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Chapter 2: Member Design Section 4: Unrestrained Beams

Compression on top-half of the beam

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Basic Principal of lateral torsional buckling

Clamp at root

Slender structural elements loaded in a stiff plane tend to fail by buckling in a more flexible plane. In the case of a beam bent about its major axis, failure may occur by a form of buckling which involves both lateral deflection and twisting. Buckled position Dead weight load applied vertically

Unloaded position

Lateral-Torsional Buckling

M Perfectly elastic, initially straight, loaded by equal and opposite end moments about its major axis. Unrestrained along its length, L. End Supports

M L Elevation Section

Plan z u y x

Twisting and lateral deflection prevented. Free to rotate both in the plane of the web and on plan.

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Elastic buckling of beams

Critical Buckling Moment for uniform bending moment diagram is

M cr =
Includes:

2 EI y I w
L2

L2GJ + 2 I EI y y

Lateral flexural stiffness EIy Torsional and Warping stiffnesses GJ and EIw

Their relative importance depends on the type of cross-section used.

Behaviour of Beams
Mp Resistance Moment Mb Practical Region 35 Slenderness = L/ry 150 Elastic Failure Plastic Failure Elasto - Plastic Region Elastic Critical Moment M E

(ME - Mb)(Mp- Mb) = LT ME Mb LT = 0.007 (LT - o)

ME =

M p 2 E LT p y
2

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Factors Influencing Mb

Beam slenderness (L/ry) Bending stiffness (E Iy) Torsional stiffness (G J) Moment diagram shape Restraint and end conditions Whether the load is destabilizing

Destabilizing Load

e Neutral Stabilizing Load

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Beam with Intermittent restraint.

Intermediate Lateral Restraint

Resistance 2.5% of max force in the compression flange divided between the intermediate lateral restraints Should be connected close to the compression flange or at any level if torsional restraint provided Must be connected to bracing or have similar support from part of the structure

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Intermediate Restraint
Braced bay

BAY 1 Triangulated

BAY 2 Tied to braced bay

Unbraced length

Beam Stiffness > 25 times of unbraced element

unbraced element

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Torsional Restraint

Both flanges held in position relative to each other by external means At supports provided

by lateral restraint to both flanges by bearing stiffeners as for intermediate torsional restraint

Intermediate torsional restraint provided by triangulated bracing

Torsional Restraint

(a) Torsional restraint using connections

Positive Connection

Bracing for torsional restraint

(b) Torsional restraint using stiffeners

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LTB check:
mLT Mx Mb
Table 18

Table 16

Py

LT = u v w1/2
LE/ry

Section table Table 19 /x and

Cross section moment capacity Mx Mcx

Exemptions
No need to check for LTB in the following cases:

Bending about the minor axis CHS, square RHS or square/circular bars RHS, unless LE/ry > limits in Table 15

I, H, channel & box sections when LT L0 Table 15: limiting L/ry for RHS D/B = 1.25 L/ry limit = 770 x 275/py D/B = 1.5 L/ry limit = 515 x 275/py D/B = 2.0 L/ry limit = 340 x 275/py

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SHS and CHS under bending

No LTB

Buckling Resistance Moment Mb

For class 1 and 2: For class 3: or For class 4: Mb = pb Sx Mb = pb Zx Mb = pb Sx.eff Mb = pb Zx,eff

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Bending Strength pb

pb depends on LT and py If LT L0 then pb = py Otherwise pb is obtained from:

cl. 4.3.6.5

Table 16 for rolled sections Table 17 for welded sections

Bending Strength pb

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Equivalent Slenderness LT
LT = u v w1/2
u is the buckling parameter v is the slenderness factor is the slenderness = LE/ry For class 1 and class 2: w = 1.0 For class 3: w = Zx/ Sx or Sx eff/Sx For class 4: w = Zx eff/ Sx
Cl 4.3.6.7

Table19

Effective Length LE (Table 13, Cl4.3.5.2) LT = u v w1/2

Without intermediate lateral restraint:

use Tables 13 and 14 with LLT = LE

With intermediate lateral restraint:

Normal loads LE = 1.0 LLT Destabilizing loads LE = 1.2 LLT (simple beams only)

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Effective Length
(1)
(2) (3) (4) (5)

Case (1)

Case (2)

Case (3)

Case (4)

Case (5)

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Determination of LT
LT = u v w1/2

v is obtained from Table 19 for values of /x and

x is the torsional index = 0.5 for equal flanged sections = Iyc/(Iyc+Iyt) for unequal flanges

Annex B.2.3 gives formulae for u and x

V slenderness factor

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Equivalent Uniform Moment Factor mLT

Mx Mb/ mLT and Mx Mcx

For the normal loading condition

mLT is obtained from Table 18

For the destabilizing loading condition

mLT = 1.0

Factor mLT

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Summary
LTB check: mLT Mx Mb
Table 18 Section table Table 19 /x and LE/ry

py LT = u v w1/2

Cross section moment capacity check Mx Mcx

Design Procedure
1.Select section & determine py 2.Determine section class 3.Check Mx Mcx 4.Determine LE 5.Calculate slenderness = LE/ry 6.Determine u, v and w

