Factors Influencing the Distribution of Population 1. Physical environmentconcentration at low elevations, milder and more humid climates.

Air conditioning, heating, water storage, and irrigation are technologies that have offset the effects of climate extremes. 2. Cultural effects and economic systems within a historical context have effects on fertility, mortality, and migration. 3. Fertility rates decrease with economic develo ment. !. "ortality rates decrease with economic develo ment #. $conomic conditions, u%lic olicy, and demogra hics affect migration rates. &. 'r%ani(ation generally corres onds with the level of economic develo ment. htt )**www.acdi+cida.gc.ca*x ress*dex*dex,-.!.htm a. /evelo ment of hierarchy of cities %. 0he role of agglomeration economies and economies of scale reinforce lower trans ort costs -. 'r%ani(ation in the develo ing world is not accom anied %y a ra id rise in ros erity. 1hy2 a. $xcess concentration at large, rimate cities %. /iluting ca ital resources c. Congestion, slums, and deteriorating services d. 3ac4 of em loyment o ortunities "a ing exercise 0he geogra hic distri%ution of various social characteristics Population Change over Time 1. 0he demogra hic transition model in develo ed countries

a. 0he industrial revolution first lowered the death rate with higher standard of living that dis ro ortionately affects the very young 5same effect as higher %irth rate6. %. 7econd, the %irth rate eventually fell with increased motivation for families to limit family si(e. c. 0he surge in o ulation in %etween these two eriods added to an ex losion in the natural rate of o ulation growth. d. $ventually, demogra hic transition is com leted that results in %irths e8ual to deaths. e. 9nly :orth America, $uro e, and $ast Asia have moved com letely through the demogra hic transition. 2. A lication of model to develo ing countries a. /evelo ing countries in Asia and 3atin America have undergone the o ulation ex losion hase and are %eginning to slow their natural rate of o ulation growth, %ut 7aharan Africa;s %irth rates have not decreased significantly. 57aharan African society laces cultural and religious em hasi(es on ancestry and descent with children considered as economic assets to continue the family lineage.6 %. <ut, even with lower fertility rates a%solute o ulation si(e will continue to grow %ecause of the large si(e of the %ase o ulation. c. =n the next 2# years almost all of the increase in world o ulation will occur in develo ing countries. 3. Fertility and mortality a. A higher survival rate of infants results in more adults %. "ore wor4ing, healthy adults adds to la%or roductivity c. $ventually, ta4ing care of retirees %ecomes an increasing ro%lem with greater life s ans. !. 0he demogra hic e8uation

a. Po ulation at time 2 > o ulation at time 1 ? %irths @ deaths ? in+migration less out+migration %. :et in+migration adds even more to overall o ulation %ecause of increased children of immigrants c. =n develo ed economies net migration %ecomes the most im ortant determinant of o ulation growth. #. Causes of migration a. "ost eo le move for economic reasons, although it may %e voluntary or involuntary 5African slave trade in this country, the de ortation of <ritish convicts to the '.7. and Australia,6 %. $conomic motives are sometimes divided into A ushB and A ullB factors. c. Push factors are to leave laces of economic hardshi d. Pull factors are to see4 areas of economic o ortunity &. 0he economics of voluntary migration
Migration and Comparative Advantage

a. Classical migration theory %ased on wage differentials %etween countries 5say '.7. versus "exico6 %. 3a%or migration narrow wage differentials su%Cect to relocation and migration costs that are ca itali(ed over the remaining wor4 life of the mover. 3ong distance moves are less li4ely than shorter distance moves. c. 0he lac4 of convergence is due to im erfect 4nowledge, cultural differences, and institutional %arriers, such as immigration laws. d. =ncreased ur%ani(ation of a destination region is ex ected to increase its attractiveness for otential migration, reducing uncertainty and increasing the ro%a%ility of a A%eaten athB %y earlier immigrants. -. Conse8uences of "igration

a. "igrants tend to %e younger, more am%itious, and %etter educated than the o ulation of their origin and fre8uently the o ulation of their destination. %. Conflict and a%ility to adCust to new region is greater for oor migrants than for the relatively well educated. c. Duest wor4ers generally contri%ute enormously to the economy in which they locate. d. "igration atterns are generally divided into su%categories) i. =nternal 5origin within the country6 or external 5origin outside the country6 ii. Among externals) inter or intra continental iii. Among internal) interregional, rural+ur%an, or inter+metro olitan. E. 0rends in "igration a. Prior to the Dreat /e ression intercontinental migration of $uro eans to the '.7. dominated. %. 7ince 11== the tide of migrants is overwhelmingly from develo ing to develo ed countries. c. 0he era of heavy intercontinental migration is over. d. =n the highly ur%ani(ed '.7. inter+metro olitan migration is increasingly im ortant. Population Structure 1. 0he age+sex structure affects the la%or force, demand for education facilities, retirement and medical systems, etc. 2. Po ulation yramids gra hically re resent the structure among #+year age grou s from the youngest to the oldest grou . 3. Country o ulation yramids) htt )**www.census.gov*ft * u%*i c*www*id% yr.html !. 0he can %e used to forecast o ulation %ased on cohort+ survival method.

