Pork Barrel In the Philippines

Systems Plus College Foundation Balibago, Angeles City

Introduction To Modern Politics

Jennelle F. Africano AB Political Science/PSC05A

Mr. Christopher Flake Instructor

Pork Barrel In the Philippines Nowadays, all over the television radio and internet Philippine news was all about the controversial Pork Barrel Scam In August 2013 nationwide was blown, actually during past regimes Pork Barrel or Priority Development Assistance Fund became the biggest source of corruption among the legislators thats why Filipinos are not that shocked among this corruption issues arising in our country because we are very used to massive graft and corruption. Over the 10 Billion PDAF scam involving Janet Lim-Napoles, Senators and Congressmen led to widespread calls for abolition of the PDAF system. The term "pork barrel" is the budgetary allocation given to the members of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The amount was 70 Million for each of the Congressmen and 200 Million for each of the Senators beginning in the year 2006.

Pork barrel formally defined as the appropriations of public funds for projects that do not serve the interests of any large portion of the countrys citizens but are nevertheless vigorous promoted by a
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines small group of legislators because they will pump outside taxpayers money and resources into the local districts these legislators represent; an effective legislation and use of pork barrel results into the legislator being re-elected. For me, pork barrel funds are those allocated to politicians such as congressmen and senators, to be used, based on their decision, to fund programs or projects in their districts and fund their pockets. Supposed to be Pork barrel undermines the primary duty of Congress to draft and pass laws for the common good. It preserves and protects vested interests of those who are in power. The present-day P10-billion PDAF scam and the many billions more in anomalies of the past are a testament to this evil perpetuating social injustice.

If we would ask some Filipinos, to what do they know about Pork Barrel? basically some of them will said I dont know about Pork Barrel. We are citizens of the Philippines and we must be searching and making ourselves intact with the controversies happening around us. Why do they just ignore this? Because they
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines know that no matter what happens to the government, corruption will still occur. Money runs the world and that is a fact, basically where do this Priority Development Assistance Fund coming from? This PDAF comes from the taxpayers; this huge amount of money comes from the workers, from us the Filipino citizens. Should we let this not trustworthy officials just pocket some parts of our salary that we must have been enjoying instead of paying tax to them? Yes indeed we have our responsibility being a citizen of the Philippines; we are doing and giving our share, the government and the government official should also do their part as public officials. This seems to be so unfair. Pork Barrel or PDAF should be used for funding the needs of the people, improvements of public facilities, public transportation etc. Funding and helping people who are calamity victims- although we have separate budget for calamity victims, we can still use this PDAF for public welfare and public used. Another is for allocating budget to create agencies to help citizens have a source of living and make them productive. So that poverty in our country will decrease. The big question is, where do
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines these huge amount going to? Pork Barrel is a fund rendered by the national government for the senators and the congressmen. It was once headed as Countrywide Development Fund and later as Congressional Development Fund. It is presently branded as Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF). It used to be a catch phrase only few Filipinos care about, until it roared into a public awareness when an appalling spam of it arose. Some surveys show that this has been the alternative way of the elected senators and congressmen to put back their expenses from the election campaign. Apparently, this served as the milking cow of those who are in power. The supposed fund for the local innovations and improvements are trapped by the legislators who were entitled to administer it. This has caused an immense damage on our nations wealth.

These grounds are sufficient to finally eradicate the pork barrel. It has an evident effect being a core of corruption. Instead of fostering the needs of the less fortunate, it provides the pockets of those who are in power.
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines

