tense

Simple Present

Affirmative/Negative/Question
A: He speaks. N: He does not speak. Q: Does he speak?

Use

Signal Words

Present A: He is speaking. Progressive N: He is not speaking. Q: %s he speaking?

al"a!s# ever! $# action in the present taking never# normall!# place once, never or several often# seldom# sometimes# times usuall! facts if sentences t!pe % &If I talk, ' actions taking place one after another action set ! a timeta le or schedule at the moment# action taking place in the (ust# (ust no"# moment of speaking )isten*# )ook*# action taking place onl! for a no"# right no" limited period of time action arranged for the future action in the past taking place once, never or several times actions taking place one after another action taking place in the middle of another action "hen# "hile# as action going on at a certain long as time in the past actions taking place at the same time action in the past that is interrupted ! another action putting emphasis on the result action that is still going on action that stopped recentl! finished action that has an influence on the present action that has taken place once# never or several times efore the moment of speaking putting emphasis on the course or duration &not the all da!# for 0 !ears# since ,--1# ho" long?# alread!# ever# (ust# never# not !et# so far# till no"# up to no" !esterda!# + minutes ago# in ,--.# the other da!# last /rida! if sentence t!pe %% &If I talked, '

Simple Past A: He spoke. N: He did not speak. Q: Did he speak?

Past A: He "as speaking. Progressive N: He "as not speaking. Q: Was he speaking?

Present Perfect Simple

A: He has spoken. N: He has not spoken. Q: Has he spoken?

Present A: He has een speaking. Perfect N: He has not een speaking. Progressive Q: Has he een speaking?

result' Past Perfect A: He had spoken. Simple N: He had not spoken. Q: Had he spoken? action that recentl! stopped or is still going on finished action that influenced the present

the "hole "eek

alread!# (ust# action taking place efore a never# not !et# certain time in the past once# until that sometimes interchangea le da! if sentence t!pe "ith past perfect progressive %%% &If I had talked, ' putting emphasis onl! on the fact &not the duration' for# since# the action taking place efore a "hole da!# all certain time in the past da! sometimes interchangea le "ith past perfect simple putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action action in the future that cannot e influenced spontaneous decision assumption "ith regard to the future in a !ear# ne2t $# tomorro" %f3Sat4 5!p % &If you ask her, shewill help you.' assumption6 % think# pro a l!# perhaps in one !ear# ne2t "eek# tomorro"

Past Perfect A: He had een speaking. Progressive N: He had not een speaking. Q: Had he een speaking?

Future I Simple

A: He "ill speak. N: He "ill not speak. Q: Will he speak?

Future I Simple &going to'

A: He is going to speak. N: He is not going to speak. Q: %s he going to speak?

decision made for the future conclusion "ith regard to the future

Future I A: He "ill e speaking. Progressive N: He "ill not e speaking. Q: Will he e speaking?

in one !ear# ne2t action that is going on at a "eek# tomorro" certain time in the future action that is sure to happen in the near future action that "ill e finished at a certain time in the future ! 7onda!# in a "eek

Future II Simple

A: He "ill have spoken. N: He "ill not have spoken. Q: Will he have spoken?

Future II A: He "ill have een speaking. Progressive N: He "ill not have een speaking. Q: Will he have een speaking?

for $# the last action taking place efore a couple of hours# certain time in the future all da! long putting emphasis on

the course of an action Conditional A: He "ould speak. I Simple N: He "ould not speak. Q: Would he speak? action that might take place if sentences t!pe %% &If I were you, I would go home.'

Conditional A: He "ould e speaking. I N: He "ould not e speaking. Progressive Q: Would he e speaking?

action that might take place putting emphasis on the course / duration of the action action that might have taken place in the past if sentences t!pe %%% &If I had seen that, I would have helped.'

Conditional A: He "ould have spoken. II Simple N: He "ould not have spoken. Q: Would he have spoken?

Conditional A: He "ould have een speaking. II N: He "ould not have een Progressive speaking. Q: Would he have een speaking?

action that might have taken place in the past puts emphasis on the course / duration of the action