. 0lso, the percenta"e ecrease in total heat transfer when triple-pane winow is use is to
!e estimate.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin" conitions e.ist. - Heat transfer throu"h the winow is one-imensional. .
The thermal resistance of "lass sheets is ne"li"i!le.
Properties The thermal conucti-ity of air space is "i-en to !e '.'&7 :4mPC.
Analysis The con-ection heat transfer coefficient of the
air space is etermine from
C . :4m & ) & . * (
m '*7 . '
C :4m. '&7 . '
&
con-

Nu
L
k
h
,otin" that the raiation across the air space is of the same
ma"nitue as the con-ection, the com!ine heat transfer
coefficient of the space is
C . :4m + ) C . :4m & ( & &
& &
con- ra con- space
+ h h h h
Qisre"arin" the thermal resistance of "lass sheets, which
are small, the K-factor for the center re"ion of a ou!le
pane winow is etermine from
C . .5m 2.10
2
+ + + +
ou!le
space ou!le
&7
*
+
*
?
* * * * *
(
h h h (
o i
,otin" that there are two air spaces, the K-factor for triple-pane winow is
C . .5m .!:
2
+ + + + + +
triple
space space triple
&7
*
+
*
+
*
?
* * * * * *
(
h h h h (
o i
Consierin" that a!out >' percent of total heat transfer throu"h a winow is ue to center-of-"lass section,
the percenta"e ecrease in total heat transfer when triple-pane winow is use in place of ou!le-pane
winow is
2!.89
&+( . ' ) 67+ . ' )( >' . ' (

*B' . &
+*7 . * *B' . &
) >' . ' ( ) >' . ' ( Qecrease J
ou!le
triple ou!le
(
( (
That is, triple-pane winow ecreases the heat transfer throu"h the center re"ion !y 67.+ percent while the
ecrease for the entire winow is &+.( percent. The use of triple-pane winow is usually not Mustifie
economically e.cept for e.tremely col re"ions.
*+-?7
0ir
space
i
h
1
#"/1!
1
h
o
h
1
Glass
*7 mm
*+01 Two "lasses of a ou!le pane winow are maintaine at specifie temperatures. The fraction of heat
transferre throu"h the enclosure !y raiation is to !e etermine.
with constant properties. . The air pressure in the enclosure is * atm.
Properties The properties of air at * atm an the a-era"e temperature of
(T*;T&)4& < (&(';66?)4& < 6'( = < 67C are (Ta!le 0-&&D)
* -
& 7
= ''6&+> . '
= 6'(
* *
>&?( . ' 5r
4s m *' ?77 . *
C :4m. '&?&7 . '

f
T
k
Analysis The characteristic len"th in this case is the istance

!etween the two "lasses, Lc < L < '.+ m. Then,

(
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
& *
*' '&B . 6 ) >&?( . ' (
) 4s m *' ?77 . * (
) m + . ' )( = &(' 66? )( = ''6&+> . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

c
L
L T T g
Ra
The aspect ratio of the "eometry is %4L < *.74'.+ < 6.>7. 3or this -alue of %)L the ,usselt num!er can !e
etermine from
'' . 67
+ . '
7 . *
) *' '&B . 6 (
>&?( . ' & . '
>&?( . '
&& . '
5r & . '
5r
&& . '
+ 4 * &( . '
(
+ 4 * &( . '

,
_
,
_
+

,
_
,
_

L
%
Ra Nu
Then,
&
m 7 . + m) 6 ( m) 7 . * ( ' % A
s
: B . 7>(
m + . '
= ) &(' 66? (
) ft 7 . + )( '' . 67 )( C :4m. '&?&7 . ' (
& & *
con-

L
T T
kNuA Q
s
The effecti-e emissi-ity is

*+>7 . ' >>( . ? *
B' . '
*
*7 . '
*
*
* * *
ff
& * ff
+ +
e
e

The rate of heat transfer !y raiation is
: + . &+( @ ) = &(' ( =) 66? )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m 7 . + )( *+>7 . ' (
) (
+ + + & ( &
+
&
+
* eff ra

T T A Q
s

Then the fraction of heat transferre throu"h the enclosure !y raiation !ecomes
0.00
+
+ . &+( B . 7>(
+ . &+(
ra con-
ra
ra
Q Q
Q
f

*+-??
&(' = 66? =
L<'.+ m
% < *.7 m
Q
0ir
*+02& Two "lasses of a ou!le pane winow are maintaine at specifie temperatures. The rate of heat
transfer throu"h the winow !y natural con-ection an raiation, an the 2--alue of insulation are to !e
etermine.
with constant properties. . The air pressure in the enclosure is * atm.
(T*;T&)4& < (?7;+')4& < 7&.73 are (Ta!le 0-&&D)
* -
& 6
2 ''*B7* . '
2 ) +?' 7 . 7& (
* *
>66& . ' 5r
4s ft *' *7+( . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*+*7 . '
f
T
k
Analysis (a) The characteristic len"th in this case is the istance

!etween the two "lasses, Lc < L < * in. Then,
(&+ , &> ) >66& . ' (
) 4s ft *' *7+( . ' (
) ft *& 4 * )( 2 +' ?7 )( 2 ''*B7* . ' )( ft4s & . 6& (
5r
) (
& & 6
6 -* &
&
6
& *
c
L
L T T g
Ra
The aspect ratio of the "eometry is %4L < +*&4* < +( (which is a little o-er +', !ut still close enou"h for
an appro.imate analysis). 3or these -alues of %)L an 2aL, the ,usselt num!er can !e etermine from
?B& . *
ft *& 4 *
ft +
) >66& . ' ( ) (&+ , &> ( +& . ' 5r +& . '
6 . '
'*& . ' + 4 *
6 . '
'*& . ' + 4 *

,
_

,
_

L
%
Ra Nu
Then,
&
ft &+ ft) ? ( ft) + ( ' % A
s
4tu5h /2.!

ft ) *& 4 * (
3 ) +' ?7 (
) ft &+ )( ?B& . * )( 3 #tu4h.ft. '*+*7 . ' (
& & *
L
T T
kNuA Q
s
(b) The rate of heat transfer !y raiation is

;tu<h +/+.. + +

@ ) 2 +?' +' ( 2) +?' ?7 )A( .2 #tu4h.ft *' *>*+ . ' )( ft &+ )( (& . ' (
) (
+ + + & ( &
+
&
+
*
T T A Q
s rad

Then the total rate of heat transfer is

#tu4h > . ?&? 6 . +7+ + . *>& + +
rad convection total
Q Q Q

Then the effecti-e thermal conucti-ity of the air, which also accounts for the raiation effect an the R-
-alue !ecome
3 #tu4h.ft. '.'(>'+
3 ) +' ?7 )( ft &+ (
) ft *& 4 * )( #tu4h > . ?&? (
) (
&
& *
& *

T T A
L Q
k
L
T T
A k Q
s
eff s eff total

4.30 #
34#tu . h.ft '.B7>

3 #tu4h.ft. '.'(>'+
) ft *& 4 * (
&
eff
value
k
L
R
*+-?>
+'3 ?73
L <* in
% < + ft
Q
0ir
*+03& &&6 5ro!. *+-?(D is reconsiere. The !ff!1t of t6! /i& =/" t6i10n!## on t6! &/t!# of
6!/t t&/n#f!& 8y n/t%&/$ 1on2!1tion /nd &/di/tion4 /nd t6! R'2/$%! of in#%$/tion i# to !e
in-esti"ate.
"GIVEN"
J=4 [ft]
W=> [ft]
L=1 [in]
T_1=>5 [,]
T_:=40 [,]
!"#i$on_!ff=0.8:
"()*(E)TIE+"
,$%id-=./i&.
0=Cond%1ti2ity3,$%id-4 T=T_/2!5
(&=(&/ndt$3,$%id-4 T=T_/2!5
&6o=!n#ity3,$%id-4 T=T_/2!4 (=14.;5
m%=Vi#1o#ity3,$%id-4 T=T_/2!5<Con2!&t3$8m7ft'64 $8m7ft'#5
n%=m%7&6o
8!t/=173T_/2!94>05
T_/2!=17:<3T_19T_:5
==3:.: [ft7#?:]
#i=m/=0.1;14E'8 [Bt%76'ft?:')?4]
"ENELF+I+"
L_ft=L<Con2!&t3in4 ft5
)/=3=<8!t/<3T_1'T_:5<L_ft?357n%?:<(&
)/tio=J7L_ft
N%##!$t=0.4:<)/?0.:5<(&?0.01:<3J7L_ft5?3'0.35
E=J<W
Q_dot_1on2=0<N%##!$t<E<3T_1'T_:57L_ft
Q_dot_&/d=!"#i$on_!ff<E<#i=m/<33T_194>05?4'3T_:94>05?45
Q_dot_tot/$=Q_dot_1on29Q_dot_&/d
Q_dot_tot/$=0_!ff<E<3T_1'T_:57L_ft
)_2/$%!=L_ft70_!ff
) 7in8 :conv 7;tu<h8 :rad 7;tu<h8 #value
7h.ft
-
.9<;tu8
'.& *7B.* +7+.6 '.B>(*
'.6 *?&.6 +7+.6 '.B>6
'.+ *?+.> +7+.6 '.B?B6
'.7 *??.7 +7+.6 '.B??+
'.? *?(.* +7+.6 '.B?+
'.> *?B.+ +7+.6 '.B?&
'.( *>'.7 +7+.6 '.B?'6
'.B *>*.7 +7+.6 '.B7(>
* *>&.+ +7+.6 '.B7>6
*.* *>6.& +7+.6 '.B7?*
*.& *>+ +7+.6 '.B7+B
*.6 *>+.> +7+.6 '.B76B
*.+ *>7.6 +7+.6 '.B7&B
*+-?(
*.7 *>7.B +7+.6 '.B7&
*.? *>?.7 +7+.6 '.B7**
*.> *>> +7+.6 '.B7'6
*.( *>>.7 +7+.6 '.B+B?
*.B *>( +7+.6 '.B+((
& *>(.7 +7+.6 '.B+(*
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
157.5
162
166.5
171
175.5
180
0.945
0.95
0.955
0.96
0.965
0.97
0.975
0.98
% 2in3
6
c
o
n
,

2
4
t
u
5
h
3
$
>
,
a
l
u
e

2
h
>
f
t
2
>
*
5
4
t
u
3
6
con,
$
,alue
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
450
452
454
456
458
460
% 2in3
6
r
a
d

2
4
t
u
5
h
3
*+-?B
*+14 Two surfaces of a spherical enclosure are maintaine at specifie temperatures. The rate of heat
transfer throu"h the enclosure is to !e etermine.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin" conitions e.ist. - 0ir is an ieal "as with constant properties. . The air
pressure in the enclusure is * atm.
(T*;T&)4& < (67';&>7)4& < 6*&.7 = < 6B.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''6&'' . '
= 7 . 6*&
* *
>&7? . ' 5r
4s m *' ?B> . *
C :4m. '&?7( . '

f
T
k
Analysis The characteristic len"th in this case

is etermine from
cm. 7
&
*7 &7
&
* &
D D
L
c
Then,

7
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
& *
*' +*7 . > ) >&7? . ' (
) 4s m *' ?B> . * (
) m '7 . ' )( = &>7 67' )( = ''6&'' . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

c
L T T g
Ra
The effecti-e thermal conucti-ity is

[ ] [ ]
''7B'' . '
m) &7 . ' ( m) *7 . ' ( m) &7 . ' ( m) *7 . ' (
m '7 . '
) ( ) (
7
>47 - >47 - +
7 7 4 > 7 4 > +
sph

+

o i o i
c
D D D D
L
*

[ ] C :4m. *6*7 . ' ) *' +*7 . > )( ''7B' . ' (
>&7? . ' (?* . '
>&7? . '
C) :4m. '&?7( . ' ( >+ . '
) (
5r (?* . '
5r
>+ . '
+ 4 *
7
+ 4 *
+ 4 *
+ 4 *
eff

