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=
[5]
Where, n= refractive index of the medium; L= length
of the fiber;
[5]
N= N-channel transmission system, n= 1, 2, 3...N,
eff
L
= Effective length of link
nl
k
= Propagation
constant
The designs of CPM and SPM are stimulated using
Optisystem tool. Coding of non linear schrodinger
equation is done in Matlab and analysis of Eye
diagram, bit error rate (BER), and Q factor is done.
II. SIMULATION MODEL
Simulation model of SPM and CPM is implemented
in optisystem. It consists of a transmitter block, fiber
channel and a receiver block.
A. Scenario 1: Model of SPM
Conceptual design of SPM consists of an optical
transmitter, channel and receiver.
Fig.2 Conceptual model of SPM
1) Transmitter block:
It consists of a pseudo random generator, NRZ
modulator, continuous wave laser, Mach-Zehnder
amplitude modulator and EDFA amplifier. Each
component block has its own parameters apart from
the parameters of the design called as global
parameters, which are helpful if we want to use the
same parameter for two or more components in the
model. Wavelength, frequency, power of the signal is
initialized and phase parameter of signal is set to
random in CW laser block. We placed electrical and
optical oscilloscope to observe waveforms. The
transmission rate used is 10 Gbps, power of light
ISSN: 2277 9043
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering
Volume 1, Issue 3, May 2012
99
All Rights Reserved 2012 IJARCSEE
wave is 3.98mW, fiber length is 100 km, wavelength
is 1550nm and frequency is 193.1THz.
2) Fiber channel:
It is shown as iterative loop component. The iterative
loop component consists of an optical fiber, fiber
compensating techniques and a pre-amplifier. Output
of fiber is sent to fiber bragg grating which is used to
compensate the distortion of signal by inducing
dispersion after each stage. Dispersion coefficients
used are 0ps/nm, -500ps/nm, -1000ps/nm, -
1500ps/nm, -2000ps/nm.
3) Receiver block:
It consists of EDFA, photodiode, low pass Bessel
filter whose cut off frequency is 0.7 * bit rate, BER
analyzer and an electrical oscilloscope.
B. Result analysis
Input signal is shown in figure 3 which is visualized
as almost a sinusoidal waveform. the output of CW
laser is sent to Mech-Zehnder modulator which is an
electro-optical modulator, used to modulate the light
wave with respect to transmitted electrical signal and
generate an optical signal at output of modulator. The
optical signal before and after the booster block with
factor 10 is shown in fig. 5 and fig. 6 respectively.
Fig. 7 shows the output of pin diode , Fig. 8 shows
the output of low pass Bessel filter and finally the
results are analysed using bit error rate and eye
diagram in Fig. 9.
Fig.3 Electrical signal of NRZ modulator
Fig.4 Signal of CW laser block
Fig.5 Output of Mach-Zehnder modulator
Fig.6 Output signal after EDFA
ISSN: 2277 9043
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering
Volume 1, Issue 3, May 2012
100
All Rights Reserved 2012 IJARCSEE
Fig.7 Output of PIN diode
Fig.8 Output of Low Pass Bessel filter
Fig.9 BER waveform and EYE diagram
C. Scenario2: Cross Phase Modulation
In CPM all the parameters (pseudo random generator,
NRZ modulator, continuous wave laser, Mach-
Zehnder amplitude modulator and EDFA amplifier)
are same except the usage of two transmitter WDM
system and after modulating signal through Mach-
Zehnder modulator, signal is sent to the ideal MUX
which combine the two different signals of two
different frequencies of 193.1 THz and 192.4 THz. In
CPM we use band pass filter whose bandwidth is
1.5*bit rate. Rest is same like the SPM.
Figure10. Conceptual model of CPM
D. Result analysis
The output of Mach-Zehnder modulator is shown in
Fig. 11, output signal after EDFA block and output of
pin diode are shown in Fig. 12 and Fig. 13
respectively. Then the signal passes through band
pass bessel filter and output obtained is shown in
Fig. 14 and then results are analysed using eye
diagram in Fig. 15.
