Revista Universidad EAFIT

Universidad EAFIT
revista@eafit.edu.co
ISSN: 0120-341X
COLOMBIA
2003
Jorge Enrique Devia Pineda
PROCESO PARA PRODUCIR PECTINAS CRTICAS
Universidad Eafit, Enero-Marzo, nmero 129
Universidad Eafit
Medelln, Colombia
pp. 21-30
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PLSUMLN
las ooct|oas soo ooooctos oo|o|cos ooo so obt|oooo oo oato|as o|oas vogota|os,
o|oc|oa|oooto |otas, so osao oo va|as |ooost|as, osooc|a|oooto |a oo a||oootos, oaa oa|o
ooo|ooaoos oo go| a |os ooooctos y cooo ostab|||zaotos. |o osto taba,o oo |ovost|gac|oo so
oosoota oo oocoso oo oooocc|oo oo ooct|oas a oat| oo |a cascaa oo oaao,a va|ooc|a, a
osca|a o||oto, coo oxtacc|oo oo ||oo||s|s oo ooo|o ac|oo, y ooc|o|tac|oo coo a|co|o| ot|||co.
|| oooocto obtoo|oo oosoota boooa aoa|ooc|a y sos caacto|st|cas oo go|ac|oo soo
coooaab|os a |as oo ooooctos oo| oocaoo |otooac|ooa|. |aa o|octos oo |a coooc|a||zac|oo
oo| oooocto obtoo|oo, so ocoo|oooa so aoa||s|s oo|o|co cooo|oto oaa cooo|| coo
osooc|||cac|ooos |otooac|ooa|os, ooo soo o||oootos sogoo o| oso ooo so |o vaya a oa a osto.
A8STPACT
|oct|os ao c|oo|ca| oooocts obta|ooo |oo oatoa| av oato|a|s, oa|o|y |o|ts. |oy ao
osoo |o sovoa| |ooost|os, oat|co|a|y |o |ooo oocoss|og, to g|vo go|||og, t||c|oo|og aoo stab|||z|og
oooot|os. / oocoss, o||ot o|aot sca|o, |s oov|ooo to ooooco ooct|os |oo oaogo ooo|, by
oxtact|oo v|t| ac|o|c |yoo|ys|s aoo ooc|o|tat|oo v|t| ot|y||c a|co|o|. |o ooooct |as a gooo
aoooaaoco aoo |ts go|||og oooot|os ao s|o||a to t|oso |oooo |o ot|o oooocts |o t|o
|otooat|ooa| oa|ot. |o cooooc|a||zat|oo o| t|o obta|ooo ooooct, a cooo|oto c|oo|ca|
aoa|ys|s |s ocoooooooo to |o||||| |otooat|ooa| sooc|||cat|oos, t|at ao o|||ooot accoo|og to
t|o oso g|voo to t|o ooct|os.
|/l/3|/S Cl/\|S
|oct|oas / |ocoso / Co|ac|oo / C|t|co / |aao,a
K|` \C|LS
|oct|os / |ocoss / Co|at|oo / C|t|c / Caogo
[OPGL LNP|QUL
DLv|A P|NLDA
Co|oob|aoo) ||.L.
/ctoa|oooto os Locooto o
|ovost|gaoo oo|
Looataoooto oo logoo|o|a
oo |ocosos oo |a
Uo|vos|oao |/|l.
,oov|a_oa||t.ooo.co
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]orge . Devia !ineda
Proceso
para producir Pectinas Citricas
22
|NTPODUCC|N
las ooct|oas soo |otoooo||saca|oos ooo so oosootao
oo |a oatoa|oza cooo o|ooootos ostoctoa|os oo|
s|stooa co|o|a oo |as o|aotas. So coooooooto
o|oc|oa| os o| ac|oo oo||ga|actooo|co, ooo ox|sto
oac|a|oooto osto|||caoo coo ootaoo|. So oocoootao
o|oc|oa|oooto oo |as |otas y vogota|os, oaa aoovo-
c|a so caoac|oao oaa ba|aocoa o| ooo|||b|o oo| agoa
oooto oo| s|stooa |obsto|t|, 2001).
las ooct|oas so obt|oooo oo oato|a|os vogota|os ooo
t|oooo oo a|to cootoo|oo oo ostas, ta|os cooo
oaozaoas, |otas c|t|cas, o|a, goayaba oo|co, tooato
oo abo|, oaacoya y ooo|ac|a. Sogoo o| tatao|ooto
ooo so |aga a |as oato|as o|oas so obt|oooo
o||oootos ca||oaoos oo ooct|oas, oo acoooo coo |as
oocos|oaoos oo |os ooooctos too|oaoos. |stas
ooct|oas soo, oo |a actoa||oao, |ogoo|ootos ooy
|oootaotos oo |a |ooost|a oo |os a||oootos, oaa
|aco go|at|oas, |o|aoos, sa|sas, oooso. aob|oo so
ooo|oao oo otas |ooost|as, cooo |a |aoacoot|ca,
ooo ooo|ooo ooo|||ca |a v|scos|oao oo sos
ooooctos, y oo |a |ooost|a oo |os o|ast|cos as| cooo
oo |a |ab|cac|oo oo ooooctos osoooaotos, cooo
agooto oo c|a|||cac|oo y ag|ot|oaotos Coooz, 1998).
las ooct|oas so o|v|ooo oo tos gooos sogoo sos
ooo|ooaoos oo go|ac|oo, ooo ostao asoc|aoas coo o|
gaoo oo osto|||cac|oo oot|||ca |obsto|t|, 2001).