Last August 26, 2013, the Million People March was held which occurred on National Heroes' Day called for the end of "pork barrel" and was joined by simultaneous protests nationwide and around the world. Because of controversial Janet Lim Napoles, including the senators: Ramon Revilla Jr., Juan Ponce Enrile, Jinggoy Estrada, Bongbong Marcos and Gringo Honasan. All of them transfer some amount Pork Barrel or PDAF to NGOs (Non-Government Organization). To which according to Commission on Audit transferring any amount of PDAF to NGOs or Non-Government Organization is illegal. Basically the mind setting of the people was this senator pocketed their PDAF for personal use. The nation has been disgusted by the pork barrel scandal for some time now. The pork barrel funds of some legislators appear to have been siphoned off to some fictitious NGOs with high sounding names and into the big pocket of one enterprising scam artist. According to an investigation conducted by the government (and reported widely in the media) the P10 Billion of PDAF (Priority Development Assistance Fund) money, the program financed by pork barrel, which had been disbursed
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines over some years, had been embezzled. President Aquino has indicated that he will reform the system. Initially, his statement was that he would abolish the pork barrel system. It is not clear how the system will change yet. Should we abolish Pork Barrel? Yes, No or we Just need to Reform it. In fact, little will be lost and a lot will be gained if the system is abolished and the funds directed to better targeted programs. Almost every one of us knows or has heard that the pork barrel system is joined with corruption. If the Pork Barrel is joined with corruption, then to stop corruption we must abolished this Pork Barrel thing. Some says that we should not abolished Pork Barrel because not all PDAF budget are wasted to fictitious government projects some of the money are allotted indeed to help and improve public welfare. Maybe there are still good Samaritans in the Philippine government officials. On the other side, President Aquino was not in favor for the abolition in favor for the abolition of the Pork Barrel, instead he stated that we can reform the system which holds and organize Pork Barrel or Priority Development Assistance Fund. Which side must be taken?

Pork Barrel In the Philippines Which side would fit to solve this controversy? We better talk about this three sides one by one.

Why Abolish the Pork Barrel?

The primary reason is, the PDAF or Priority Development Assistance Fund the so called Pork Barrel is the top most source of corruption in our country. It breeds patronage politics and the politics of immoral compromises between the executive and legislative branches of government. We are all tax payers we need to know and we need to have the Freedom of Information and the transparency for every transaction being done in the government. When the benefit is large and the obligation of the constituents is small, there is the tendency to demand for an increasing pork value. Pork barrel promotes inefficiency of public spending resulting to a loss in the welfare of the greater number of people, that is the marginal national benefit (benefit of carrying the national plan) against marginal local benefit (political district project). Looking at

Pork Barrel In the Philippines pork barrel as a reward for support of the ruling partys priority agenda, of the attribute of the legislator may result to corrupt the officials of its slightest padding of budget into the most horrendous misuse of public funds. PDAF projects effectively and efficiently addresses the needs of the political constituents as opposed to the national agenda. The misuse of the fund will be reduced when the mechanism of transparency and accountability will be put in place and correctly implemented. The money-making story could range from the receipt of "simple" commission to what has been reported by the national media recently, which is allocating money for ghost projects or bogus non-government organizations (NGOs). Billions of pesos in public funds have been lost to crooks this way. In the scam exposed as an alleged P10 billion scheme by some senators and congressmen in with a doubtful firm, whistle-blowers and probers named names. They are the proverbial big fishes. The problem is prosecution that, under our system, is slow and can be manipulated. It is because of our failure to punish the politiciancrooks that they spread in government, notably the Senate and the
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines House of Representatives. Because of the recently exposed scam, calls are again made to abolish the pork barrel. Of course, we know that won't happen. It's like the call for Congress to pass an antipolitical dynasty bill. As they say, nobody will make a hammer then bash their own heads with it.

Opposition to the move wont only come from senators and congressmen who stand to lose a source of riches and campaign funds but also from local government officials who get something from the monetary windfall. Then there are those who honestly feel pork barrel is their only way of snagging funds for needed projects. And what will the members of the committee of silence in Congress do without pork? The idea of abolishing the PDAF is actually a choice between the devil and the deep sea.

Doing so would deprive members of Congress of a major source of income but that would also mean congressional districts would
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines become too dependent on Manila-centric Malacaang for money to fund needed projects. Retaining the pork barrel, meanwhile, would mean maintaining the status quo together with all its faults.