#. /evelo ing countries have a s8uat, triangular rofile. &. 0he '.7. has slimmer rofile %ut with a %ulge at the waist in 1,,. due to the %a%y %oom after 11==. 2... yramid reflects children of %a%y %oomers. htt )**www.ac.wwu.edu*Fste han*Animation* yramid.html -. Gero 5or negative6 o ulation growth with immigration restrictions over a long eriod results in a slim rofile with a otential la%or shortage. Demographic Characteristics 1. Human ca ital has characteristics that are either achieved 5education, occu ation, etc.6 or ascri%ed 5race, sex, etc.6 2. $ducation is the most im ortant determinant of demogra hic trends, as it affects fertility, mortality, and migration. 3. 3a%or force artici ation is increasing in the tertiary sector in the '.7. economy at the ex ense of rimary activities, articularly agriculture. !. Per ca ita income is the most familiar index of economic develo ment that reflects residents; well+%eing and ca acity to consume. Economic Growth and Development 1. 0he three+corned de%ate over o ulation growth and develo ment centers on 5a6 the need for o ulation %y nationalists, 5%6 the "arxist view that o ulation growth er se does not ham er economic develo ment, %ut rather unCust social and economic institution, and 5c6 the neo+"althusians that o ulation growth can wi e out economic gains. 2. $conomic forces include the need for o ulation to create economies of scale that increase efficiency. However, excessive o ulation growth will exhaust resources and reduce living standards.

3. 0he carrying ca acity, or o ulation si(e that can %e maintained indefinitely, de ends on level of living chosen %y the country. !. "odern growth theory em hasi(es the roles of ca ital formation and new technology to achieve higher carrying ca acity for an economy. #. 0he age structure of o ulation affects the si(e of the la%or force and the saving rate necessary for investment. Demographic Forecasting at the Firm and City evel 1. Firms also have a life s an%irth, growth, maturity, die, and migrate. 2. 9rgani(ation ecology or firmography focuses on the advantages of geogra hic isolation 5avoiding com etition6 versus roximity 5agglomeration economies6 in the location and survival of a %usiness firm. 3. Firms use target mar4eting %ase on D=7 to rofile mar4et segments for a articular %usiness. 5$xam les in . E-+,16 !. 0he demogra hics of the firm are %eing affected %y two maCor factorstechnology and generation. a. 0echnology is restructuring or reengineering the wor4 lace environment to create the flexible economy. %. Denerational is the role of %a%y %oomers on consumer s ending, la%or roductivity, and olitical ower. #. Cor orations are no longer res onsi%le for a wor4er;s life, career, and retirement, %ut res onsi%ility is shifted to the individual. &. 7ta%le, hierarchical families are giving way to mo%ile, multi+ career, fast changing, flexi%le families in much the same way in order to achieve in the Co% mar4et. -. Firms and households are roCected to increasingly locate in excerbs roximate to larger metro olitan areas if they are to reduce the cost of living and increase the 8uality of life.

E. Customi(ation and flexi%ility to individual;s demands and needs will %e 4eys to a com anies success re8uiring creativity in roducts and services. 7maller, entre reneurial firms will create more Co%s than larger firms. ,. 0he customi(ed*flexi%le economy is the rough o osite of the standardi(ed economy of the ast. =ndividual;s wor4 is small, self+managing teams focused on a articular need or customer ro%lem. 3arge inventory %loats are reduced %y faster res onse to customers in niche mar4ets 5$xam le of /ell Com uter Cor oration6 Demographics for City Planning 1. Cities need to %egin with a regional growth forecast 5IDF6 %ased on D=7 to determine level and location of o ulation, the need and location of schools, hos itals, fire and olice rotection, and sewage and water treatment lants, (oning for land uses, trans ortation lans, roCected housing needs, roCected energy demands, air 8uality, etc. 2. Planning see4s to coordinate regional goals and olicies with general lan J develo ment atterns su%Cect to intergovernmental review rocedures.
Demographic Techni!ues