1. las ooct|oas coo a|to |oo|co oo ootox||o, ooo
ootoo|oa o| gaoo oo osto|||cac|oo coo ao|ca|os
oot|||cos |||g|o, 1991), coot|oooo oas oo oo
50' oo oo|oaoos oo| ac|oo oo||ga|actooo|co
osto|||caoas y oo |o taoto oo oacc|ooao coo |ooos
ca|c|o. || oooo oo go|ac|oo ooooooo, ooto otos,
oo| cootoo|oo ac|oo, oo| t|oo oo ooct|oa y oo |a
caot|oao oo so||oos so|ob|os, ooo goooa|oooto os
oas oo| 55'. |stas ooct|oas oacc|ooao coo |a
caso|oa y s|voo oaa ostab|||za bob|oas |ab|caoas
a oat| oo |oc|o ac|oa. |sto t|oo oo ooct|oas os o|
ooo so oocooota oo |a cascaa oo |a oaao,a
va|ooc|a.
2. las ooct|oas coo ba,o |oo|co oo ootox||o, soo
|as ooo t|oooo oooos oo| 50' oo oo|oaoos
osto|||caoas oo| ac|oo oo||ga|actooo|co y oo |o
taoto |ooao go|os oo so|o coo so||oos so|ob|os
ooo coot|oooo |ooos ca|c|o s|oo taob|oo coo
azocaos y otos ac|oos. |o osto caso o| oooo oo
go|ac|oo taob|oo ooooooo oo| o| y oo |a
coocootac|oo oo |ooos ca|c|o, |o coa| |o||oyo oo |a
toxtoa oo |a go|at|oa |ooaoa.
3. las ooct|oas ao|o|cas coo ba,o |oo|co ootox||o, soo
aooo||as ooo |ao s|oo oosootox||aoas coo
aooo|aco oo |oga oo osa ac|oos. Coaooo so |aco
o| oocoso oo oosootox||ac|oo, ooa oato oo |os
gooos osto so ooo|aza oo gooos ao|oa, |o coa|
ooo|||ca |as ooo|ooaoos oo go|ac|oo oo |a ooct|oa.
|ooo|ooo oooooas caot|oaoos oo |ooos ca|c|o oaa
o| oocoso oo go|at|o|zac|oo.
LSTADO DLL APTL
|x|stoo ooooosos oocosos oatootaoos oaa obtooo
|as ooct|oas, y oo caoa ooo oo o||os so obt|oooo
ooooctos oo o||oooto ca||oao ooooo osta, as| cooo
sos oos|b|os ao||cac|ooos, oooooooo ooc|o oo|
ootooo oo obtooc|oo.
Uo oocoso oatootaoo C|a|o, 2001) coos|sto oo
coovot| |a oato|a o|oa oo ooa sa| ca|c|ca oo |a
ooct|oa oo oo ooo|o ||oo|oo, oaa |oogo soca|a, oaa
as| obtooo oo ooct|oato, ooo coaooo so oooo
oo agoa |a absobo oaa |ooa oat|co|as ostab|os oo
oo o|aooto ooo|o ooo|va|ooto oayo oo 100
o|coootos.
|o oto ootooo so oocooto ooo |a ooct|oa ooooo
||oo||zaso y oxtaoso oo| to,|oo vogota|, ta| cooo
|a cascaa oo oaao,a, s|o ao|c|ooa oo ac|oo. /s| so
|oga so|ob|||za ooct|oas coo a|to cootoo|oo oo
ootox||os y |oogo ocoooa|as oo coocootac|oo y
socaoo ||||c|, 199).
aob|oo so ooooo obtooo oo oooocto oo|oooc|oo
oo ooct|oa, oo |ooa gaoo|a, oaa osa|o oo
a||oootos y bob|oas, ooo|oooo |a oato|a o|oa oo
cootacto coo ooa ooto|oa cooost|b|o, so|ob|o oo agoa
oaa so|ob|||za |a ooct|oa y |oogo ooc|o|ta|a coo
ayooa oo oo so|vooto. |o osto caso so ooooo oo,oa
o| ooo|o|ooto agogaooo oo ac|oo Cooa, 1996).