For many years Filipinos have suffered because the money of the government that was supposed to be spent for excellent infrastructures, roads, education, healthcare, national defense and a lot more for the benefit of the people, are just gone to waste. For a lot of these money went to the pockets of the politicians in the Senate and the Lower house. They have glut themselves from the tax payer's money. Our legislators have constantly repeated that they never handle any of the money involved in the projects, and just choose the projects, which choices are limited to a list of projects that qualify or are acceptable by guidelines set up by the Department of Budget and Management. A list, by the way, that is as wide as all outdoors: livelihood, manpower, sports, and cooperative development, delivery of basic services, environmental protection, agricultural and fisheries diversity, rural
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines industrialization, development of local enterprises, social services in areas that would not be ordinarily undertaken by the private sector, and construction, maintenance, operations and management of infrastructure projects. Do these projects exist? The controversial Janet Lim Napoles, including the senators: Ramon Revilla Jr., Juan Ponce Enrile, Jinggoy Estrada, Bongbong Marcos and Gringo Honasan. All of them transfer some amount Pork Barrel or PDAF to NGOs (Non-Government Organization) which I have said stated above that transferring any amount of Pork Barrel to Ngos is illegal. The money that was transferred to NGOs which are supposed to be used for funding public infrastructure etc. was transformed to just a ghost projects and the money amounting to Billions disappears and nowhere to found. Janet Lim Napoles was the pin pointed as master mind of all this corruption and stealing of public funds which she used to pamper herself with luxurious and extravagant life. As far as I have watched in the news Janet Lim Napoles has 28 houses, here in the Philippines and abroad and also have multiple number real and personal property which the
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines Commission on Audit (COA) have questioned Napoles concerning about her assets.

Note: Janet Lim-Napoles, alleged brains of the P10-billion pork barrel scam whose surrender to President Aquino in Malacaang raised eyebrows, had her mug shots taken in Camp Crame. She is accused of serious illegal detention of whistle-blower Benhur Luy, her former employee and relative.

She became the middle man for proposing government projects then recommend and submit it to Congress, when Congressmen and Senators approved this proposed project basically they have to give the money to fund this projects, and this money will came from their own Pork Barrel or PDAF. Yes they have taken some large amount to their Pork Barrels and give it to the person which will handle the project. Unfortunately those proposed projects up until now, does not exist. And the money which they supposed to be used to fund these projects are gone. I believe that Napoles

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Pork Barrel In the Philippines cannot just do this on her own; she has a wall to lie on I mean she has the signal by higher authorities to execute this corruption and pocketing the pork barrel funds. This P10 Billion Pork Barrel Scam was an organization of all greedy government officials and their goal is just to make their pockets thick, to make people believe that they are good and at your service public official, wherein fact all of that is their contradictory. See government officials betraying the trust of the public? How can they be a role model to all of us if they, themselves has no discipline. Some legislators are very quiet during this controversy and a few are vocal. Those who found themselves accused of malpractice are promising more drama and political discussion. It seems to be one of the few issues in which there appears to be almost multi-party unanimous support. We have to know more about who get their releases of pork. Actually, almost all legislators are getting their allocations released to them. The exceptions are those who are under a cloud either they are out of political favor or under some problems. In short, it may be that the system is working for them. The pork is apparently as
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines popular to the party list congressmen as it is to the traditional legislator.