,
_
,
_
+
Ra * k k
sph
Then the rate of heat transfer !etween the spheres !ecomes
. 20.0
1
]
1
,
_
= ) &>7 67' (
) m '7 . ' (
) m &7 . ' )( m *7 . ' (
) C :4m. *6*7 . ' ( ) (
eff

o i
c
o i
T T
L
D D
k Q
*+->'
D
&
< &7 cm
T
&
< &>7 =
D
*
< *7 cm
T
*
< 67' =
L
c
<7 cm
*+1* &&6 5ro!. *+->' is reconsiere. The &/t! of n/t%&/$ 1on2!1tion 6!/t t&/n#f!& /# /
f%n1tion of t6! 6ot #%&f/1! t!m"!&/t%&! of t6! #"6!&! i# to !e plotte.
"GIVEN"
_1=0.15 [m]
_:=0.:5 [m]
T_1=350 [@]
T_:=:;5 [@]
"()*(E)TIE+"
,$%id-=./i&.
0=Cond%1ti2ity3,$%id-4 T=T_/2!5
(&=(&/ndt$3,$%id-4 T=T_/2!5
&6o=!n#ity3,$%id-4 T=T_/2!4 (=101.35
m%=Vi#1o#ity3,$%id-4 T=T_/2!5
n%=m%7&6o
8!t/=17T_/2!
T_/2!=17:<3T_19T_:5
==D.80; [m7#?:]
"ENELF+I+"
L=3_:'_157:
)/=3=<8!t/<3T_1'T_:5<L?357n%?:<(&
,_#"6=L733_1<_:5?4<3_1?3';7559_:?3';7555?55
0_!ff=0.;4<0<3(&730.8>19(&55?0.:5<3,_#"6<)/5?0.:5
Q_dot=0_!ff<"i<3_1<_:57L<3T_1'T_:5
T* 7A8 : 758
6'' ?.'6(
6*' B.*+>
6&' *&.+?
66' *7.B6
6+' *B.76
67' &6.&7
6?' &>.'7
6>' 6'.B+
6(' 6+.B
6B' 6(.B6
+'' +6.'*
+*' +>.*7
+&' 7*.66
+6' 77.77
++' 7B.(*
+7' ?+.**
+?' ?(.++
+>' >&.(
+(' >>.*B
+B' (*.?*
7'' (?.'7
*+->*
300 340 380 420 460 500
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
T
2?3
6

2
.
3

*+1- The a!sor!er plate an the "lass co-er of a flat-plate solar collector are maintaine at specifie
temperatures. The rate of heat loss from the a!sor!er plate !y natural con-ection is to !e etermine.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin" conitions e.ist. - 0ir is an ieal "as with constant properties. . Heat loss
!y raiation is ne"li"i!le. + The air pressure in the enclusure is * atm.
(T*;T&)4& < ((';+')4& < ?'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''6''6 . '
= ) &>6 ?' (
* *
>&'& . ' 5r
4s m *' (B? . *
C :4m. '&('( . '
f
T
k
Analysis 3or ' , we ha-e hori8ontal

rectan"ular enclosure. The characteristic len"th
in this case is the istance !etween the two
"lasses Lc # L < '.'&7 m Then,
+
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
& *
*' ?(B . 6 ) >&'& . ' (
) 4s m *' (B? . * (
) m '&7 . ' )( = +' (' )( = ''6''6 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
&&6 . 6 *
*(
) *' ?(B . 6 (
*' ?(B . 6
*>'(
* ++ . * *
*
*(
2a
2a
*>'(
* ++ . * * ,u
6 4 * +
+
6 4 *
1
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
+
1
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
+
+
+
+
+
Then
&
m 7 . + m) 6 ( m) 7 . * ( ' % A
s
. 8:2

m '&7 . '
C ) +' (' (
) m 7 . + )( &&6 . 6 )( C :4m. '&('( . ' (
& & *
L
T T
kNuA Q
s
3or 6' , we o!tain

[ ] [ ]
'>+ . 6
*
*(
) 6' cos( ) *' ?(B . 6 (
) 6' cos( ) *' ?(B . 6 (
) 6' ( . * sin( *>'(
*
) 6' cos( ) *' ?(B . 6 (
*>'(
* ++ . * *
*
*(
) cos 2a (
cos 2a
) ( . * (sin *>'(
*
cos 2a
*>'(
* ++ . * * ,u
6 4 *
+
+
? . *
+
6 4 * ? . *
1
1
]
1
+
1
1
]
1
1
1
]
1
+
1
1
]
1
+
1
1
]
1
1
]
1
+
+
+
+
+

. 82

m '&7 . '
C ) +' (' (
) m 7 . + )( '>+ . 6 )( C :4m. '&('( . ' (
& & *
L
T T
kNuA Q
s
3or B' , we ha-e -ertical rectan"ular enclosure. The ,usselt num!er for this "eometry an
orientation can !e etermine from (Ra < 6.?(B*'
+
- same as that for hori8ontal case)
77> . *
m '&7 . '
m &
) >&'& . ' ( ) *' ?(B . 6 ( +& . ' 5r +& . '
6 . '
'*& . ' + 4 * +
6 . '
'*& . ' + 4 *

,
_

,
_

L
%
Ra Nu
*+->&
9olar
raiation

Insulation
0!sor!er
5late
('C
Glass
Co-er,
+'C
*.7 m
L < &.7
cm
. 0:

m '&7 . '
C ) +' (' (
) m 7 . + )( 77> . * )( C :4m. '&('( . ' (
& & *
L
T T
kNuA Q
s
Discussion Caution is a-ise for the -ertical case since the conition %)L E +' is not satisfie.
*+->6
*+1. 0 simple solar collector is !uilt !y placin" a clear plastic tu!e aroun a "aren hose. The rate of heat
loss from the water in the hose per meter of its len"th !y natural con-ection is to !e etermine.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin" conitions e.ist. - 0ir is an ieal "as with constant properties. . Heat loss
!y raiation is ne"li"i!le. . The air pressure in the enclosure is * atm.
Properties The properties of air at * atm an the anticipate a-era"e temperature of (Ti;To)4& < (?7;67)4& <
7'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''6'B? . '
= ) &>6 7' (
* *
>&&( . ' 5r
4s m *' >B( . *
C :4m. '&>67 . '
f
T
k
Analysis :e assume the plastic tu!e temperature to

!e 67C. :e will chec/ this assumption later, an
repeat calculations, if necessary. The characteristic
len"th in this case is
cm > . *
&
? . * 7
&

i o
c
D D
L
Then,
''' , *' ) >&&( . ' (
) 4s m *' >B( . * (
) m '*> . ' )( = 67 ?7 )( = ''6'B? . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
c o i
L T T g
Ra
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
*(&* . '
m) '7 . ' ( m) '*? . ' ( m) '*> . ' (
) '*? . ' 4 '7 . ' ln(
) (
) 4 ln(
7
647 - 647 - 6
+
7 7 4 6 7 4 6 6
+
cyl

+

o i c
i o
D D L
D D
*
[ ] C :4m. '7?>' . ' ) ''' , *' )( *(&* . ' (
>&&( . ' (?* . '
>&&( . '
) C :4m. '&>67 . ' ( 6(? . '
) 2a (
5r (?* . '
5r
6(? . '
+ 4 *
+ 4 *
+ 4 *
cyl
+ 4 *
eff

,
_
,
_
+
* k k
Then the rate of heat transfer !etween the cyliners !ecomes
) ?7 (
) '*? . ' 4 '7 . ' ln(
) C :4m. '7?>' . ' ( &
) (
) 4 ln(
&
'
eff
T T T
D D
k
Q
o i
i o

(DC. *)
,ow we will calculate heat transfer from plastic tu!e to the am!ient air !y natural con-ection. ,ote that we
shoul fin a result close to the -alue we ha-e alreay calculate since in steay operation they must !e
eCual to each other. 0lso note that we ne"lect raiation heat transfer. :e will use the same assumption for
the plastic tu!e temperature (i.e., 67C). The properties of air at * atm an the film temperature of
C 7 . 6' & 4 ) &? 67 ( & 4 ) ( + +

T T T
s avg are
* -
& 7
= ''6&B7 . ' = ) &>6 7 . 6' 4( * 4 * an , >&(* . ' 5r
4s, m *' ?*6 . * C, :4m. '&7B& . '
+

f
T
k
The characteristic len"th in this case is the outer iameter of the solar collector Lc # Do # '.'7 m Then,
*+->+
D
o
<7 cm
Garen hose
D
i
<*.? cm, T
i
<?7C
0ir space
5lastic co-er, T
o
:ater
5lastic co-er
T
< &?C

7
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' '*( . * ) >&(* . ' (
) 4s m *' ?*6 . * (
) m '7 . ' )( = &? 67 )( = ''6&B7 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

o s
D T T g
Ra
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
(6( . >
>&(* . ' 4 77B . ' *
) *' '*( . * ( 6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * 7
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
'
+
+
Ra
Nu
&
'
m *7>* . ' m) * )( m '7 . ' ( L D A
o
C . :4m '?6 . + ) (6( . > (
m '7 . '
C :4m. '&7B& . '
&

Nu
D
k
h
o
o
C ) &? )( m *7>* . ' )( C . :4m '?6 . + ( ) (
& &

o o o
T T T hA Q
(DC. &)
9ol-in" DC. * an DC. & simultaneously, we fin
: (.*( C, ( . 6( Q T
o

2epeatin" the calculations at the new a-era"e temperature for enclosure analysis an at the new film
temperature for con-ection at the outer surface analysis usin" the new calculate temperature 6(.(C, we
fin
5 2.-- Q T
o

C, ' . 6B
*+->7
*+1+ &&6 5ro!. *+->6 is reconsiere. The &/t! of 6!/t $o## f&om t6! G/t!& 8y n/t%&/$
1on2!1tion /# / f%n1tion of t6! /m8i!nt /i& t!m"!&/t%&! i# to !e plotte.
"GIVEN"
_1=0.01> [m]
_:=0.05 [m]
T_1=>5 "[C]"
T_infinity=:> [C]
L!n=t6=1 [m] A%nit $!n=t6 of t6! t%8! i# 1on#id!&!d"
"()*(E)TIE+ fo& !n1$o#%&!"
,$%id-=./i&.
0_1=Cond%1ti2ity3,$%id-4 T=T_/2!5
(&_1=(&/ndt$3,$%id-4 T=T_/2!5
&6o_1=!n#ity3,$%id-4 T=T_/2!4 (=101.35
m%_1=Vi#1o#ity3,$%id-4 T=T_/2!5
n%_1=m%_17&6o_1
8!t/_1=173T_/2!9:;35
T_/2!=17:<3T_19T_:5
==D.80; [m7#?:]
"ENELF+I+ fo& !n1$o#%&!"
L=3_:'_157:
)/_1=3=<8!t/_1<3T_1'T_:5<L?357n%_1?:<(&_1
,_1y$=3$n3_:7_155?473L?3<3_1?3'37559_:?3'37555?55
0_!ff=0.38><0_1<3(&_1730.8>19(&_155?0.:5<3,_1y$<)/_15?0.:5
Q_dot=3:<"i<0_!ff57$n3_:7_15<3T_1'T_:5
"()*(E)TIE+ fo& 1on2!1tion on t6! o%t!& #%&f/1!"
0_:=Cond%1ti2ity3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m5
(&_:=(&/ndt$3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m5
&6o_:=!n#ity3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m4 (=101.35
m%_:=Vi#1o#ity3,$%id-4 T=T_fi$m5
n%_:=m%_:7&6o_:
8!t/_:=173T_fi$m9:;35
T_fi$m=17:<3T_:9T_infinity5
"ENELF+I+ fo& 1on2!1tion on t6! o%t!& #%&f/1!"
d!$t/=_:
)/_:=3=<8!t/_:<3T_:'T_infinity5<d!$t/?357n%_:?:<(&_:
N%##!$t=30.>930.38;<)/_:?317>55731930.55D7(&_:5?3D71>55?387:;55?:
6=0_:7d!$t/<N%##!$t
E="i<_:<L!n=t6
Q_dot=6<E<3T_:'T_infinity5
*+->?
T
758 : 758
+ *+.?
? *6.B(
( *6.6>
*' *&.>>
*& *&.*(
*+ **.7B
*? **.'*
*( *'.++
&' B.(>*
&& B.6*+
&+ (.>?+
&? (.&&&
&( >.?((
6' >.*?6
6& ?.?+>
6+ ?.*6B
6? 7.?+*
6( 7.*76
+' +.?>7
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
4
6.2
8.4
10.6
12.8
15
T
2C3
6

2
.
3

*+->>
*+1/ 0 ou!le pane winow with an air "ap is consiere. The rate of heat transfer throu"h the winow
!y natural con-ection the temperature of the outer "lass layer are to !e etermine.
pressure in the enclosure is * atm. + 2aiation heat transfer is ne"lecte.
Properties 3or natural con-ection !etween the inner surface of the winow an the room air, the properties
of air at * atm an the film temperature of (Ts;T
)4& < (*(;&?)4& < &&C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''66B . '
= ) &>6 && (
* *
>6'+ . ' 5r
4s m *' 76+ . *
C :4m. '&7&B . '
f
T
k
3or natural con-ection !etween the two "lass sheets separate !y

an air "ap, the properties of air at * atm an the anticipate
a-era"e temperature of (T*;T&)4& < (*(;')4& < BC are (Ta!le 0-
&&)
* -
& 7
= ''67+? . '
= ) &>6 B (
* *
, >66B . ' 5r
4s m *' +*> . * C, :4m. '&+6* . '
+

f
T
k
Analysis :e first calculate the natural con-ection heat transfer

!etween the room air an the inner surface of the winow.
m 6 . * % L
c
B
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' (*6 . * ) >6'+ . ' (
) 4s m *' 76+ . * (
) m 6 . * ( = ) *( &? )( = ''66B . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
2a
% T T g
s
6 . *+(
>6'+ . '
+B& . '
*
) *' (*6 . * ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * B
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
&
&
m ?+ . 6 ) m ( . & )( m 6 . * (
C . :4m ((+ . & ) 6 . *+( (
m 6 . *
C :4m. '&7&B . '