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Uo oocoso aob|oota|oooto ao|gab|o oo |oto-
caob|o |oo|co Cavos, 199+), coos|sto oo |aco
oacc|ooa ooa sosooos|oo acoosa oo ooa ||ba
cooost|b|o coo ooa so|oc|oo oo oo oota| a|ca||oo-
tooo y |oogo sooaa |a sosooos|oo oso|taoto oo ooa
|acc|oo so||oa |ca oo ooct|oa y |a |acc|oo ||oo|oa coo
oooo cootoo|oo oo osta. || oato|a| obtoo|oo so
|aco oasa oo ooa co|oooa oo |otocaob|o |oo|co
oaa caob|a |os |ooos |

oo |os |ooos oota||cos

agogaoos oov|aoooto, y oocooo a ocoooa |a
ooct|oa.
Uo oocoso oo |ooo|o b|otocoo|og|ca oaa oooaa
|a ooct|oa Sa|a|, 1989) coos|sto oo soooto o| to,|oo
vogota| ooo coot|ooo |as sostaoc|as ooct|cas a |a acc|oo
oo o|coogao|soos oo| goooo 3ac|||os, coya
act|v|oao ooo|to |a ||boac|oo y ocoooac|oo oo |as
ooct|oas. /s| so obt|ooo |ac||oooto ooa ooct|oa oo a|to
ooso oo|oco|a coo oo booo ooo|o|ooto.
aob|oo os oos|b|o obtooo |a ooct|oa a oat| oo |as
cascaas oo |a oaao,a oo oo oocoso oo o| coa| ostas
so soootoo a ooa oxtacc|oo oo cootaco|ooto coo
ooa so|oc|oo ooo tooga oo so|vooto |oo|sc|b|o oo agoa,
oaa oxtao |os azocaos, |os aco|tos osooc|a|os y |os
b|o||avooo|oos 3oooo||, 1985). las cascaas tataoas
coo o| so|vooto so socao oaa ooooc| oo oato|a|
|co oo co|o|osa y ooct|oa. || oxtacto so o||oyo coo
ooa so|oc|oo acoosa oaa |aco |oso|ob|os |os aco|tos
osooc|a|os y |oga so ocoooac|oo. los b|o||avo-
oo|oos ooc|o|tao y so sooaao oo |||tac|oo. la
ooc|oo ostaoto oo| oxtacto ooooo tataso oaa
ocoooa oo ,aabo azocaaoo.
So oooooo obtooo ooct|oas oo ooy boooa ca||oao a
oat| oo oato|a| vogota| ao||caooo|o oos|oo y coo
ca|ootao|ooto oo o|cooooas ||s|oao, 2000). las
ooct|oas obtoo|oas so caacto|zao oo oo a|to ooso
oo|oco|a y ooa boooa v|scos|oao, coaooo so
coooaao coo |as ooct|oas obtoo|oas coo toco|cas
coovooc|ooa|os oo ca|ootao|ooto.
|o oto |aoo, oaa aoovoc|a |as cascaas oso|taotos
oo |a oxtacc|oo oo| ,ogo oo |os |otos oo ga|ga| C|tos
osoooo||ooo ao.), ooa va|ooao oo ||ooo ooo|a oo
|a loo|a, so ostaooa|zo oo oocoso oaa |a oax|oa
ocoooac|oo oo |as ooct|oas, coos|ooaooo va|os
so|vootos: o|ac|oo oo cascaa/so|vooto, t|oooos oo
oxtacc|oo, ooooo oo oxtacc|ooos y taoao oo |as
oat|co|as oo |as cascaas. So oocooto ooo o| oo,o
so|vooto |oo |C| 0.1|, coo ooa o|ac|oo oo cascaa
a ac|oo 1:10 oo oo t|oooo oo oxtacc|oo oo 60
o|ootos. Los oxtacc|ooos oo |as cascaas oo|vo|zaoas
ayooaoo a |a oxtacc|oo y |a ooc|o|tac|oo coo a|co|o|
|oo oo,o ooo |a ooc|o|tac|oo coo c|ooo oo a|oo|o|o
/tt|, 1996).
Losooos oo ooooosos oosayos oo oxtacc|oo oo |as
ooct|oas oo ooo|o acooso coo y s|o ac|oo, so
so|occ|ooo o| o|ooo ooooo so obtovo o| oo,o
ooo|o|ooto y oo so ooo oo |os ootooos coooc|oos
oaa |aco |a oxtacc|oo oo ooct|oas a oat| oo cascaas
oo |otas c|t|cas cooo |a oaao,a va|ooc|a, |a oaao,a
taogoo|o y |a tooo,a Coooz, 1998). |o |os o||oootos
oosayos so |ogo oo,oa o| oocoso |asta a|caoza
ooa o||c|ooc|a oo| 10.5', oo baso soca. las
caacto|st|cas ||oa|os oo |a ooct|oa c|t|ca obtoo|oa, ooo
os oo a|to |oo|co oo ootox||o, oooooooo oo gao
ooo|oa oo| oocoso oo obtooc|oo |staoa, 1998).
