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Abstract
Coffee is a major income earner for Thailand. Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora)
in grown mainly the south where 80,000 t are produced annually. Only 500 t of arabica
coffee (C. arabica) are produced in the north. Present cultivation techniques are focused
on producing high yields. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are commonly applied to
the coffee plantations. Thailand exports 60,000 t of robusta coffee, while 20,000 t are
used for soluble, roasted, ground, and canned coffee in the domestic market. Arabica
coffee is mainly used for roasted and ground coffee in Thailand.
Arabica coffee is mainly grown in the highlands at approx. 800 m asl. It is wet
processed to give high quality green bean. The Catimor cultivar is recommended as it is
rust resistant. Growing arabica coffee provides cash income for hill-tribe farmers and
reduces the problem of traditional slash-and-burn shifting agriculture. Both shaded and
full sun coffees are grown. With the policy of natural resource conservation and the
limitation of land area, the hill-tribe farmers have to grow coffee to sustain natural
resources on the highlands in the long term.
Agro-forestry systems have been introduced for arabica coffee. These systems
involve coffee inter-planted with fruit trees and/or forest trees which can provide
appropriate additional income to the farmers. Limiting the use of chemical inputs,
including fertilizers and pesticides, is aimed at reducing water and soil contamination
and improved ecological conditions as well as the health of the farmers. Organic coffee
cultivation on the highlands meets with such objectives and is being encouraged.
Organic coffee cultivation involves: (i) no use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides,
herbicides, fungicides, hormones, antibiotic, or growth regulators; (ii) use of compost,
farm manure, green manure, and crop rotation to maintain and improve soil fertility;
(iii) a balanced pest control farm eco-system, with healthy soil management and crop
diversification; (iv) control of weeds through mechanical methods; and (v) use of good
quality, clean, uncontaminated chemical-free composted materials and nursery
seedlings from off-farm as well as on-farm.
With organic coffee production, the farm has to be visited and re-evaluated
annually, before certification is given. Depending on market demand for organic coffee,
there is a high potential for its production on the highlands, and organic production
methods will be of mutual benefit to the farmers, the highland ecology, and the
consumers. Organic coffee-growing areas must be special areas which can be strictly
controlled and which follow the regulations specified for certification. The Royal
Project Development areas mostly met the requirements and regulations needed, and
should be able to produce best quality organic coffee.
Keywords: Organic coffee production, sustainability, slash-and-burn agriculture,
arabica, robusta, chemical inputs, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, compost, manure,
hill-tribes, highland ecology, crop diversification, mechanical methods.
* Paper presented at the First Asian Regional Round-table on Sustainable, Organic and
Speciality Coffee Production, Processing and Marketing, 26-28 Feb. 2001, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Introduction cooler highland areas of the Northern part. It is
totally used in roasted and ground coffee for
Coffee is a significant cash crop for both domestic market.
producing- and consuming-countries. Thailand Consumption demand for both instant
is the third largest producer in Asia (after and roasted/ground coffee is growing in Thailand.
Vietnam and Indonesia). Major production is Imports of instant coffee have increased from
of robusta coffee, of which 80,000-85,500 t are 412 t in 1997 to 2,270 t in 2000. There are
produced annually in the South. Sixty percent many coffee products of Thai and international
of the robusta coffee is exported and the rest is origin on the shelves of the supermarkets and
mostly used in domestic production of instant stores. Many more modern cafés or coffee-
(soluble) coffee. Arabica coffee production is houses have been established in the big cities
only 800-850 t per year. It is produced in the in recent years.
Table 3. Coffee green beans, harvesting area, production by region and yield by region, for crop
years 1995 and 1998 in Thailand.
The arabica coffee-producing areas on the Coffee Promotion Program of the Royal
the highlands of Thailand, at the altitude 800 Project Foundation, it has been shown that
to1,200m above mean sea level, are mostly growing arabica coffee with forest trees gives
categorized as watersheds or conservation good returns to farmers. Although the farmers
areas. Under the National Forest Policy and have less management work and less
Land Use Policy, many extensive agricultural investment, they still receive some returns, and
activities will be limited in such areas, together not a loss. Such diversification offsets the price
with prohibition on agricultural chemical uses. fluctuations of coffee when these appropriate
In many arabica coffee-planting areas under farming systems are introduced.
Table 4. Export of green coffee beans.
120
100
Price (Bahts/kg) 80
60 Price (Baht/kg)
40
20 Year
0
1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999
Figure 1. Arabica Green Bean Price during 1987 - 1999
Presently, there is a significant world demand make the products acceptable to the consumer
for organic coffee from both the foreign and which have to be strictly practiced. The
importers - such as Japan, Netherlands, USA and requirements include (The Demeter Assoc. Inc.):
Germany, and the Thai roasters (HCRC 1998). • No use of chemically-synthesized fertilizers,
The Department of Export Promotion and pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, or
related agencies from both the public and the fumigants; no hormones, antibiotics or
private sectors have developed a five-year plan growth regulators.
(1999 to 2003) to promote organic farming in • The basis of crop fertility is compost, farm
Thailand. This promotion is aimed at meeting manure, green manure, and crop rotation.
the demand of the consumers and at the same • The basis of pest control is the balanced
time conserving the environment through farm eco-system, healthy soil management,
reduction in the pollution of air, soil, and water. crop rotation, crop diversification, animals,
birds, etc.
Organic Food Standards • Weeds are controlled by cultivation
Thailand has set standards for organic practice and by other mechanical methods.
food production to be in line with international • Composting materials, transplants and
standards applied in developed countries animal feed imported from off the farm
around the world. The objectives are to provide should be limited in quantity and must be
the production guidelines for a progressive of good quality.
improvement towards sustainability, to guide • The farms are visited and re-evaluated
the formulation of a national inspection and annually. Contracts for use of the
certification program for organic crops and to certification marks are also essential.
serve as an implementing model for agriculture
certification in Thailand. It also meets the Potential for Organic Coffee
requirements of the International Federation of Production in Thailand
Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM);
CODEX Alimentarius; the Council of the EU Considering the requirements and regula-
Regulation, EEC Number 2092/91; and the US tions described above, there is good potential
Organic Food Production Act (OFPA). for organic coffee production in Thailand.
Besides the suitable natural conditions, which
Organic Coffee Production and Its Potential include areas of the highlands at 800 to 1,200
in Thailand masl., with favorable climate and natural
Concerning organic coffee production, resources, organic coffee production will
there are some requirements and criteria that benefit environmental and natural resource
development, farmers livelihoods, and the quality of life for the highland communities.
highland community in general. The Royal Project Development areas have a
However, there are still some factors that high potential to produce good quality organic
have to be considered for a successful organic coffee, and the regulation of this coffee will be
coffee production in the highlands; these undertaken by project personnel working with
include: the hill-tribe farmers.
• Hill-tribe farmers have to understand the
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