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CHARACTERISTICS
Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs. User interface Processors in embedded systems Ready made computer boards Peripherals Tools Debugging Reliability
User interface
Basic Architecture
Control unit and datapath Note similarity to single-purpose processor Key differences Datapath is general Control unit doesnt store the algorithm the algorithm is programmed into the memory
Processor Control unit Datapath ALU Controller Control /Status Registers
PC
IR
I/O Memory
Datapath Operations
Load
Read memory location into register Store
Write register to memory location
PC IR Control unit Controller Processor Datapath ALU Control /Status
+1
Registers
10
11
ALU operation
Input certain registers through ALU, store back in register
I/O Memory
... ...
10 11
PC
IR
R0
R1
I/O 100 load R0, M[500] 101 inc R1, R0 102 store M[501], R1 Memory 500 501
...
10
...
Architectural Considerations
N-bit processor N-bit ALU, registers, buses, memory data interface Embedded: 8-bit, 16bit, 32-bit common Desktop/servers: 32bit, even 64 PC size determines address space
Processor Control unit Datapath ALU Controller Control /Status Registers
PC
IR
I/O Memory
Architectural Considerations
Clock frequency Inverse of clock period Must be longer than longest register to register delay in entire processor Memory access is often the longest
PC Processor Control unit Datapath ALU Controller Control /Status Registers
IR
I/O Memory
Time
Time
2 1
3 2 1
4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2
7 6 5 4 3
8 7 6 5 4 8 7 6 5 8 7 6 8 7 8 Pipelined
Instruction 1
Time
Bottom-up design:
work from small components to big system.
Stepwise refinement
At each level of abstraction, we must:
analyze the design to determine characteristics of the current state of the design; refine the design to add detail.
Requirements
Plain language description of what the user wants and expects to get. May be developed in several ways:
talking directly to customers; talking to marketing representatives; providing prototypes to users for comment.
Non-functional requirements:
time required to compute output; size, weight, etc.; power consumption; reliability; etc.
Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury
CVEST, IIIT HYDERABAD
Specification
A more precise description of the system:
should not imply a particular architecture; provides input to the architecture design process.
May include functional and non-functional elements. May be executable or may be in mathematical form for proofs.
Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury
CVEST, IIIT HYDERABAD
GPS specification
Should include:
What is received from GPS; map data; user interface; operations required to satisfy user requests; background operations needed to keep the system running.
Architecture design
What major components go satisfying the specification? Hardware components:
CPUs, peripherals, etc.
Software components:
major programs and their operations.
GPS receiver
search engine
renderer
display
database
user interface
renderer
user interface
timer
System integration
Put together the components.
Many bugs appear only at this stage.
Have a plan for integrating components to uncover bugs quickly, test as much functionality as early as possible. Catching a glitch in time saves nine!
Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury
CVEST, IIIT HYDERABAD
APPLICATION AREAS
Automative Ignition System Engine Control Brake System
Consumer Electronic TV Set-Top Box PDA Kitchen Application Toys/Games Telephone/Cell Phones Camera/GPS
Industrial Contol Robotics Control System Art.Satellies Missiles Nuclear Reactors Space Stations Shuttles
Summary
Embedded computers are all around us.
Many systems have complex embedded hardware and software.
Embedded systems pose many design challenges: design time, deadlines, power, etc. Design methodologies help us manage the design process.
Dr. Shubhajit Roy Chowdhury
CVEST, IIIT HYDERABAD
Thank you