O8TLNC|N DL PLCT|NAS C|TP|CAS LN
LL LA8OPATOP|O
Preparaclon de |a materla prlma
|o |a ||goa 1 so ooosta o| L|agaoa oo 3|oooos oo|
|ocoso sogo|oo oo o| |aboato|o oaa |a oooocc|oo
oo ooct|oas c|t|cas. lo|c|a|oooto so oobo ooc|o| coa|
os o| asoocto ||oa| oo |a ooct|oa ooo so oosoa, ooooo
oaa oo oooocto ooo, oo co|o b|aoco, so oobo
sooaa o| oosocao|o o a|booo oo |a oo|ooo|s o
oxocao|o oo |a cascaa ||avooo), o|ootas ooo s| so
acoota ooa ooct|oa coo a|goo co|o, ooooo oo|t|so
osto oocoso oo sooaac|oo. |o osto taba,o so
ooo|oaoo |as cascaas oo oaao,a va|ooc|a, oso|taotos
cooo oosoc|o oo oo oogoc|o ooo|caoo a |a voota oo
,ogo oo oaao,a.
Coooa|oooto |as oaao,as vooos coot|oooo oayo
caot|oao oo ooct|oas y oo |o taoto so |oga oo oo,o
ooo|o|ooto. |s |oootaoto so|occ|ooa cascaas oo
24
oaao,as oo booo ostaoo, os ooc|, s|o |oogos, gosaoos o oatos oo ooscoooos|c|oo. Uoa voz oscog|oas ostas,
so sooaa oaooa|oooto o| oooocao|o o bagazo y |a oo|oa ostaotos oo| a|booo, ooo os |a oato b|aoca ooto |a
cascaa y |a oo|oa. || bagazo y |a oo|oa oso|taotos oo osta sooaac|oo so oooooo aoovoc|a cooo sostato
ogao|co o cooo abooos y oo a|gooos casos cooo a||oootos oaa ao|oa|os oooost|cos. |aa aoooota o|
aoa sooo||c|a| oo cootacto os ocoooooab|o oooc| o| taoao oo |os oooazos oo| a|booo oso|taoto, ooo so
vao a osa oo o| oocoso oo oxtacc|oo.
FlGURA 1
Diagrama de B|oques de| proceso para |a obtencin de |a Pectina citrica
|nactlvaclon de enzlmas pctlcas: Coo o| oooos|to
oo |aco oas o||c|ooto o| oocoso oo oxtacc|oo os
oocosa|o |oact|va |as ooz|oas ooct|cas, ooo|oooo |a
oato|a o|oa oo agoa, coo coocootac|ooos cocaoas
a 300 gaoos oo ||to y ca|ootaooo |asta obo|||c|oo,
|o coa| coot|boyo a o||o|oa soc|ooaoos o o|co-
ogao|soos oosootos oo |a cascaa. la so|oc|oo
|otoogoooa so oocaota o| agoa y |a oato|a o|oa
ooooa ||sta oaa |a ||oo||s|s.
Hldro|lsls aclda: /| oato|a| so||oo so |o agoga |a
o|soa caot|oao oo agoa osaoa |o|c|a|oooto y a osta
so|oc|oo so |o agoga ac|oo so||o|co, ac|oo o|t|co o,
oo|o|b|ooooto, ac|oo c|o||o|co |asta obtooo oo
o| ooto 1.5 y 3. |o so obsovao o||oooc|as
ootab|os oo o| ooo|o|ooto oo osto |otova|o. Coaooo
so osa ac|oo c|o||o|co oo| 3', so ca|co|a ooo so
ooboo osa oo 6 a 8 ol oo ac|oo oo caoa ||to oo |a
so|oc|oo, oaa a|caoza o| o| |oo|caoo. C|ootac|oo
oaa ostos oosayos so obtovo a oat| oo oatootos
sobo ootooos oo oxtacc|oo oo ooct|oas /tt|,
1996).
||oct|vaoooto, o| oocoso oo oxtacc|oo oo |as
ooct|oas os ooa s|oo|o ||oo||s|s ac|oa, oaa |o coa|
ox|stoo oos ootooos: ab|oto y coaoo. |o o|
ootooo ab|oto o| ca|ootao|ooto oo |a so|oc|oo so
|aco oo oo oc|o|ooto ab|oto a |a atoos|oa, o|ootas
ooo oo o| ootooo coaoo so ooo|oa oo cooooo-
saoo, acoo|aoo a |a taoa oo| oc|o|ooto, oaa |aco o|
o||o,o oo| so|vooto.
