RATNAKETUPARIVARTA

Sanskrit and Tibetan texts

A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Australian National University 1974

by

Yenshu Kurumiya

This thesis is based on original research conducted b y the author while he was a R esearch Scholar in the Department of South Asian and Buddhist Studies at the Australian National University from 1971 to 1974.

Dedicated to the memory

of

Professor Y. Sakamoto

and

M y Mother.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is with a feeling of deep gratitude that I acknowledge m y indebtedness to the Australian National University for awarding me a Ph.D. scholarship, which enabled me to study for a period of three years as a Research Scholar in the Department of South Asian and Buddhist Studies* I will forever be indebted to the Head of this Department, m y supervisor and mentor, Professor J.W. de Jong, for his constant and tireless guidance and encouragement. He allowed me the use

of his copy of a very rare microfilm of the Gilgit manuscripts and opened his extensive library to me. Professor de Jong and

Dr. A. Yuyama taught me to appreciate the importance of biblio graphical works. I am thankful to Mrs. L.A. Hercus for acting

as m y supervisor during the three months of Professor de Jong's absence from Canberra in 1973. I am also extremely grateful to Mr. T. R a j a p a t i r a n a , whose assistance has been invaluable to me in correcting the typescript of the Sanskrit and Tibetan texts and foot-notes. I am thankful

to Mrs. G.F. de Jong for her help in transliterating a Tunhuang manuscript of the Tibetan translation and her constant encouragement. To Professor M. Hara, the staff of the India Office Library, the Bibliotheque N a t i o n a l e , the Institute for the Comprehensive Study of the Lotus Sutra and the Menzies Library I am v e r y much obliged for their assistance in obtaining microfilms of the various manuscripts and other materials used in this work. A very special word of thanks is due to Miss B e t t y Kat who ve r y enthusiastically typed the entire manuscript of the present work.

must not forget to record the invisible but nonetheless

very substantial influence of the late Professor Y. Sakamoto and my mother, now deceased, and the kind and constant encouragement of my gurus in Japan. Last but not least I take great pleasure in acknowledging my appreciation of the patient companionship and encouragement I have always had from m y wife, T a k a k o

Canberra, August 1974.

Yenshu K u r u m i y a .

C O N T E N T S

Introduction Bibliographical Notes Grammatical Notes Editorial Notes Summary Table I; Contents of Kanjur edition

i viii xviii xxxv xxxvi i xlii

Table II: Concordance of Tunhuang manuscripts and Chinese translation Abbreviations PART ONE: RATNAKETUPARIVARTA I II III IV V % VI X XI XII XIII Laksanaparivarta Marajihmikaranaparivarta Purvayogaparivarta Maradamanaparivarta 1 26 57 94 120 135 Araksaparivarta Saddharmanetryaraksanaparivarta Xtavakaparivarta Nisthagamanaparivarta 193 200 164 176 184 xliii liv

Colophon

APPENDIX I : Other texts of the Mahasannipata Sutra in Sanskrit and Khotanese INDEX PART TWO; CHEN P0 RIN P0 CHE TOG GI GZUNS [DKON MCHOG DBAL ES B Y A BA'I I II III Bdud spa bskon ba'i le'u ste Snon byuri ba'i le'u ste Bdud btul ba'i le'u ste 201 204

GZUNS] 1 40 77

IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII

Sran sron skar ma la d g a b a i le'u ste Mtshan nid kyi l e u ste G-zuns kyi l e u ste Dam pa'i chos yons su gzun p a i le u ste Lun bstan b a i le u ste Snin brtse p a i le u ste Kun tu bsrun b a i le u ste Dam p a i chos kyi tshu srun b a i le u ste Brog gnas kyi l e u ste Mthar phyin p a i le u ste

116 156 194 239 246 270 277 293 312 323

[Colophon] APPENDIX II: APPENDIX III: Tunhuang manuscript lb 331

Tibetan texts of the Mahasannipata Sutra 35l

INTRODUCTION

1.

The Ratnaketuparivarta (abbr. Rk) is a Mahayana text and is The present

one of the texts belonging to the Mahasannipata Sutra.

Sanskrit text, the Rk, which is based on a single manuscript discovered at Gilgit, originally consisted of thirteen chapters, as is confirmed by both Tibetan and Chinese translations. Except

the missing three chapters (the 7th, 8th and 9th), the manuscript covers all chapters but some folios are missing. The greater part

of this text was published b y N. Dutt in his work "Gilgit Manuscripts Yol. IV (Calcutta, 1959). 2. There is a folio of another manuscript, Hoernle MS., No. 143,

SA. 7, for which see 'Bibliographical Notes'. 3. From a philological point of vie w the text is important

because it contains many Buddhist (Hybrid) Sanskrit characteristics in its vocabulary, grammar and syntax, even though Dutt declared that "the text is of Mahavaipulya type and its language is not so quaint as that of the verses of the L a l i t a v i s t a r a , M a h a v a s t u , Samadhira.ja-sutra and SaddharmapundarTkasutra" (i b i d .,p . ii). The philologically difficult problems of the text will demand more careful and detailed studies in future. 4. The text contains a great number of verses. The metres are

loka, T r s t b h - j a g a t l , P r a m i t a k s a r a , M a t t a m a y u r a , V a s a n t a t i l a k a , Pancacamara, Marini, ^ a r d u l a v i k r l d i t a , S r a g d h a r a , X r y a , Giti , J r y a g T t i , etc. There are some irregularities and the metre of Por references to studies

several verses cannot be determined.

on metrics, see A. Y u y a m a , "A B i b l iography of the Metric Studies on Indian Literatures", (no date, mimeographed copy), 17 pp. In the present edition the Tibetan text has 366 verses.

5.

Also many dharanTs occur in the text.

They have been trans Studies of these

literated from Sanskrit into Tibetan and Chinese.

dharanTs may help in determining the pronounciation of Tibetan and Chinese at that period.
1

S. Takubo gives two Sanskrit reconstructions

(adding question marks) of the dharanTs in the Rk from the Chinese transliteration. texts. 6. The title of the Rk in the Gilgit manuscript varies according to Those titles (for details see But they are not always supported by the Tibetan

the colophons of the chapters.

'Bibliographical N o t e s ) prove that the Rk belongs to the Ma h a s a n n i pata Sutra. The Tibetan texts of both groups (see Bibliographical as

Notes ) give "MahasannipataratnaketudharanT nama mahayanasutra" the title of the original Sanskrit text.

The title of the Chinese Nanjio, The

translation is "Pao hsing t o lo ni c h i n g [Taisho, No. 402.

No. 84], which corresponds to Sanskrit " R atnaketudharanlsutra".

ninth chapter of "Ta fang teng ta chi ching" [Taisho, No. 397, Nanjio, No. 61] has the title "Pao ch'uang fen", which according to K. Vatanabe corresponds to "Ratnadhvaja" in Sanskrit.
2

"Ratnaketu" as a title of

a sutra occurs in the Mahavyutpatti (No.1349). It is possible that it refers to the Rk. 7. For the Tibetan texts see "Bibliographical Notes".

1. S. Takubo, Shingon darani-zo no kaisetsu (1960, revised and added edition 1967 Tokyo): tad-yatha sundare sun-sun-sundare kha-sundare anl-sundre (s i c ) nayana-sundare hilita-sundare sagara-hilita-sundare dharm asaya-sundare svaha.? (p.32b). [Cf. Taisho Shinshu D a i z o k y o , vol. 13 p. 578a; Tibetan text Chap"!! IX 8 j . tad-yatha anga atyanga vilalanaya mithu kha kha kha-bha kha-bha kilina kha-bha svaha.? (p.33a). [Cf. Taisho Shinshu D a i z o k y o , vol. 13 p. 577b; Tibetan text Cahp. IX 2 J . 2. See E. L e u m a n n , "Ueber die einheimischen Sprachen von Ostturkestan im friiheren Mittelalter" , Z D M G , vol. 62 (1908), S. 99 and S. 100 ~ A A A A / \ Anm. 1. In Nanjio, No. 84, Ratnatara-dharani-sutra ( ? ) is given, but in Japanese Alphabetical Index of Nanjio*s Catalogue of the Buddhist Tripitaka with supplements and C o r r e c t i o n s , e d . by Daijo Tokiwa and Unrai O g i w a r a , assisted by Kojun Mino (Tokyo 1930) p.12la, it has been corrected to M a h a - s a n n i p a t a -ratna-ketu-dharanT in accordance with the Tibetan text. 3. See R. Sakaki 's note on Mvy 1 3 / 19.

iii 8. As mentioned above, there are two Chinese translations: "Pao

hsing t'o lo ni ching" and "Pao ch'uang fen" (the ninth chapter of the "Ta fang teng ta chi ching"). The former is an almost literal But the latter is far The

translation of the present Sanskrit text.

from literal; it belongs perhaps to a different recension.

translation of the "Pao hsing t'o lo ni ching" is attributed to Prabhamitra (or Prabhakaramitra; Chin. Po lo p'o [chis] lo mi to lo). Fa lin (572-640 A.D.) in his "Pao hsing ching hsu" mentions as the date of the translation 629 (or 628)-630 A . D . ^ He also says that the Sanskrit text consists of more than 3,000 gathas (x 32 = 96,000 syllables). The manuscript of the recension of the Rk. upon which

the present edition is based would probably have contained 7 (11.) x 60 (syllables) x 108 x 2 (pages) = 90,720 syllables.

The "Pao ch'uang fen" was translated b y Dharmaksema (385-433 A.D.; Chin. T'an wu chien) by A. Zenba. 9. Though the title "Ratnaketu" is listed in the M a h a v y u t p a t t i , This is

, but the attribution to Dharmaksema is doubted

very few studies of the Rk itself have been undertaken.

perhaps due to the fact that no Sanskrit text was available until the Gilgit manuscript was discovered and published by Dutt. P.Demieville

and some Japanese scholars, however, have referred to the texts of the Mahasannipata Sutra. Japanese scholars by referring to the Mahasanni-

pata Sutra (Chin. Ta chi ching; Jap. Daijikkyo) always refer to the following Chinese translation: "Ta fang teng ta chi ching" (Jap. "Daihodo daijikkyo") [Taisho, No# 397].

4. See Taisho Shinshu D a i z o k y o , vo l . 13 p.536c22. But 'A.D.692-693' is mentioned in Showa Hobo S o m o k u r o k u , vol. I (Tokyo 1929), p.253c and Bussho Kaisetsu D a i j i t e n , v o l . X (Tokyo 1935, revised reprint 1966) p.148b. For the biography of P r a b h a ( k a )ramitra see "Hsii kao seng ch'uan", ch.Ill, by Tao hsiian in 645 A.D. [Taisho Shinshu D a i z o k y o , v o l . 50, p p . 4 3 9 c - 4 4 0 c .]; for Fa lin see ch.24 [i b i d . , p p . 6 3 6 b - 6 3 9 a ] . 5. Taisho Shinshu D a i z o k y o , vol.13, p.129a. According to Showa Hobo S o m o k u r o k u , vol. I, p.252a, it was translated in 414-426 A.D. For the biography of Dharmaksema see "Kao seng ch'uan", ch. II, by Hui chiao (497-554 A.D.) [Taisho Shinshu D a i z o k y o , vol. 50, pp. 335c-337b]; Biographies des moines emlnents (Kao seng tchouan) de H o u e l - k i a o , I .r*ad u i (.os ('t anno tr os par li. Shi h (Lou va i .nL e u v e n 1 968) , pp .98-107 . h of Cm-tlK'f ! ( ' ( ( 'fences see Mocltizuki , Bukkyo Da. ij i t e n , vol. 1 (Tokyo, I( ) r> , 2nd ed . 193(>) , |>. 3972a. (>. A. Ze 11ha , "Daijikkyo no tomnon-k ij i sono so i f itsumondai ni kanfonshi to-" , NIIGN, No. 22 (1918), p.106.

iv

The Chinese translation "Ta fang teng chi ching" of the 7 Mahavaipulya-mahasamnipata-sutra (abbr. M m s ) has sixty fascicles in Taisho Shinshu Daizokyo (vol. 13, pp. 1-407).
g

10.

First it consisted

, but, according to "Li tai san pao chi" by Fei 9 . . ..10 ch ang fang in 597 A.D. and "Hsu kao seng c h uan" by Tao hsuan , the chapters 13-17 were added b y Seng chiu in 586 A.D. Also it is

of chapters 1-12

mentioned that the original Sanskrit Mms consisted of 100 fascicles and contained 100,000 gathas.

11

The Mms is a compilation of a series

of texts which reflect similar tendencies to those of the "Perfection of knowledge": negativism, insistence on the universal vacuity with a strong adjunction of tantric elements (dharanl , .12 m a n t r a , etc.). In the Tibetan Tripitaka some texts of the Mms 13 _ have been translated independently. Some texts of the Mahasannipata Sutra are quoted with their titles in the ^ i k s a s a m u c c a y a , the Prasannapada, e t c . ^ 11. As to the date of the Mms, according to B. Matsumoto it was (s u n y a t a ),

compiled in the 2nd or 3rd century A.D., although the texts were 15 separately translated at different dates. However, B. Shiio put the compilation of the Mms in the period after the 5th century A.D. 16

7. See P. Demieville, l Inde c l a s s i q u e , II (Paris, 1953), p. 437. 8. i b i d . 9. Taisho Shinshu D a i z o k y o , vol. 49, p. 103ab. 10. i b i d . , v o l . 50, p. 434b. 11. ibid. , vol. 49, p. 103a; vol. 50, p. 434b. ["Jinagupta (528-605 apres J.-C.)" par E. C h a v a n n e s , T 'oung p a o , Serie II. Vol. VI (1905), pp. 333-356]. 12. See P. Demieville, o p . c i t ., pp. 437-438. 13. See Appendix III. Cf. T. I n o k u c h i , "Taishu-bu k a i s e t s u " , Kokuyaku issaikyo Indo-sen.jutsubu, Taishu-bu (Part 6), (Tokyo 1973), pp. 281, 285-286. "Shuroku tenseki k a i d a i " , Taisho Shinshu Daizokyo s a k u i n , (No. 7), (Research Association for the Terminology of the Taisho Tripitaka 1972), pp. 2-3. 14. For a detailed list see J. T a k a s a k i , Nyoraizo shiso no keisei (Tokyo 1974), p. 675. 15. B. Matsumoto, Butten hihyoron (Tokyo 1927), p. 195. 16. B. Shiio, Bukkyo kyoten gaisetsu (Tokyo 1933), pp. 98, 233.

H. Ui assumes that the Mms was compiled about 400 A . D - , but that 17 the texts existed independently before ca. 250 A.D, . R. Yamada, after having discussed the history of the doctrine concerning the last period of the Buddhist law, came to the conclusion that the Mms is a compilation of texts dealing with the doctrine of the three periods of the Buddhist law. This compilation contains a series of

texts dealing with the doctrine of the last period of the law and 18 which reflect the social conditions of that period. The meaning of the title "Mahasannipata" has been discussed 19 repeatedly. B. Matsumoto suggested three possibilities. The first is "collected sutras", i.e. the Mahasannipata Sutra is a compilation of sutras and for this reas o n it has received this title. His second suggestion is that the sutra was preached to an assembly of listeners who had come from all directions. His last suggestion 12.

is that "Mahasannipata" means "the great collection of Buddhist technical terms".