The senators involved in this scam are Bong Revilla (who transfers P 1.015 Billion to NGOs), Juan Ponce Enrile, (P 641.65 million), Jinggoy Estrada (P 585 million), Bongbong Marcos (P 100 million) at Gringo Honasan (P 15 million). They said, had allegedly coursed their priority development assistance fund (PDAF) to Social Development Program for Farmers Foundations Inc. (SDPFFI), Magsasakang Ani para sa Magsasaka Foundation Inc. (MAMFI), and Peoples Organization for Progress and Development Foundation Incorporated through Nabcor. The NGOs were all linked to Napoles. Revilla and Honasan as among the five senators who allegedly allocated portions of their pork barrel funds to ghost projects worth P10 billion. Senators Juan Ponce Enrile, Ferdinand Marcos Jr.and Jinggoy Estrada were also linked by the report to the alleged anomaly. Revilla, Enrile and Estrada were also identified in a recent Commission on Audit (COA) report as among the lawmakers who
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines supposedly received excess pork barrel funds from 2007 to 2009. Enrile said he is "ready to be investigated and prosecuted" in connection to alleged irregularities in the use of his pork barrel funds.

The PDAF is money allocated for lawmakers to be used in their pet development projects. Critics charge that they fund pork barrel projects which have traditionally been a source of corruption.

At the center of the controversy is businesswoman Janet LimNapoles, who allegedly connived with legislators to syphon off some P10 billion from the fund.

She has since gone into hiding after being charged with the illegal detention of a whistleblower.

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Pork Barrel In the Philippines The evolution of LGUs, although a significant milestone in the history of our governance, initially brought about so much unfunded national mandates. And so, the national agencies continued to package, finance and even implement devolved programs and projects. Not to be outdone, Congress has come into play with its own brand of assistance. True, the congressional funds or pork barrel can well serve a relevant purpose in funding the LGUs mandates. But more often than not, it has dishonored the integrity of the overall government structure. Many congressional initiatives are inconsistent with local development plans and are not a product of prior consultation with LGUs and communities.

PDAF, have effectively increased the role of Congress in devolved activities, which clearly contradicts the intention of the law, the Local Government Code. That is shifting the role of central agencies to policy-making, research and monitoring and technical assistance for LGUs. With the growing number of congressional programs and projects, the transition of LGUs and national agencies to their new
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines roles have taken an unfortunate extended period of time, which is the serious consequence of pork barrel undermine the capacity of the LGUs; disturbed the local leadership; and, to emphasize stall the process of local development. The fiscal effects of such policy have also been exerting pressure on the national budget like a double-edged sword as budgetary requirements have been growing for both national line agencies and LGUs for the same set of functions and sectoral objectives and worsen by the rapidly increasing congressional funds. Furthermore, as the pork barrel mostly has local applications, it is in many ways; except that it is nationally funded, which have different policies and rules in play vis--vis the locally funded projects. The national policies and rules are inherently ineffective in local procurement and/or implementation and this makes the congressional funds most vulnerable to graft and corruption.

Thats why public anger over the alleged misuse of pork barrel funds has led to the largest protest under the Aquino
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines administration, and has prompted President Benigno Aquino III to move for the abolition of the Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF), the formal name of pork barrel funds received by lawmakers every year.

The Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, in 2004, already came up with very comprehensive analyses on pork, entitled Pork is a Political, Not a Developmental, Tool and Legislators Feed on Pork. Despite damning revelations, all of our politicians, particularly those in Congress who directly benefit, simply have to turn a blind eye.

The result the primary duty of Congress to draft and pass laws for the common good is undermined. Instead, the interests of those who are in power are preserved and protected.

A constitutional provision allows the executive to funnel the fund where it is needed according to his discretion. It is also largely the
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines prerogative of the president to outlay his national agenda and financial plans to the house pending its approval. Special Purpose Funds is never mentioned in the constitution and both congress and the executive know it. The Priority Assistance Development Fund is highly controversial in nature and they both also know it. The president can exercise his veto power to cancel from the appropriation bill a pet project of a Representative or Senator. Congress will have to wrestle with the president to get the PDAF. Those who understand the very nature of the power of the purse should understand that this is exactly where the conflict arises. Let's be clear in saying that the role of lawmakers is what they said they are. They make the laws that are what they do. They have no right touching all or any part of any fund in the government in the first place. The loopholes are staggering as evidenced by its practice. The Napoles scandal has reinforced the notion that the longer a legislator stay in power, the cunning he gets in malversation.