|| t|oooo oo ca|ootao|ooto oo |a so|oc|oo os oo 30
a +0 o|ootos a oat| oo| oooooto oo ooo so a|caoza
o| oooto oo obo|||c|oo: oobo oaotoooso ag|tac|oo
oooaoooto oaa ov|ta ooo o| oato|a| so||oo so
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oooos|to oo o| |oooo oo| taoooo oo ||oo||s|s. |sto oo|ooo oo t|oooo oo ca|ootao|ooto ooo|t|o
obtooo o| oo,o ooo|o|ooto.
|o o| |aboato|o so obtov|ooo ooo|o|ootos va|ab|os sogoo o| ootooo ooo|oaoo y |a ca||oao oo |a oaao,a
osaoa, a o||oootos o| oo ooo|o acooso, oo o| |otova|o oo 1.5 a 3.0. |o |a tab|a 1 so ooostao a|gooos oo
|os oso|taoos obtoo|oos osaooo |os ootooos ab|oto, coaoo y coo ca|ootao|ooto oo o| |ooo oo o|cooooas,
coo y s|o ac|oo c|o||o|co. |aa oo ooso ootoo|oaoo oo| a|booo, oo oocoota,o oo |ooooao coooc|oo, oo
acoooo coo o| ooooo oo oxtacc|ooos a ooo so soooto, so obt|ooo ooa c|ota caot|oao oo |a ooct|oa, ooo
ooo|to ca|co|a o| ooo|o|ooto.
TABLA 1
Pectina a partir de| a|bedo de cscara de naranja va|encia
Humedad promedia de| A|bedo {) = 63,7
|o |a tab|a 2, aoaocoo a|gooos oo |os oso|taoos ooo
so obtov|ooo coaooo so sooot|o a oxtacc|oo oo |os
ootooos ab|oto y coaoo |a cascaa cooo|ota, s|o
|aco |a sooaac|oo oo| ||avooo y a|booo.
TABLA 2
Pectina a partir de |a cscara {f|avedo y
a|bedo) de naranja va|encia.
Humedad promedia de |a cscara {)=67,5
Mtodo
C
Cerrado Ablerto Mlcroondas
Descrlpclon
E
cldo Acuoso cldo Acuoso cldo Acuoso cldo Acuoso
|oso /|booo g) 30 50 100 100 30 210 50 50
|o. |xtacc|ooos 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 2
|oso ooct|oa g) 1,0 1,55 9,38 0,68 2,95 21,58 0,31 0
|ooo|o|ooto ') 3,5 3,10 9,38 0,68 9,83 10,28 0,62 0,0
la tab|a 3 oosoota ooa ooosta oo |os oosayos ooo
so ||c|ooo osaooo cooo oato|a o|oa o| a|booo oo
|a cascaa oo |a tooo,a.
TABLA 3
Pectina a partir de| A|bedo de
|a cscara de toronja
Humedad promedia de| A|bedo {) = 75
Mtodo
C
Ablerto Cerrado
Descrlpclon
E
cldo Acuoso cldo Acuoso
|oso cascaa g) 100 500 50 30
|o. |xtacc|ooos 3 3 3 3
|oso ooct|oa g) 6,5 15,13 1,55 0,66
|ooo|o|ooto ') 6,50 3,03 3,10 2,20
Mtodo
C
Ablerto Cerrado
Descrlpclon
E
Acuoso cldo Acuoso
|oso a|booo g) +20 60 60
|o. |xtacc|ooos 2 2 2
|oso ooct|oa g) 3+,1 1,6 2,5
|ooo|o|ooto ') 8,1+ 2,93 +,1
26
Pl|traclon de |os reslduos: Uoa voz ooo so sosooooo
|a ag|tac|oo, so |||ta |a so|oc|oo coo ayooa oo oo |||to
oo to|a, oaa sooaa o| oato|a| so||oo y |a so|oc|oo
||oo|oa. la ||oo||s|s oo| oato|a| so||oo so ooooo
ooot| ooa o oos vocos oas, oaa oo,oa |a o||c|ooc|a
oo |a oxtacc|oo.
Concentraclon: |aa oooaa |a so|oc|oo oaa |a
ooc| o| tac| oo oo | a ooct| oa os coovoo| ooto
coocoota|a. |oo osto oocoso ooooooo oo |a ca||oao
oo ooct|oa ooo so oo|oa, ooooo oaa ooa ooct|oa
b|aoca, oo os coovoo|ooto |a coocootac|oo, o|ootas
ooo s| so acoota |a ooct|oa coo a|gooa co|oac|oo
aoa|||a, so ooooo coocoota taoto cooo so oo|oa.
|sta coocootac|oo t|ooo oo ob,oto o|so|oo| o| oso
oo| a|co|o| oo o| oocoso oo ooc|o|tac|oo. Uoa boooa
a|tooat|va os coocoota |a so|oc|oo a oos|oo oooc|oa
y a tooooatoas ooooos oo 60' C.