20

Having discussed these three possibilities, J. Hasuzawa mentioned two possible According

Matsumoto opted for the last one. explanations.

One is the same as the second of Matsumoto.

to the other one, "Mahasannipata" means the "assemblage of jewels of the d h a r m a " . According to P Demieville, the word samnipata (in

Tibetan *dus p a ) seems to be taken in the text (Mms), sometimes in the sense of "assembly" of Buddha and of Bodhisattva, sometimes in the sense of "assemblage" of jewels (ratna) or of headings of the law (dharma).
21

This view suits the meaning "Mahasannipata" in the R k .

He translates Mahasamnipata as "Grande Assemblee" and Mahavaipulya_ . _ / * mahasamnipata-sutra as "Le grand Sutra developpe de la Grande Assemblee".
22

17. H. U i , Bukkyo kyoten-shi (Tokyo 1957), pp.144 145. 18. R. Yamada, "Mappo-shiso ni tsuite -Daijikkyo no seiritsu m o n d a i - " , I B K , vol. IV-2 (1956), p p . 361-370; Daijo-bukkyo seiritsu-ron josetsu (Kyoto, 1959, reprint 1965), p p . 580-592. 19. B. Matsumoto, o p . c i t . , pp.113-122. 20. J. Hasuzawa, "Daihoto-daijikkyo k a i d a i " , Kokuyaku i s s a ik y o , Taishu-bu (Part 1), (Tokyo 1930, reprint 1973), p p . 1-3. 21. P. Demieville, o p . c i t . , p . 437. 22. ibid.

vi 23

13-

The Rk, philosophically, is based on Madhyamika doctrines,

like the other texts of the Mahasannipata Sutra-

The text commences

with relating the story of the conversion of Mahamaudgalyayana , 24 and Sariputra. The great merit of the Ratnaketudharani is shown in the story of the resistance offered b y Mara Paplmat against 2c j Gautama, or the Tathagata ^ a k y a m u n i In the Rk one finds also 26 the doctrine of the change of sex from female to male and 27 astrological doctrines. According to R. T a g a , this doctrine of the change of sex is mentioned in this text only in order to 28 show the merits of the " d h a r a n T " B- Matsumoto found this idea 29 . . rather primitive. As to the astrological doctrines in the Rk

23. K. Yabuki, "Taishu-gatsuzokyo ni t s u i t e " , Nippon Shukyo Gakkai Dai 3 kai taikai kiyo (1935), p. 311. B. Matsumoto, o p - c i t . , p . 182. N. Dutt, Gilgit Manuscripts, Vol. IV (Calcutta 1959), p- i i . 24. For the conversion of Mahamaudgalyayana and Sariputra see A, M i g o t , "Un Grand disciple du Buddha: Sariputra", B E F E O , vol. XLVI 2 (1954), pp. 426-456. The Rk mentions Sariputra, Mahamaudgalyayana, Purna Maitrayaputre and Subhuti as the four Mahasravakas (cf. Mochizuki , Bukkyo Dai.jiten, pp- 1880e-1881b. 25. For Mara in Buddhist texts see E, Windisch, Mara und Buddha (Leipzig 1859); P. Pelliot, " P a p T y a n > Po-siun" , T 1oung Pao , vol. X X X (1933), pp. 85-99. 26. For studies on change of sex from female to male in the Buddhist literature see the following: B. Matsumoto, Bukkyo no kenkyu (Kyoto 1927), pp. 41-55. - - , Butten hihvoron (Tokyo 1927), pp. 184 187. P-V- B a p a t , "Change of Sex in Buddhist Literature", Felicitation Volume Presented to S.K. Belvalker (Banaras 1957), p p . 209-215. C. K a s u g a , "Nyonin jobutsu to d a n j o - b y o d o " , I B K , Vol. XV-1 (1966), pp.125-130. A. Hirakawa, Shoki-dai.jobukkyo no kenkyu (Tokyo 1968), pp.262-282. K. Fujita, "Tenn.yo-jonan" , Sanzo [Tri-pitaka, Kokuyaku issaikyo indo-senjutsu-bu - g e p p o ] , No. 38 (Tokyo 1971), pp*1-7; No. 39 (Tokyo 1971), pp. 1-9. R. Taga, "Hokkeron ni okeru juki no kenkyu". Hokekyo no Chugoku-teki t e n k a i , e d . by Y. Sakamoto (Kyoto 1972), pp. 661-679; Juki-shiso no genryu to tenkai (Kyoto 1974), pp.115-126, 251-272. 27. K. Yabuki, o p . c i t , , p. 311. 28. R. Taga, "Hokkeron ni okeru juki no kenkyu", Hokekyo no Chugokuteki tenkai (Kyoto 1972), p. 674. 29. B. Matsumoto, Butten hih.yoron, pp. 186-187.

and also in other texts of the Mahasannipata Sutra, B. Matsumoto remarked that it is strange to find these in the Mahasannipata Sutra, because Buddhism is averse to astrology and it was rejected 30 b y the Buddha. A. Zenba, after carefully studying the astrological data in the Rk, came to the conclusion that the calendar mentioned in the second Chinese translation of the Rk ("Pao hsing t'o lo ni ching") is based on an Indian original, but that the one found in the first Chinese translation "Pao ch'uang A 31 fen" was changed according to Chinese conceptions. Therefore, he doubts the attribution of the translation of the "Pao c h uang fen" to Dharmaksema who came f r o m India and who would kn o w an Indian calendar. It is of course possible that D h a r m a k s e m a s translation

was altered in order to conform to Chinese astrological conceptions. 14. Finally, in the history of Chinese B u ddhism the Mahasannipata

Sutra occupied an important position in a classification of Buddhist texts made by An lin (682-758 A.D.), but after the Lotus Sutra and the Gandavyuha Sutra gained i m p o r t a n c e , the Mahasannipata Sutra lost 32 its former rank.

30. i b i d . , pp. 190-193. 31. A. Zenba, o p . c i t . , pp. 104-106; - -, "Butten no tenmon-rekiho ni tsuite", IBK^ Vol. IV-2 (1956), p. 27. 32. "Hsii kao seng ch'uan" (the 7th fascicle) \Taisho Shinshu D a i z o k y o , vol. 50, p. 480b. ] M o c h i z u k i , Bukkyo D a i j i t e n , pp.97bc, 5062ab. K. Yabuki, o p . c i t . , p. 311.

viii

B I B L I O G RAPHICAL NOTES

I . Sanskrit Texts

1.

Manuscripts: MS = Gilgit Manuscript. M i c r ofilm of Serial Nos. 7, 14 and 29^ , from the Private L i b r a r y of His Highness the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, kept in the National Archives of India, N e w Delhi. B i rch-bark ms., 7 4 folios. The final folio

has the page number 108.

Folios 1 to 3, 20, 44 to 46,

49 to 53, 55, 56, 72 to 87, 94 to 97 and 99 are missing. The condition of folios 17, 23, 27 to 31, 34 to 43, 65 to 69, 88 to 92, 104, 106 to 108 is good. not v e r y good. That of the others is

Of folios 21 , 26, 47, 48, 53, 54, 57 to 64,

93 about half of the right or left of each page is missing. Script: Upright Gupta. Size: not available. Date: not recorded.
2

1. Serial No. 7 (Box I I ) contains 58 folios (4-54 and 63-98); cf. Dutt p. i. It also contains 8 folios of another text (pagination not available), which corresponds to Tohoku, No. 186, Otani, No. 853 (not in the Chinese Tripitaka), and has been published under the title of "Sryabuddhabaladhanapratiharyavikurvananirdesa-naraamahayanasutram" in Dutt, Gilgit M a n u s c r i p t s , Yol. IV (Calcutta 1959), pp. 171-183. Serial No. 14 (Box I I ) contains 6 folios (57-62) of this text, and three folios of an u n known text or texts. Serial No. 29 (Box II) contains 9 folios (100-108) of the text and 8 folios containing two other texts (109-116). Folios 109A1 and 1 1 4B1 correspond to Tohoku, No. 739, Taisho, No. 1253, and are published in Dutt, Gilgit Manuscripts , Yol. I (Srinagar-Kashmir 1939), pp.91-100. Folios 11 4B2 to 116 correspond to Tohoku, No. 772, Taisho, No. 1377, and are not yet published. 2. N. Dutt, in his introduction to Gilgit M a n u s c r i p t s , Vol. IV, p. i, remarks: "The ms. is w r i t t e n on birch-bark characters of the 5th or 6th century A.D, " See also N. Dutt, op .cit. , Vol. I, p p . 40-43.

ix

Colophon of each chapter: Imahayanasutrad ratnaketu marajihmikarano parivarto nama pratamah. II. III. ratnaketuparivartad dvitlyah purvayogaparivartah samaptah. mahasannipatad ratnaketusutra<,t^ trtiyo maradamanaparivartah s a m apta<h^. I V ........... V. V I VI I VII I I............ X X. XI. ratnaketusutrad dasamah araksaparivartas samapta<(h>. m a h a s a n n i p a ...hayanasutrad ratnaketuparivartad ekadasamah saddharmanetryaraksanaparivartas samapta<h)>. XII. mahasannipatad mahayanasutrad ratnaketuparivarta<d)> dvadasama atavakaparivartas samapta<^h^>.. XIII. mahasannipatad mahayanasutrad ratnaketunisthagamanaparivartas trayodasamah samaptah. References: "List of Gilgit Manuscripts in the Private Library of His Highness the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir", (list contained in microfilm). This list gives the titles: "Maha sannipata d h a r m a . . .rivartat pamcamo laksanaparivartah samaptah.

under Serial No. 7; "Mahavidya dharani" under Serial No. 14; "Mekhalavidya" under Serial No. 29. Lokesh Chandra, "Unpublished Gilgit Fragment of the P r a t i m o k s a - s u t r a " , ZKSO, IV (1960), p.12. He gives the titles: "Mahasannipata-

dharmaparyayah" under Serial No. 7; "MahavidyadharanI" under Serial No. 14; "Mahasannipatamahayanasutra" under Serial No. 29. N. Dutt, Gilgit M a n u s c r i p t s , Vol. IV (Calcutta 1959), p.i.

Hoernle = Hoernle MS., No. 143, SA. 7. Paper m s ., 1 folio, numbered 94. Script: Upright Gupta. Size: 33.0 x 9.7 cm. Date: not available. References: A #F # Rudolf Hoernle, Manuscript Remains of Buddhist Literature found in Eastern Turkestan (Oxford 1916, reprint Amsterdam 1970), pp. 100-101, and Plate XX, No. 6, Obverse (Reverse is not given). I have not been able to consult a The transcription

photocopy of the reverse of this fragment.

given b y F.W. Thomas is referred to in the foot-notes to my edition. E. Leumann, "Ueber die einheimischen Sprachen von Ostturkestan im fruhern Mittelalter" , 2. Critical editions: Dutt, N. (ed.), Gilgit M a n u s c r i p t s , Vol. IV (Calcutta 1959), pp. 1-138, introduction pp. i-xiv. Only the folios of Serial No. 7 have been used for his edition. It seems that Dutt had at his disposal two folios corresponding to pages 2, line 1 to 7, line 4 of his edition, because he gives readings of the manuscript in his foot-notes. I could not find those folios in the microfilm. But, u n f o r t u n a t e l y , Serial No. 7 ZDMG, Yol. 62 (1908), p. 99.

contains 58 folios of the text, which I have used for my edition. According to Dutt, also, "The Ms. is incomplete and some of the leaves are fragments. There are in all 58 leaves, of which 4-38,

40-43, 65-71 and 88-93 are in a fair condition" (p. i). Dutt has often changed the readings of the manuscript without mentioning it. M a n y readings which are given as those of the

manuscript in his foot-notes are not correct. Thomas, F . W . , " R a t n a d h v a j a , in the Mahasamnipata Sutra" (Hoernle MS., No. 143, SA. 7 (Plate XX, No. 6. Obverse.)", A.F. Rudolf H o e r n l e , Manuscript Remains of Buddhist Literature found in Eastern Turkestan (Oxford 1916; reprint, Amsterdam 1970), pp. 100-103, with

xi his transcription, translation and critical notes. Thomas

mentions in his introduction (pp. 100-101: The text has been identified by Dr. Watanabe as from the second chapter, called P u r v a , of the second part, Ratnadhvaja, of the Mahasamnipata Sutra (Nanjio, No. 84, ZDMG, lxii , p. 100). It was translated into Chinese by Dharmaraksha 3 , a native of Central India, between 414 and 421 A . D . , under the Northern Liari dynasty (Nanjio, App. XI, No. 67). In the Tokyo edition

of t h e Tripitaka the passage corresponds to III, 2; fol, 4a8-19" The readings of this manuscript are quite different

from those of the Gilgit manuscript, which I have used, even though the story is the same in both manuscripts. For instance,

in Chap. II 7 vss. 1 and 2, the metre of the Gilgit manuscript is the P r a m i t a k s a r a , while that of the Hoernle MS. is unknown, and very complicated.

II. Tibetan texts. The Tibetan texts can be classified into two groups: Group 1: entitled "Chen po rin po che tog gi gzuris", Group 2: entitled "Dkon mchog dbal zes bya b a i gzuris". The Kanjur texts and some Tunhuang manuscripts belong to Group 1 . The other Tunhuang manuscripts belong to group 2.

Both groups relate the same story, but the translation is different. The manuscripts in g r oup 2 contain different

transl a t i o n s . Group 1 : Title: Kanjur texts Phags pa dus pa chen po rin po che tog gi gzuris zes bya ba theg pa chen p o i mdo. Short title: Dus pa chen po rin po che tog gi gzuris.

3.

Read Dharmaksema.

