Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati EC-331 Communication Laboratory E periment-!

" Generation of #$% & ##% 'ignals (b)ecti*es"

Prepared by: Mr. Utpal Sarma, Dr. K. Karthik Sept 24,2010

To generate a pulse width modulated (PWM) and pulse position modulated (PPM) signal waveform by processing an analog signal.

#+EL,- .no weight/

Note here that you are expected to study the circuit shown in ig. !." and s#etch the waveforms v1 (t ), v 2 (t )...., v 5 (t ) . $ou can also download the datasheet for the comparator %M&&' and study its operation (including its internal wiring). The desired PWM and PPM waveforms are shown in ig. !.(. $ou can choose a sawtooth waveform with a negative ramp as the carrier (or sampling) waveform and the analog modulating signal as a sine waveform whose fre)uency is "*"+th of that of the carrier. ,s a precaution the PWM conversion circuit will wor# only if you ensure that the amplitude of the carrier is greater that of the modulating signal.

I0 L,- .1! mar1s/

!23 Generation of #$% & ##% 'ignals

-iven a modulating signal m(t ) the first step is to sample it and generate a P,M pulse train. .f we use uniform sampling the P,M samples will be m( kTs ) / k=0,1,2 These sample amplitudes can then be used to control the pulse width through a sample and hold circuit by comparing the staircase (t ) with a sawtooth carrier waveform. approximation m

The method used for this lab is non-uniform sampling in which the modulating signal is directly compared with a sawtooth waveform c(t ) .

The following circuit diagram is used to generate PWM and PPM signals where %M&&' is used which is a )uad comparator. 0nly two out of four comparators are used in this circuit/ the first one as comparator and the next as buffer.

ig. !." 1ircuit diagram for PWM 2 PPM generation using %M&&'

.n the above circuit/ the sources m(t) and (t) are3 m(t)" %odulating signal !m= 2." k#$ (%i&e) 'mp= () *0.+,

C(t): Sawtooth carrier signal ! = 2" k#$ 'mp= ()* 1, -e.ati/e ramp (See 0i.. ".2 )

'tage 1" 'ummer

v1 (t ) = 2 ( m(t ) + c(t ) ) 3

'tage 4" Comparator

v2 Vsat

12mparat2r /2lta.e tra&%!er relati2&%hip

v1

Note that this is a unipolar output ( ig. !.(). What happens when you disconnect the &.&# resistor at the output of the comparator4 ( +eport) Why does this happen4 To answer this )uestion you may have to examine the internal wiring diagram of the comparator %M&&' (particularly its output stage). The sampling instants are determined as/ the set of instants t k which satisfy the e)uation/
m(t k ) = t k kTs

or t k = m(t k ) + kTs . Note if m(t k ) is negative/ the pulse will begin at kTs Ts / 2 and end to the left of the reference point kTs .

ig. !.( PWM and PPM waveforms

'tage 3" -uffer Try to connect the differentiator directly to the comparator. What happens and why4 (+eport) .f isolation is re)uired/ then we have to insert a buffer. Note here that we cannot use .156". 1an you guess why4 (,nswer)

'tage 5" Differentiator 7ow will you choose the 3 and 1 values for the differentiator4 What happens when the time constant is too small and when the time constant is too high4 (+eport). 1hange the resistance value to &&+ohms. What is the output of the differentiator4 (+eport) ,fter differentiation ( ig. !.() do you find all the pulses to have the same amplitude4 .f not why this discrepancy4 Note that the positive and negative pulses must alternate. .s this condition violated for 8 96++ohms4 (+eport)

'tage !" #recision rectifier We are interested only in the information bearing pulse train. 7ence only the negative pulses need to be passed (see ig. !.(). :o we re)uire a precision rectifier4 .s good reverse recovery also desired for the diode used4 (+eport)

(bser*ations3

'how all wa*eforms v1 (t ), v 2 (t ),..., v5 (t ) to the T,s2 ;#etch them neatly in the report. .f you have a P<N drive you can save the waveforms and reproduce them in the report.

'ome connection details

The two op amps are ta#en from %M&&' which is a )uad .1. .f you find any of the opamps are non=functional you can test the other opamps within the chip. .t is mandatory to connect the resistor at the output of the comparator.

Conclusions
.s this type of modulation linear4

1an you thin# of an application where PPM and PWM signals are useful4 Need not necessarily be in the area of communications only.

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