Preclpltaclon: |o |a otaoa oo ooc|o|tac|oo oo |as
ooct|oas so oooooo ooo|oa sa|os o a|co|o|os. So
oo||ooo ostos o|t|oos ooooo cooo |as ooct|oas so
osao oo |a |ooost|a oo |os a||oootos so ooboo ov|ta
os|ooos, o|ootas ooo coo |as sa|os os oocosa|o oo
|avaoo ooy co|oaooso oaa ot|a tooo os|ooo. los
oosayos oo o| |aboato|o so oa||zaoo coo otaoo|
ooo, otaoo| coooc|a| aoox. 5' o/o), ootaoo| o
|sooooaoo| y sa|os oo a|oo|o|o. Cooo oso|taoo so
obsovo ooo oo |ay oayoos o||oooc|as oo o|
ooo|o|ooto obtoo|oo, as| ooo so ooc|o|o |aco |a
ooc|o|tac|oo coo otaoo| coooc|a|, oo oooo costo
y |ac|||oao oo coooa oo o| oocaoo |oca|.
|o |a ooc|o|tac|oo oo |as ooct|oas so ocoo|oooa oo
vo|oooo oo a|co|o| ooo|va|ooto a| 80' oo |a so|oc|oo
ooo so va a ooc|o|ta. S|o oobago, oo oosayos oo
|aboato|o so oocooto ooo o|so|ooyoooo o| vo|o-
ooo oo a|co|o| a oo ooo|va|ooto o| 60' oo| vo|oooo
oo |a so|oc|oo oo so o|so|ooyo o| ooo|o|ooto
oo ooa oaooa ootab|o y s| o|so|ooyoo |os costos
sostaoc|a|oooto. || a|co|o| ooo so osa oo |a ooc|-
o|tac|oo so ocoooa, oaa so oot|||zaoo, oo
oost||ac|oo.
Lavado: || asoocto ||oa| oo |a ooct|oa ooooooo oo
boooa oato oo| oocoso oo |avaoo, ooo so oobo
oa||za va|as vocos, coos|ooaooo o| gaoo oo
|oooozas ooo ooooa cootooo y ooo ooo|||cao so
co|o. |sto oocoso coos|sto s|oo|ooooto oo vo|vo
a o|so|vo |a ooct|oa, ooo osta sooaaoa oo o| |||to oo
to|a, oo agoa ac|oo|aoa o| 1.5 a 3) y ooc|o|ta|a
ooovaoooto coo o| a|co|o|.
Cooo |ooas a|tooat|vas oo |avaoo so sog|ooo oo
|a ||toatoa C|a|o, 2000) o| ||oox|oo oo ba|o
octa||oataoo, o| cabooato oo ca|c|o y o| cabooato
oo soo|o, ooo coot|boyoo a ot|a |a c|oo|||a y otos
o|goootos oosootos oo |a cascaa y ooo oao co|o a
| a ooct| oa. S| o oobago, | os oso| taoos oo o|
|aboato|o oo |oooo |os osooaoos y oo o| coota|o
o| co|o so |otoos|||co. || oo,o oso|taoo so obtovo
|avaooo coo aboooaoto agoa |asta ooo o| ||oo|oo oo
|avaoo o|o oogat|vo oaa |a oooba oo c|ooos coo
o|tato oo o|ata /g|C
3
).
Secado: || oocoso oo socaoo oo |a ooct|oa so oa||za
a ba,a tooooatoa +0' C) oo ooa co|ooto oo a|o
ca||ooto, oo ooas ooco |oas, o a| a|o ||bo ooaoto
va|os o|as. Coaooo so osa ooa osto|a oaa o| socaoo
so obsova ooo o| co|o oo |a ooct|oa so oscooco.
Mo|lenda: |aa |ooogoo|za o| taoao oo |a oat|co|a
y oo,oa |a aoa|ooc|a oo |a ooct|oa so ooo|o oo oo
oo||oo oo bo|as, oo oo taoao oo 1 oo|gaoa
aoox|oaoaoooto, |asta ooo oaso oo oo tao|z oo
oa||a 80.
A|macenamlento: la ooct|oa oobo a|oacooaso oo oo
|oga soco y oo oc|o|ootos ooo |a ooto,ao oo |a
|ooooao, oaa ov|ta |a cootao|oac|oo y ooo|||ca-
c|ooos oo so aoa|ooc|a y oo so ca||oao.