See Introcuction 8 and n.5.

xii Sanskrit title mentioned in the Kanjur texts: aryamahasannipataratnaketudharani nama m a h a y a n a s u t r a . Translator and reviser: i^ilendrabodhi , Ye ses sde, cf. the final colophon: rgya gar gi m khan po si le ndra bo dhi dan / zu chen gyi lo tsa ba ba nde ye ses sdes zus te / skad gsar chad kyis kyari bcos nas gtan la phab pa // ( The Indian teacher ^Ilendrabodhi and Great Revisor Lo tsa ba, the Reverend Ye ses sde have corrected and edited [this] making use of the recently modernized language ), Cf. F.A. Bischoff, Der Kanjur und seine

K o l o p h o n e , (Indiana 1968), II, p. 423. Date of translation: probably e arly ninth century A.D. (For references see A. Y u y a m a , A B i b l iography of the Sanskrit Texts of the S addharmapundarikasutra (Canberra 1970), p . 60 , n .4). Editions: D L = Sde dge edition, NA 187b3-277b7. [Tohoku, No. 138]. = Lha sa edition, MDO THA 289b3-432a6. [Die Xerox-Kopie des Lhasa-Kanjur Beschreibung des H e r s t e l l u n g s v e r f a h r e n s ,

Liste der B a n d e , Aufstellung der handschriftlich nachzutragenden Hinweise (Seite 1-26); The Xerox-Cop.y of the Lhasa-Kanj ur Description of technical and editorial p r o c e s s ,

List of volumes, Register of annotations which must be added (page 27-49), (Bonn 1967), S. 15 (Band 5 6 ); (Volume 5 6 ) pp. 147-2.3-218.1.6.] P = Peking edition, D U 201b3-300b3The Tibetan T r i p i t a k a , pp. 39-40

Peking E d i t i o n , kept in the Otani University, Kyoto, edited by D.T. Suzuki, B k a h - H g y u r , Mdo-sna-Tshogs VI, (Vol.) 32, (Tokyo-Kyoto 1958), pp. 180.5-3-220.3.3. [ U t a n i , N o . 806].

xiii

I have not used other editions.

For further references see

T. Mibu, "A Comparative List of the Bkah-hgyur Division in the C o - n e , Peking, Sde-dge and Snar-than Editions, with introduction to the Bkah-hgyur Division of the Co-ne E d i t i o n " , Taisho daigaku kenkyu kiyo [Memoirs of Taisho University, The Department of Literature and Buddhism], No. 44, 1959, pp. 1-69; J* T a k a s a k i , Tokyo daigaku shozo Rasa-ban chibetto-daizokyo mokuroku (Tokyo 1965). For references to other catalogues see A. Yuyama, Indie

Manuscripts and Chinese Blockprints (Non-Chinese Texts) of the Oriental Collection of the Australian National University, Canberra (= Occasional Paper, No. 6), (Canberra 1967), pp. 4-8. Tunhuang Manuscripts B = Pelliot tibetain Touen-houang 431, Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. 5 folios, numbered Ka 1, 56, 83 and two folios (perhaps 8 and 15) without page number and with the left half missing. These

folios and the 21 folios of Id belong to the same manuscript; for details see Id (below). 9 lines of each page. Size: 1 4 x 44 cm. Reference: M. Lalou, Inventaire des Manuscrits tibetains de Touen-houang, conserves a la Bibliotheque Nationale (Fonds Pelliot tibetain) I, nS 1-849 (Paris 1939), p. 105. Id = Ch. 85. IV. I, PothI, India Office Library, London. 21 folios, numbered Ka 4, 6, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25 , 57, 61 , 63, 67, 68, 70, 71 , 76, 78-82. Folio 16 follows one (unnumbered

folio) of B; folio 57 follows 56 of B; and folio 82 is followed by 83 of B (see "Concordance"). Bo t h manuscripts contain 9 lines

on each page. B and Id, therefore, belong to the same manuscript, even though the size as recorded in the catalogues is different. 9 lines on each page. Size: 45 x 14.2 cm. Reference: L. de La Vallee Poussin, Catalogue of the Tibetan Manuscripts from Tunhuang in the India Office Library (London 1962), p. 60a, No. 159.

xiv

Ie = Ch. 9. I, frag. 73, Pothi, India Office Library, London. 1 folio, numbered 77. 5 lines on each page. Size: 45.3 x 9.3 cm. Reference: L. de La Vallee Poussin, o p . c i t . , p. 60a, No. 160. [ ~S u p p l e m e n t ] R = Rgyal pos mdzad p a i mandzu rgya hor bod yig bzi yi skad san sbyar b a i bka gyur gyi snags tshan bar bkod pa. (Fascicule 1-3, Folios 89-142), in Sanskrit Texts from the Imperial Palace at Peking in the Manchurian, Chinese, Mongolian and Tibetan scripts, Part 2, edited b y Lokesh Chandra, from the collection of Raghu Yir a [ata-pitaka Series, Indo-Asian Literatures, Vol. 71 (2) ] (New Delhi 1966), pp. 282-335This text is a collection of the dh a r a n T portion of the Rk. I have consuled only the Tibetan part in my Tibetan text. Tibetan title: Phags pa dus pa chen po rin po che tog gi gzuns zes bya ba theg pa chen p o i mdo. Group 2: Tunhuang Manuscripts Ia = Ch. 9. I. 56, PothT, India Office Library, London. 31 folios, without original pagination. Numbering has been

added without taking into account the contents of the text. Correct order: [Chap. i] 55ab-56ab- ( g a p ) - 5 7 a b - 5 8 a b - ( g a p ) [C h a p . I I ] (gap)-79ba(so numbered)-67ab-8l a [Chap.Ill] 81 ab-80ab-82ab-83ab-78ab-84ab85ab-(gap) [C h a p . I V ] (gap)-68ab-77ab [Chap- V] 77b-73ab-75ab-72ab-76ab-59ab-(gap) [Chap-VI] (gap) [Chap. Vii] (gap)-66ab-65a [Chap. Vill] 65ab-64ab-63ab-62ab-60ab-74ab7 O a b - 7 1ab-61a [Chap. IX] 61 a b - 6 9 a b - ( g a p )-

XV

7 lines on each page. Size: 47 x 12 cm. Reference: L. de La Vallee Poussin, o p . c i t . , p.58b, No. 156. Ib = Ch. 85. IX. 7, P o t h i , India Office Library, London. 15 folios, without original pagination. Page numbers have been of the text.

added without taking into account the context Correct order: [Chap. Vill] (gap)-49a

[Chap. IX] 49ab-(gap) [Chap. X I ] (gap)-38ab-39ab-40ab-41ab-36ab37ab-44ab-45a [Chap. Xii] 4 5 a b - 48ab-50ab-47ab-42ab-(gap) [Chap. X I I I ] ( gap)-46ab-43ab-(gap). 7 lines on each page. S i z e : 44 x 9.5 cm. Reference: L. de La Vallee Poussin, o p . c i t . , p.59a, No. 157. I have not consulted this manuscript in my edition, because the photocopy was difficult to read. Mrs. G-.F. de Jong made a

transliteration which I revised in comparison with the other Tibetan versions. See "Appendix II". The orthography is almost the same

as that of I a , Ic and Id. instead of a t s h e g .

But two dots are very frequently used

Myi- (for mi-) and da drag are preserved,

and sporadically pren (for phren), spya nar (for spyan sriar), ti rie (for tiri rie), rdzogs pa (for rdzogs pa), etc. occur. This manuscript has grori ma dab, grori b d a b , grori mdab or grori bdam instead of grori rdal. Ic = Ch. 9. I* 55, P o t h T , India Office Library, London. 49 folios, numbered 1-49. This manuscript is almost complete,

only several folios of the last part of Chap. XIII are missing. II lines on each page. Size: 66 x 18 cm. Reference: L. de La Vallee Poussin, o p . c i t . , pp.59a-60a, No. 158. The readings of this manuscript are closer to that of group 1 than those of the other two manuscripts in this group Ia and I b .

xvi

III. Chinese Texts

1. E d i t i o n s : Chin. = Pao hsing t o lo ni ching [Taisho, No. 402. Taisho Shinshu D a i z o k y o , vol. 13, pp. 537a-582c]. 10 fascicles, 13 chapters

(8 fascicles, 13 chapters in Yuan and Ming editions). Translator: Prabhamitra (or P r a b h a k a r a m i t r a ) in Chin. Po lo p'o lo mi to lo (or Po lo p o chia lo mi to lo). Date of translation: 629 (or 628)-630 A.D. See Introduction (8). N.B. 1 ) Taisho Shinshu Daizokyo was compiled on the basis of the Korean edition (see Showa Hobo S o m o k u r o k u , vol. 1, p. 253c). Occasionally, in foot-notes, one finds a reading which corresponds better to the Sanskrit text than the reading in the text. Examples, Chap. IV 3 (p. 553a12) ^ (Skt. marga); (p. 553a20) A ^ , fn.^ (Skt. adri); , fn.5Jl

( P . 5 5 7 a 1 0 ) ^ , fn. , fn. fn.

(Skt. a d y a ) ; Chap. V 8 (p.560a14) (p.575a3, 2 3 ) -^ ,

(Skt. dravya); Chap. X 2

(Skt. Isvara), etc.

N.B. 2) For references to the Chinese Tripitaka see J.W. de Jong, Buddha s Word in China (Canberra 1968), p. 17 and p p . 25-26 n s . 57-58; - - , "Korea's E d i tion of the Chinese Buddhist Canon", H e m i s p h e r e , April (1969), pp. 26-29. Taisho = Pao c h uang fen [Taisho, No. 397 Ta fang teng ta chi ching (Chapter 9, Fascicle Nos. 19-21). 13, pp. 129a-153a]. Taisho Shinshu D a i z o k y o , vol.

3 fascicles, 13 parts.

Translator: Dharmaksema; in Chin. T an w u chien. But see Introduction (8, 13). Date of translation: 416-426 A.D. N.B. I have not consulted this translation. However, one must mention the fact that spatial locations of the gates through which the four Mahasravakas enter into the city of Rajagrha, are also found in group 2 of the Tibetan texts (Cha]). Ill 12-15; also cf. 16].

xvi i

2. Manuscripts from Tunhuang: A. Pao hsing t o lo ni ching, 30, 1 sheet, fragment. I f * 50, 2 sheets, fragment. This corresponds to Chap. II 5. This corresponds to Chap. X 2-6.

Reference: An Analytical List of the Tun-huang Manuscripts in National Library of Peiping, compiled b y Chen Yuan (Peiping, 1931 ) , p. 548b. B. Pao c h uang fen, ^ ] 28, 19 sheets. This corresponds to Parts (fen) IV-V. 55 , 10 sheets. This corresponds to Part (fen) V. Reference: i b i d . , p. 17b. N.B. I have not consulted these manuscripts.

IV. Modern Translations

1. From the Sanskrit texts: No translation of the text of the Gilgit manuscript is given yet. Only a summary is to be found in N. Dutt, Gilgit M a n u s c r i p t s , Vol. IV (Calcutta 1959), pp. iii-xiv (Chaps. I-VI and X-XI). A translation of the Hoernle MS. has bee n given by F.W. Thomas in A.F. Rudolf Hoernle, Manuscript Remains of Buddhist Literature found in Eastern Turkestan (Oxford 1916; reprint, Amsterdam 1970), pp. 102-103. 2. From the Chinese texts: No translation exists of the "Pao hsing t'o lo ni ching". Only a summary has been given by B. Sakurabe: Bussho Kaisetsu Dai.jiten, vol. 10 (Tokyo 1935, reprint 1966), pp. 148b-149a. on the text of Taisho, No. 402. Hasuzawa, J. (tr.), Daihoto-dai jikkyo (Hodobun) , Koku.y aku i s s a i k y o , Daishu-bu (Part 2), (Tokyo 1930, reprint 1973), pp. 393-469. This translation is based on Taisho, No. 397 (vol. 13, p p .12 9 a - 1 5 3 a ). A summary of "Pao c h uang fon" (Taisho, No. 397;ibid.) has been given by K, Mine; Ihissho Kaisetsu Da i; ji .len, vol. 10 (Tokyo 1935 , reprint. 1966), pp. 152c-153l). This is based

xvi i i

GRAMMATICAL NOTES

The following notes are intended to give a brief description of the non-Sanskritic phonology and morphology in the Sanskrit text of the RkThey are designed to supplement F. Edgerton's monumental Numbers in [ ] refer

work Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar (1953). to B H S G .

1. 1.1

Phonology, Consonants

Double consonants treated prosodically as single; the preceding short vowels are metrically short. This occurs very rarely.

E.g. na tvaritam 1.26 (vs.l6d); sugata prasamaratikara II.9 (vs .4 a ) . 1.2 Assimilation of consonants- [2.5, 8]. E.g. cavitva 1,45; X.2. 1.3 ks for ksy. [2.24]. nirlksa (ger.) III.15 (vs.53c). 1.4 v for p. [2.30]. E.g. anavaradhino (= anapa ) 11.10; avastha (= apa) IV.7 (vs.33d), 10 (vs.42a); cchrevite V I . 12 (n.10); avatrapyesu (from Skt. apa-trap-) X.6; avakranta (= apa) XI.10. 1.5 Nasals and anusvara. [2.64-71]. The Anusvara sign m is quite frequently used for any nasal, even in close j u n c t u r e . the MS. 1.6 Anusvara before initial vowel. [2.68]. E.g. pravrajitum ihaiva 1.19; strT-indriyam antardhaya 11.10; caritam iti 11.22; dvarasalayam avatatara IV.6;
__

mm and ran also occur very often in

r __

__

__

__

prasthitanam

__

__

akusala V I . 6; murdhabhisiktanam avatara V I . 21; cittam utpadayasva X I .11 .

xix 1.7 Initial consonant doubled after short preceding vowel, m.c. [2.78-79]. 1.8 dasaddisasu I V . 21 (vs.111c).

Dropping of final consonants. [2.90-9l]. keci IV.12 (vs.57a).

2. 2.1

Phonology, Vowels

Long vowels for short. [3.5-26]. a) b) c) a for final a. E.g. iha I I .9 (vs.3a).

1 for i.

E.g. bhavisyatl IV.12 (vs.51d). E.g. nlvrtalocananam I I I . 16 (vs.61c).

1 for non-final i.

2.2

Short vowels for long. [3.27-46]. a) a for a. E.g. va (?) 1.40 (vs.30d); manasam (= manasam)

IV.21 (vs.112b). b) in composition. E.g. gamgavalukasannibhan (= valuka) 1.27

(vs.17a); suvarnavarnakamcanabhasitala (= abha-si) IV.21 ( v s .10 9 a ) . c) a for non-final a. E.g. mayabudbudopana (= m a y a 0 ) III.15

(vs.50a); kayavammanasam (= manasam) IV.21 (vs.112b). 2.3 Substitution of u, u for o. [3.53]. E.g. tatv 1.41 2.4 (vs.32d); bhayu IV.21 (vs.116c),

e for a y a , avi [3.62]. E.g. vibhavent III.18 (vs.73c); bhesya I V . 21 (vs.110d).

2.5

Metrically short e. [3.64]. E.g. me ... svavisaye III.21 (vs.78b); ubhe I V . 12 (vs.52a); te IV.21 (vs.108b); bhesye IV.21 (vs.110d); marge I V . 21 (vs.111b); loke V.8 (vs.11a).

2.6

e for a i . [ 3 .67 ]. E.g. nevasikas X.1 .

2.7

Metrically short o. [3.74]. E.g. vaso III.21 (vs.78b); nikhilato III.21 (vs.79b); buddho IV.21 (vs.110d).

XX

2.8

o for final a (m.c.). [3-79-87]. E.g. bhranto rddhim III.10 (vs.21 d)? (opt. 1 sg.) III.10 (vs.21c). c f . 3.2 below; tisthemo

2.9

i for r .

