Concrete Structure Pathology

Introduction
Building pathology embraces a holistic approach to the repair of buildings and structures. This involves a detailed understanding of how the structure is built, the materials of which it is constructed, how it has been used, how it has performed over time, and all the factors that have affected its current condition

How is the built Process Material Performance

History of Building

Best Repair Method

Envirotment of Structure

Building Perfomance

Material Of Concrete
Concrete are created from several material which is Cement, Water, Fine aggregates (Sand) and Coarse aggregates (crushed Stone)

Paste Mortar Cement

Concrete in Structure
In Land In Water Structure

Concrete Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages Concrete can handle the compression stresses. Concrete is a brittle material Easy to handle in mix specially now there is a batching plant Can be form in any shape

Disadvantages: Concrete is weak in handling tension. Because concrete is a britile material the strength upon shear Needs another material to reinforce it against excessive shear and tension,

Quality By Process in Concrete

Material Component
Type Of Cement
Need Of Aditive ? Sample for Test Slump Test

Mix Design For Compression Or flexural

Mixing Concrete

Workabillity

Curing

Water Properties Fine Aggregates Properties

Coarse Aggregates Properties

Sample for Test fullfill the mix design Aim ?

Structure Test

Does Field Test meet the mix design Aim ?

Concrete in Sea
For several reasons, effect of seawater on concrete deserves special attention. First, coastal and offshore sea structures are exposed to the simultaneous action of a number of physical and chemical deterioration processes, which provide an excellent opportunity to understand the complexity of concrete durability problems in practice. Second, oceans make up 80 percent of the surface of the earth; therefore, a large number of structures are exposed to seawater either directly or indirectly (e.g., winds can carry seawater spray up to a few miles inland from the coast). Concrete piers, decks, break-water, and retaining walls are widely used in the construction of harbors and docks. To relieve land from pressures of urban congestion and pollution, floating offshore platforms made of concrete are being considered for location of new airports, power plants, and waste disposal facilities. The use of concrete offshore drilling platforms and oil storage tanks is already on the increase.

Concrete in Sea
For the construction of concrete structures in marine environment, important lessons from case histories of concrete deteriorated by seawater can be summed up as follows: 1. Permeability is the key to durability. 2. Type and severity of deterioration may not be uniform throughout the structure 3. Corrosion of embedded steel is, generally, the major cause of concrete deterioration in reinforced and prestressed concrete structures exposed to seawater, but in low-permeability concrete this does not appear to be the first cause of cracking

Concrete Deterioration
Crack type
Flexural Shear Tensile

Concrete Deterioration
Corrotion

Concrete Deterioration
Carbonation

Concrete Deterioration
Fatique
the phenomenon of rupture under repeated loadings each of which is smaller than a single static load that exceeds the strength of the material. Fatigue is exhibited when a material fails under stress applied by direct tension or compression, torsion, bending or a combination of these actions.

Monitoring & Maintance of Concrete Structure Type Of Test

Destructive Test
Drill Test Tension Test Compression Test, etc

Non Destructive Test

Hammer Test Rebar Detector Test Ultra Sonic Test, etc

Monitoring & Maintance of Concrete Structure

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)
Despite recent developments in the engineering of innovative sensors a number of issues has limited their applications to civil engineering structures. Civil structures are inherently large in dimension, geometrically complex with different elements and joints, and composed of diverse materials. The response of structural elements is due to an assortment of perturbations and therefore the measurements of interest are not limited to strains and vibrations. For instance, measurement of importance in cable stays is force and the condition of strands, i.e. rupturing of the strands. Whereas detection of cracks, excessive deflections and corrosion in reinforcing bars is important in concrete elements and structural systems

Monitoring & Maintance of Concrete Structure

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Maintance Time

Strenghtening of Concrete
Concrete Structure Jacketing

Strenghtening of Concrete
Concrete Structure Injection & Grouting

Strenghtening of Concrete
Concrete Corrosion Inhibitor

Strenghtening of Concrete
Fiber Reinforcement for Concrete

Method For Repairing Structure

Structure show failure / below standart condition in field
Find Structure Problem
Look at Design & Drawing Of Structure Structure History

Test In Field

Strenghtening

Material Test

Material Repair

Structure Test

Structure repair

Structure health

Envirotment History

Performance Test

First Decision to Maintance

Second Decision to Maintance / Repair

Case 1 : Mosque Dome Failure

Different condition between design and construction in field. Crack happen in dome supporting

Case 1 : Mosque Dome Failure

Envirotment = normal condition History of building = change in dome diameter but no change in support structure Test = Crack Test