D|SLNO PPLL|M|NAP DLL PPOCLSO PAPA
PLANTA P|LOTO
|o |a ||goa 2 so ||osta oo L|agaoa oo ||o,o oaa
ooa ||aota |||oto oaa |a oooocc|oo oo ooct|oas
c|t|cas oo |otos. |aa tooo ooa oooocc|oo oo 10
|||os oo ooct|oa, so oocos|tao ooos 300 |||os oo
cascaas |oscas oo booo ostaoo, a |os coa|os so |os
sooaa oaooa|oooto o| a|booo. |sto so ||ova oo
ooo|o oo ooa baooa taosootaooa a| oocoso oo
27
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|oact|vac|oo ooz|oat|ca oo oo taoooo ab|oto,
ooc|aoootaoo, oaa ooo|t| o| ca|ootao|ooto coo
vaoo, oo ooos 1100 ||tos oo caoac|oao. So agogao
ooos 1000 ||tos oo agoa y |a oozc|a so ca||oota
ooaoto 10 a 15 o|ootos, coo ag|tac|oo, |asta
obo|||c|oo. So oocaota o| agoa soc|a y so ooo|aza oo
otos 1000 ||tos oo agoa |osca, y ooos a 6 a 8 ||tos
oo ac|oo c|o||o|co oo| 3', |asta obtooo oo o|
cocaoo a 2. la oozc|a so ca||oota |asta |a obo|||c|oo
ooaoto ooos 30 a +0 o|ootos coo ag|tac|oo
oooaoooto.
||oa||zaoo o| oo|ooo oo ca|ootao|ooto, |a oozc|a so
oo,a oo oooso y ooovaoooto a ooa tooooatoa
oooo oo 50' C, coo ayooa oo ooa oo ooa booba
oo ooso|azao|ooto oos|t|vo so |aco oasa o| ||oo|oo
oocaotaoo a tavos oo oo |||to ooosa oooooo, coo
FlGURA 2
Diagrama de F|ujo de P|anta Pi|oto para |a produccin de Pectinas
3 o + o|acas ocob|otas oo to|a, oaa ot|a |os so||oos
ooo ooooao |ooo|||ca |a so|oc|oo oo |a ooct|oa. ||
so||oo ooo oooaooco oo o| taoooo so ooooo
||oo||za ooovaoooto, coo |as o|soas caot|oaoos oo
agoa y ac|oo, oaa oo,oa o| ooo|o|ooto.
|| |||taoo so ||ova a oo taoooo coaoo oo caoac|oao
s|o||a a| o|ooo, taob|oo ooc|aoootaoo oaa
ooo|t| o| ca|ootao|ooto coo vaoo, coo o| ||o oo
coocoota |a so|oc|oo oo oo 50-60', aco|oaooo o|
oocoso ao||caooo vac|o. / |a so|oc|oo coocootaoa
so agogao ooto 300 y +00 ||tos oo otaoo| coooc|a|
coo o| ob,oto oo ooc|o|ta |as ooct|oas.
|aa o| |avaoo, |a oozc|a acoosa oo ooct|oa so |aco
oasa oo ooovo oo o| |||to ooosa coo ayooa oo ooa
booba ooooat|ca oo oo||ooo||ooo. la ooct|oa
28
oso|taoto so |ava coo agoa |osca |asta ooo o| ||oo|oo
oo |avaoo oo tooga tazas oo c|ooos, oo oooba coo
o|tato oo o|ata.
Lo |as o|acas so ot|a |a ooct|oa ooo so ooooo o|so|vo
oo ooovo oo so|oc|oo ac|oa, o| aoox. 2, y
ooc|o|tac|oo coo otaoo| coooc|a| oo |as o|soas
cooo|c|ooos |oo|caoas. ||oa|oooto, |a ooct|oa so ||ova
a oo socaoo oo baooo,as coo a|o ca||ooto. || |||taoo
so oovoo|vo a| taoooo coaoo oaa ocoooa o|
a|co|o| oo oost||ac|oo a oos|oo oooc|oa y cooto|
oo tooooatoa.
|aa oo,oa |a aoa|ooc|a oo |a ooct|oa, so ooo|o oo
oo oo||oo oo bo|as oo ooco|aoa oo ooa oo|gaoa oo
o|aooto, |asta oo taoao oo oat|co|a ooo oaso oo
oo tao|z oo oa||a 80, oaa oosto|ooooto
a|oacooa|a oo caoocas coaoas oaa ov|ta so
cootao|oac|oo.
CONCLUS|ONLS
|s oos|b|o obtooo ooa ooct|oa oo oo ooo|o|ooto
cocaoo a| 10' y coo boooas caacto|st|cas oo
go|ac|oo oo ooa oxtacc|oo oo ooo|o ac|oo, coo oo
o| cocaoo a 2.0 y t|oooo oo ||oo||s|s oo ooos 30
a +0 o|ootos. |aa oo,oa o| ooo|o|ooto so ooooo
|aco ooa sogoooa ||oo||s|s oo| os|ooo ooo so
obt|ooo ooa voz |||taoa |a oozc|a |o|c|a|.
la aoa|ooc|a oo |a ooct|oa os o||oooto s| so tata |a
cascaa cooo|ota o s| so ot|a oo|caoooto o| a|booo.
|o o| o|oo caso oso|ta ooa ooct|oa oo co|o
aoa|||o, o|ootas ooo oo o| oto caso so obt|ooo oo
oato|a| ooy b|aoco.