[3 .91J . (vs.31a).

E.g. visalan (= vr) 1.41

2.10 ri for r after preceding final v o v e l . [3.94]. Riddhi (for r d d h i ) is v e r y common: e.g. riddheh 1.39 (vs.29b); marabalariddhivegam 1.43; riddhyanubhavena 1.47. Other examples, asathyarijukatasamaropah I I . 5; risivesena I I .7. 2.11 ri for non-initial r. E.g. matrigrama (= matr) 11.10; smriti III.16 (vs.64d) n.67 ? 2.12 r for r i . [3.95]. Tr for tri is v e r y common: e.g. trpradaksi-

n am 1.23; trsahasramahasahasri lokadhatu 1.45; tryanatam II.4; trbhih II.8; trsaranagamane 11.19; trsu yanesu 11.22; trvedana III.5 (vs.9); trratna Y.8 (vs.8a) n.29. Other examples,

saksatkrya II.4; anasrtah III.3 (vs.3b); dhryamti Y.13. 2.13 A possible hyper-Sanskritization. [3.96]. E.g. srunuyama 1.35 (vs.25d).

3. 3.1

Samdhi This occurs very

Visarga; absence of samdhi or the like. frequently in the text. a) -ah before vowel.

Here only a few examples are given.

E,g. bhiksavah etau 1,37; rajnah

utpalavaktrasya II.9, 14; bhagavamtah imam 11.10; jnanavantah aisvaryavantah 111,2; marah imam III.3; sattvah evam YI.4. b) -ah before vowels or soft consonants. E.g. marakanyah

maraduhitaras ca 1.37; mahanagah yato 1.43; saganaparsadyah adrak^'oh 1.47; bhadramukhah yas II.3; anupraptah angamagadhasandhau III.9; devamanusyah bhagavatah IV.14; kumarabhutah uttaya V I ,11. c) -ah for o. E.g. purusah agnyarthiko II.3; bhagavah

bhiksusarpghasya II.7; pravrajitah apramanani 11.22; paramasatah vayavT III.2; occhrepanah dharma V I , 10; samanvagatah divya VI .15.

x x i

d) h for r-

E.g. sarvamurtih ghoram 1*36 (vs.27c); tasthuh na

III.11; dasabhih m a h a u j a s k a 0 IV.6. e) h for s. E.g. caturdvTpesvarah cakravartl II.7; parajitah

chinnavrksa III.2 f) h for s. E.g. punah tadrsam 1.20; paramgatah (at the end of

pada) te 1.24 (vs.14a); bhagavantah tesam V I . 8. 3.2 -ah becomes o before r, and r remains, cf. 2.8. E.g. dvitiyo rddhi 1.21; jyotTraso rsi III.9, IV.20, 22; bhranto rddhim III.10 (vs.21 d)? 3.3 n for m before dental voiced consonants is very common: e.g. yasyan disi, III.22, 25; iman dharmaprayayam X.6; dharman desyeyam X I I . 2; dharmabhanakanan dhar masravanikanam X I I I . 3. 3.4 n, preceded even by a long vowel and followed by any vowel is doubled. E.g. paplmann imam III.10; papTmann etan II1.19; vrkann abhi IV.1 4. 3.5 Loss of initial vowels in samdhi. [4.1-19]. a) initial a dropped. E.g. etarhi nagate X I I I . 2. b) after final a as a s . E.g. gata dya 1.41 (vss.32c, 33b),

III.13 (vs.31d); sphuta bhut II1.1; vedana pi III,15 (vs.53b); janata dya IV.1 (vs.1c); sattva b h ayapuram IV.13 (prose). However, these cases possibly are examples of double samdhi through loss of visargha. 3.6 Loss of final vowels in samdhi. [4.20-4.30]. a) final a lost before intial a. b) final i lost before initial i. E.g. nar'amaru III.20 (vs.79a). E.g. b h a v a t ' iha I I .9 (vs.3b). E.g. mucyat iha II.7

c) final e lost before an initial vowel. ( v s .2d). d) loss of am before a.

E.g. i m adya 1.49 (vs.44d).

xxii 3-7 Secondary samdhi. [4.34]. E.g. anyonyapy (= anyonya apy) IV.4 (vs-11c); ekasamayaika (= ekasamaya eka) V.16; yeha (= ya iha) X.2- dhvajocchrepito (= dhvaja ucchrepito) 3.8 X I . 1. are wr i t t e n as unlengthened

Final - a r , -is, -us, before initial r, v o w e l s . [4.41].

E.g. puna ratna 11.22 n.55(?); bahi rajagrhasya (?) 1.20; yusmabhi raksitavyah X . 2 ? X I I I . 2- syu rajnam V I . 21, X.2. comp, caksurupaprasamgena (for caksurupa) V-8 (vs.21 a)? 3.9 Hiatus is very common in the text. are given. [4.51-56], a) in prose: strT-indriyam 11,10; strl-indriyam 11,13. b) in verses: siddhartha-rddher 111,6 (vs.10c); sarva-antavarjita III.15 (vs.54b), c ) in separate words, in prose: atha atavako X I I . 6; sa apsara 1.32; krtva asamvrta 11.22; raja utpalavaktras 11.14; apurayitva etam XII , 7; atikramya ita 1,43; sahasrani ativa V-9; senapatina imani X I I . 8; ujjvayayisyamti imam X I I I , 2; dadrsT alaksana III.2; ime anaryah V I . 7; marabhavane evarn 1.48; pratyupasthite imam 11-10; avatarapreksino avataragavesi XI.9; bhaktiko astadasasu III.9; sandau ekacchatram IV.22; sambhedatayai ajaty V I . 4; araksai imam V I . 8. d) in verses: ya rddhir III.6 (vs.10a); vamcite a III.12 (vs. 23 seq.); hi ayatanani antu III.12 (vs- 23 seq.); so adyaiva I I I -16 (vs.60d); duskarani ativa IV.9 (vs.35ab). 3-10 Samdhi-consonants or 1h i a t u s - b r i d g e r s '- [4.57-67]. a) kaulita-m-iti 1.23; vyadhita-m-akalamaranam 11.10; dvarakosthake-m-avatatara IV-4; sarvakarmaklesaksayaya-m evamrupa XIII -3. b) ya-d-avayor 1.17 (vs.12b); ye-d-rddhi III . 10 (vs.19b). c) vamcite y-a III.13 (vs.27 seq.). Here only a few examples In a

xxiii 4. 4.1 Number

Difference in number between noun and adjective. [5.5], E.g. mahata krcchrodyogaparakramaih 11.20; niyojitah ksantisoratye IV.13; krldapita dhyanasaukhye IV.13.

5. 5.1

Gender

M a s c . modifier with n t . noun. [6.12]. sadindriyani casya gocarasamartha syuh XI.10.

6. Accusative 6.1

Case

Acc. for expected l o c . [7.23]. E.g. vasam ... krta III.3 (vs.4a).

Instrumental 6.2. Instr. for loc. [7.30-34]. a) Place: yena ... tena ... occurs frequently in the text. Also: tenamjalim III.25. b) Time: tena ... samayena, and the like also occur frequently. E.g. tena ksanena 1.15; tena kalena tena samayena II.7, 22; tena khalu punah samayena II .7, 111.12, 16, IV.8 seq.; aparena samayena I I #7, 18. c) Por loc. absolute: e.g. tenotpannamatrena III.2; tena tatraiva nisannena III.2; ebhir evamrupair arthapadadharmasabdair niscaradbhir 111.19Genitive 6.3 with bhu-. [7.64]. This is v e r y familiar in the text as well as in other Buddhist texts. E.g. upatisyakaulitayor etad abhut 1.16; marasya paplmatah paramadustamanasah etad abhut 1.37; tasyaitad abhavat 1.38; bahunam pranakotlnam etad abhavat II.4; iti srutva casyaitad abhavat 11.18. 6.4 with ut-pat-. evam casyodapadi III.23. Cf. Yuyama R g s . 7.38.

xxiv 6.5 with bhram- (?). [7*65]. ma ... avam mater bhramaya I #17 (vs.12d)# 6.6 with han-. [7.72]. mamatyuddhatah I #41 ( v s .3 2 d ).

7.

A-stems

Nominative singular masculine 7.1 Nom. sg. -o. [8.18].

E.g. me jano kaulita-m-iti 1.23; jagadekabandhavo tisthasva IV.6 (vs.29cd); sattvo sarve IV.21 (vs.11 4). 7.2 Nom. sg. -u. [8.20]. E.g. balavargu III .15 (vs.53d); ekaiku sattvo IV.21 (vs.1 1 4a). 7-3 Nom. sg. -a. [8.22, 23]. E.g. esa srestha saranyas III.3 (vs.2b); tirna IV.21 (vs.110c). Also in III.15 (vss.50-52) some examples will be found (?), 7.4 Nom. sg. -a. [8.24].

E.g. laghuvyaya hi sarvadharma II1.15 (vs.50d); duhkhadharmapidita III.15 (vs.51b). Accusative sg. masc. and nom.-acc. 7.5 -u. [8.30]. sg. n t .

E,g. antu III.12 (vss. 23-35); vijnanu III.15 (vs.53a); trsnajalu IV.21 (vs.110c); klesatoyu IV.21 7.6 -a. [8.31-34]. (vs.113a)#

E.g. druta 111,10 (vs.20c); m a r a s a t h y a , citta III.15 (vs.52d); sarvaksetra X I I I . 5 (vs.1a). 7.7 Acc. sg. masc.-nt. -a. [8.38].

jinatmaja (?) III.15 (vs#56a)# Ablative singular 7.8 -a. [8.46]. cheda (?) III.22 n.14#

marapatha II.7 (vs.2d), 7.9 - a t u . [8.50, 52]. ultamatu 1.46 (vs.41d).

XXV

Locative singular 7.10.-esmim. [8.70-73j.

tribhavesmim 111,3 (vs.2b). Nominative plural masculine 7.11 -a. [8.78]. E.g. bhava III.3 (vs.1d); samagata (before a pause) V I . 3 (vs.1a). 7.12 -a. [8.79].

E.g. skandha sarve (?) III.15 (vs.54a); buddha IV.21 (vs .111c). Accusative plural masculine 7.13 -am, -am. [8.90].

E.g. pamcapasabandhanabaddham 1.37. In the text -am (for -an) occurs often, but perhaps it depends on the habit of the scribe: see 'Editorial Notes' and 1.5. Instrumental plural 7.14 -ehi . [8.108]. E.g. a y a t a n e h i , s k a n d h a k r t e h i , d h a t u m a y e h i , c e t a y i t e h i , s a m j n a k r t e h i , s a m s a r i t e h i , sparsakrtehi , sarvabhavehi , III.12-14 (vss. 23-35). 7.15 -ebhi . [8.111 ] . vedayitebhi 111,13 (vs.27a).

8. Accusative singular 8.1 -a. [9.19].

J-stems

E.g. prapta III.15 (vs.54d); paripurna IV.6 (vs.26d).

9. Nominative singular 9.1 -i.

I-stems with 1 and in-stems

a) Masc. i- stems: [l0.15]. vyapagatakugati II.9 (vs.3b). b) Pern, i-slems: [10.16]. yuvati II .9 (vs.3a); marici III.15 (vs. 50c*); l>hi il.ako I ,i 111.15 (vs.54b). c ) I'Vm. T sl.t'ins: | 10.17 (. n< l.r i IV. 12 (vs.58c*).

xxvi

9.2

-is, - i h , - i r , etc. [10.20-22]* vipasyir XII , 2.

Vocative singular 9.3 -i. [10.33, 35]. nairatmyavadi 1.35 (vs.26a). Accusative singular 9.4 -In, in in-stems ? karunaviharlms charanam 1.46 (vs.37d). 9.5 - i , in fern. i - s t e m s . [l0.50] dharmavrsti IV.21 (vs.1 1 5c). Dative singular 9.6 -i , in i-stems bodhi ? III.15 (vs.54d), cf. BHSD p.273a, s.v. n a m a y a t i . Nominative-accusative plural 9.6 - i y a s , - i y o , in in-stems. [l0.168]. pr an j aliyo 11.12. 9-7 - i , in i-stems. [l0.189]. sarvasattvavyadhi (nom.masc.) IV.21 (vs.11 3a). Instrumental plural 9.8 - I h i , in i-stems nt. [10.194]. adhipatlhi III.14 (vs.33a).

10.

U and TT-stems

10.1 Nom.sg. m a s c . -u. [12.13]. mrtyu I V . 5 (vs.15b).

11.

R-stems [13-1 4, 15].

11.1 Stems in -ra (-ra, -ri) for r. a) siddhiyatra IV.3 (vs.9d). b) srotrlnam V I . 11 (vs.27b).

xxvii 11.2 F e m . f o r m s , stem -ara. [13.18]. r maraduhitaras 1.40.

11.3

Voc. sg. -a. [l3.3l]. apayapathavarayita II.7 (vs.2c).

12. 12.1

S-stems

Stem -a for -as in composition. [16.10]. E.g. asamganutpadavyapramanasamkhyatmanalokesu (= 0t a mo'na0 ) II.4; sarvatamalokotpadavyayotkarsapacayas (= tamo,loko) II.4; sarvarajastamaskandha (= tamahskandha ) II.5; manamayam (= manomayam) I I . 5; yonisamanasikarabhiyukto (= yonisomanasi ) 11.14; paramadurmanastham (= durmanahstham) I I 1.1; rasaujarthadharma (= aujo,rtha) X I I . 2

12.2

Instr. sg. -ena. [16.17]. sirena IV.21 (vs.119d).

12.3

Stems -usa for -us. [l6.4l]. amitayusas VI.17.

12.4

Stems -u for -us. [16.42, 43]. caksurupaprasamgena V.8 (vs.21 a); cf. 3.8.

12.5

Nom.-acc.

sg. n t . -u.

[16.46].

ayu III.14 (vss. 36a, 41a).

13. 13.1

N-stems

Stems -a for -an. [17 -1 jpujakarmaya XI 1.1.

13.2

Nom. pi. m. rajanah for rajah in composition. jambudvTparajanah X.2; sailarajanah X.10.

13.3

Acc. pi. masc. -ana. [17.63]. atmana 1.37, perhaps read atmanah (cf. BHSG 17.62).

xxviii 1 4. NT-stems 14.1 mahat- in composition. [18-3] snigdhamrstavarnarasamahatprabhutatarani X . 6 . 14.2 A c c . sg. masc. -am. [18.58]. bhagavam V.7 (vs. 6a). 14.3 Nom. pi. - t a s , -to: strong stem used for the weak . [l8.70]. kurvatas IV.7 (vs. 30c). 14.4 Miscellaneous non-Sanskrit forms. [18.75, 76]. a) Nom. sg. masc. papTmam b ) arhan V .15, V I . 1,2. X I . 9, 11.

15. 15.1 c a t u r a s i t i , 84.