Balok ring
Balok 250/600
600

tul.12D16 + 4D13 Begel 12-100 6 D 16 Kolom 250/700 6 D 16 4 D 13

Angker 4D16 dalam 1 kolom pipih digrouting

Kolom pipih 150/ 700 6 D 16 Beg. 12-100

Balok 250/600 Angker 4D16 dalam 1 kolom pipih Begel 12-100

600

+ 13.66
Balok 300/600

6 D 16

460 650
226

HILTI 16 2 sisi

Plat penahan geser tebal 12 mm lebar 200 mm dan dilas Plat landasan bentuk U tebal 12 mm + grouting Skur, baja WF 400. 200. 8. 13 = 8 buah

Baja 2L 70. 70. 6 HILTI 2 12

+ 10.20
60 .46

Plat penegar tebal 8 mm

HILTI 16 total 40 bh
1200 810

Dilas tebal las = 10 mm

20 706 0

200

Plat ring tebal 12 mm + grouting

B
Kolom 700 mm

Plat penahan geser tebal 12 mm lebar 200 mm, dilas.

512 0

Case 2 : Building Failure

Remodel of WF Roof Trus Strenghtening using CFRP
B
Talang Polakan dari Seng

120

120 100
Kuda-kuda WF 400x200x8x13 Stiffener Plate t = 10 mm
9

100
Kuda-kuda WF 400x200x8x13 Stiffener Plate t = 10 mm Kolom Pedestal WF 400x200x8x13

Penyangga Talang dari Potongan Profil WF 400x200x8x13

Kolom Pedestal WF 400x200x8x13

1600

POT. KUDA-KUDA BAJA

E
8
300

7
400

6'
400

6
600

5
600

4
600

3
600

2
300

E
600 300

D' D C' C B''' B'' B' B A'' A' A

300

2 Strip L = 200 cm

B2 (386)

2 Strip (367) L = 450 cm

B4

200

400

2 Strip L = 200 cm 2 Strip L = 200 cm

200

B3 (422)
2 Strip L = 450 cm

B2 (403)
2 Strip L = 450 cm 2 Strip L = 200 cm

B4 (384)

2 Strip L = 450 cm

150

300

2 Strip L = 200 cm 1 Strip L = 300 cm

150

1 Strip L = 300 cm

150

300

150

2 Strip L = 200 cm

B5 (446)
1 Strip L = 300 cm

2 Strip L = 200 cm

B3 (393)

400

B4 (445)
2 Strip L = 200 cm

200

Lantai 3
CFRP TUMPUAN (ATAS) CFRP LAPANGAN (BAWAH)

200

200

200

B3 (461)

2 Strip L = 400 cm

600

200

B2 (365)

200

600

Case 2 : Building Failure

Envirotment = Earthquake Building History = Failure after earthquake Test = Hammer Test, Crack Test

L= 2400cm

max. = 198,5 mm

Case 3 = Maintance of Jetty

Envirotment = sea Building History = 12 years of operation Failure in site = crack

Case 3 = Maintance of Jetty

No. Jenis Test Alat yang Dipakai Meteran dan Foto Penyelam, Kamera bawah laut Mesin Bor Inti Drill Beton Rebound Test Hammer Alat test ultra sonic Rebar Detector/ Provometer Titrasi Half Cell Potensial App. Universal Testing Machine UTM Micro Photography Standart ----ASTM C 42 ASTM C 42 ASTM C 805 ASTM C 597 --ASTM C-11 ASTM C 876 ASTM C 39 ASTM A 6 ASTM C-31 Jumlah Sample 45 m x 450 m 50 6 15 50 50 25 45 100 6 3 3 1 Observasi jenis kerusakan 2 Observasi Kondisi Tiang Pondasi 3 Core Drill 4 Drilling Test 5 Hammer Test 6 Ultra Sonic 7 Rebar Detector dan Cover Meter Test 8 Penetrasi Ion Chlor 9 Potensial Karat 10 Tes Tekan beton 11 Test Tarik Baja 12 Laju Korosi

Case 3 = Maintance of Jetty

Case 3 = Maintance of Jetty

D13 - 400 8D32 8D32 6 Beugel D13 - 400 Tul Transversal 6
West E D

125

30
100

Spalling H

Crack G

280

96

8D25
80

Crack 6 - 200 80 80

Case 3 = Maintance of Jetty

300 300

Overtopping
470

Plat Precast

155

Cast in Situ

Non Shrink Grout Precast Crane Beam

Overtopping
470

Plat Precast

METODA JACKETING