' % A
Nu
%
k
h
s
5 2+.4

C ) *( &? )( m ?+ . 6 )( C . :4m ((+ . & ( ) (
& &
con- s s
T T hA Q
,e.t, we consier the natural con-ection !etween the two "lass sheets separate !y an air "ap.
Lc # L < &.& cm
6>' , &+ ) >66B . ' (
) 4s m *' +*> . * (
) m '&& . ' ( = ) ' *( )( = ''67+? . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
2a
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
& *
L T T g
76( . *
m '&& . '
m 6 . *
) >66B . ' ( ) 6>' , &+ ( +& . ' 5r +& . '
6 . '
'*& . ' + 4 *
6 . '
'*& . ' + 4 *

,
_

,
_

L
%
Ra Nu
Kner steay operation, the rate of heat transfer !etween the room air an the inner surface of the winow
is eCual to the heat transfer throu"h the air "ap. 9ettin" these two eCual to each other we o!tain the
temperature of the outer "lass sheet

, +.+

&
& & & *
m '&& . '
C ) *( (
) m ?+ . 6 )( 76( . * )( C :4m. '&+6* . ' ( : (+ T
T
L
T T
kNuA Q
s
*+->(
*(C
T
&
L<&.& cm
Q
0ir
2oom air
T
<&?C
which is sufficiently close to the assume temperature 'C. Therefore, there is no nee to repeat the
calculations.
*+->B
*+10 The space !etween the two concentric cyliners is fille with water or air. The rate of heat transfer
from the outer cyliner to the inner cyliner !y natural con-ection is to !e etermine for !oth cases.
pressure in the enclosure is * atm. + Heat transfer !y raiation is ne"li"i!le.
Properties The properties of water air at the a-era"e temperature of (Ti;To)4& < (7+;*'?)4& <('C are
(Ta!le 0-*7)
* - 6
& >
= *' ?76 . '
&& . & 5r
4s m *' ?76 . 6
C :4m. ?>' . '
k
The properties of air at * atm an the a-era"e temperature
of (Ti;To)4& < (7+;*'?)4& < ('C are (Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''&(66 . '
= ) &>6 (' (
* *
>*7+ . ' 5r
4s m *' 'B> . &
C :4m. '&B76 . '
f
T
k
Analysis (a) The flui is water$

cm. 7
&
77 ?7
&

i o
c
D D
L
(
& & >
6 -* 6 &
&
6
*' B&> . ? ) && . & (
) 4s m *' ?76 . 6 (
) m '7 . ' ( = ) 7+ *'? )( = *' ?76 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

c i o
L T T g
Ra
[ ]
'+*6? . '
m) ?7 . ' ( m) 77 . ' ( m) '7 . ' (
m 77 . '
m ?7 . '
ln
) (
ln
7
>47 - >47 - 6
+
7 7 4 6 7 4 6 6
+
cyl

+
1
]
1
+
1
]
1

o i c
i
o
D D L
D
D
*
[ ] C :4m. +6 . *> ) *' B&> . ? )( '+*6? . ' (
&& . & (?* . '
&& . &
) C :4m. ?>' . ' ( 6(? . '
) 2a (
5r (?* . '
5r
6(? . '
+ 4 *
(
+ 4 *
+ 4 *
cyl
+ 4 *
eff

,
_
,
_
+
* k k
k5 .+.*
,
_
,
_
: ,'B' 6+ ) 7+ *'? (
m 77 . '
m ?7 . '
ln
) C :4m. +6 . *> ( &
) (
ln
&
'
eff

i
i
o
T T
D
D
k
Q
(b) The flui is air$

7
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' B6B . & ) >*7+ . ' (
) 4s m *' 'B> . & (
) m '7 . ' ( = ) 7+ *'? )( = ''&(66 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

c i o
L T T g
Ra
*+-('
D
o
< ?7 cm
D
i
<77 cm, T
i
< 7+C
3lui space
T
o
<*'?C
L < *&7 cm
[ ]
'+*6? . '
m) ?7 . ' ( m) 77 . ' ( m) '7 . ' (
m 77 . '
m ?7 . '
ln
) (
ln
7
>47 - >47 - 6
+
7 7 4 6 7 4 6 6
+
cyl

+
1
]
1
+
1
]
1

o i c
i
o
D D L
D
D
*
[ ] C :4m. 'B(&+ . ' ) *' B6B . & )( '+*6? . ' (
>*7+ . ' (?* . '
>*7+ . '
) C :4m. '&B76 . ' ( 6(? . '
) 2a (
5r (?* . '
5r
6(? . '
+ 4 *
7
+ 4 *
+ 4 *
cyl
+ 4 *
eff

,
_
,
_
+
* k k
5 *3-
,
_
,
_
) 7+ *'? (
m 77 . '
m ?7 . '
ln
) C :4m. 'B(&+ . ' ( &
) (
ln
&
eff

i o
i
o
T T
D
D
k
Q
*+-(*
$e,ie= (ro7lems
*+11 0 col cyliner is place hori8ontally in hot air. The rates of heat transfer from the stac/ with an
without win cases are to !e etermine.
Properties The properties of air at * atm an the film temperature of (Ts;T
)4& < (+';*')4& < &7C are

(Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''667? . '
= ) &>6 &7 (
* *
>&B? . ' 5r
4s m *' 7?& . *
C :4m. '&77* . '
f
T
k
Analysis (a) :hen the stac/ is e.pose to *' m4s wins, the heat transfer will !e !y force con-ection. :e
ha-e flow of air o-er a cyliner an the heat transfer rate is etermine as follows$
'&' , ?+
4s m *' 7?& . *
m) m4s)('.* *' (
2e
& 7

VD
( . *>B ) >&B? . ' ( ) '&' , ?+ ( '&> . ' 5r 2e '&> . ' ,u
6 4 * ('7 . ' 6 4 * ('7 . '
(from
Ta!le *B-&)
C . :4m (> . +7 ) ( . *>B (
m * . '
C :4m. '&77* . '
,u
&

D
k
h
. !020

C ) *' +' )( m *' * . ' )( C . :4m (> . +7 ( ) (
& &
con- force

s
T T hA Q
(!) :ithout win the heat transfer will !e !y natural con-ection. The characteristic len"th in this case is the
outer iameter of the cyliner, m. * . ' D L
c
Then,
?
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' B76 . & ) >&B? . ' (
) 4s m *' 7?& . * (
) m * . ' )( = *' +' )( = ''667? . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

D T T g
Ra
s
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
(? . *B
>&B? . ' 4 77B . ' *
) *' B76 . & ( 6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * ?
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
'
+
+
Ra
Nu
C . :4m '?? . 7 ) (? . *B (
m * . '
C :4m. '&77* . '
&

Nu
D
k
h
. !//

C ) *' +' )( m *' * . ' )( C . :4m '?? . 7 ( ) (
& &
con- nat.

s
T T hA Q
*+-(&
0ir
T
< +'C
T
s
< *'C
L < *' m
D < *' cm
*+12 0 spherical -essel is completely su!mer"e in a lar"e water-fille tan/. The rates of heat transfer
from the -essel !y natural con-ection, conuction, an force con-ection are to !e etermine.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin" conitions e.ist. - The surface temperature is constant.
Properties The properties of water at the film temperature of (Ts;T
)4& < (6';&')4& < &7C are (Ta!le 0-

*7)
* - 6
& >
6
6
= *' &+> . '
*+ . ? 5r
4s m *' B6> . ( 4
s /"4m *' (B* . '
C :4m. ?'> . '
/"4m BB>
k
Analysis (a) Heat transfer in this case will !e !y natural con-ection.
The characteristic len"th in this case is Lc < D < '.6 m. Then,
B
& & >
6 -* 6 &
&
6
*' '&B . 7 ) *+ . ? (
) 4s m *' B6> . ( (
) m 6 . ' )( = &' 6' )( = *' &+> . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

D T T g
Ra
s
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
( . *++
*+ . ? 4 +?B . ' *
) *' '&B . 7 ( 7(B . '
&
5r 4 +?B . ' *
7(B . '
&
B 4 +
*? 4 B
+ 4 * B
B 4 +
*? 4 B
+ 4 *
+
+
+
Ra
Nu
Then
& & &
&
m &(&> . ' m) 6 . ' (
C . :4m ' . &B6 ) ( . *++ (
m 6 . '
C :4m. ?'> . '

D A
Nu
D
k
h
s
The rate of heat transfer is
. 828

C ) &' 6' )( m &(&> . ' )( C . :4m ' . &B6 ( ) (
& &
con- nat.
T T hA Q
s
(b) :hen !uoyancy force is ne"lecte, there will !e no con-ection currents (since R < ') an the heat
transfer will !e !y conuction. Then 2aylei"h num!er !ecomes 8ero (2a < '). The ,usselt num!er in this
case is
,u < &
Then
C . :4m '+> . + ) & (
m 6 . '
C :4m. ?'> . '
&

Nu
D
k
h
. .!

C ) &' 6' )( m &(&> . ' )( C . :4m '+> . + ( ) (
& &
con
T T hA Q
s
(c) In this case, the heat transfer from the -essel is !y force con-ection. The properties of water at the free
stream temperature of &'C are (Ta!le 0-*7)
'* . > 5r
/"4m.s *' >B( . '
4s m *' ''+ . * 4
/"4m.s *' ''& . *
C :4m. '.7B( /
/"4m BB(
6
C 6' S
,
& ? -
6
6
*+-(6
:ater
T
< &'C
D < 6' cm
T
s
< 6'C
The 2eynols num!er is
>?' , 7B
4s m *' ''+ . *
m) m4s)('.6 ('.&
2e
& ?

VD
The ,usselt num!er is
[ ]
[ ] * . +6B
*' >B( . '
*' ''& . *
) '* . > ( ) >?' , 7B ( '? . ' ) >?' , 7B ( + . ' &
5r 2e '? . ' 2e + . ' &
+ 4 *
6
6
+ . ' 6 4 & 7 . '
+ 4 *
+ . ' 6 4 & 7 . '
,
_
+ +
,
_
+ +
s
k
hD
Nu
The heat transfer coefficient is

C . :4m 6 . (>7 ) * . +6B (
m 6 . '
C :4m. 7B( . '
&

Nu
D
k
h
. 2!/!

C ) &' 6' )( m &(&> . ' )( C . :4m 6 . (>7 ( ) (
& &
con- force
T T hA Q
s
*+-(+
*+13 0 -ertical cylinrical -essel looses heat to the surrounin" air. The rates of heat transfer from the
-essel with an without win cases are to !e etermine.
)4& < (?';')4& < 6'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''66'' . '
= ) &>6 6' (
* *
>&(& . ' 5r
4s m *' ?'( . *
C :4m. '&7(( . '
f
T
k
Analysis (a) :hen there is no win heat transfer is !y natural

con-ection. The characteristic len"th in this case is the hei"ht
of the -essel, m. 6 L L
c
Then,
**
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' +>> . * ) >&(& . ' (
) 4s m *' ?'( . * (
) m 6 )( = ' ?' )( = ''66'' . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
+ 4 * + 4 * ** + 4 *
67
thus an *.' E *7? . '
) >&(& . ' 4 *' +>> . * (
) 6 ( 67 67
Gr
L
D
Gr
L

The ,usselt num!er is etermine from

? . 7&( ) *' +>> . * ( * . ' * . '
6 4 * ** 6 4 *
Ra Nu (from Ta!le *+-*)
Then
C . :4m 7?' . + ) ? . 7&( (
m 6
C :4m. '&7(( . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
c
an
. 2:/1

C ) ' ?' )( m 6 * )( C . :4m 7?' . + ( ) (
& &
T T hA Q
s
(b) :hen the -essel is e.pose to &' /m4h wins, the heat transfer will !e !y force con-ection. :e ha-e
flow of air o-er a cyliner an the heat transfer rate is etermine as follows$
7
& 7
*' +77 . 6
4s m *' ?'( . *
m) m4s)(*.' 6?'' 4 *'' &' (
2e
VD
* . ?B( ) >&(& . ' ( ) *' +77 . 6 ( '&> . ' 5r 2e '&> . ' ,u
6 4 * ('7 . ' 7 6 4 * ('7 . '

C . :4m '> . *( ) * . ?B( (
m ' . *
C :4m. '&7(( . '
,u
&

D
k
h
. 0,220

C ) ' ?' )( m 6 * )( C . :4m '> . *( ( ) (
& &
T T hA Q
s
Discussion There is a!out four-fol increase in heat transfer ue to wins.