Fig.11 Output of Mach-Zehnder modulator
ISSN: 2277 9043
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering
Volume 1, Issue 3, May 2012
101
All Rights Reserved 2012 IJARCSEE
Fig.12 Output signal after EDFA
Fig.13 Output of PIN diode
Fig.14 Output of Band Pass Bessel filter
Fig.15 BER waveform and EYE diagram
E. Comparison between SPM and CPM
We have compared two nonlinear effects and
concluded which nonlinear effect is more
advantageous and why. Comparisons are based on Q
factor. The nonlinear dispersion due to SPM is
considered advantageous only when one WDM
channel is used. . One has to compromise with the
transmission rate and number of channels in the
design. More channels leads to reduction in the
transmission rate for an optimized design. The Q
factor for SPM design model is 5.849. Q factor is
related to SNR and is inversely proportional to BER.
To calculate BER value from Q factor generated
from design, we wrote a software algorithm in
Matlab to calculate BER with any value of Q factor.
High Q factor shows that the signal is less immune to
noise and received signal is similar to input signal
with less noise. In todays world, challenge is to have
more than one channel and higher transmission rate
to receive the signal without distortion when
transmitted through fiber link. To achieve above, we
will be considering CPM dispersion effects. As
discussed earlier, CPM designs have two WDM
channels in the design. The eye pattern for CPM has
Q factor of 5.0109. We have the same power for both
channels; can see the improvement in the Q factor.
Some of the parameters observed using electrical
scope and BER analyzer in Optisystem tool is given
in Table.
ISSN: 2277 9043
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Electronics Engineering
Volume 1, Issue 3, May 2012
102
All Rights Reserved 2012 IJARCSEE
Parameters SPM CPM
Bit Rate 10Gbps 10Gbps
Channel 1 2
Q factor(linear) 5.849 5.0109
Q factor(in db) 7.6708 6.9992
EYE Opening 0.00101139 0.00488261
BER 2.41907*10
-9
2.70798*10
-7
Table I. Comparison of SPM and CPM
Parameters SPM CPM
Q factor(in db) 7.6708 6.9992
BER(in
Optisystem)
2.41907*10
-9
2.70798*10
-7
BER(in Matlab) 8.6870*10
-15
1.3124*10
-12
Table II. Comparison of BER in MATLAB
III. Conclusion
This project dealt with analysis of self phase and
cross phase nonlinear effects in optical system. Non-
linear effects have disadvantages in the form of
limiting the transmission rate but have an advantage
of improving performance of transmitted signal in the
system. Q factor is known as digital SNR and it is
defined as ratio of signal current to noise current.
Optical communication system bit error rate less than
10
-12
is to be achieved which corresponds for
obtaining Q > 7. If BER <10
-9
then Q>6. By
theoretical implementation of SPM in Matlab bit
error rate obtained is 8.6870*10
-15
, but by practical
analysis of SPM in optisystem BER obtained is
2.41907 * 10
-9
. In CPM in Matlab bit error rate
obtained is 1.3124*10
-12
, but in optisystem BER
obtained is 2.70798 * 10
-7
. So from above result we
can conclude that SPM is better than CPM for single
mode fiber channel.
REFERENCES
[1] Gerd Keiser,Optical Fiber Communication, McGraw-
Hill Higher Education, 2000 pp. 8-12, 35-37, 282-285,
554-557
[2] B.E.A. Saleh, M.C Tech, Fundamentals of Photonics,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1991 pp. 298-306, 698-700
[3] Govind P Agarwal, Fiber Optic communication
systems, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1992, pp. 39-56,
152
[4] Optiwave,Optisystem user guide and application
notes, optiwave Design Group, Inc., 2008
[5] S.P Singh and N. Singh, Nonlinear effects in optical
fibers: Origin, Management and applications, progress
in electromagnetic research, PIER 73, 249-275, India,
2007
[6] Govind P Agarwal, Nonlinear fiber optics. Springer-
Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2000 pp. 198-199 Available:
http://library.ukrweb.net/book/_svalka/vol2/Publishers/
Springer/LNP_542,_Nonlinear%20Science/05420195.p
df
[7] E.H. LEE, K.H. KIM AND H.K. LEE, Nonlinear
effects in optical fiber: Advantages and Disadvantages
for high capacity all-optical communication
application, Optical and Quantum electronics, Kluwer
academic publishers, 2002 pp. 1167-1174
[8] Attenuation and fiber losses, retrieved from the
worldwide web, April 2010 Available:
http://www.tpub.com/neets/tm/106-14.htm
[9] http://www.optiwave.com/products/system_overview.ht
ml
[10] Hadj Bourdoucen and Amer Alhabsi, Improvement of
Bit-Error-Rate in OpticalFiber Receivers