Problem 1. Deep hole drilling.

Deep hole drilling is a family of drilling processes used when the ratio of hole depth to hole diameter exceeds 10. Successful deep hole drilling depends on the satisfactory discharge of the drill chips. An experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of deep hole drilling when chip congestion exists (Journal of Engineering for Industry, May 1993). The length (in millimeters) of 50 drill chips resulted in the following summary statistics: y = 81.2 mm, s = 50.2 mm. Conduct a test to determine whether the true mean drill chip length, , difffers from 75 mm. Use a significance level of = 0.01 Sample size: 50 Sample s.d =50.2 HO: @2 : 752 Against H0 752 ( ) = 49 = 21.952 X2 =

Given = 0.01
D.F =(50-1)= 49

Problem 2. Radium in soil. Radium-226 is a naturally occurring radioactive gas. Elevated levels of radium-226 in metropolitan Dade County (Florida) were investigated (Moore, H. E., and Gussow, D. G., Radium and radon in Dade County groundwater and soil samples, Florida Scientist, vol. 54, no. 3/4, Summer/Autumn, 1995, p. 155, portion of Table 3). The data in the table below are radium-226 levels measured in pCi/L for 26 soil samples collected in southern Dade County. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set maximum exposure levels of radium-226 at 4.0 pCi/L. Determine whether the mean radium-226 levels of soil specimens collected in southern Dade County is less than the EPA limit of 4.0 pCi/L. Use = .10 1.46 1.30 5.62 .58 8.24 1.86 4.31 3.51 1.41 1.02 6.87 1.70 .17 1.43 2.02 2.92 1.44 1.65 .91 4.49 1.40 .43 4.21 .75 .91 1.84

The mean radium-226 level of the 26 soil specimens is 2.4 pCi/L. Since 2.4 is less than 4.0, the mean radium-266 level for these soil specimens is below the Environmental Protection Agencys maximum exposure level. Problem 3. Wastewater treatment study. In the paper Nutrient removal by floating aquatic macrophyites cultured in anaerobically digested flushed dairy manure wastewater, published by R. Sooknah and A. Wilkie in Ecological Engineering, vol. 22, no. 1, Feb. 2004, Table 5, the potential of floating aquatic plants to treat dairy manure wastewater was investigated. For one part of the study, 16 treated wastewater sample were randomly divided in two groups a control algal was cultured in half the samples

2 and water hyacinth was cultured in the other half. The rate of increase in the amount of total phosphorous was measured in each water sample; a summary of the results is given in the accompanying table. Conduct a test to determine if there is a difference in mean rates of increase of total phosphorus of the two aquatic plants. Use = 0.05.

Number of water samples Sample mean Standard Deviation

Control Algal 8 0.036 .008

Water Hyacinth 8 .026 .006

3) Control Water sample size: 8 Sample mean phosphorous: 0.036 Sample standard deviation: 0.008 Algae Hyacinth: sample size: 8 Sample mean phosphorous: 0.026 Sample standard deviation: 0.006 We are supposed to test to determine if there is a difference in the mean rates of increase of total phosphorous for the two aquatic plants. H0: There is no difference in the mean rates of total phosphorous for the two aquatic plants

1=2
H1: There is difference in the mean rates of total phosphorous for the two aquatic plants

1 2
Level of significance @ =0.05 To test the above hypothesis, the test statistic is t=

= 2.83

The value of the test = P(| | > t) P(| | > 2.83) = 0.015 Since the p-value is less than the significance level, we reject the null hypothesis. So we may conclude that there is difference in the mean rates of total phosphorous for the two aquatic plants. Problem 4. TCDD contamination. Tetrachlorodibenzeno-p-dioxine (TCDD) is a highly toxic substance found in industrial wastes. A study was conducted to determine the amount of TCDD present in tissues of bullfrogs inhabiting the Rocky Branch Creek in central Arkansas, an area known to be contaminated by TCDD (Korfmacher, W. A., Hansen, E. B., and Rowland, K. L., Tissue distribution of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in bullfrogs obtained from a 2,3,7,8-TCDD-contaminated area, Chemosphere, vol. 15, no. 2, Feb. 1986, p. 125). The level of TCDD (in parts per trillion) was measured in several specific tissues of four female bullfrogs; the ratio of TCDD in the tissue to the TCDD in the leg muscle of

3 the frog was recorded for each. The relative ratios of contaminant for two tissues, the liver and the ovaries, are given for each of the four frogs in the table below. According to the researchers, The data set suggests that the [mean] relative level of TCDD in the ovaries of female frogs is higher than the [mean] level in the liver of the frogs. Test this claim using = 0.05 Frog Liver Ovaries A 11.0 34.2 B 14.6 41.2 C 14.3 32.5 D 12.2 26.2

Claim: Mean Ovaries > Mean Liver The mean TCDD level for the frogs liver is 13.025 and for the frogs ovaries are 33.525. The TCDD level of 33.525 is greater than 13.025; therefore the claim is valid based on this data.

Problem 5. Study of lunar soil. Meteoritics (March 1995) reported the results of a study of lunar soil evolution. Data were obtained from the Apollo 16 mission on the moon, during which a 62-cm core was extracted from the soil near the landing site (Basu, A., and McKay, D.S., Lunar soil evolution processes and Apollo 16 core 60013/60014, Meteoritics, vol. 30, no. 2. Mar. 1995, p. 166, Table 2). Monomineralic grains of lunar soil were separated out and examined for coating with dust and glass fragments. Of interest is the coating index, that is, the proportion of grains that are coated. According to soil evolution theory, the coat index will exceed .5 at the top of the core, equal .5 in the middle of the core, and fall below .5 at the bottom of the core. Use the summary data in table below to test each part of the three-part theory. Use = 0.05 for each test. Location (depth) Top Middle Bottom (4.25 cm) (28.1 cm) (54.5 cm) Number of Grains 84 73 81 Sampled Number Coated 64 35 29 Claim (Soil Evolution Theory) Top: Coating Index > .5 Middle: Coating Index = .5 Bottom: Coating Index < .5

4 *Coating Index = Proportion of grains coated = # coated / # sampled Proportion Coated 64/84 = .762 35/73 = .425 29/81 = .358

Top: Middle: Bottom:

The soil evolution theory holds true for the Top part because the coating index is 0.762, greater than 0.5. The theory is also proven true for the bottom part based on its coating index of 0.358 being less than 0.5. The theory is not valid for the middle part, because the coating index is 0.425 which is not equal to .5.