*+-(7
0ir
T
< 'C
T
s
< ?'C
L < 6 m
D < * m
*+24 0 soli sphere is completely su!mer"e in a lar"e pool of oil. The rates of heat transfer from the
sphere !y natural con-ection, conuction, an force con-ection are to !e etermine.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin" conitions e.ist. - The surface temperature is constant.
Properties The properties of oil are "i-en in pro!lem statement.
Analysis (a) 3or conuction heat transfer, + < '
an 2a < '. Then the ,usselt num!er is
,u < &
Then
C . :4m (( . ' ) & (
m 7 . '
C :4m. && . '
&

Nu
D
k
h
. 2/.8

C ) &' ?' @( m) 7 . ' ( )A C . :4m (( . ' ( ) (
& &
con
T T hA Q
s
(b) In this case, the heat transfer from the -essel is !y force con-ection. ,ote that the flui properties in
this case are to !e e-aluate at the free stream temperature T
e.cept for s, which is e-aluate at the

surface temperature, Ts. The 5rantl num!er an 2eynols num!er are
+7 . (7
C :4m && . '
C) H4/" s)(*((' /"4m '*' . ' (
5r

k
c
p
?'' , ??
s /"4m '*' . '
) /"4m m)(((( m4s)('.7 (*.7
2e
6
VD
The ,usselt num!er is
[ ]
[ ] *7'?
''+ . '
'*' . '
) +7 . (7 ( ) ?'' , ?? ( '? . ' ) ?'' , ?? ( + . ' &
5r 2e '? . ' 2e + . ' &
+ 4 *
+ . ' 6 4 & 7 . '
+ 4 *
+ . ' 6 4 & 7 . '

,
_
+ +
,
_
+ +

s
k
hD
Nu

C . :4m + . ??& ) *7'? (
m 7 . '
C :4m. && . '
&

Nu
D
k
h
. 20,80

C ) &' ?' @( m) 7 . ' ( )A C . :4m + . ??& ( ) (
& &
con- force
T T hA Q
s
(c) Heat transfer in this case will !e !y natural con-ection. ,ote that the flui properties in this case are to
!e e-aluate at the film temperature of +'PC. The characteristic len"th in this case is Lc < D < '.7 m. Then,
*'
& &
6 -* &
&
6
*' 7&& . 6 ) 7 . ?7 (
) 4s m (>? 4 ''> . ' (
) m 7 . ' )( = &' ?' )( = '''>' . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

D T T g
Ra
s
where 7 . ?7
C :4m &* . '
C) H4/" s)(*B?7 /"4m ''> . ' (
5r

k
c
p
Then
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
+ . &7'
7 . ?7 4 +?B . ' *
) *' 7&& . 6 ( 7(B . '
&
5r 4 +?B . ' *
7(B . '
&
B 4 +
*? 4 B
+ 4 * *'
B 4 +
*? 4 B
+ 4 *
+
+
+
Ra
Nu
C . :4m & . *'7 ) + . &7' (
m 7 . '
C :4m. &* . '
&

Nu
D
k
h
. 000!

C ) &' ?' @( m) 7 . ' ( )A C . :4m & . *'7 ( ) (
& &
con- nat.
T T hA Q
s
Discussion The heat transfer from the sphere !y force con-ection is much "reater than that !y natural
con-ection an the heat transfer !y natural con-ection is much "reater than that !y conuction.
*+-(?
Lil
T
< &'C
D < 7' cm
T
s
< ?'C
*+2*& 0 small cylinrical resistor mounte on the lower part of a -ertical circuit !oar. The appro.imate
surface temperature of the resistor is to !e etermine.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. + 2aiation effects are ne"li"i!le. / Heat transfer throu"h the connectin"
wires is ne"li"i!le.
)4& <
(&&';*&')4& < *>'3 are (Ta!le 0-&&D)
* -
& 6
2 ''*7(> . '
2 ) +?' *>' (
* *
>*?* . ' 5r
4s ft *' &&& . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*?B& . '
f
T
k
start the solution process !y "uessin" the surface temperature to !e &&'3 for the e-aluation of the
characteristic len"th in this case is the iameter of resistor, in. & . ' D L
c
Then,
( . 6+6 ) >*?* . ' (
) 4s ft *' &&& . ' (
) ft *& 4 & . ' )( 2 *&' &&' )( 2 ''*7(> . ' )( ft4s & . 6& (
5r
) (
& & 6
6 -* &
&
6
D T T g
Ra
s
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
*'7 . &
>*?* . ' 4 77B . ' *
) ( . 6+6 ( 6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
+
+
'
+
+
Ra
Nu
& & &
&
ft ''*>7 . ' + 4 ft) *& 4 & . ' ( & ) ft *& 4 6 . ' )( ft *& 4 & . ' ( + 4 &
3 . #tu4h.ft *6( . & ) *'7 . & (
ft *& 4 & . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*?B& . '
+ +

D DL A
Nu
D
k
h
s
an
9 -**
+ +

) ft ''*>7 . ' )( 3 . #tu4h.ft *6( . & (
#tu4h ) +*& . 6 * . ' (
3 *&' ) (
& &
s
s s s
hA
Q
T T T T hA Q

which is sufficiently close to the assume temperature for the e-aluation of properties. Therefore, there is
no nee to repeat calculations.
*+-(>
Q
2esistor
'.* :
D < '.& in
0ir
T
< *&'3
*+2- 0n ice chest fille with ice at 'C is e.pose to am!ient air. The time it will ta/e for the ice in the
chest to melt completely is to !e etermine for natural an force con-ection cases.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin" conitions e.ist. - 0ir is an ieal "as with constant properties. . Heat
transfer from the !ase of the ice chest is isre"are. + 2aiation effects are ne"li"i!le. / Heat transfer
coefficient is the same for all surfaces consiere. 0 The local atmospheric pressure is * atm.
)4& <
(*7;&')4& < *>.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''6++& . '
= ) &>6 7 . *> (
* *
>6*? . ' 5r
4s m *' +B6 . *
C :4m. '&+B7 . '
f
T
k
start the solution process !y "uessin" the surface temperature to !e *7C for the e-aluation of the
characteristic len"th for the sie surfaces is the hei"ht of the chest, Lc # L # '.6 m Then,
>
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' +B7 . * ) >6*? . ' (
) 4s m *' +B6 . * (
) m 6 . ' )( = *7 &' )( = ''6++& . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
*7 . 67
>6*? . '
+B& . '
*
) *' +B7 . * ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * >
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
C . :4m B&6 . & ) *7 . 67 (
m 6 . '
C :4m. '&+B7 . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
The heat transfer coefficient at the top surface can !e etermine similarly. Howe-er, the top surface
constitutes only a!out one-fourth of the heat transfer area, an thus we can use the heat transfer coefficient
for the sie surfaces for the top surface also for simplicity. The heat transfer surface area is
&
m ?+ . ' ) m + . ' )( m + . ' ( ) m + . ' )( m 6 . ' ( + +
s
A
Then the rate of heat transfer !ecomes

: &6 . *'
) m ?+ . ' )( C . :4m B&6 . & (
*
) m ?+ . ' )( C :4m. '66 . ' (
m '6 . '
C ) ' &' (
*
& & &
,
,
,

s s
i s
o conv all
i s
hA kA
L
T T
R R
T T
Q
The outer surface temperature of the ice chest is etermine from ,ewton1s law of coolin" to !e
C 76 . *+
) m .C)('.?+ :4m (&.B&6
: &6 . *'
C &' ) (
& &

s
s s s
hA
Q
T T T T hA Q

which is almost ientical to the assume -alue of *7C use in the e-aluation of properties an h.
Therefore, there is no nee to repeat the calculations.
*+-((
Ice chest,
'C
6 cm
Q
0ir, T
< &'C
6' cm
The rate at which the ice will melt is
/"4s *' '?? . 6
/H4/" > . 666
/H4s *' &6 . *'
7
6

if
if
h
Q
m h m Q

Therefore, the meltin" of the ice in the chest completely will ta/e
days **.. h -1*.2
s *' >(? . B
/"4s *' '?? . 6
/" 6'
7
7
m
m
t t m m
(!) The temperature rop across the styrofoam will !e much "reater in this case than that across thermal
!ounary layer on the surface. Thus we assume outer surface temperature of the styrofoam to !e *B C.
2aiation heat transfer will !e ne"lecte. The properties of air at * atm an the film temperature of
(Ts;T
)4& < (*B;&')4& < *B.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''6+& . '
= ) &>6 7 . *B (
* *
>6*' . ' 5r
4s m *' 7** . *
C :4m. '&7* . '
f
T
k
The characteristic len"th in this case is the with of the chest, Lc # ' #'.+ m. Then,
>'' , 6?>
4s m *' 7** . *
) m + . ' ( m4s) 6?'' 4 *''' 7' (
2e
& 7

V'
which is less than critical 2eynols num!er (
7
*' 7 ). Therefore the flow is laminar, an the ,usselt
num!er is etermine from
> . 6?& ) >6*' . ' ( ) >'' , 6?> ( ??+ . ' 5r 2e ??+ . '
6 4 * 7 . ' 6 4 * 7 . '

k
h'
Nu
C . :4m >? . && ) > . 6?& (
m + . '
C :4m. '&7* . '
&

Nu
'
k
h
Then the rate of heat transfer !ecomes

: +6 . *6
) m ?+ . ' )( C . :4m >? . && (
*
) m ?+ . ' )( C :4m. '66 . ' (
m '6 . '
C ) ' &' (
*
& & &
,
,
,

s s
i s
o conv all
i s
hA kA
L
T T
R R
T T
Q
The outer surface temperature of the ice chest is etermine from ,ewton1s law of coolin" to !e
C * . *B
) m .C)('.?+ :4m (&&.>?
: +6 . *6
C &' ) (
& &

s
s s s
hA
Q
T T T T hA Q

which is almost ientical to the assume -alue of *BC use in the e-aluation of properties an h.
Therefore, there is no nee to repeat the calculations. Then the rate at which the ice will melt !ecomes
/"4s *' '&7 . +
/H4/" > . 666
/H4s *' +6 . *6
7
6

if
if
h
Q
m h m Q

Therefore, the meltin" of the ice in the chest completely will ta/e
days 2.0 h -41.4/
s *' +7+ . >

*' '&7 . +
6'
7
7
m
m
t t m m
*+-(B
*+2. 0n electronic !o. is coole internally !y a fan !lowin" air into the enclosure. The fraction of the heat
lost from the outer surfaces of the electronic !o. is to !e etermine.
transfer from the !ase surface is isre"are. + The pressure of air insie the enclosure is * atm.
(Ts;T
)4& < (6&;*7)4& < &(.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''66*> . '
= ) &>6 7 . &( (
* *
>&(? . ' 5r
4s m *' 7B+ . *
C :4m. '&7>> . '
f
T
k
Analysis Heat loss from the hori8ontal top surface$

The characteristic len"th in this case is m *&7 . '
)@ m 7 . ' ( ) m 7 . ' A( &
) m 7 . ' (
&
+

P
A
. Then,
?
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' &>7 . * ) >&(? . ' (
) 4s m *' 7B+ . * (
) m *&7 . ' )( = &7 6& )( = ''66*> . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

c s
L T T g
Ra
*7 . *( ) *' &>7 . * ( 7+ . ' 7+ . '
+ 4 * ? + 4 *
Ra Nu
& &
&
m &7 . ' ) m 7 . ' (
C . :4m >+* . 6 ) *7 . *( (
m *&7 . '
C :4m. '&7>> . '

top
c
A
Nu
L
k
h
an
: 77 . ? C ) &7 6& )( m &7 . ' )( C . :4m >+* . 6 ( ) (
& &

T T hA Q
s top top
Heat loss from -ertical sie surfaces$

The characteristic len"th in this case is the hei"ht of the !o. Lc # L #'.*7 m. Then,
?
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' &'+ . & ) >&(? . ' (
) 4s m *' 7B+ . * (
) m *7 . ' )( = &7 6& )( = ''66*> . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
77 . &'
>&(? . '
+B& . '
*
) *' &'+ . & ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * >
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
&
&
m 6 . ' ) m 7 . ' )( m *7 . ' ( +
C . :4m 76' . 6 ) 77 . &' (
m *7 . '
C :4m. '&7>> . '

side
A
Nu
L
k
h
an : +* . > C ) &7 6& )( m 6 . ' )( C . :4m 76' . 6 ( ) (
& &

T T hA Q
s side side

: B7 . *> @ ) = &>6 &7 ( ) = &>6 6& )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m 6 . ' &7 . ' )( >7 . ' (
) (
+ + + & ( &
+ +
+ + +

surr s s rad
T T A Q
Then the fraction of the heat loss from the outer surfaces of the !o. is etermine to !e
8.09
+ +
*?' . '
: &''
: ) B7 . *> +* . > 77 . ? (
f
*+-B'
0ir
T
<&7C
*7 cm
&'' :
< '.>7
T
s
< 6&C
7' cm
7' cm
*+2+ 0 spherical tan/ mae of stainless steel is use to store ice water. The rate of heat transfer to the
ice water an the amount of ice that melts urin" a &+-h perio are to !e etermine.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin" conitions e.ist. - 0ir is an ieal "as with constant properties. . Thermal
resistance of the tan/ is ne"li"i!le. + The local atmospheric pressure is * atm.
(Ts;T
)4& < (';&')4& < *'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''676+ . '
= ) &>6 *' (
* *
>66? . ' 5r
4s m *' +&? . *
C :4m. '&+6B . '
f
T
k
Analysis (a) The characteristic len"th in this case is Lc # Do # ?.'6 m. Then,

**
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' +(7 . 7 ) >66? . ' (
) 4s m *' +&? . * (
) m '6 . ? )( = ' &' )( = ''676+ . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

o s
D T T g
Ra
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
7 . 6B+
>66? . ' 4 +?B . ' *
) *' +(7 . 7 ( 7(B . '
&
5r 4 +?B . ' *
7(B . '
&
B 4 +
*? 4 B
+ 4 * **
B 4 +
*? 4 B
+ 4 *
+
+
+
Ra
Nu
& & &
&
m & . **+ m) '6 . ? (
C . :4m 7B? . * ) 7 . 6B+ (
m '6 . ?
C :4m. '&+6B . '

o s
o
D A
Nu
D
k
h
an
: 6?+? C ) ' &' )( m & . **+ )( C . :4m 7B? . * ( ) (
& &

s s
T T hA Q
Heat transfer !y raiation an the total rate of heat transfer are

;. :.!