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Pork Barrel In the Philippines It is morally right that the PDAF and all of its forms must and should be abolished and that government spending be put under the eyes of public scrutiny.

Countrywide development is slow in progress and sometimes terminated by bureaucracy. Although unarguably true is the dominant assumption that members of the house are more likely of the needs and wants of their own respective constituents, it is however highly regarded as patronage politicking therefore encourages abuse and dynasties. Some would say that to get rid of this inherent problem in a democratic form of government.

Identification and development projects start at the LGUs or, as someone suggested, a People's Coalition at the local level. If the locality does not have the capacity or cannot afford the funding of larger projects, an extension of help comes down from the national level through their respective representatives. Congress approves it based on identified priorities and LGUs receive funding from

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Pork Barrel In the Philippines implementing agencies. There is nowhere along this channel that says a Priority Development Fund or a special purpose fund is needed. Appropriated budget is already integrated in the various government agencies that are already in place and are ready to be used.

To understand how the money is being spent by the present administration is to understand the national budget. For this year alone, our national budget is a shattering 2 Trillion Pesos. DepEd has the largest slice of the pie, almost 300 Billion, and yet when school started in June there were widespread reports of classroom overcrowding, lack of teachers, and severe deficiency in textbooks. The Department of Agriculture has more than 70 Billion Pesos and yet farmers still rely on the PDAF for market roads and only a few actually received funding from the government.

We have all sorts of funds. They are tedious and some of it is never explained by the DBM. There are gross inconsistencies. There

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Pork Barrel In the Philippines are no reports on how exactly the special purpose funds are being spent.

So I support the call to eradicate the pork barrel in Congress if only to expose the political setup that is dependent on it. Pork barrel not only makes corrupt lawmakers rich; it also sustains their political lives. Many members of Congress dont know how to make laws but they win elections because they have pork to blind their constituents with. Also, part of that pork is spent to purchase corrupt voters. If we want to partly weaken the corrupt political setup, then we should abolish the pork barrel.

Why Not Abolish Pork Barrel?

On the other side of my mind Pork Barrel should not be abolished, why? Some of these funds are used in their right designation indeed prioritizing the needs of the people for common welfare. Not all legislators are using their Priority Development Assistance Fund just for
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines private or personal usage, some of these PDAF goes to some agencies which help and support unfortunate students to continue their studies and reach their dreams. So if ever that Pork Barrel or Priority Development Assistance Funds will be abolished, who will support the students who depend on the assistant fund given to them to pay their tuition fees and school fees?

PDAF funds can act as an equalizer for instances say, scholarships lack funding. It is just unfortunate that it is abused sometimes. The Presidents argument regarding the utility of the PDAF for both basic needs of people and development interventions actually made sense to me. As I have cited some PDAF allocations, around P10 million from Pork Barrel Funds most of which were used for scholarships.

In my view, it is wrong and unfair to say that all PDAF has been misused. This is especially true in the provinces where district representatives are often the last resort of constituents for health or other urgent needs. While recognizing however that the pork barrel system can sometime be used for the good, the PDAF and its predecessor mechanism the Countrywide Development Fund,
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines clearly provide many opportunities for irrational decision-making as well as corruption. By its very nature, pork barrel mechanisms are potentially anomalous because, when designed badly, they violate the constitutional principle of separation of powers. The CDF was according to the Court, a way of equalizing the unequal. But as one scholar has pointed out, the conclusion that legislators only make recommendations was in fact not entirely accurate. We know now that legislators actually tampered with implementation, among others, by endorsing favored contractors and/or NGOs. It would be interesting to know if the Supreme Court today would decide the same way given what we know about how the pork barrel system has been manipulated for personal gain.