Numerals [l9.35] 1

E.g. caturasitim 1.43; caturasltibhih II.9, 13, caturasTtim 11.13. 15.2 Ordinals. [19.36]. ekanavat i me X I 1 .2 . 15.3 Nominative forms in composition. [19.38].

E.g. dvavimsatir-maraputrasatasahasrani 1.46 n.1; ast asastir-varsasahasrayuskayam II .7 , n.9.

16. 16.1

Personal pronouns [20.37, 38].

Nom. pi. first person.

vaya III.12 (vss. 24-35).

17. 17.1

Generic pronouns ta (sa). [21.5].

Nom. sg. masc. in stem so X.2.

17.2

Nom. pi. masc. - i . [21.25]. sarvi III.18 (vs. 73d).

xxix

1818-1 Suffix (i)ma.

Noun suffixes [22.16].

carimavijnane (= carama) X I I I . 2.

19. 19.1 The dual.

Person and number

[25.1-3]. ... ucuh; careyam avam 1.23. [25.8-25].

(tau satpurusau) 19.2

Third singular forms.

a) Pres. opt. with 1 sg. subject: maham ... acaret IV.21 (vs. 116c). b) Pres. opt. with 2 sg. subject: tvam ... vyakuryad 11.21; yada tvam ... syat tada tvam mam vyakuryad ... 11.22. c) Preterite with 1 pi. subject: vayam ... bhut X I I . 2. 19.3 Other than third singular forms. [25.26-33].

a) kotTsatam ... karayamti III .1; te sarve ... sadhitavan III.2; ya ... kacit ... sprsamti III.6 (vs. 10c). b) asam (= a s a n ? ) ... v ayam 1.46 (vs. 40b).

20. Personal endings 20.1 Second plural ta for tha. [26.11] .

saknutainam 1.42; pasyata III.17 (vs.67b); bhavisyata V I . 3 (vs. 5b); jnasyata V I . 3 (vs. 6a); paripalayisyata niyoksyata X.2; abhisambhotsyata X.5. 20.2 Impv. 2. pi. tha. [26.12]. X.2;

grhnatha 1.16 (vs. 11b); agacchatha 1.39 (vs. 29a); bhavatha III.8 (vs. 15b), IV.12 (vs. 47a); mumcatha III.21 (vs. 80c); vijanatha V.8 (vs. 31b).

21. Summary classification of non-Sanskrit presents 21.1 First class type. [28.38-45]. nartasva (impv.) III.12 seq.; 21.2 Seventh class. [28.4]. rincat i II .1 . IV.1 .

XXX

21 .3

N i n t h class. srunata 1.16.

[28.17].

21 .A

Thematic presents vith a for a in root syllables. [28.33]. pranamya (ger.) 1.30; I I . 4; III.25.

(21 .5 Miscellaneous non-Sanskrit verb?), paramarsti II.1.

22. 22.1

Optative

Heirs of thematic optative. [29.7, 10, 12]. a) 2 sg. e. b) 3 sg. e. namaye III.15 (vs. 52d). labhe IV.21 (vs. 114a).

23. 23.1 2 sg. a h i .

Imperative

[30.7].

vrajahi III.21 (vs. 79d).

24. 24.1

Future

Future sign affixed to stems in long vovels. [31.3-10]. a) anuparindlsyamti X.2 b) udgrhisyamo X.5

24.2

1 sg. -sya [31 .33]. karisya IV.12 (vs. 58d).

25. 25.1

Aorist, or Preterite

Middle Indie forms with Skt. is-aorist. [32.44-46]. abhyastavlt II.7.

26. 26.1

Gerund

Confusion of tva and ya occurs sporadically in the text. [35.1 , 7-11]. a) tripradaksinlkrtva II.7; pratilabdhva 1.46; asrutva III.15 ( vs. 5 5 a ) , e t c .

XXXI

b) sthapya 11.10; grhya 111.15, etc. c) tyajitva III. 15 (vs. 52d). 26.2 Present stems as roots' before tva and ya. [35.12-14]. a) abhisimcya 11.14. b) abhinirmimiya 1.43; IV. 14. 26.3 Gerunds in itya ? anumoditya 11.10, perhaps read anumoditva (cf. 26.4). 26.4 Gerunds in itva. [35.22-28].

nivarayitva 11.19, 22; nivartayitva 11.19; prasadayitva 11.20; abhyarcayitva IV.14, etc.

27. 27.1 Ending iutem.

Infinitive [36.2].

v ijnayitum 1.15 n.12 ? 27.2 atum for itum. [36.7].

vijnayatum 1.15 ?

28. 28.1

Voice

Seemingly passive forms with active meaning, and usually active ending. [37.22, 33].

anuparindlsyamti X.2.

29. 29.1

Causative [38.49-53]. 11.19, 20.

Causative in a p a y a t i . pratidesapayitva (ger.)

30. 30.1 Prohibitions.

Constructions with ma [42.5].

a) with pres, indie.: ma ... gacchathah 1.15 (vs. 10d). b) with opt.: ma haiva ... agaccheyam III.23; ma ... syad III.23; ma vai ... prayayad IV.7 (vs.34cd); ma te syat VI. 16; ma vihetha bhavet VI.18. c) wit}i fut, : ma yasyasi IV. 3 (vs. 5 d ).

xxx i i
30.2 Strong negative wishes or hopes for the future. ma k halv avastham samavapsyate [42.8].

dya IV.7 (vs. 33d);

ma k halv anatha janata bhaveta IV.9 (vs. 39d); ma bhavet IV.9 (vs .41 d ) .

31. kr-: k a r a - t i ,

Synopsis of verb forms

Put. karisya (1 sg.) IV.12 (vs. 58d) krida-ti C a u s . kridapayati IV.13 grah-: g r h n a - t i , Pres, grhnatha (2 pi. impv.) 1.16 (vs.11b) Ger. grhya III.15 Miscellaneous form Fut. udgrhlsyamo X.5 cyava-ti, Ger. cavitva 1.45, X.2 dis-: d i s a - t i , Miscellaneous form Ger. pratidesapayitva 11.19 Caus. desa-ti, t e , Pres, desamti X I I I . 2 da-: d a d a - t i , Pass, d i y a - t s , Fut. anuparindTsyamti X.2 dha-: d a d h a - t i , Perf. dadhrre? III.22 n.51; Ger. antarhaya 1.15. nam-: n a m a t i , -nama-ti, Ger. pranamya 1.30, I I . 4, III.25, V.7, V I .1 5, X I I . 8 Caus. namaya-ti, Pres, namaye (2 sg. opt.) II1.15 (vs. 52d) n7 : naya t i , I i ' t ' . s . na.y;ihi (impv.) I I I .1S (vs.54<l) IV.1 4 n.22.

xxxiii

nrt-:

(1) narta-ti ? Pres, nartasva (impv.) Ill .12 seq., IV.1

bhu-; b h a v a - t i , stem bhe-, Fut. bhesye IV.21 (vs.110d) ma-: (abhinir-) m i m i t e , Pres, abhinirmimlte 1.20 Ger. abhinirmimiya 1.43, IV.14; abhinirmlya III.22, V.10 muc-: munca-ti, (4) mucya-ti ? Pres, mucyati 1.4 moks-: nirmoksya 1.27 (vs.17c) Ppp. pramoksitah IV.6 (vs. 24b) Fpp. sampramoksya 1.27 (vs. 17b) Caus. impv. vimoksaya IV.5 (vs.18d); pramoksaya IV.9 (vs.38d) rinca-ti, Pres, rincati II.1 rud-: ruda-ti , Pres, rudisi (m.c.)? III.24 (vs.90a) ruh-: r o h a - t i , Fut. prarohisyanti 11.10, cf. \fhitney Roots, ruh-: fut. rohisye E. Caus. ropaya-ti,

Ppp. avaropita 1.45 labh-: labha-ti, Pres, labhemo (1 sg. opt.) 1.46 (vs.41d); labhe (3 sg.opt.) IV.21 (vs.1 1 4a) vr-: Caus. varaya-ti Ger. nivarayitva 11.19

vrt-: Caus. - v a r t a y a t i , Ger. nivartayitva 11.19

xxxiv

vrdh-: v a r d h a - t i , Fut- vivardhisyanti 11.10, cf. Whitney Roots, vrdh-: fut. vardhisyate. Ms ru-: s r u n a - t i , Pres, srunyama 1.35 (vs. 25d); srunata (2 pi. impv.) 1.16 sad-: s l d a - t i , Miscellaneous forms Preterite forms ? nyasedur 111.12, 13, 22; nyasidur III.15 nyaseduh III.19 sic-: s i n c a - t i , Ger. abhisimcya 11.14 Aor. simcisuh ? III.22 stha-: t i s t h a - t i , Pres, tisthemo (1 pi. opt.) III.10 (vs. 21c) stha-ti, Pres, adhisthamah V I . 12 sthiha-ti, t e , Pres, sthiheyu (opt.) IV.21 (vs.19b).

XXXV

EDITORIAL NOTE

1.

Sanskrit text: The present text, the Rk, is based on a single manuscript

found at Gilgit.

All readings of D u t t s edition which are different

from those found in the manuscript are mentioned in the foot-notes of m y edition. As to the readings and the orthography of the

manuscript, except in the case of obvious scribal errors, I have kept them,e.g. kaulita for kolita , catra for cattra, m for nasals

(Whitney 73b), final s before initial s (Whitney 172 and 172a), final n for m before initial dental voiced c o n s o n a n t s , m at the end of the sentence, etc. foot-notes. Those cases are not mentioned in the

The spelling satva for sattva is one of the typical

orthographical characters of Central Asian manuscripts (including Gilgit manuscripts). Dutt always gives sattva in his edition, Also, irregular samdhi

but I preferred to write sa<t>tva.

(including the absence of samdhi) frequently occurs in the text, and examples are given in the "Grammatical Notes". It may be

laid down as a general rule that some of these irregular samdhis occur at a pause. On the other hand, in the manuscript, cch occurs

even after a c o n s o n a n t , and also tr even though metrically tri is required, I gave ch and tri respectively in m y edition and Avagrahas which are entirely

made mention of it in the foot-notes,

absent in the manuscript are given in the text without any indication. As to the missing parts of the folios , reconstructions are given within ( ) for those stereotyped expressions which are found elsewhere in the text and which are confirmed by the Tibetan and/or the Chinese translations. Occasionally, conjectured restoration

of missing words or parts of words are given in the foot-notes.

xxxv i

Other restorations are indicated in the text with < ) or mentioned in the foot-notes. [ ] are used to indicate words which are difficult Dots, (,,,) indicate the conjectured * in the text indicated

to read in the manuscript.

number of aksaras in lacunae.

Asterisk

the beginning of a new line of the Sanskrit MS, Some p a r t s , and especially the verses , are ver y difficult to understand, even though the meaning of the Tibetan translation is clear. In those cases I have left the readings of the manuscript

as they are, without making any emendations.

2.

Tibetan t e x t : The Tibetan text is based on texts of the Kanjur editions. All

readings of the Tunhuang manuscripts are given as variants in the foot-notes. Occasionally, the Tunhuang manuscripts of group 2 contain

a reading which corresponds better to the Sanskrit text than the reading found in the Kanjur (= K ) , In such cases the reading in

the foot-notes in underlined or mentioned in the foot-notes of the Sanskrit text. As a general rule the orthography of the Tunhuang manuscripts belongs to the old style. They have myi (for mi) and myi- (for mi-)

and some of them (Ib, Ic and Id) show the da drag which was abolished at the beginning of the 9th century A.D. The use of affixes (pa,

cig, kyi, etc.) in samdhi is different from that in the Kanjur editions. Confusion between c and ch and sporadically between

ts and tsh in Ia and Ic may depend on dialectical differences or on different orthographical traditions.

xxxvii

SUMMARY

[The contents of Chapters I - V I , X and XI are not analysed here as they are to be found in D u t t s edition. The contents

of Chapters VII-IX of which the Sanskrit text is missing are only briefly indicated on the basis of the Tibetan. XII and XIII are dealt with in greater detail.] Chapters

Chapter VII At that time the Bodhisattva Sin tu rnam par phye b a i blo gros was seated in the assembly not far from the Tathagata ^akyamuni and in front of the Tathagata Nor bu od bar ba dpal. For a moment he

appeared as Brahman and then qu i c k l y transformed himself into various figures such as Mara and Indra. The venerable Purna Maitrayanlputra asked the Tathagata ^akyamuni w h y the Bodhisattva 3in tu rnam par phye b a i blo gros had this capacity. The Tathagata ^akyamuni explained the power

and the aims of that Bodhisattva and also told him about the Bodhi sattva Me tog rgyas pa m t h a yas p a i od zer in the Buddha-field Nor b u i snin po in the period Sgra ba. The many Bodhisattvas assembled there from the Buddha-fields of the ten directions acknowledged the great benefit they received from hearing these words.

