The University of Sydney

School of Mathematics and Statistics

Solutions to Assignment 1. Due date: Monday, April 23
MATH3068 Analysis Semester 1, 2007
Web Page: http://www.maths.usyd.edu.au:8000/u/UG/SM/MATH3068/
Lecturer: Donald Cartwright
1. Let x
n
=
1
n+1
+
1
n+2
+ +
1
2n
.
(a) Show that the sequence (x
n
) is monotonic and bounded and hence convergent. [Hints:
a) Look at x
n+1
x
n
, and b) how many terms are there in the sum making up x
n
? What
is the greatest of these terms?]
Solution: For all n 1,
x
n+1
x
n
=
1
n + 2
+
1
n + 3
+ +
1
2n + 2

_
1
n + 1
+
1
n + 2
+ +
1
2n
_
=
1
2n + 1
+
1
2n + 2

1
n + 1
=
1
2n + 1

1
2n + 2
> 0.
Hence (x
n
) is monotonic increasing. Next,
x
n
=
1
n + 1
+
1
n + 2
+ +
1
2n
<
1
n + 1
+
1
n + 1
+ +
1
n + 1
. .
n
=
n
n + 1
< 1 .
Since (x
n
) is a monotone sequence which is bounded above (by 1), it is convergent.
(b) Find lim
n
x
n
.
Solution: For all n 1,
x
n
=
1
n + 1
+
1
n + 2
+. . . +
1
2n
= u
2n
u
n
where u
n
=
1
1
+
1
2
+ +
1
n
. Recall from lectures that we can write u
n
= ln n + +
n
,
where
n
0. So
x
n
= u
2n
u
n
= (ln(2n) + +
2n
) (ln n + +
n
) = ln 2 +
2n

n
ln 2.
2. Evaluate the sum of the series

k=1
1
k(k + 1)(k + 2)
.
[Hint: Simplify 1/k(k + 1) 1/(k + 1)(k + 2).]
Solution: A little algebra shows that
1
k(k + 1)

1
(k + 1)(k + 2)
=
2
k(k + 1)(k + 2)
.
Hence
1
k(k + 1)(k + 2)
=
1
2
_
1
k(k + 1)

1
(k + 1)(k + 2)
_
.
Copyright c 2007 The University of Sydney 1
Hence the n-th partial sum of our series is a collapsing, or telescoping sum, which we can evaluate:
s
n
=
1
2
_
1
1 2

1
2 3
_
+
1
2
_
1
2 3

1
3 4
_
+
+
1
2
_
1
(n 1) n

1
n (n + 1)
_
+
1
2
_
1
n (n + 1)

1
(n + 1)(n + 2)
__
=
1
2
_
1
1 2

1
(n + 1) (n + 2)
_
=
1
4

1
2(n + 1)(n + 2)

1
4
as n .
So the series has sum
1
4
.
3. For which z C does the series

k=0
_
z
z + 1
_
k
converge? Draw a diagram showing this set. [Hint: Remember that |z a| has the geometric
meaning of the distance from z to a.]
Solution: The geometric series 1 +w +w
2
+ converges if and only if |w| < 1. Applying this
to w = z/(z + 1). So the set of z C for which the series converges is the set of z C for which
|z/(z + 1)| < 1. But

z
z + 1

< 1 |z| < |z + 1| z is closer to 0 than to 1.

This region is the set of z which lie to the right of the line x =
1
2
.
x =
1
2

1 0
4. In this question we show that for all x R,
cos x = 1
1
2!
x
2
+
1
4!
x
4
and sin x = x
1
3!
x
3
+
1
5!
x
5
.
(a) To do this, let C(x) and S(x) denote the sums of the two series. Verify that these sums
converge for all x R, and that C

(x) = C(x) and that S

(x) = S(x) for all x R.

Solution: We have shown in lectures that the power series
1
1
2!
z
2
+
1
4!
z
4
and z
1
3!
z
3
+
1
5!
z
5

have radius of convergence R = , meaning that they both converge for every z C. Let
C(z) and S(z) denote their respective sums. A theorem from lectures tells us that we are
allowed to dierentiate these series term by term. Hence
C

(z) = 0 2
1
2!
z + 4
1
4!
z
3
= z +
1
3!
z
3

1
5!
z
5
+ = S(z).
2
and similarly
S

(z) = 1 3
1
3!
z
2
+ 5
1
5!
z
4
= 1
1
2!
z
2
+
1
4!
z
4
= C(z).
Therefore C

(z) =
d
dz
C

(z) =
d
dz
(S(z)) = C(z), and S

(z) =
d
dz
S

(z) =
d
dz
(C(z)) =
S(z). In particular, this is true for z = x R, and so C

(x) = C(x) and S

(x) = S(x).
(b) It is a fact that the only functions f(x) satisfying f

(x) = f(x) for all x are the functions

f(x) = Acos x + Bsinx (see the next question). Assuming this, show that C(x) = cos x
and that S(x) = sin x. For example, for the function C(x), you must show that the A is 1
and that the B is 0.
Solution: By the assumed fact, we can write C(x) = Acos x + Bsin x for some constants
A and B. Evaluating at x = 0, we see that 1 = C(0) = Acos 0 + Bsin 0 = A. So C(x) =
cos x + Bsin x for all x. Dierentiating, we have S(x) = sinx + Bcos x. Evaluating
at x = 0, we get 0 = S(0) = sin 0 +Bcos 0 = B. So C(x) = cos x.
Similarly, by the assumed fact, we can write S(x) = A

cos x + B

sin x for some constants

A

and B

. Evaluating at x = 0, we see that 0 = S(0) = A

cos 0 + B

sin 0 = A

. So
S(x) = B

sinx for all x. Dierentiating, we have C(x) = B

cos x. Evaluating at x = 0, we
get 1 = C(0) = B

cos 0 = B

. So S(x) = sin x.
5. Suppose that f(x) is a twice dierentiable function which satises f

(x) = f(x) for all x. We

show that f(x) = Acos x +Bsin x for certain constants A and B as follows:
(a) Show that f(x) cos x f

(x) sin x is constant.

Solution: Using the product rule for dierentiating,
d
dx
_
f(x) cos x f

(x) sin x
_
= f

(x) cos x +f(x)(sin x) f

(x) sin x f

(x) cos x
= (f

(x) +f(x)) sin x

= 0.
So f(x) cos x f

(x) sin x must be constant.

(b) Show that f(x) sin x +f

(x) cos x is constant.

Solution: Again using the product rule for dierentiating,
d
dx
_
f(x) sin x +f

(x) cos x
_
= f

(x) sin x +f(x)(cos x) +f

(x) cos x +f

(x)(sin x)
= (f

(x) +f(x)) cos x

= 0.
So f(x) sin x +f

(x) cos x must be constant.

(c) Use the rst two parts to complete the solution.
Solution: Suppose that the constants of part (a) and (b) are A and B, respectively. Then
f(x) cos x f

(x) sin x = A
f(x) sin x +f

(x) cos x = B
Now multiply the rst equation by cos x, the second equation by sinx, and add. The
right hand side becomes Acos x + Bsin x, and the left hand side becomes f(x), because
cos
2
x + sin
2
x = 1.
3