+
+ +

: +'+ , *7 >7B , ** 6?+?

: >7B , ** @ ) = &>6 ' ( ) = &>6 &' )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m & . **+ )( * (
) (
+ + + & ( &
+ +
total
surr s s rad
Q
T T A Q

(b) The total amount of heat transfer urin" a &+-hour perio is
/H4ay *' 66* . * ) s4h 6?'' h4ay &+ )( /H4s + . *7 (
?
t Q Q

Then the amount of ice that melts urin" this perio !ecomes
kg .322

/H4/" > . 666
/H *' 66* . *
?
if
if
h
Q
m mh Q

*+-B*
*.7 cm Ice water
D
i
< ? m
'C
Q
T
s
< 'C
T
< &'C
*+2/ 0 ou!le-pane winow consistin" of two layers of "lass separate !y an air space is consiere. The
rate of heat transfer throu"h the winow an the temperature of its inner surface are to !e etermine.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin" conitions e.ist. - 0ir is an ieal "as with constant properties. . 2aiation
effects are ne"li"i!le. + The pressure of air insie the enclosure is * atm.
Properties :e e.pect the a-era"e temperature of the air "ap to !e rou"hly the a-era"e of the inoor an
outoor temperatures, an e-aluate The properties of air at * atm an the a-era"e temperature of
(T
*;T
&)4& < (&' ;')4& < *'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''676+ . '
= ) &>6 *' (
* *
>66? . ' 5r
4s m *' +&? . *
C :4m. '&+6B . '
f
T
k
Analysis :e "uess the temperature ifference across the air "ap to !e

*7C < *7 = for use in the 2a relation. The characteristic len"th in this
case is the air "ap thic/ness, Lc # L < '.'6 m. Then,
+
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
& *
*' '?7 . 7 ) >66? . ' (
) 4s m *' +&? . * (
) m '6 . ' )( = *7 )( = ''676+ . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
Then the ,usselt num!er an the heat transfer coefficient are etermine to !e
'>? . &
m '6 . '
m & . *
) >66? . ' ( ) *' '?7 . 7 ( +& . ' 5r +& . '
6 . '
'*& . ' + 4 * +
6 . '
'*& . ' + 4 *

,
_

,
_

L
%
Ra Nu
C . :4m ?(( . * ) '>? . & (
m '6 . '
C :4m. '&+6B . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
air
Then the rate of heat transfer throu"h this ou!le pane winow is etermine to !e
&
m + . & m) & ( m) & . * ( ' % A
s
5 0/
+ + +
+ + +
+ + +

) + . & )( &7 (
*
) + . & )( ?(( . * (
*
) + . & )( >( . ' (
) ''6 . ' ( &
) + . & )( *' (
*
' &'
* *
&
* "lass
,
, , , ,
, ,
s o s air s glass s i
i s
o conv air conv glasses cond i conv
o i
A h A h A k
t
A h
T T
R R R R
T T
Q
,heck$ The temperature rop across the air "ap is etermine from
C ' . *?
) m C)(&.+ . :4m ?(( . * (
: ?7

& &

s
s
hA
Q
T T hA Q

which is -ery close to the assume -alue of *7C use in the e-aluation of the 2a num!er.
*+-B&
'C &'C
L < 6 cm
% < *.&
m
Q
0ir
*+20 0n electric resistance space heater fille with oil is place a"ainst a wall. The power ratin" of the
heater an the time it will ta/e for the heater to reach steay operation when it is first turne on are to !e
etermine.
transfer from the !ac/, !ottom, an top surfaces are isre"are. + The local atmospheric pressure is * atm.
(Ts;T
)4& < (>7;&7)4& < 7'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''6'B? . '
= ) &>6 7' (
* *
>&&( . ' 5r
4s m *' >B( . *
C :4m. '&>67 . '
f
T
k
Analysis Heat transfer from the top an !ottom surfaces are

sai to !e ne"li"i!le, an thus the heat transfer area in this case
consists of the three e.pose sie surfaces. The characteristic
len"th is the hei"ht of the !o., Lc # L # '.7 m. Then,
(
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' &++ . + ) >&&( . ' (
) 4s m *' >B( . * (
) m 7 . ' )( = &7 >7 )( = ''6'B? . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
?( . B+
>&&( . '
+B& . '
*
) *' &++ . + ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * (
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
&
&
m 77 . ' ) m 7 . ' )( m *7 . ' ( & ) m ( . ' )( m 7 . ' (
C . :4m *>B . 7 ) ?( . B+ (
m 7 . '
C :4m. '&>67 . '
+

s
A
Nu
L
k
h
an : + . *+& C ) &7 >7 )( m 77 . ' )( C . :4m *>B . 7 ( ) (
& &

T T hA Q
s s

: * . *?B @ ) = &>6 &7 ( ) = &>6 >7 )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m 77 . ' )( ( . ' (
) (
+ + + & ( &
+ +
+ +

surr s s rad
T T A Q
Then the total rate of heat transfer, thus the power ratin" of the heater !ecomes
5 .**./ + * . *?B + . *+&
total
Q
The specific heat of the oil at the a-era"e temperature of the oil is &''? H4/".C (Ta!le 0-*B). Then the
amount of heat transfer neee to raise the temperature of the oil to the steay operatin" temperature an
the time it ta/es !ecome
H *' 7*+ . + C ) &7 >7 )( C H4/". &''? )( /" +7 ( ) (
?
* &
T T mc Q
p
h +.4.
s +B' , *+
H4s 7 . 6**
/H *' 7*+ . +
?
Q
Q
t t Q Q

which is not practical. Therefore, the surface temperature of the heater must !e allowe to !e hi"her than
>7C.
*+-B6
0ir
T
<&7C
< '.(
T
s
< >7C
*7 cm
(' cm
7' cm
*+21 0 hori8ontal s/yli"ht mae of a sin"le layer of "lass on the roof of a house is consiere. The rate of
heat loss throu"h the s/yli"ht is to !e etermine for two cases.
)4& < (-+-*')4& < ->C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''6>7B . '
= ) &>6 > (
* *
>6( . ' 5r
4s m *' &>( . *
C :4m. '&6** . '
f
T
k
Analysis :e assume raiation heat transfer insie the house to !e ne"li"i!le. :e start the calculations !y
"uessin" the "lass temperature to !e -+C for the e-aluation of the properties an h. :e will chec/ the
accuracy of this "uess later an repeat the calculations if necessary. The characteristic len"th in this case is
etermine from
m 67> . '
m) &.7 ; m &(*
m) m)(&.7 * (

p
A
L
s
c
. Then,

>
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
& *
*' 776 . + ) >6( . ' (
) 4s m *' &>( . * (
) m 67> . ' )( = ) *' ( + )A = ''6>7B . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

c
L T T g
Ra
7? . 76 ) *' 776 . + ( *7 . ' *7 . '
6 4 * > 6 4 *
Ra Nu
&
&
m 7 . & ) m 7 . & )( m * (
C . :4m +?> . 6 ) 7? . 76 (
m 67> . '
C :4m. '&6** . '

s
c
o
A
Nu
L
k
h
Ksin" the assume -alue of "lass temperature, the raiation heat transfer coefficient is etermine to !e

.= :4m +66 . 6
= @ ) &>6 6' ( ) &>6 + )@A( &>6 6' ( ) &>6 + )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 ( B . '
) )( (
&
6 & & + & (
& &
+ + + + + +
+ +
sk! s sk! s rad

T T T T h
Then the com!ine con-ection an raiation heat transfer coefficient outsie !ecomes
&
,
:4m B' . ? +66 . 6 +?> . 6 + +
rad o combined o
h h h
0"ain we ta/e the "lass temperature to !e -+C for the e-aluation of the properties an h for the inner
surface of the s/yli"ht. The properties of air at * atm an the film temperature of Tf < (-+;&')4& < (C are
(Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''677B . '
= ) &>6 ( (
* *
>6+& . ' 5r
4s m *' +'( . *
C :4m. '&+&+ . '
f
T
k
The characteristic len"th in this case is also '.67> m. Then,

(
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
& *
*' +*& . * ) >6+& . ' (
) 4s m *' +'( . * (
) m 67> . ' )( = ) + ( &' )A = ''677B . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

c
L T T g
Ra
*+-B+
T
in
< &'C
Lutoors
T
< -*'C
T
s/y
< -6'C
9/yli"ht
&.7 m * m
< '.B
t < '.7 cm
+6 . &B ) *' +*& . * ( &> . ' &> . '
+ 4 * ( + 4 *
Ra Nu
C . :4m BB( . * ) +6 . &B (
m 67> . '
C :4m. '&+&+ . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
c
i
Ksin" the thermal resistance networ/, the rate of heat loss throu"h the s/yli"ht is etermine to !e

: **7
C . :4m B' . ?
*
C :4m. >( . '
m ''7 . '
C . :4m BB( . *
*
C )@ *' ( &' )A m 7 . & (
* *
) (
& &
&
"lass
, , ,
, ,

+ +
+ +

h k
t
h
T T A
R R R
T T
Q
glass i
out room s
o combined glas cond i conv
o i s
sk!light
Ksin" the same heat transfer coefficients for simplicity, the rate of heat loss throu"h the roof in the case of
2-7.6+ construction is etermine to !e
: 7 . *&
C . :4m B' . ?
*
C4: . m 6+ . 7
C . :4m BB( . *
*
C )@ *' ( &' )A m 7 . & (
* *
) (
&
&
&
&
, ,
, ,

+ +
+ +
+ +

h
R
h
T T A
R R R
T T
Q
glass
i
out room s
o combined cond i conv
o i s
roof
Therefore, a house loses **74*&.7 B times more heat throu"h the s/yli"hts than it oes throu"h an
insulate wall of the same si8e.
Ksin" ,ewton1s law of coolin", the "lass temperature corresponin" to a heat transfer rate of **7
: is calculate to !e T6.6C, which is sufficiently close to the assume -alue of -+C. Therefore, there is
no nee to repeat the calculations.
*+-B7
*+22 0 solar collector consists of a hori8ontal copper tu!e enclose in a concentric thin "lass tu!e. :ater
is heate in the tu!e, an the annular space !etween the copper an "lass tu!e is fille with air. The rate of
heat loss from the collector !y natural con-ection is to !e etermine.
Assumptions * 9teay operatin" conitions e.ist. - 0ir is an ieal "as with constant properties. . 2aiation
effects are ne"li"i!le. . The pressure of air in the enclosure is * atm.
(Ti;To)4& < (?';6&)4& < +?C are (Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''6*67 . '
= ) &>6 +? (
* *
>&6( . ' 5r
4s m *' >?' . *
C :4m. '&>'? . '
f
T
k

istance !etween the two cyliners
cm &
&
cm ) 7 B (
&

i o
c
D D
L
an,
*'' , *? ) >&6( . ' (
) 4s m *' >?' . * (
) m '& . ' )( = 6& ?' )( = ''6*67 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
c o i
L T T g
Ra
[ ]
*6'6 . '
m) 'B . ' ( m) '7 . ' ( m) '& . ' (
m '7 . '
m 'B . '
ln
) (
ln
7
>47 - >47 - 6
+
7 7 4 6 7 4 6 6
+
cyl

+
1
]
1
+
1
]
1

o i c
i
o
D D L
D
D
*
[ ] C :4m. '7(** . ' ) *'' , *? )( *6'6 . ' (
>&6( . ' (?* . '
>&6( . '
) C :4m. '&>'? . ' ( 6(? . '
) 2a (
5r (?* . '
5r
6(? . '
+ 4 *
+ 4 *
+ 4 *
cyl
+ 4 *
eff