Chapter VIII At that time the Tathagata Akobhya encouraged the members of that assembly consisting of Bodhisattvas, 3 a k r a , Brahman, the Guardians of the world and others, to protect the Dharma, proclaim the tradition of the Three Jewels and fulfil their earnest wishes.

xxxvi i i
Then the Mara Kusuma transforming himself into a beautiful woman appeared there and made an offering of f l o w e r s , fruits and various treasures. All the Buddhas accepted his offerings and by

remaining silent approved of his wish to fulfil the six perfections and become a Buddha. He acceded to the request of the Tathagata

Ye ses tog and by his own power and diligence provided food, clothing, medicines and other amenities for all beings and pronounced the words of the magic spell winning thereby the acclamation of the Bodhisattvas and other beings assembled there. He received a prophecy of his enlightenment from the Tathagata ^akyamuni. The Bodhisattva Grub pa'i blo gros (Siddhimati) related how he had made an earnest wish in the past in the presence of the Tathagata 'khor ba 'jig and how enlightenment was prophesied for him after resolute and d i l i g e n t .application towards this end throughout many countless births as a female. After the Tathagata

i^akyamuni assured him of Buddhahood, many other Bodhisattvas, too, assuming female figures wished to obtain similar prophecies. ^akyamuni prophesied supreme enlightenment for every one of them. The other members of that assembly also received individual prophecies. Chapter IX The Tathagata ^akyamuni addressed the Buddhas assembled in that Buddha-field urging them to have regard for the wishes of all beings and entrusted them with a magic spell that would ensure success in the course leading to their enlightenment. At that time the Bodhisattva Kusuma and others, all in feminine form and intent upon the welfare of beings, vowed that they should not obtain supreme enlightenment till all those beings were themselves made to achieve supreme enlightenment. The Mara, P a p l m a t , though exhorted by the Tathagata ^akyamuni to abandon his defiance, declared that he would not submit to him for as long as he lived.

xxxix CHAPTER XII

The five great beings, Stavaka in the form of a Yaksa general,

Samjnika in that of an antelope, Jnanolka in that of a monkey, Trsnajaha in that of a goat, and Chinnasrota in that of an elephant, were seated not far from the Tathagata ^akyamuni and in front of the Tathagata K a u n d i n y a r c i s . Upon their hands they bore a gem

named Jyotisprabha in order to honour the Lord. The Bodhisattva Kautuhalika observed the purity of their mental dispositions and regarding them as Bodhisattvas asked the Yaksa general Xtavaka why they had assumed such forms. Xtavaka narrated

how 91 kalpas ago in the time of the Tathagata Vipasyin, they were born as brothers and resolved to seek supreme enlightenment and to endeavour to bring to m a turity all beings. At the end of the Kalpas

from that of the Tathagata ikhin to that of the Tathagata Visvabhu, and in this great K a l p a , B h a d r a k a , in the time of the Tathagata Kakutsunda, they were again born as brothers in accordance with their former vows and did homage to that Tathagata in various ways. At that time the Bodhisattva Samjnika became a lay-disciple and made the earnest wish that in this great Kalpa, Bhadraka, he should always be b o r n as a great Yaksa general and preach the Dharma to the Yaksas and others such as the Kataputanas who dwelt in forests and wildernesses and were wicked and merciless. Thereby he should

establish them in faith and in the observance of the p r e c e p t s , after w h i c h he should himself obtain supreme enlightenment. Similarly, the Yaksa Jnanolka, in the form of a m o n k e y , vowed that he should b ring all the monkeys to maturity; Trsnajaha, in the form of an a n t e l o p e , vowed that he should bring to maturity all beings suffering the hardships of inopportune birth; and Chinnasrota, in the form of an elephant, vowed that he should b r i n g all elephants to maturity. Likewise, 12,000 Yaksas possessing great power and

living in the whole world, seeking supreme enlightenment, made vows to bring all beings to maturity. I myself vowed, in the presence

of the Tathagata Kakutsunda, to bring evil Yaksas to maturity and to obtain supreme enlightenment thereafter. Since then, always

xl

born as a Yaksa g e n e r a l , I have brought evil Yaksas and others such as Kataputanas to maturity and made th e m incapable of sliding back by establishing them in faith and in the observance of the precepts. There is the magic formula, V a j r a k h a v a s a r l , by employing which one is not disturbed by Yaksas and others such as Kataputanas. Moreover, should this Vajrakhavasarl be proclaimed in places such as villages and cities , the evil Yaksas and Kataputanas in those places would become compassionate towards all beings and abandon their evil ways. Urged by the Tathagata ^akyamuni to utter the

magic formula, Vajrakhavasarl, the great Yaksa general, X t a v a k a , did so adding on to it an even more potent magic formula. Chapter XIII Now, as all those Buddhas showed signs of departing, each one to his own B u d d h a - f i e l d , all the beings in that a ssembly as well as this whole earth trembled. A shower of flowers fell from the This entire Buddha-field was

sky and there was music in the air.

suffused with light and the whole a s sembly stood with palms folded in h o m a g e . On that occasion the Brahman, Sahampati , asked the Tathagata Mahacandanagandha the extent of the roots of merit with which the beings who in the future learn and sustain this religious discourse would be endowed and the number of Dharmas with which they would be protected b y the Buddhas. He replied that just as the six

elements had been protected by the Buddhas, even so would beings who learned, wrote, or sustained this religious discourse in the future be protected with the ten kinds of Dharmas by all the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas. Then, destroying all impurities, those beings

would become Bodhisattvas. The Tathagata akyamuni addressed a k r a , Brahman, and the Guardians of the world saying that that rare and wonderful religious discourse was proclaimed for various reasons such as compassion and the desire to bring all beings to maturity. They were to learn it

and to protect both it as well as all those householders and recluses who w < *ro r e li gi ou s and s us t a i n e d the go od lav.

xii

Finally, the Tathagatas K u s u s m a d h v a j a ,

Ratnacchatrasri,

Girikuta, ^ a k y a m u n i , Aksobhya, and V i r a j a b a l a v i k r a m i n , each one in turn, uttered verses proclaiming the merits and the benefits of this religious discourse. In later times, just the hearing

of this religious discourse would bring about the destruction of all impurities.

xlii

TABLE I CONTENTS OF KANJUR EDITION

Peking ed. Lha-sa ed. Sde-dge ed. Snar-than e<

[Title! ZH o m a g e 1 [Preface! I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII CColophonH

20 lb 3 20 lb h 201b^-201b5 201b6-211b3 2 1 1 b 3-223b 8 223b8-23i +a3 23^a3-2^5a6 2^5a6-256b7 256 b 7 - 2 7 1 a 6 2 7 1 a 6- 2 7 3 a 6 273a6-279bi+ 279 b i +-28 lbl 28 lbl- 287 bl 287bl-293b3 293b3-29Ta8 297a8-300bl 300bl-300b3

289b3 289bi| 289b5-289b6 289b6-30^b3 30iib3-322b2 322b2-337a? 337a7~353b2 353b3-370a3 370a3-390ai+ 390aU-393al 393al-i+01b7 ^01b7- 1+0^a7 l+04bl-i+13a3 1 +13a3-^22a3 i+22a3-U27b 6 i+27b6-U32a6 i+32b6

I87b3 I87b3-l87b*+ I87b^-l87b5 I87b5-196bi+ 196bU-207b3 207b3-217a2 2 1 7 a 2 - 226 b 6 226b5~236b5 236b5-2^9b7 2^9b7-251b5 251b5-257b7 257b7-259b3 259b3-265b2 265b2-271a7 271a7-275al 275al-277b7 277b7

30Ub6 305al 305al-305a3 305a3-320al 320al-337b5 337b6-353b2 353b2-370b2 370b2-387b6 387b6-l+09b^ l*09b^-Ul2bU J + 1 2 b^ - ^ 22 a 2 ^22a7-^25a3 J+25a3-i +3i +b7 i +31 +bU-^Uiia7 l+lil+a7-^50a7 l+50a7-^55aU k 5 l*a5-lt 5 5a 5

N. Dutt, in the footnotes to his Gilgit Manuscripts Vol. IV, quotes the Snar-than edition.

TABLE II CONCORDANCE OF TUNHUANG MANUSCRIPTS AND CHINESE TRANSLATION B + Id Title Introduction 1 2 3 h 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 lU 15 16 17 18 19 20 (Ual)-Ua3 Ua3-^a5 b&5-ha.l W - ^ 2 Ub2-Ub5 Ub5-(^blO) lal-la2 la2-laU laU-lb** Ie Ia 55al-55a2 55a2-55a3 55a3-55b3 55b3-55bU 55bU-56a2 56a2-56a6 56a6-56bl 56bl-56b3 56b3-56b6 56b6-(56b7) Ib Ic lal lal-la3 Ia3-la8 Ia8-la9 Ia9-lb2 Ib2-lb3 Ib3-lb5 Ib5-lb8 Ib8-lb9 lblO-lbll lbll-2al 2al-2a2 2a2-2a3 2a3-2aU 2ai+-2a6 2a6-2a8 2a8-2alO 2al0-2bl 2bl-2b2 2b2-2bU 2b^-2b6 2b6-2blO 537a5-537al7 537al8-537a20 537a20-537bl 537bl-537bl2 537bl3-537bl9 537b20-537b25 537b25-537cl 537cl-537c5 537 c 6-537 c 10 537cll-537cl6 537cl7-537c21 537c22-537c27 537c28-538a^ 538a^-538alO 538alO-538al8 538al9-538a2U 538a25-538bl 538b2-538b7 538b8-538bl3 538blU-538b2ii xliii Chin.

xii v
ON CM fi OO 00 LA 1 ia OJ fi 00 oo L T N OO O CO OO L T N 1 H C J CO OO T N L T N LA T N L T N L T N L T N L L T N L T N L c d ON 00 L T N 1 CO CM O OO 00 VO 1 1 c j CO oo LA 1 ~ = t o OO 00 CM i 1 fi 00 LA 1 OO c d On OO LA VO c d o LA 1 CM c d O LA O i 1 c d ON OO LA 1 L T N c d ON 00 O CM c d ON 00 L T N 1 = f I 1 c d ON OO CM fi ON OO LA 1 On CM c d ON 00 LA On O On 00 LA 1 O CM fi ON 00 LA rH c d O 3 " LA 1 VO CM a On OO LA c 1 OJ c d O LA 1 c c d O ~ = t LA i 1 fi O Z t LA 1 OJ CM c d O J LA 00 i 1 fi o 3 LA 1 rH rQ O ~ = t LA OJ CM c j CO 00 L T N 1 c 1 1 a ao oo oo CM c d On 00 LA 1 VO CM c d ON oo LA f r CM a oo oo L T N 1 00 CM C J OO oo = } i 1 c d ON OO L T N 1 i 1 I 1 c d On OO L T N CM c d ON oo LA 1 o CM c d ON oo ON 1 1 rO On OO LA 1 oo 1 1 fi ON OO LA On i 1 a On oo LA 1 VO 1 1 C J ON oo LA LA <H O On 00 LA 1 o 1 1 C J On 00 LA OO CM fi o LA 1 3 ' i 1 fi O LA LA OJ C J On OO LA 1 o CM C J On OO LA

a H fi O

i 1 CM 1 O i 1 fi CM
1 I f r oo i 1 f i

c d VO t00 c d c d 1 00 oo I i i I i I rH VO d d c rO c CM oo 00 i 1 fi 3 "
1 i 1

i 1

o CO O n 1 1 c d c d c d oo oo oo 1 ON c d c d c d oo 00 oo LA VO CO f i fi fi OO OO OO 1 1 1 LA VO fi fi fi OO OO oo 00 LA f r d c d c d c J" 3 " j 1 1 1 oo oo LA f i cd cd oo J ' CM LA f r ~ fi f i f i d ' 1 1 1 J LA r t O P fi fi = } - 3 "

oo oo ~ = t f i f i oo oo f i 1 1 oo r H 1 1 I i 1 1 1 oo d fi c d c oo oo oo
1 o i ON 1 d 1 c 3 c d a 3 " J- l 1 o l 1 t ON r c d c d c d LA -d

i 1

I 1 i 1 fi 3 1 f r fi

CM c d LA

P I OJ c d f r LA 1 i 1 c d f r LA = t c d f r LA 1 CM c d f r LA f r c d f r LA 1 c d f r LA fi f r LA 1 = f fi f r LA i 1 fi t LA 1 f r c d f r LA OO fi f r LA 1 rH fi f r LA OO c d OO LA 1 f r fi f r LA

CM fi OO LA 1 00 c d CO LA

f r fi co LA 1 OJ fi oo LA

< l > M

Tj M + pq

OJ 3 vo i i i c d vo 3 " c d vo i CM c d vo vo c d fi vo vo i 1 -O oo c d c d vo vo = t fi vo 1 co c d vo vo rO vo i fi vo CO fi VO 1 f r fi VO

On fi vo 1 CO fi VO

On fi VO 1 ON fi VO

H c d oo i H c d co

3 " c d co 1 i I c d co

f r e t ) co 1 = t c d oo

rH rO oo 1 f r c d co

fi CO i rH fi OO

f r fi OO 1 J" fi co

ON fi oo 1 f r rQ CO

H CM OO J LA VO t- OO ON O H CM OO IA VO t- OO ON O h cm oo _ 3 CMOJOJCMCMCMCMCMCMOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.^t.-cl-.J-_3-.-=r

xlv
ON i 1 c d i 1 C f LA 1 VO 1 1 c d I 1 C J I 1 c f LA 1 c f i 1 c f LA c f c f C f c f c f .ct c f C f c f c f c f C t C f c t LA LA LA LA LA LA LA

. H XI o
i o 1 1 i i i o c f c f c f . = f c f -

vo o o LA 1 C f OO fi i 1 c d OJ c f IA 1 00 1 1 C J 1 1 c f LA O i 1 c d 00 c f LA 1 00 c d 00 LA 00 CM OJ C t LA 1 r 1 c d CM LA

I 1 c d i l c t LA 1 t O

LA i 1 c d i i c f LA 1 CM c d OO i 1 C J rH c f LA 1 i 1 O i 1 c f LA CM c d oo c f LA 1 c f CM P CM LA

00 OJ c d 1 1 c f LA 1 o OJ c d E CM c d OO c f LA I o 1 1 c d oo LA O CM O c f c f LA 1 OJ rH f i c t ON c d LA c t LA 1 rH CM O c f C f LA c t LA 1 CM CM c d LA CM i 1 f i LA c t LA 1 c t LA O i 1 OO c f LA 1 t ' OJ c d 00 LA

LA LA LA LA LA

CM CM OO c f LA 1 o rH rQ OO LA

i 1 i 1 P C f c t LA 1 00 0J fi oo LA

VO rH c d LA c t LA 1 o 1 1 c d LA

OJ OJ c d LA c t LA 1 t I 1 c d LA

OO CM LA C f LA 1 CM i 1 P LA

rH 1 O i t OO OO i 1 LA f i c d f i fi LA LA LA LA 1 1 1 1 1 o 00 00 1 CM 1 i fi d f i fr c d c . LA LA LA LA l 1 1 LA c rH P d VO c d c vo vo 1 i 1 r 1 rH t 1 i d c d c d c vo vo vo
t oo r H i i

i I i 1 c d t I LA fi VO LA c d OO 1 OO c d i l i l c d oo 1 LA c d OO

oo c d oo i rH i 1 c d
c t i 1 oo i 1 oo f i f i 1 oo ON i 1 1 1 i 1 c f CO c d fi fi oo oo oo

vo c d O i 1 1 rH rH fi On CO rQ O i 1 1 LA fi o 1 1

i 1 i 1 c d O i l 1 vo c d O

CM fi O i 1 1 i 1 i 1 c d o c t f i O i 1 1 OJ fi o 1 1 o 1 1 f i o rH 1 CO fi o 1 1 1 1 c d 1 1 rH 1 o 1 1 fi o 1 1

rO M

fi CO
L T N

fi on C I
on

I c fi oo LA c f c d t t i LA fi c I 3 " c d

fi

tJ H + pq

c t fi LA i 1 1 i ! c d LA rH " ON fi VO 1 1 1 c f rO LA i 1

oo c d co i l l. -s 1 1 c d CO rH '

LA rO 00 1 1 1 co c d oo p I

On fi ON O fi OJ oo H I ___ ^ . 1i 1 LA c d fi o CO 0J rH '

OO c d CM CM 1 i 1 c d CM OJ 1

CO c d CM CM 1 c t c d CM OJ

00 fi CM CM 1 00 c d CM 0J

ON fi CM CM 1 OO fi CM OJ

OO c d oo CM 1 ON fi OJ CM

OJ rQ OO CM 1 OO c d 00 CM

LA VO t CO O n C f c f c f 3 " C t -

OJ 00 J

LA VO D ' CO ON o I i

C f LA VO OJ oo i I H I I rH

rH

M M

xlvi
C f tCM O LA c f LA 1 c t CM O LA O O i 1 1 d i i 1 c C J t VO c t t c f c f LA LA 1 LA 1 OO 1 c f i 1 r 1 C J o P vo c - t ' d - c t C t LA LA LA