los oosayos oo o|aota o||oto soo oocosa|os oaa a||oa
oaaootos oocosa|os oaa |a |osta|ac|oo oo ooo|oos
|ooost|a|os, cooo:
|o|ac|oo caot|oao oo cascaa/ vo|oooo oo so|vooto:
|aa ca|co|a o| taoao oas aoocoaoo oo |os taoooos
oo tatao|ooto oo |a oato|a o|oa.
|oooo oo ca|ootao|ooto: |aa ca|co|a o| coosooo
oo vaoo y |oga ooa oayo o||c|ooc|a oo so oso.
|oooo oo oxtacc|ooos: |aa ootoo|oa coaotas
oxtacc|ooos soo oocosa|as oaa obtooo o| oax|oo
ooo|o|ooto y as| oot|o|za o| t|oooo oo| oocoso.
\o|oc|oao oo ag|tac|oo: |aa ootoo|oa o| coosooo
oo ooog|a y ooc|o| o| t|oo oo ag|taoo oocosa|o oaa
o| oocoso.
aoao oo |os oooazos oo a|booo: |aa ootoo|oa
s| so ,ost|||ca oooc| o| taoao, o s| so obt|ooo oo
ooo|o|ooto cocaoo a| 10' s|oo|ooooto cotaooo|o
oo oooooo oooazos.
|aa o|so|oo| o| t|oooo oo oocosao|ooto, so ooooo
|o|c|a o| oocoso oo oaa|o|o, coo va|os taoooos oaa
o| tatao|ooto |o|c|a| oo |a cascaa o oo| a|booo, oaa
|oogo oocooo a |a |||tac|oo y a |a ooc|o|tac|oo oo
|a ooct|oa oo ooa oaooa soo|coot|ooa.
||oa|oooto, so ocoo|oooa oo aoa||s|s cooo|oto oo
| a ooct| oa c| t| ca obtoo| oa oaa cooo| | coo
osooc|||cac|ooos |otooac|ooa|os |obsto|t|, 2001).
AGPADLC|M|LNTOS
So agaooco |a oat|c|oac|oo oo osto ooyocto oo |os
a|oooos oo logoo|o|a oo |ocosos Lao|o| /|zato, oao
|ab|o 3ayooa y L|aoa ||voa.
PLPLPLNC|AS
/tt|, 3. l. aoo |a|o|, S. 3. 1996). |oct|o |oo
Ca|ga| C|tos osoooo||ooo ao) ooo|'. |o:
E:oo:o.co oc:oog), |o. 55. oo .89-91.
3oooo||, . |. 1985). |ocoss |o t|o ooooct|oo o|
oso|o| oooocts |oo oaogo ooo|'. U. S. |atoot
+,+9,838.
Cooa, . .: 3og|o, C. \. 1996). |ooaat|oo aoo
oso o| a ooto|o-oo|c|oo ooct|o coooos|t|oo'.
U.S. |atoot 5,51+,666.
||||c|, |. |. 199). |ot|oos |o oa||og ooct|o
aoo ooctoco||o|os|c oooocts'. U. S. |atoot
5,656,3+.
29
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|staoa, /. y loooz, 3. 1998). |oct|oas c|t|cas,
o|octo oo| aasto oo vaoo oo |a oxtacc|oo y oo
o||oootos ootooos oo socaoo'. |o: Fo.::I~ LojIo
oo .:o:c:~:, U. |ac|ooa|, |ao|za|os, o|c|oobo.
oo 23-3.
||s|oao, |. l.: C|ao: |. K. 2000). |xtact|oo o|
ooct|o by o|covavo |oat|og oooo oossoo'. U.S.
|atoot 6,1+3,33.
C|a|o, |. |. 2000, 2001). |oct|o oocoss aoo
coooos|t|oo'. U.S. |atoot 6,20,19+ y U.S.
|atoot 6,159,503.
Coooz Z., oao |. 1998). |act|b|||oao oco|ca oo|
/|s|ao|ooto y |a Caacto|zac|oo oo |oct|oa C|t|ca
oaa o| Socto /go|ooost|a|. aba,o oo Caoo).
|ooo|||o: Coooac|oo Uo|vos|ta|a lasa|||sta,
|aco|tao oo /oo|o|stac|oo.
|obsto|t| 8 |ox. 2001). |o Sooc|a||sts |o
|oct|os'. |tto://vvv.|obsto|t|-|ox.oo/oooo|to/
oog||sc|/o|ostaot.|to 10 |ob. 2001).
|||g|o, C. \. 1991). aos, o|||os aoo |osovos'.
|o: o .o:::I) ~:o oc:oog) o FocI::. Sao
L|ogo:C/: /caooo|c |oss.
Sa|a|, . 1989) . |ocoss |o oooa|og ooct|o'. U.
S. |atoot +,835,262.