,
_
,
_
+
* k k
Then the heat loss from the collector per meter len"th of the tu!e !ecomes
5 *1.+
,
_
,
_
C ) 6& ?' (
m '7 . '
m 'B . '
ln
) C :4m. '7(** . ' ( &
) (
ln
&
eff

o i
i
o
T T
D
D
k
Q
*+-B?
D
o
<B cm
D
i
<7 cm, T
i
< ?'C
0ir space
Glass co-er
T
o
< 6&C
*+23 0 solar collector consists of a hori8ontal tu!e enclose in a concentric thin "lass tu!e is consiere.
The pump circulatin" the water fails. The temperature of the aluminum tu!e when eCuili!rium is
esta!lishe is to !e etermine.
)4& < (66;6')4& <

6*.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''6&(+ . '
= ) &>6 7 . 6* (
* *
>&>( . ' 5r
4s m *' ?&& . *
C :4m. '&7BB . '
f
T
k
Analysis This pro!lem in-ol-es heat transfer from the aluminum tu!e to the "lass co-er, an from the outer
surface of the "lass co-er to the surrounin" am!ient air. :hen steay operation is reache, these two heat
transfers will !e eCual to the rate of heat "ain. That is,
len"th) meter (per : &'
gain solar ambient glass glass tube
Q Q Q

,ow we assume the surface temperature of the "lass co-er to !e 66C. :e will chec/ this assumption later
on, an repeat calculations with a !etter assumption, if necessary.
The characteristic len"th for the outer iameter of the "lass co-er Lc < Do <'.'> m. Then,
>'' , B* ) >&>( . ' (
) 4s m *' ?&& . * (
) m '> . ' )( = 6' 66 )( = ''6&(+ . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
o s
D T T g
Ra
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
?&? . >
>&>( . ' 4 77B . ' *
) >'' , B* ( 6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
+
+
'
+
+
Ra
Nu
&
m &*BB . ' m) * )( m '> . ' ( L D A
o s
C . :4m (6& . & ) ?&? . > (
m '> . '
C :4m. '&7BB . '
&

Nu
D
k
h
o
an,
C ) 6' )( m &*BB . ' )( C . :4m (6& . & ( ) (
& &

glass s s conv
T T T hA Q

[ ]
+ + + & ( & + +
) = &>6 &' ( ) = &>6 ( ) .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m &*BB . ' )( * ( ) ( + +

glass surr s s rad
T T T A Q
The e.pression for the total rate of heat transfer is

[ ]
+ + + & ( &
& &
) = &>6 &' ( ) = &>6 ( ) .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m &*BB . ' )( * (
C ) 6' )( m &*BB . ' )( C . :4m (6& . & ( < : &'
+ + +

+
glass
glass
rad conv total
T
T
Q Q Q

Its solution is
C 6+ . 66
glass
T
, which is sufficiently close to the assume -alue of 66C.
*+-B>
D
o
<> cm
D
i
< 7 cm, < *
0ir
T
< 6'C
0ir space
< *
&' :4m
,ow we will calculate heat transfer throu"h the air layer !etween aluminum tu!e an "lass co-er. :e will
assume the aluminum tu!e temperature to !e +7C an e-aluate properties at the a-era"e temperature of
(Ti;To)4& < (+7;66.6+)4& < 6B.*>C are (Ta!le 0-&&)
* -
& 7
= ''6&'6 . '
= ) &>6 *> . 6B (
* *
>&7> . ' 5r
4s m *' ?B+ . *
C :4m. '&?7? . '
f
T
k
The characteristic len"th in this case is the istance !etween the two cyliners,
cm * cm & 4 ) 7 > ( & 4 ) (
i o c
D D L
Then,
7 . B&? ) >&7> . ' (
) 4s m *' ?B+ . * (
) m '* . ' )( = 6+ . 66 +7 )( = ''6&'6 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
& *
c
L T T g
Ra
[ ]
'('(7 . '
m) '> . ' ( m) '7 . ' ( m) '* . ' (
m '7 . '
m '> . '
ln
) (
ln
7
647 - 647 - 6
+
7 7 4 6 7 4 6 6
+
cyl

+
1
]
1
+
1
]
1

o i c
i
o
D D L
D
D
*
[ ] C :4m. '&+(' . ' ) 7 . B&? )( '('(7 . ' (
>&7> . ' (?* . '
>&7> . '
) C :4m. '&?7? . ' ( 6(? . '
) 2a (
5r (?* . '
5r
6(? . '
+ 4 *
+ 4 *
+ 4 *
cyl
+ 4 *
eff

,
_
,
_
+
* k k
The heat transfer e.pression is
C ) 6+ . 66 (
m '7 . '
m '> . '
ln
) C :4m. '&+(' . ' ( &
) (
ln
&
& *
eff

,
_
,
_
tube
i
o
T T T
D
D
k
Q


[ ]
+ + + & ( &
+ +
& &
) = &>6 6+ . 66 ( ) = &>6 ( ) .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m *7>* . ' )( * (
) (
m *7>* . ' m) * ( m) '7 . ' (
+ +

t--be
surr s s rad
i s
T
T T A Q
L D A

The e.pression for the total rate of heat transfer is

[ ]
+ + + & ( &
) = &>6 6+ . 66 ( ) = &>6 ( ) .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m *7>* . ' )( * (
C ) 6+ . 66 (
m '7 . '
m '> . '
ln
) C :4m. '&+(' . ' ( &
: &'
+ + +

,
_
t--be
tube
rad conv total
T
T
Q Q Q

Its solution is , +0..
tube
T ,
*+-B(
which is sufficiently close to the assume -alue of +7C. Therefore, there is no nee to repeat the
calculations.
*+-BB
*+34& The components of an electronic e-ice locate in a hori8ontal uct of rectan"ular cross section is
coole !y force air. The heat transfer from the outer surfaces of the uct !y natural con-ection an the
a-era"e temperature of the uct are to !e etermine.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. + 2aiation effects are ne"li"i!le. / The thermal resistance of the uct is
ne"li"i!le.
)4& <
(*&';(')4& < *''3 are (Ta!le 0-&&D)

* -
& 6
2 ''*>(? . ' 2 ) +?' *'' 4( * 4 *
>&? . ' 5r
4s ft *' *('B . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*7&B . '
+
f
T
k
Analysis (a) Ksin" air ensity at the inlet temperature of (73 an the specific heat at the a-era"e
temperature of ((7;*''))4& < B&.73 an * atm for the force air, the mass flow rate of air an the heat
transfer rate !y force con-ection are etermine to !e
l!m4min ?'& . * ) 4min ft && )( l!m4ft '>&(+ . ' (
6 6
V
m

#tu4h ? . 6+? 3 ) (7 *'' )( 3 #tu4l!m. &+'+ . ' )( l!m4h ?' ?'& . * ( ) (
in out p forced
T T c m Q
,otin" that raiation heat transfer is ne"li"i!le, the rest of the *(' : heat "enerate must !e issipate !y
natural con-ection,
;tu<h -02 ? . 6+? ) +*& . 6 *(' (
forced total natural
Q Q Q

(b) :e start the calculations !y "uessin" the surface temperature to !e *&'3 for the e-aluation of the
properties an h. :e will chec/ the accuracy of this "uess later an repeat the calculations if necessary.
!orizontal top surfaceB The characteristic len"th is
ft &&&& . '
ft) ?4*& ; ft &(+
ft) ft)(?4*& + (

P
A
L
s
c
. Then,

7
& & 6
6 -* &
&
6
*' 7BB . 7 ) >&? . ' (
) 4s ft *' *('B . ' (
) ft &&&& . ' ( 2) (' *&' )( 2 ''*>(? . ' )( ft4s & . 6& (
5r
) (

c s
L T T g
Ra
>> . *+ ) *' 7BB . 7 ( 7+ . ' 7+ . '
+ 4 * 7 + 4 *
Ra Nu
bottom top
c
top
A A
Nu
L
k
h

&
&
ft & ) ft *& 4 ? )( ft + (
3 . #tu4h.ft '*? . * ) >> . *+ (
ft &&&& . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*7&B . '

!orizontal bottom surfaceB The ,usselt num!er for this "eometry an orientation can !e etermine from
6(? . > ) *' 7BB . 7 ( &> . ' &> . '
+ 4 * 7 + 4 *
Ra Nu
3 . #tu4h.ft 7'(& . ' ) 6(? . > (
ft &&&& . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*7&B . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
c
bottom
?ertical side surfacesB The characteristic len"th in this case is the hei"ht of the uct, Lc # L < ? in. Then,
?
& & 6
6 -* &
&
6
*' 6>B . ? ) >&? . ' (
) 4s ft *' *('B . ' (
) ft 7 . ' ( 2) (' *&' )( 2 ''*>(? . ' )( ft4s & . 6& (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
*+-*''
*(' :
L < + ft
0ir uct
? in ? in
0ir
(73
&& cfm
*''3
0ir
('3
7> . &>
>&? . '
+B& . '
*
) *' 6>B . ? ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * ?
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
&
&
ft + ) ft 7 . ' )( ft + ( &
3 . #tu4h.ft (+6 . ' ) 7> . &> (
ft 7 . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*7&B . '

side
side
A
Nu
L
k
h
Then the total heat loss from the uct can !e e.presse as
) @( ) ( ) ( ) A(

+ + + + T T hA hA hA Q Q Q Q
s side bottom top side bottom top total

9u!stitutin" an sol-in" for the surface temperature,
3 ) (' @( 3 #tu4h. ) + (+6 . ' & 7'(& . ' & '*? . * A( #tu4h &?( + +
s
T
Ts < *-*.19
which is sufficiently close to the assume -alue of *&'3 use in the e-aluation of properties an h.
*+-*'*
*+3*& The components of an electronic system locate in a hori8ontal uct of circular cross section is
coole !y force air. The heat transfer from the outer surfaces of the uct !y natural con-ection an the
a-era"e temperature of the uct are to !e etermine.
ne"li"i!le.
)4& <
(*7';(')4& < **73 are (Ta!le 0-&&D)
* -
& 6
2 ''*>6B . '
2 ) +?' **7 (
* *
>&6( . ' 5r
4s ft *' *(B7 . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*7?+ . '
f
T
k
Analysis (a) Ksin" air ensity at the inlet temperature of (73 an the specific heat at the a-era"e
temperature of ((7;*''))4& < B&.73 an * atm for the force air, the mass flow rate of air an the heat
transfer rate !y force con-ection are etermine to !e
l!m4min ?'& . * ) 4min ft && )( l!m4ft '>&(+ . ' (
6 6
V
m

#tu4h ? . 6+? 3 ) (7 *'' )( 3 #tu4l!m. &+'+ . ' )( l!m4h ?' ?'& . * ( ) (
in out p forced
T T c m Q
,otin" that raiation heat transfer is ne"li"i!le, the rest of the *(' : heat "enerate must !e issipate !y
natural con-ection,
;tu<h -02 ? . 6+? ) +*& . 6 *(' (
forced total natural
Q Q Q

(!) :e start the calculations !y "uessin" the surface temperature to !e *7'3 for the e-aluation of the
characteristic len"th in this case is the outer iameter of the uct, Lc # D < + in. Then,
?
& & 6
6 -* &
&
6
& *
*' B&? . & ) >&6( . ' (
) 4s ft *' *(B7 . ' (
) ft *& 4 + ( 2) (' *7' )( 2 ''*>6B . ' )( ft4s & . 6& (
5r
) (

D T T g
Ra
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
>B . *B
>&6( . ' 4 77B . ' *
) *' B&? . & ( 6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * ?
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
'
+
+
Ra
Nu
&
&
ft *B . + ) ft + )( ft *& 4 + (
3 . #tu4h.ft B&(7 . ' ) >B . *B (
ft *& 4 +
3 #tu4h.ft. '*7?+ . '

DL A
Nu
D
k
h
s

Then the surface temperature is etermine to !e
9 *+2.3
+ +

) ft *B . + )( 3 . #tu4h.ft B&(7 . ' (
#tu4h &?(
3 (' ) (
& &
s
s s s
hA
Q
T T T T hA Q

which is -ery close to the assume -alue of *7'3 use in the e-aluation of properties an h. Therefore,
there is no nee to repeat the calculations.
*+-*'&
*(' :
L < + ft
0ir uct
D < + in
0ir
(73
&& cfm
*''3
0ir
('3
*+3-& The components of an electronic system locate in a hori8ontal uct of rectan"ular cross section is
coole !y natural con-ection. The heat transfer from the outer surfaces of the uct !y natural con-ection
an the a-era"e temperature of the uct are to !e etermine.
ne"li"i!le.
Properties The properties of air at * atm an the anticipate film temperature of (Ts;T
)4& < (*?';(')4& <

*&'3 are (Ta!le 0-&&D)
* -
& 6
2 ''*>&+ . ' 2) +?' *&' 4( * 4 *
>&6 . ' 5r
4s ft *' *B&6 . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*7>? . '
+
f
T
k
Analysis (a) ,otin" that raiation heat transfer is

ne"li"i!le an no heat is remo-e !y force con-ection
!ecause of the failure of the fan, the entire *(' : heat
"enerate must !e issipate !y natural con-ection,
5 *24
total natural
Q Q