CM i 1 r Q O LA LA = f C t LA LA

1 1 o L T N c t L T N 1 OO

CM C J LA c f LA 1

C t c f C f LA LA LA

CM O LA C f LA 1 o CM O LA

00 CM c d VO C f LA 1 t CM O LA O t ~ - f c c f C t t- c f LA LA LA 1 1 1 OO O CM i 1 CM r Q t ' t ' f C t C t c t LA LA LA O O LA LA
O O

f i f i f i f i
1 LA i 1 Q o LA LA

c f 00 ON vo C f O n CM i c f CM rH C f c 00 1 CM ( 1 CM 1 c 1 c d rQ i 1 d CM VO CM CJ rQ i f i O 1 o t- o oo fi fi rQ OO ON O o c f c t ON LA LA c f co CO OO C f t- c f LA c t LA LA c t LA .c c t LA LA t 1 LA 1 LA LA LA 1 1 LA 1 1 C f t 1 oo 1 1 1 O n LA 1 LA CM LA i i O n CM t- CM CM CM i 1 CM cd d r Q O o c Q fi O r Q O r CO ON ON O t too oo CO CO t c f C t c f LA c f c f c f c c t c f c f LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA

O H
1 1 1 1 i 1 H LA

LA i 1 Q d rH c d c 1 i I i i l 1 1 l r LA i 1 c d c d i 1 rH 1 i 1 i i 1 i 1 1 rH c d I 1 i 1 1 1 Q H 1 1 r Q 1 1 1 1

CM r Q 1 1 1 1 1 CM 1 1 1 C V J c d CM i 1 oo i1
i C M LA i 11 cd r Q OO cd cd cd r Q oo OO 00 oo C M 1 i 1 1 H 1 i1 i 1 ii 1 1 o 1 1 I rH LA ON i 1 1 1 i 1 0 0 r Q r Q cd cd cd cd C M C M 00 o o OO oo 1 1 1 1 1 1 rH i I i 1 VO vo 1 1 vo r Q cd o3 00 c f c f r H r H 11 1 1 1 LA v o r H r Q r Q cd 00 C f 1 1 1 1 1 1

CM c d CO 1 1 1 CM

LA OO tc d r Q r Q OJ CM 1 I 1 1 1 1 LA 00 c d r Q CM OJ 1 1 1 1

ON r Q OJ 1 1 1 t ' r Q CM 1 1

11

ii

LA

t ON OO 1 11 1 cd Q Q LA r r Q r c t C f i1 LA 1 1 i1 1 1 1 1 1 t- 1 VO 00 i 1 ON cd r Q cd c f C t LA c t -

f i

r Q LA r H 1 r H r Q

rQ H CO c d o oo i fi
CO

LA On t

r Q
t' 1 1 l r\ On tVO cd On ttcd ON t

VO cd ON t~cd On t~-

ON t

r H f i

I 1 1 1 1 1 1

vo 1 vo
CO CO

C 1

H cd t VO cd

t-

r Q

LA cd 1 1 CO

f i
t>-

oo
O OO 00 C O co oo OO C oo

c f c t LA t O VO t c f O J 1 O O t- 00 1 1 O J LA O Q r Q r Q cd r cd Q cd r Q cd cd cd i rQ r cd cd r Q f C t LA o oo O O co d - C M C M o O O o 1 o o O i i i

o o t 'tr Q cd r Q t 1 O o 00 O 1 t C 1 i

c f C c f M c f vo t 00 d d r r Q r Q c Q c d c Q r o O M o O O o O 0J C C O O O I oo 1 C 1 oo 1 C i oo 1 oo 1 1 1 1 1 1

LA O C O O LA LA 1 1 c f 1 d LA d c d r Q c f i c C f IA CO oo O c f O oo 1 t 1 oo 1 OO 1 OO 1 |
c

f i i

f i

OO

CO

oo

QO

OO

c ~ fi oo CM I CM rO 00 CM fi 00 CM CM
L T N
cd

On fi 00 CM

VO fi L A CO I

CM CO O n O V I CM CM C I I M M I I

O CM 00 c f LA VO t- CO ON rH

T N VO c f L CM OO < I i I

CO

xlvii

c H o c d OJ LA LA
OJ

1 1 o o LTN LA 1 d ' O o LA LA o LA LA 1 Ol 1 1 o o LA LA LA LA 1 c d oo LA LA
rH OJ ON OJ

OJ OJ u

c d ii LA LA 1 LA OJ O O LA LA C J OJ LA LA 1 VO o LA LA fi OO LA LA 1 rH ,Q OO LA LA
OJ

i1 OJ o OJ c d 1 1 c d OJ LA OJ LA LA LA LA 1 LA 1 OJ 1 i 1 OJ t ~ ~ OJ d c d O c i i i 1 OJ LA LA LA LA LA LA OJ O

OO OJ

vo P OJ

i1 c d oo LA LA 1 d " OJ C J CM LA LA c d oo LA LA 1
CM CM

LA C J OJ LA LA 1 OO i 1 fi OJ LA LA c d d ' LA LA 1 vo i I o oo LA LA
rH

O OJ

ON OJ

LA i 1 O OO LA LA 1 OO 0J ,Q oo LA LA i 1 OJ c d -dLA LA 1 OJ c d d ' LA LA c d rQ i 1 a d d ' -dLA LA -d- IA LA LA LA LA 1 1 LA 1 CM 1 OO t CM ON CM i 1 c d c d rQ fi d ' d - d ' -d- LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA

OO CM ON VO OJ

i 1 CM C J d ' LA LA 1 o rH O = } LA LA i 1 c d LA LA LA 1 i 1 OJ o d LA LA
CM

On rQ LA i 1 1 vo rQ LA rH ( 1 c d vo i i i ON rQ LA i 1 t rQ vo tH 1 VO c d vo i i On O n 1 i 1 i t c d trH 1 VO c d trH rQ 1 1 1 rH l j c d t i 1 i 1 rQ t 1 1 1 vo rQ t 1 1

VO c d vo i I i r 1 c d vo rH

vo c d t i i i c fi vo 1 1

i 1 c d t i I I t ~ c d C i I

i I

VO

i I vo

c d oo i 1 I rH i 1 rQ t 1 1 i 1 rQ ON 1 1 1 oo c d

ON c d oo i l 1 vo c d oo i i d ' c d ON 1 1 1 rH c d ON H OO c d ON 1 1 1 LA c d d ' rQ ON i 1 1 rH rQ On C -1

vo rQ oo i 1 1 On c d oo i 1 i 1 c d On rH 1 vo rQ oo 1 1 OJ c d O OJ 1 LA rQ On i 1 t c d o OJ 1 OJ c d o CM

LA rQ On i 1 1 d ' rQ ON i 1 OJ p O CM 1 tc d O CM

rQ H

c d M

C D
H

'd H +
PP

ON

f \ OJ oo d ' L o OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ

OJ 00 d ' IA VO t OO ON

OJ oo d ' I I I I

> M

xlviii
ro
C O
-d"

On C V J rQ rQ L T N LT\ L T N L T N L T N L T N

VD T N L T N L T N T N L L T N VD L T N T N L T N L T N L L T N L T N L
LA LA LA OJ cd oo LA LA

00 i i 1 1 0J a rQ VD CM cd OO CO
LA LA LA rQ o oo LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA LA OJ rQ LA rQ co LA LA

O CM O VD OO
fr O oo LA LA

i ! i 1 Q t ' CM 1 VD V J OO C o oo C V J rQ o VD
OO a ao LA LA LA LA LA LA

O CM O f r OJ O o VD 1 CO CO LA LA
LA LA OJ rQ

i 1 i 1 rQ ON

c H o CO

T N L T N VD VD VD VO f L T N L r T N L T N L f \ L T N L T N L T N L T N L T N L T N l / N T N L T N L T N L L T N L T N L T N L

i1 cd cd oo LA LA

CM o
Q rQ rQ

T N 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 L -d" 1 OJ _=r rH OJ 1 i OJ 1 1 1 OJ ON OJ i

1 1

rQ i I

fi

LA ON OJ i 1 CM CM C V J cd rQ rQ On O O Q LA VD VD o LA VD LA LA 1 1 1 LA 1 rH VD o CM OO i 1 CM rQ rQ rQ cd ON ON o O LA VD VD

f i
1 1 cd CM OJ OO rQ 11 OJ LA cd CM OJ 1 1 r 1 cd OJ CM c cd CM OJ i 1 LA cd OJ On rQ CM OJ I 1 CO cd CM t cd CM cd oo CM 1 ON rQ LA cd oo CM 1 CM cd oo H iH cd oo CM 1 LA cd oo CM

i1 OJ fr rQ o CM CM rQ O 11 1 1 rQ O OJ cd i1 CM i1 i 1 rQ O CM frrQ o

1 1
OJ OJ OJ OJ
0J
rQ j"

1
OJ

OJ OJ

VDON _ = f rQ rQ Cd OO OO JCM C V J C V J I I I i I VD O n p f i f i OO 00 00 OJ CM OJ LA CM 1 rH VD OJ 1 rH cd VD OJ
Jcd

VD rH Cd rQ J- J OJ CM I I VD cd cd J 3 CM OJ

OJ O I i 1 rQ LA cd LA CM C V J 1 1 O ti 1 cd cd LA LA V J CM C O n i1 cd f i VD VD OJ CM 1 1 ON _dcd cd VD VD OJ OJ

P H rH P
____ t rQ CO VD Jcd tt 00 t-=f cd t' C VD rQ t' t*fr cd oo fr 1 VD rQ fr t -d" rQ OO t 1 1 c cd 00 fr oo cd LA fr 1 1 oo LA t 1 oo cd LA fr fr i 00

I cd VD
f i
-cf cd t

GO VD I

H i l l
1 LA

0 0 CM e
on
LA

rQ - 3 cd

1 1
0J

CM rQ ON rQ O n LA '

H
VO

cd

vo
LA fr -

cd oo

H pQ oO VD

ao t ' -t > -

c rQ

f i

cd f i cd P f i CM VD O n ON LA LA

C D H
OO cd -- s

VD H +

LA

- i1 cd

1
LA ---- -

OO cd vo
LA

VD

- 3cd

1
LA

OO rQ tLA

On

1
VD VD
I1 rQ LA

rQ tLA ___

oo rQ t LA

IA VD t OO On O i I i ( i I r I i I C V J

H CM

OJ OJ

00
OJ

J C V J

rl Ol 00 J

IA vo

t oo On rH H

rH

xlix
ON fr1 ON OJ i 1 1 C 5 J 1 OJ o i rH vo VO vo LA LA LA 1 1 1 o On LA O J OJ J C J rO C r H I 1 i 1 VO vo VO
LA LA LA O J c d OJ vo LA 1 frI 1 c d O J vo LA O J OJ vo VO LA LA LA LA LA LA 1 rQ I 1 i d 00 c d c oo 00 VO vo vo LA IA LA 1 1 ON 1 i 1 OJ rH c d c d c d OJ 00 oo vo vo vo LA LA LA LA 1 ON P OO vo LA LA LA 1 1 r o f 1 1 rH fi rQ vo VO vo vo LA LA

co ON O i 1 P O J C J vo 0J LA VO 1 LA CO 1 OJ ON c d ON OO vo 1 1 o oo vo
1 O i CM OJ OJ LA d rQ LA CM C J c oo J fi d " -J- C vo vo vo 3 - LA LA LA LA vo VO 1 1 1 LA LA C \ J 1 1 fr- o i 1 OJ OJ VO LA J c d rQ U C J C oo oo = } - 3 - _ 3 " vo vo vo vo vo LA LA LA LA LA

-d fi OJ o o vo
L A r 1 VO LA 1

f r OO O n O i 1 rQ C J O LA c d VO d c VO VO VO VO LA vo vo LA 1 LA LA 1 O O 1 1 OO = r 1 OJ OO 1 J c d d c rQ C LA LA vo vo VO vo vo vo

vo 1 1 f r fi o vo vo vo vo

i r H r Q VO

CM
OJ OJ OJ OJ OJ

O OJ O O i1 c d c d r Q oo r - C f r - f M OJ 0J 1 1 o rH c d rQ r t - f 1 C M 1 o r H 00 c d oo 00

O 1 c d co C M 1 O O c d oo

CO fi CO
C M 1 f r r Q oo C M
On ON OJ ON

oo f i

f r - co

OJ

c d
oo

f i
c d r d r Q Q r Q c On
i 1 OJ O O oo 00 00 oo
oo oo On OJ

C M CO C M Q c d r Q r ON ON O C M C M 00 1 1 1 C M CO t - tr c d P o i I 00 00 1 1 LA f r o o o o oo

cv

LA r Q O 00 1 C M o oo

f i

o 1 1 c d I 00 1 f r c d i i oo r Q rH O O 1 o 1 1 c d i l o o
oo oo ON f i On

f r - 11 fr c d rQ rQ C M C M OJ O O O O O O 1 1 1 3 - t1 f r - rH f r - r c d rQ f c d c d c d i OJ CM OO oo oo o o oo i i
oo oo

f r 1 1 -Cf d c d c d c
o o 1 r Q 00 1

C d M

( D M
OJ On Q rH fr- rQ V O rQ i1 1 1 1 VO /- VO i 1 1 1 t r cd OJ rH Q Q 1 1 1 1 vo VO
' LA cd

V oo vo '1 o o vo
LA cd On Q

P Q

V O

00 vo 1 ' H cd 00 vo 1 "

OJ c d f r vo 1 1 1 c d f r vo s -

00 vo 1 vo 1 CM c d f r vo

C d

00 c d 00 vo 1 CM c d OO vo

ON rQ oo vo 1 oo c d oo vo

On ,Q O f r 1 r 1 c d O t

ON c d rH t 1 ON rQ o f r -

On rQ rH f r 1 On c d i I f r -

ON rQ 1 1 f r ' 1 On rQ i 1 f r -

OJ OO IA VO f r CO i I i I rH i I i I i I f 1

i I OJ 00 -d

LA VO f r OO

O rH OJ OO LA ON i I r-1 rH rH rH r I

M >

H o
L T \ L T \ fr- f r T N L T N L

vo OJ OJ c d o frvo vo T N vo L L fN 1 1 vo oo OJ o o vo vo vo vo
1 1 c d frvo L T N 1 O O c d frvo L T N l /N L T N

ON 00 i1 c d frvo L T N 1 00 1 1 c d frvo
O O O r I i1 J rQ C fr~ frvo vo T N IPs L 1 i O N i I 1 1 i i c d fi c t f vo vo T N UA L T N L

f r O OJ f r - O c d OJ rQ O x c d On vo on VO T N L fN vo L T \ 1 1 L 3 1 00 OJ O O OJ o c d c d C O ON On vo vo VO L T \ L T N UA oo OJ OJ rH d rQ c On o VO f r c d rQ rH rH
rH i1 c d O L T N 1 L fN 1