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Design Procedure continued

7. Calculate LT = u v w1/2 8. Determine pb from table 16 or 17 9. Calculate Mb 10. Determine mLT from table 18 11. Check mLTMx Mb

EXAMPLE 1 Restrained beam

The maximum shear occurs at A and C.
Fvmax

225 kN W = 25 kN/m 533 x 210 x 101 UB Grade S355

25 10 225 + 2 2

= 238 kN
A

Simple connection
5m B 5m C

The moment at A and C = 0 The maximum moment occurs at B

Mmax

25 10 2 225 10 + = 875 kNm 8 4

225 2

The shear at B =

= 113 kN

Design Using Tables 533x210UB 101 S355 steel From Design Table Page 281 Section is plastic Shear capacity = 1200 kN > 238 The shear is low. Moment capacity = 901 kNm >875

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EXAMPLE 2 Unrestrained beam

The maximum shear occurs at A&C Fvmax=

225 1. 4 self wt + 2 2 = 112.5 + 0.07 = 113 kN

Lateral restraint
The maximum moment occurs at B 225 10 + Moment due to self wt Mmax = 4 = 575 kNm
Design using Tables 533x210UB 101 S355 steel, effective length = 5m From Design Table Page 327 Section is plastic Moment capacity Mb = 446 kNm for compact section Need to calculate mLT to complete the design

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The bending moment diagram between A & B is as follows:

M A= 0 M B= 575

Therefore, = 0

mLT = 0.6

table 18

The requirement is that: Mx = Mb/mLT andMx < Mcx Mx = 575 kNm < 446/0.6 = 740 kNm Mx = 575 kNm < 901 kNm

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Example 3: Unrestrained Propped Cantilever Beam

Check the section classification as Class 1 Section properties: T = 13.3 Design strength = y = 275 N/mm2 Table 9 ry = 3.23cm x = 37.5 Sx = 1290cm3 u = 0.868 The three lengths must be checked separately.

Table 11

(a) Length AB (1) LE = 4m

Beams with intermediate lateral restraints between the supports clause 4.3.5.2

ry = 3.24cm = LE/ry = 400/3.23 = 124 (2) x = 37.5, /x = 123.5/37.6 = 3.3 = 0.5 v = 0.897 Clause 4.3.6.7 or Table 19 (3) u = 0.868 (4) LT = uv w w = 1.0 for class1 sec tion = 0.868 x 0.897 x 124 x1.0 ; = 96.5 (5) = -150/280 = -0.54 mLT = 0.44; mLT Mx = 0.44(280) = 123 kNm Table 18 2 (6) LT= 96.5 , y = 275 N/mm b = 131 Table 16 -3 -6 -6 Mb = bSx = 131 (10 /10 ) x 12980 (10 ) = 169 kNm mLT Mx = 123 kNm < Mb = 169kNm i.e. length AB is OK!

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(b) Length BC (1) LE = 3m = LE/ry = 300/3.23 = 93 (2) /x = 93/37.5 = 2.48 = 0.5 v = 0.935 (3) u = 0.868 (4) = 190/280 = 0.679 Table 18 mLT = 0.87 mLT Mx = 0.87(280) = 244kNm

Clause 4.3.6.7 or Table 19

(5) LT = uv w = 0.868 x 0.935 x 93 x1.0 = 75 b = 176N/mm2 Mb = bSx = 176(10-3/10-6) x 1290(10-6) = 227 kNm mLT Mx = 244kNm > Mb = 227kNm NG!

Table 16

Try 457 x 191 x 67 and check Segment BC again Section properties: T = 12.7 Design strength = y = 275N/mm2 Table 9 x = 37.9 ry = 4.12cm Sx = 1470cm3 u = 0.872 /x = 72.8/37.9 = 1.92 = 0.5 v = 0.96 Clause 4.3.6.7 or Table 19 LT = uv w = 0.872 x 0.96 x 72.8 x1.0 = 60.9 b = 211.1N/mm2 Mb = bSx = 211 (10-3/10-6) x 1470 (10-6) = 310kNm > mLT Mx = 244kNm Table 16

OK!

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Using Design Table Page 245 457 x 191 x 67 UB S 275 Steel, Length = 3m Mb = 310kNm for compact section

Tutorial questions
What are the main different behaviour between laterally restrained and un-restrained steel beam? Unrestrained beam deflects and buckles laterally What are the main factors affecting the bending capacity of laterally unrestrained steel beams? Unbraced length, cross sectional shapes, loading, end support conditions etc. How do we prevent lateral torsional buckling of beams? Use hollow sections; provide adequate lateral bracing How do we ensure lateral restraints are effective? Need to anchor the lateral tie

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Reading assignment: BS5950:Part1 Cls 4.2 & 4.3 Chapter 2 Sections 3 & 4 Homework : Beams

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