(!) :e start the calculations !y "uessin" the surface temperature to !e *?'3 for the e-aluation of the
properties an h. :e will chec/ the accuracy of this "uess later an repeat the calculations if necessary.
!orizontal top surfaceB The characteristic len"th is
ft &&&& . '
ft) ?4*& ; ft &(+
ft) ft)(?4*& + (

p
A
L
s
c
. Then,

7
& & 6
6 -* &
&
6
*' 76+ . B ) >&6 . ' (
) 4s ft *' *B&6 . ' (
) ft &&&& . ' ( 2) (' *?' )( 2 ''*>&+ . ' )( ft4s & . 6& (
5r
) (

c s
L T T g
Ra
(> . *? ) *' 76+ . B ( 7+ . ' 7+ . '
+ 4 * 7 + 4 *
Ra Nu
bottom top
c
top
A A
Nu
L
k
h

&
&
ft & ) ft *& 4 ? )( ft + (
3 . #tu4h.ft *B> . * ) (> . *? (
ft &&&& . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*7>? . '

!orizontal bottom surfaceB The ,usselt num!er for this "eometry an orientation can !e etermine from
+6> . ( ) *' 76+ . B ( &> . ' &> . '
+ 4 * 7 + 4 *
Ra Nu
3 . #tu4h.ft 7B(6 . ' ) +6> . ( (
ft &&&& . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*7>? . '
&

Nu
L
k
h
c
bottom
?ertical side surfacesB The characteristic len"th in this case is the hei"ht of the uct, Lc < L < ? in. Then,
>
& & 6
6 -* &
&
6
*' '(? . * ) >&6 . ' (
) 4s ft *' *B&6 . ' (
) ft 7 . ' ( 2) (' *?' )( 2 ''*>&+ . ' )( ft4s & . 6& (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
'6 . 6&
>&6 . '
+B& . '
*
) *' '(? . * ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * >
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
&
&
ft + ) ft 7 . ' )( ft + ( &
3 . #tu4h.ft ''B . * ) '6 . 6& (
ft 7 . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*7>? . '

side
side
A
Nu
L
k
h
*+-*'6
*(' :
L < + ft
0ir uct
? in ? in
0ir
('3
Then the total heat loss from the uct can !e e.presse as
) @( ) ( ) ( ) A(

+ + + + T T hA hA hA Q Q Q Q
s side bottom top side bottom top total

9u!stitutin" an sol-in" for the surface temperature,
3 ) (' @( 3 #tu4h. ) + ''B . * & 7B(6 . ' & *B> . * A(
: *
#tu4h 6.+*&*+
: *(' + +
,
_
s
T
Ts < *04./9
which is sufficiently close to the assume -alue of *?'3 use in the e-aluation of properties an h.
*+-*'+
*+3. 0 col aluminum canne rin/ is e.pose to am!ient air. The time it will ta/e for the a-era"e
temperature to rise to a specifie -alue is to !e etermine.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. + 0ny heat transfer from the !ottom surface of the can is isre"are. / The
thermal resistance of the can is ne"li"i!le.
)4& < (?;&7)4& < *7.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''6+?? . ' =) &>6 7 . *7 4( * 4 *
>6&& . ' 5r
4s m *' +>7 . *
C :4m. '&+( . '
+
f
T
k
Analysis :e assume the surface temperature of aluminum can to !e eCual to the temperature of the rin/ in
the can since the can is mae of a -ery thin layer of aluminum. ,otin" that the temperature of the rin/
rises from 7C to >C, we ta/e the a-era"e surface temperature to !e ?C. The characteristic len"th in this
case is the hei"ht of the !o. Lc # L < '.*&7 m. Then,
?
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' &+? . + ) >6&& . ' (
) 4s m *' +>7 . * (
) m *&7 . ' )( = ? &7 )( = ''6+?? . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
0t this point we shoul chec/ if we can treat this aluminum can as a -ertical plate. The criteria is
cm B& . (
) >6&& . ' 4 *' &+? . + (
) cm 7 . *& ( 67 67
+ 4 * ? + 4 *

Gr
L
D
which is not smaller than the iameter of the can (? cm), !ut close to it. Therefore, we can still use -ertical
plate relation appro.imately (!esies, we o not ha-e another relation a-aila!le). Then
?6 . &+
>6&& . '
+B& . '
*
) *' &+? . + ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * ?
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
&
& &
&
m '&?6B . '
+
) m '? . ' (
) m *&7 . ' )( m '? . ' (
+
C . :4m ((> . + ) ?6 . &+ (
m *&7 . '
C :4m. '&+( . '
+ +

D
DL A
Nu
L
k
h
s

,ote that we also inclue top surface area of the can to the total surface area, an assume the heat transfer
coefficient for that area to !e the same for simplicity (actually, it will !e a little lower). Then heat transfer
rate from outer surfaces of the can !y natural con-ection !ecomes
: +7 . & C ) ? &7 )( m '&?6B . ' )( C . :4m ((> . + ( ) (
& &

s s
T T hA Q

: ?+ . * @ ) = &>6 ? ( ) = &B( )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m '&?6B . ' )( ? . ' ( ) (
+ + + & ( & + +
+

s surr s rad
T T A Q
an : 'B . + ?+ . * +* . & +
total
Q
Ksin" the properties of water for the col rin/ at ?C, the amount of heat transfer to the rin/ is
H &B>* C ) 7 > )( C H4/". +&'6 )( /" 676+ . ' ( ) (
/" 676+ . ' m) *&7 . ' (
+
m) '? . ' (
) /"4m B . BBB (
+
* &
&
6
&

T T mc Q
L
D
m
p

V
Then the time reCuire for the temperature of the col rin/ to rise to >C !ecomes
min *-.* s >&?
H4s 'B . +
H &B>*
Q
Q
t t Q Q

*+-*'7
0ir
&7C
,$)'
7C
< '.?
D < ? cm
*&.7 cm
*+3+ 0n electric hot water heater is locate in a small room. 0 hot water tan/ insulation /it is a-aila!le for
I?'. The pay!ac/ perio of this insulation to pay for itself from the ener"y it sa-es is to !e etermine.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. + 0ny heat transfer from the top an !ottom surfaces of the tan/ is
isre"are. / The thermal resistance of the metal sheet is ne"li"i!le.
)4& < (+';&')4& < 6'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''66 . '
= ) &>6 6' (
* *
>&(& . ' 5r
4s m *' ?'( . *
C :4m. '&7(( . '
f
T
k
Analysis The characteristic len"th in this case is the hei"ht of

the heater, Lc # L # & m. Then,
*'
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' +7B . * ) >&(& . ' (
) 4s m *' ?'( . * (
) m & )( = &' +' )( = ''66 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
+ . &(7
>&(& . '
+B& . '
*
) *' +7B . * ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * *'
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
&
&
m >?7 . & ) m & )( m ++ . ' (
C . :4m ?B6 . 6 ) + . &(7 (
m &
C :4m. '&7(( . '

DL A
Nu
L
k
h
s

an : & . &'+ C ) &' +' )( m >?7 . & )( C . :4m ?B6 . 6 ( ) (
& &

s s
T T hA Q

: 7 . &++ @ ) = &>6 &' ( ) = &>6 +' )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m >?7 . & )( > . ' (
) (
+ + + & ( &
+ +
+ +

s surr s rad
T T A Q
an : > . ++( 7 . &++ & . &'+ +

total
Q
The reuction in heat loss after ain" insulation is

: ' . 67B .>) ++( )( (' . ' ( Q
The amount of heat an money sa-e per hour is

/:h 67B' . ' h) /:)(* 67B' . ' ( t Q Q
saved saved

'&(>& . ' I 4/:h) /:h)(I'.'( 67B' . ' ( sa-e Money
Then it will ta/e days 21.4 h &'(B
'&(>& . ' I
?' I
t
for the aitional insulation to pay for itself from the ener"y it sa-es.
*+-*'?
T
s
< +'C
< '.>
:ater
heater
% < & m
& cm +' cm & cm
2oom
&'C
*+3/ 0 hot part of the -ertical front section of a natural "as furnace in a plant is consiere. The rate of
heat loss from this section an the annual cost of this heat loss are to !e etermine.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. + 0ny heat transfer from other surfaces of the tan/ is isre"are.
(Ts;T
)4& < (**';&7)4& < ?>.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''&B6> . '
= ) &>6 7 . ?> (
* *
>*(6 . ' 5r
4s m *' B> . *
C :4m. '&(?6 . '
f
T
k

hei"ht of that section of furnace, Lc < L < *.7 m. Then,
*'
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' 76' . * ) >*(6 . ' (
) 4s m *' B> . * (
) m 7 . * )( = &7 **' )( = ''&B6> . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

L T T g
Ra
s
* . &(B
>*(6 . '
+B& . '
*
) *' 76' . * ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * *'
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+ Nu
&
&
m 7 . * ) m 7 . * )( m * (
C . :4m 7*( . 7 ) * . &(B (
m 7 . *
C :4m. '&(?6 . '

s
A
Nu
L
k
h
an
: 7 . >'6 C ) &7 **' )( m 7 . * )( C . :4m 7*( . 7 ( ) (
& &

T T hA Q
s s

: (*& @ ) = &>6 &7 ( ) = &>6 **' )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m 7 . * )( > . ' (
) (
+ + + & ( &
+ +
+ +

s surr s rad
T T A Q
. :: + (*& 7 . >'6
total
Q
The amount an cost of natural "as use to o-ercome this heat loss per year is
/H *' *+ . & s4hr) 6?'' hr4ay *' ays4yr 6*' (
'.>B
/H4s) 7*7 . * (
>B . '
>
t
Q
t Q Q
total
gas gas
=-+. .&'4therm) therm)(I* 7'' , *'7 4 *' *+ . & ( Cost

>
*+-*'>
< '.>
T
s
< **'C
2oom
&7C
5late on
furnace
*.7 m *.7 m
*+30 0 "roup of &7 transistors are coole !y attachin" them to a sCuare aluminum plate an mountin" the
plate on the wall of a room. The reCuire si8e of the plate to limit the surface temperature to 7'C is to !e
etermine.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. + 0ny heat transfer from the !ac/ sie of the plate is ne"li"i!le.
)4& < (7';6')4& < +'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''6*B7 . '
= ) &>6 +' (
* *
>&77 . ' 5r
4s m *' >'& . *
C :4m. '&??& . '
f
T
k
Analysis The 2aylei"h num!er can !e etermine in terms of

the characteristic len"th (len"th of the plate) to !e

6 B
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' 7>* . * ) >&77 . ' (
) 4s m *' >'& . * (
) )( = 6' 7' )( = ''6*B7 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
L
L L T T g
Ra
c s

The ,usselt num!er relation is

&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * 6 B
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
>&77 . '
+B& . '
*
) *' 7>* . * ( 6(> . '
(&7 . '
5r
+B& . '
*
2a 6(> . '
(&7 . '
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
+
L
Nu
&
C :4m. '&??& . '
L A
Nu
L
Nu
L
k
h
s

,otin" that !oth the surface an surrounin" temperatures are /nown, the rate of con-ection an raiation
heat transfer are e.presse as
C ) 6' 7' (
C :4m. '&??& . '
) (
&
con-

NuL
L
T T hA Q
s s

& + + + + & ( & + +
ra
6 . *&7 = @ ) &>6 6' ( ) &>6 7' )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 ( ) B . ' ( ) ( L L T T A Q
sk! s s
+ +

The rate of total heat transfer is e.presse as

& &
ra con- total
6 . *&7 C ) 6' 7' (
C :4m. '&??& . '
:) 7 . * ( &7 L NuL
L
Q Q Q
+

+

9u!stitutin" ,usselt num!er e.pression a!o-e into this eCuation an sol-in" for L, the len"th of the plate is
etermine to !e
L < 4.+-0 m
*+-*'(
Transistors,
&7*.7 :
< '.B
T
s
< 7'C
2oom
6'C
5late
L L
*+31 0 "roup of &7 transistors are coole !y attachin" them to a sCuare aluminum plate an positionin"
the plate hori8ontally in a room. The reCuire si8e of the plate to limit the surface temperature to 7'C is to
!e etermine for two cases.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. + 0ny heat transfer from the !ac/ sie of the plate is ne"li"i!le.
of (Ts;T
)4& < (7';6')4& < +'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''6*B7 . '
= ) &>6 +' (
* *
>&77 . ' 5r
4s m *' >'& . *
C :4m. '&??& . '
f
T
k
Analysis The characteristic len"th an the 2aylei"h num!er

for the hori8ontal case are etermine to !e
+ +
&
L
L
L
p
A
L
s
c

6 >
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' +7+ . & ) >&77 . ' (
) 4s m *' >'& . * (
) + 4 )( = 6' 7' )( = ''6*B7 . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (
L
L L T T g
Ra
c s

,otin" that !oth the surface an surrounin" temperatures are /nown, the rate of raiation heat transfer is
etermine to !e