= S i I rQ o f r vo 1 1 rQ O f r 11 OJ c d rH f r L T N 1 L T N i 1 c d r 1 frLf\ O O rQ 1 1 frL T N r \ 1 i O O I OJ OJ

T \ f r - L OJ i 1 d rQ c 1 o c r f r - f fN L T N L 1 1 frOJ rQ O f r f N L f N L

O i 1 ,Q oo oo 1 oo fi oo oo

vo rH fr1 1 3 - t ON rQ i 1 c d c d T N J - rQ L z t c d d c d c O oo oo 3 - O c f O 1 I oo oo oo 1 O

rH o o 1 fr- O O 1 1 1 1 OJ -ct fr- 1 1 VO i d rQ c d d c d rQ ,Q c d c d c rQ c T N vo L T N L = f 3 0 0 -d- = r d - O O O oo oo oo oo oo 0 0 oo oo O

vo oo froo O O

1 rQ

1 rQ C O i c d vo rQ L T N vo 0 0 O O oo 1

rH O n
c d On fr- rQ oo fr1 oo 1 o 0 1 1 0 c d oo

1 rH

1 On rQ f r -

i 1 i I fi froo

oo o c d rH oo c d 0 0 O O 1 oo i I l i I oo d rQ c fr- oo

0 0 0 0

rQ H
vo vo vo 1 , ^ vo c d c d fN V OL T N L VO vo L T N c d L P \ vo frc d L f> vo oo f r c d rQ L T N -cf VO vo 1 i oo rQ L T N VO

c d UA ,Q

1 iH c d OJ OJ

< D H
V O c d vo i i f r - fi 1 vo --fr1 1 1 c d vo vo c d fr- vo f r vo f r c d r rQ co OJ f VO d rQ c f r - i. ON O ' _^ O f r - C 1 i l I I d VO OJ rH c d rQ P co c VO fr- oo O n fr- f r fr- -

L T N rQ O oo 1 f r c d o OO

O OJ oo co

I rQ 1 1 00 1 c d rH O O 1 L f NP rQ c d

1 vo c d OJ OO

OJ P OJ co

On f r - fi rQ OJ OJ co > C O 1 frP OJ OO 1 C V J rQ OJ OO

T N VO O On o OJ OO -t L r - O V C ) f \ J OJ OJ I CM OJ OJ OJ C .H rH I

OJ

00

OJ

M H >

M M M >

li
1 1 CM O i 1 t-

LA

00 P CM t rH
d p O P P O c i 1 CM CM CM 00 oo t t '- t t ' t ' - t LA LA LA LA LA LA
D C V J

OO i 1 f i i 1 CO
LA i 1 i 1 c d o o d 1 C M d 1 tc d C M d O O d d i 1 1 i 1 c d LA d O O d d d d 1 1 i 1 1 c d P d d t 't LA LA
1

LA t ' LA 1 LA LA LA
1

t ' i 1 P CM
LA

ON CM LA i1 C J i 1 P OJ d 00 c t ' - OO D ' LA t LA LA 1 1 OO 1 LA i 1 OJ rH OO I 1 c d d t VO 1 1 C J 00
1

-d i 1 C J 00 t O OJ
1

t ' i 1 fi -dt ' " ON OO i 1 i 1

1

t CM P -d t C M C J d t 'LA 1 O N C M P J t LA i 1 V O t 'LA 1 O O 1 1 c d vo t 'LA

On

t LA

LA C M C J LA t LA 1 r H c d LA t LA

oo c d vo t LA 1 V O C M C J LA t 'LA

o o 1 1 c d vo tLA 1 d c d vo t LA

f i f i

C M O J O vo t 'LA 1 C M VO t 'LA

VO

C M C J V O t LA 1 O J C M O VO t LA

f i

oo oo
d d d '

O i 1 P OO O O 1 o 1 1 c d On c d On O O 1 O i 1 OO O O

f i

d - O O J O co P f d p i c N o o On O O O O d O j i 1 1 1 O N C M j oo c d c d P f i O N O N O N o oo OO 00 d c d 1 1 d 1 OO o d

LA
1 1 fi 1 1 d 1 LA c d 1 1 d

f i

C M 1 1 p 1 1 d 1 r 1 1 1 d

f i

I 1 c d O J d ' 1 O J r 1 p 1 1 d t c d C M d 1 i 1 c d C M d

i f i f i f i f
LA O O d 1 C M O O d

C M OO d 1 i 1 H c d o o J

f i

LA i O 1 O f i f i f i f i O O O O d

i I
f i
(H J cd On J iI cd ON

On -d '

1 t c d CM oo vo vo 1 vo 1 c d c d p CM O d vo vo vo 1 i 1 1 1 t '- o o o o t f i c d d o o o o OJ vo vo vo vo

f i
o vo 1 1 vo c d o vo
t

f i

f i

c d O t i vo oo d f i c d t i oo p o vo

oo

LA i 1 t '1 O t 1 1 00 c d O

f i

c d i i vo 1 p r H t I i LA c d i 1 t-

00

t 'p on vo s i c d O N i 1 vo VO 1 1 1 oo t 'a3 p 1 1 1 1 vo vo

f i

(U M

d
M

+
PP

00

IA V ) h

CO

ON

rH

OJ 00

OJ OO J

IA VO

lii
O vo C O V C M C M OJ O t'- C O i1 O c d P t t- t O t't- t t t' t UA UA UA t UA UA 1 1 1 1 O t 1 O C M C O 11 O o P t- t' tt t t O N OJ c d t t t'C M o t' t
UA UA UA UA On i1 VO rH

c H

P
O UA UA UA UA UA t~UA LfN UA UA UA

C O co o vo t'-

o c d i1 P O O c O oo d O t- oo t t UA t UA UA UA 1 1 1 vo o 1 d ' r1 CM d p c d c oo oo OO t t t
O N
t UA 1 t '11 0\ tUA 1 CM O 1 oo CM

OO

UA

1 1 o
o
-d ' cd O

oo I 1 co d ' c d
LfN 1

L f N oo

co H P O OO OJ i 1 rH P O O O OO oo CM c 1 c d il oo
UA 1

o
On On O t oo L f N UA

CO t 'UA

CM O d ' H 1 CM i O O c d i 1 1 c d o O r 00 oo ii oo UA LfN UA co UA 1 1 1 1 O CM d ' d O c O i1 00 co UA i 1 O rH 00

vo p d '

UA oo t - vo t 11 '- ON oo o o c d p P c d P P p P p UA vo vo UA UA L f N UA UA L f N d ' d ' d ' -d1' d ' d - d ' d ' J 1 i 1 i i i i 1 i i 1 i 1 1 UA oo d ' vo t ON OO i1 cd P c d P p P p P UA LfN UA vo UA UA UA UA d ' d - -d ' d ' d ' d ' d ' d ' -

CM p t -d ' 1 cd t -d ' 1 1 oo p

vo I
il p -d-d ' cd -d-d ' P oo UA cd UA -d ' 1 i 1 P cd t 1 VO vo

-d ' 1 cd too 1 P vo oo 1

-d '

t P t-dI CM P t -d ' P t-d I 1 tP t -d '

On

d ' 1 c d co d ' 1 O N P b d ' A On U t oo i1 P OO P p P P P d ' c o o o ON oo oo d ' d ' d ' d ' 1 d ' 1 1 1 1 1 i1 d ' t r 1 oo i1 On P P P P P P oo oo oo oo oo t d ' d ' d ' d ' d ' d ' i1 ON

H P OO

-d '

oo oo 1 ' 1 1 c d OO 00 >
oo

c d o o 1 vo c d p oo ON 00 00 1 i d ' CM d c d c On d ' oo OO oo oo 00 00 P p On O N OO 00 I 1 1 1 VO 1 1 c d p O N On
1
v o t oo oo

ON

i i oo vo OJ
c d p O N o oo d ' 1 1 1 1 00 vo p p O N O N
3

d 1 p o d ' 1 0J c d
oo 1 p r 1 -d ' 1 -d ' cd 11 -d '

rH

vo
c d c d P P P L f N oo t O t L f N d ' d ' d ' -d ' I i i I 1 i 1 1 1 L f N d ' d ' i1 v o 1d c d cd c d c d c P A O O t - t L f N U d ' d ' d ' LfN UA d -rH 1

11 cd

H
d ' tc d c d C M O J d ' d ' i VO d ' c d p O J t d ' d ' C M d '
1 rH P P

i
d ' d ' C M d '

cd M

0 ) M

I I +
PQ

OJ

oo

UA

VO

~ l CO ON r

H r 1

i I CM

OO J

L I A VO

h- oo

M X

I I
M

'O

O O J

Ch vn

-F' U)

( V ) H

00 00 T '
O' H 1

F'

-pr-^v

C J1 O N H P H

F' OO a' -H

I F ' H I -F' 00 P
O N

VO 01 3 I

-F' V O H Vn I -F' -F' V O VO a' F'

J a' t i

vn oo ro o H ON 1 vn oo ro o ro ro

vn oo ro o H 0 1 \n 00 ro o H vn

Vn oo ro o F ' 1 Vn 00 ro o vo

vn vn vn co OO oo i v > ro ro a a c? ro ro H o H i I 1 vn vn vn OO oo OO ( V ) ( V ) ro o c? a' oo I X ) ro ON O

vn co ro a' H OO 1 vn OO ro H H ON

vn Co (O c? H 1 vn Co ro c? H ro

vn co ro P H -H i vn oo I V ) P ro vo

vn Oo H O -O 1 vn Oo ro p H ON

vn OO H o 00 1 vn 00 M o -H

O C J ' H' *

TTTI

liv

A B B R E V I A T I O N S

a c c . = accusative/according. adj . = adjective. adv. = adverb, a d v e r b i a l ( l y ) . Av. = Avadanasataka, ed. J.S. Speyer (St. Petersburg 1902, 1906, reprint The Hague 1958). Bbh = Bodhisattvabhumi, ed. U. Wogihara (Tokyo 1930-1936, reprint 1971). BEFEO = Bulletin de l Ecole Frangaise d ' Extreme Orient. BHSG, BHSD = F. Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary, 2 vols (New Haven 1969). Burnouf, Lotus = E. Burnouf, Le Lotus de la Bonne Loi (Paris 1852). c f . = confer. c h a p . , ch. = chapter. comp. = compound. dat. = dative. denom. = denominative. diet. = dictionary. Div = The Divy^vadana, ed. E.B. Cowell and R.A. Neil (Cambridge 1886, reprint Amsterdam 1970). DPPN = Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, 2 vols., by G.P. Malalasekera (London 1960). du. dual. ed. = edited, edition, editor. em. = e m e n d (s ), emend e d , emenda t i o n . f em. = feminine. f n. = foot-note. fut. = future. gen. = genitive. ger. = gerund. Gv = The Gandavyuha Sutra, ed. D.T. Suzuki (Tokyo 1949). IBK = Indogaku BukkySgaku Kenkyu. IIJ = Indo-Iranian Journal. i m p f . = imperfect. impv. = imperative. = indeclinable. indecl inf. = infinitive. i n s t r . = instrumental. Lank = The LaAk3vat3ra SOtra, ed. B. Nanjio (Tokyo 1956). l o c . = locative. L V = L a l i t a v i s t a r a , ed. S. Lefmann (Halle 1908). m a s c . = masculine. m. c . = metri causa. m e t r . = metrical(ly) . Mv = le Mahavastu, par fi. Senart (Paris 1882). Mvy = Mahavyutpatti, Cited according to the numbered entries in ed. of Sakaki, Kyoto, 1916, with Sanskrit and Tibetan Indexes, 1925 and 1936 (Reprint Tokyo 1962).

Iv
M o n i e r - W i l l i a m s , A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, N e w ed. Oxford 1899. NBGN = Nippon Bukkyo Gakkai Nenpo. nom. = nominative, nt. = neuter, opt. = optative. Otani = The Tibetan Tripitaka, Peking Edition -Kept in the Library of the Otani University, Kyoto.- Reprinted under the Supervision of the Otani University, Kyoto, ed. D.T. Suzuki, Catalogue and Index (Tokyo 1962). pass. = passive/passim, perf. = perfect. Pischel = Pischel, Grammatik der Prakrit-Sprachen (Strassburg 1900, reprint N e w Yo r k 1973). pi. = plural. ppp. = past passive participle, pres. = present. PTSD = Pali Text S o c i e t y s Pali-English Dictionary, ed. by T.W. Rhys Davids and Williams Stede (London 1921-1925, reprint 1959). Renou = L. Renou, Grammaire sanscrite, Tomes I et II Reunis (Paris 1930, deuxieme edition revue, corrigee et augmentee, 1968). RP = Rastrapalapariprccha, par L. Finot (St.-Petersburg 1901, reprint The Hague 1957). SBE = The Sacred Books of the East, sc. = scillicet. Sen = Sen, An Outline Syntax of Buddhistic Sanskrit, in Journal of the Department of Letters, Univ. of Calcutta, (XVII) (1928). Skt. = Sanskrit. SP = S a d d h a r m a p u n d a r T k a , by H. Kern and B. Nanjio (St,-Petersburg 1908-1912, reprint Osnabriick 1970). Speijer = J.S. Speijer, Sanskrit Syntax (Leiden 1886, reprint Kyoto 1968). Suv = Suvarn a b h a s o t t a m a s u t r a , ed. J. Nobel (Leipzig 1937); Tibetan version, ed. same (Leiden and Stuttgart 1944); transl. R.E. Emmerick, The Sutra of Golden Light (London 1970). s.v. = sub voce. Taisho = Showa Hobo Somokuroku, 3 vols (Tokyo 1929, 1934). Tohoku = A Complete Catalogue of the Tibetan Buddhist Canon, 2 vols (Sendai 1934). Turner = R.L. Turner, A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Language (London 1966); Index, by D.R. Turner (London 1969). unmetr. = unmetrical(ly). Vaj = Vajracchedika Prajnaparamita, ed. and transl. E. Conze (Roma 1957). Vin. = Vinayapitaka (Pali). v.l. = varia lectio, voc. = vocative, vs., vss. = verse(s). VSS = J.S. Speyer, Vedische und Sanskrit-Syntax (Strassburg 1896). MWD =

Ivi

J. Wackernagel, A ltindische Grairanatik Band I, Introduction gnrale, Nouvelle edition du texte paru en 1896, au tome I, par Louis Renou (Gottingen 1957). Whitney = W.D. Whitney, Sanskrit Grammar (Second ed. 1889, 11th issue 1967 London). Whitney Roots = W.D. Whitney, The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary derivatives of the Sanskrit Language (Leipzig 1885, reprint N e w Haven 1945). Wogihara Diet. = Kanyaku-taisho Bob-Wa Daijiten vols. 1 15 (1964-Tokyo). Yuyama Rgs. = A Grammar of the Prajnaparamitaratnagunasamcayagatha (Sanskrit Recension A) (Canberra 1973). ZDMG = Zeitschrift der deutschen morg e n l a n d i s c h e n G e s e l l s c h a f t .

Wackernagel