& + + + + & ( & + +
ra
6 . *&7 = @ ) &>6 6' ( ) &>6 7' )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 ( ) B . ' ( ) ( L L T T A Q
sk! s s
+ +

(a) !ot surface facing upB :e assume 2a E *'

>
an thus L E'.>+ m so that we can etermine the ,u
num!er from DC. *+-&&. Then the ,usselt num!er an the con-ection heat transfer coefficient !ecome
+ 4 6 + 4 * 6 > + 4 *
' . 6( ) *' +7+ . & ( 7+ . ' 7+ . ' L L Ra Nu
Then,
&
& + 4 * + 4 6
C . :4m '+> . + ) ' . 6( (
+ 4
C :4m. '&??& . '
L A
L L
L
Nu
L
k
h
s

The rate of con-ection heat transfer is
: B+ . (' ) 6' 7' ( ) '+> . + ( ) (
+ 4 > & + 4 *
con-
L L L T T hA Q
s s

Then,
: 6 . *&7 B+ . (' :) 7 . * ( &7
& + 4 >
ra con- total
L L Q Q Q + +

9ol-in" for L, the len"th of the plate is etermine to !e
L < 4.+41 m
,ote that L E '.>7 m, an therefore the assumption of 2a E *'
>
is -erifie. That is,
(b) !ot surface facing downB The ,usselt num!er in this case is etermine from
+ 4 6 + 4 * 6 > + 4 *
' . *B ) *' +7+ . & ( &> . ' &> . ' L L Ra Nu
Then,
'&6 . & ) ' . *B (
+ 4
C :4m. '&??& . '
+ 4 * + 4 6
L L
L
Nu
L
k
h
c
The rate of con-ection heat transfer is
: +> . +' ) 6' 7' ( ) '&6 . & ( ) (
+ 4 > & + 4 *
con-
L L L T T hA Q
s s

Then,
: 6 . *&7 +> . +' :) 7 . * ( &7
& + 4 >
ra con- total
L L Q Q Q + +

9ol-in" for L, the len"th of the plate is etermine to !e
L < 4.+0+ m
*+-*'B
Transistors,
&7*.7 :
< '.B
T
s
< 7'C
2oom
6'C
5late
L L
*+32& 0 hot water pipe passes throu"h a !asement. The temperature rop of water in the !asement ue to
heat loss from the pipe is to !e etermine.
)4& <
(*7';?')4& < *'73 are (Ta!le 0-&&D)

* -
& 6
2 ''*>> . '
2 ) +?' *'7 (
* *
>&76 . ' 5r
4s ft *' *(6( . '
3 #tu4h.ft. '*7+* . '
f
T
k
Analysis :e e.pect the pipe temperature to !e -ery close to the water temperature, an start the
calculations !y "uessin" the a-era"e outer surface temperature of the pipe to !e *7'3 for the e-aluation
of the properties an h. :e will chec/ the accuracy of this "uess later an repeat the calculations if
necessary. The characteristic len"th in this case is the outer iameter of the pipe, Lc # Do # *.& in. Then,

7
& & 6
6 -* &
&
6
*' *'* . * ) >&76 . ' (
) 4s ft *' *(6( . ' (
) ft *& 4 & . * )( 2 ?' *7' )( 2 ''*>> . ' )( ft4s & . 6& (
5r
) (

o s
D T T g
Ra
The natural con-ection ,usselt num!er can !e etermine from
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
BB( . >
>&76 . ' 4 77B . ' *
) *' *'* . * ( 6(> . '
? . '
5r 4 77B . ' *
6(> . '
? . '
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 * 7
&
&> 4 (
*? 4 B
? 4 *
'
'
+
+
Ra
Nu
&
&
&
ft >'( . *7 ) ft 7' )( ft *& 4 & . * (
ft 'B . *6 ) ft 7' )( ft *& 4 * (
3 . #tu4h.ft &6& . * ) BB( . > (
ft ) *& 4 & . * (
3 #tu4h.ft. '*7+* . '

L D A
L D A
Nu
D
k
h
o o
i i
o
o
Ksin" the assume -alue of "lass temperature, the raiation heat transfer coefficient is etermine to !e

.2 #tu4h.ft ?&&& . '
@ ) +?' ?' ( ) +?' *7' )@A( +?' ?' ( ) +?' *7' )A( .2 #tu4h.ft *' *>*+ . ' )( 7 . ' (
) )( (
&
6 & & + & (
& &
+ + + + + +
+ +
R
T T T T h
surr s surr s rad

Then the com!ine con-ection an raiation heat transfer coefficient outsie !ecomes
.2 #tu4h.ft (7+ . * ?&&& . ' &6& . *
&
,
+ +
rad o combined o
h h h
an
#tu4h &++'
) >'( . *7 )( (7+ . * (
*
) 7' )( 6' ( +
) * 4 & . * ln(
) 'B . *6 )( 6' (
*
?' *7'
*
+
) 4 ln( *

+ +
+ +

o o
i o
i i
ater
A h kL
D D
A h
T T
Q
The mass flow rate of water

[ ] l!m4h +('> < l!m4s 667 . * ft4s) + ( + 4 ft) (*4*& ) l!m4ft & . ?* (
& 6
V A m
c
Then the temperature rop of water as it flows throu"h the pipe !ecomes
*+-**'
:ater
+ ft4s
*7'3
L < 7' ft
D
i
<*.' in
D
o
<*.& in
T
s

< '.7
T
s/y
< ?'3
T
< ?'3
9 4./*

3) #tu4l!m. ' . * ( l!m4h) +('> (
#tu4h &++'

p
p
c m
Q
T T c m Q
*+-***
*+33 0 flat-plate solar collector place hori8ontally on the flat roof of a house is e.pose to the calm
am!ient air. The rate of heat loss from the collector !y natural con-ection an raiation are to !e
etermine.
)4& < (+&;()4& < &7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''667? . '
= ) &>6 &7 (
* *
>&B? . ' 5r
4s m *' 7?& . *
C :4m. '&77* . '
f
T
k
Analysis The characteristic len"th in this case is etermine from

m ? . '
m) ? ; m &(*.7
) m ? )( m 7 . * (

p
A
L
s
c

Then,
(
& & 7
6 -* &
&
6
*' &6' . > ) >&B? . ' (
) 4s m *' 7?& . * (
) m ? . ' )( = ( +& )( = ''667? . ' )( m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

c s
L T T g
Ra
? . *6+ ) *' &6' . > ( *7 . ' *7 . '
6 4 * ( 6 4 *
Ra Nu
&
&
m B ) m ? )( m 7 . * (
C . :4m >& . 7 ) ? . *6+ (
m ? . '
C :4m. '&77* . '

s
c
A
Nu
L
k
h
an
5 *1/4

C ) ( +& )( m B )( C . :4m >& . 7 ( ) (
& &
T T hA Q
s s conv
Heat transfer rate !y raiation is

5 -+34 + +

@ ) = &>6 *7 ( ) = &>6 +& )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m B )( B . ' (

) (
+ + + & ( &
+ +
s surr s rad
T T A Q
*+-**&
Insulation
0ir
T
< (C
T
s/y
< -*7C 9olar collector
T
s
<+&C
< '.B
L < *.7 m
*+*44 0 flat-plate solar collector tilte +'C from the hori8ontal is e.pose to the calm am!ient air. The
total rate of heat loss from the collector, the collector efficiency, an the temperature rise of water in the
collector are to !e etermine.
atmospheric pressure is * atm. + There is no heat loss from the !ac/ surface of the a!sor!er plate.
(Ts;T
)4& < (+';&')4& < 6'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

* -
& 7
= ''66 . '
= ) &>6 6' (
* *
>&(& . ' 5r
4s m *' ?'( . *
C :4m. '&7(( . '
f
T
k
Analysis (a) The characteristic len"th in

this case is etermine from
&
m +&B . '
m) & ; m &(*.7
) m & )( m 7 . * (

p
A
L
s
c

Then,
(
& & 7
6 * - &
&
6
*' *'6 . * ) >&(& . ' (
) 4s m *' ?'( . * (
) m +&B . ' )( = &' +' )( = ''66 . ' )( +' )(cos m4s (* . B (
5r
) (

c s
L T T g
Ra
B+ . >* ) *' *'6 . * ( *7 . ' *7 . '
6 4 * ( 6 4 *
Ra Nu
&
&
m 6 ) m & )( m 7 . * (
C . :4m 6+' . + ) B+ . >* (
m +&B . '
C :4m. '&7(( . '

s
s
A
Nu
L
k
h
an : + . &?' C ) &' +' )( m 6 )( C . :4m 6+' . + ( ) (
& &

T T hA Q
s s conv
Heat transfer rate !y raiation is

: *'*( @ ) = &>6 +' ( ) = &>6 +' )A( .= :4m *' ?> . 7 )( m 6 )( B . ' (
) (
+ + + & ( &
+ +
+ +

s surr s rad
T T A Q
an 5 *-12 + *'*( + . &?'

total
Q
(b) The solar ener"y incient on the collector is

: *>*? ) m 6 )( :4m ?7' )( (( . ' (
& &

s incident
A " Q

Then the collector efficiency !ecomes
2:.:9
&77 . '
*>*?
*&>( *>*?
incident
lost incident
Q
Q Q
efficienc!

(c) The temperature rise of the water as it passes throu"h the collector is
C 8.0

C) H4/". +*(' )( /"4s ?' 4 * (
: ) *&>( *>*? (
p
p
c m
Q
T T c m Q
*+-**6
9olar
raiation
?7' :4m
&
<+'
Insulation
0!sor!er
5late
Glass
Co-er,
+'C
./0 m
< 6 cm
Lutoors,
T
< &'C
T
s/y
< -+'C
!>0 @.. !>00 )esign and Essay (ro7lems

*+-**+

Thermodynamics Heat Transfer Solutions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thermodynamics Heat Transfer Solutions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Solutions Manual

)4& < (7';&')4& < 67C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

Analysis The characteristic len"th in this case is

)4& < (+';*')4& < &7C are

Analysis (a) :hen there is no win heat transfer is !y

The ,usselt num!er is etermine from

Discussion There is more than fi-e-fol increase in heat transfer ue to wins.

)4& < (*'';&')4& < ?'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

)4& < (*&';&')4& < >'C@

? . ?++ ) >*>> . ' (

which is sufficiently close to the assume -alue of *&'C.

)4& < (>6;&>)4& < 7'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

(b) The raiation heat loss from the pipe is

)4& < (*6';>7)4& < *'&.73 are (Ta!le 0-&&)

Analysis (a) :hen the plate is -ertical, the characteristic len"th is

The properties of water at +'C are (Ta!le 0-*7)

)4& < (B(;&7)4& < ?*.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

Analysis (a) The characteristic len"th in this case is the

(b) The raiation heat loss from the pan is

(c) The heat loss !y the e-aporation of water is

)4& < (B(;&7)4& < ?*.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

Analysis (a) The characteristic len"th in this case is

(!) The raiation heat loss from the pan is

(c) The heat loss !y the e-aporation of water is

)4& < (77;&')4& < 6>.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

Analysis The characteristic len"th in this case is the

The raiation heat loss is

Then the total rate of heat loss !ecomes

Analysis :e start the solution process !y

surr s s s s rad conv

)4& < (+7;&')4& < 6&.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

Analysis The solution of this pro!lem reCuires a trial-an-error approach

798 Ts,a 7,8 Ts,b 7,8 Ts,c 7,8

)4& < (**7;&7)4& < >'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

Its solution is C :.8

Its solution is Ts < //.-,

)4& < (>';&7)4& < +>.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

Its solution is C /0.:

Its solution is C 0:.0

C ) &' *&' )( m '7'&> . ' (

The raiation heat loss from the cyliner is

Therefore, the fraction of heat loss !y raiation is

)4& < (&7;')4&

The raiation heat loss from the cyliner is

Analysis The rate of heat loss in the pre-ious

)4& < (7;&7)4& < *7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

. !22.2 + + 6 . &6+ B . *(>

)4& < (7';6')4&

)4& < (*>';&')4& < B7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

)4& < (67;&')4& <

surr s s s s rad conv

or &7.6((4&>.+' < '.B&> (B&.>J)

)4& < (67;&7)4& < 6'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

)4& < (67;&7)4& < 6'C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

Its solution is Ts < ./.-,

Its solution is Ts < .2..,

)4& < (**';6')4& < >'C are

)4& < (-+&;&7)4& < -(.7C are

The total mass an the rate of e-aporation of propane are

for the propane tan/ to empty.

)4& < (B';>')4& < ('3 are (Ta!le

Analysis The characteristic len"th for a spherical

)4& < (*>';&7)4& < B>.7C are

)4& < (6';>7)4& < '&.73 are (Ta!le 0-&&)

)4& < (';&+)4& < >C are (Ta!le 0-&&)

C ) && &' )( m '&+?7 . ' (

)4& < ((';>()4&<&B3 are (Ta!le

)4& < (B;&')4& < B.7C are (Ta!le 0-&&)