Legislators should not stick only to passing laws. They do have other functions as representatives of the people. This includes a role in identifying projects in their localities and in enacting the national budget that funds these projects. Some legislators and representatives play and accomplished their jobs as voice of the masses, but only few of them.
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines I have watched the news last September 11, 2013, the interview to the former mayor of Manila Lito Atienza, Pork Barrel is necessary but wasting and spending it too much to unnecessary things is commonly not good. Filipinos are planning again for another rally to insist the abolition of the Pork Barrel. But as I have said this actually cannot be done totally by abolishing it. Pork Barrel is part of our governmental system. These funds are just circling around our society if used in their proper usage. But if we abolish Pork Barrel just for an example pork barrel was abolish we can now sort the true public officials who are willing to help the public without visualizing the Pork Barrel which are given to them annually.

How About Reforming the Pork Barrel System?

Aquino, who has made fighting against corruption a centerpiece of his administration, said there was nothing intrinsically wrong with the system but it has been abused by a few greedy individuals.

He promised to reform the corruption-plagued pork barrel fund.

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Pork Barrel In the Philippines Aquino said state funds can no longer be disbursed to NGOs and government corporations linked in the alleged PDAF scam. State firms such as the ZNAC Rubber Estate Corporation and the National Agribusiness Corporation will be abolished, he added.

He said under the new system, legislators could still identify projects but they would need approval and would be closely scrutinized.

The new project menu will prohibit consumable soft programs such as fertilizers and medicine and temporary infrastructure projects in the form of dredging, desalting, gravelling or asphalt overlay.

Aquino also issued guidelines to safeguard public funds, including the publication of bids and awarding of projects.

President Aquino admitted there is a need to improve the way funds are disbursed, saying there should be more restriction, wide safeguards and better monitoring of the implementation of projects.

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Pork Barrel In the Philippines "There were already huge improvements in safeguards which have lessened the chances pork barrel can be misused, but I think there are more ways we can improve the process so there would be no opportunities to take advantage of them," he said.

Aquino maintained it should really be the government departments implementing projects rather than the NGOs, and lauded the decrease of listed NGOs under his administration. But he also said it is hard to make any sweeping judgments since some NGOs are honest as well.

"I think it's difficult to generalize and say the whole system is wrong. What's just is to scrutinize how it was used. If it's right, we support it, if it's wrong then we stop and ensure it won't happen again." he said.

He also defended keeping the PDAF, which he said is largely useful in determining the needs of many communities especially outside Metro
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines Manila that the national government does not necessarily notice, and to address problems in districts known only to their respective lawmakers.

President Aquino cited having been able to use his pork barrel when he was a congressman to fix the MacArthur Highway which helped those passing through Tarlac.

"If we take it out, that means we rely on the national government to know the needs of every district and to solve these all the time. That's hard to do," he said.

What made the Old System of Pork Barrel prone to Abused?

For me, the lack of transparency in the system which leads to passive disengaged to Filipino citizens to it.

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Pork Barrel In the Philippines If ever that the Old System will be abolish I have read some article which suggest what will be the New System in holding Pork Barrel Funds.

After abolition there will be a new process to make sure each district and sector gets a fair and equal share of the budget for the new proposed system, as the National Budget is being prepared and legislated legislators must have already proposed specific projects to be implemented only for their specific districts or sectors. And the proposed project must follow the menu of the New System of the Pork Barrel, the proposed budget for specific projects will be received and deliberated upon, and it must be approved by the House of Representatives and the Senate. The approved projects will be included under the budgets of the implementing agencies. E.g. read and bridge projects which are under DPWH. The implementation of the project and releasing of the funds can be monitored through the website of the DBM (Department of Budget and Management) and the upcoming national data portals.

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Pork Barrel In the Philippines This new process contains additional restrictions to safeguard against corruption. It continues the practice of requiring that projects to be funded come from a specific menu of qualified projects and legislators cannot include consumable soft projects such as fertilizers, seeds, medicine, medical kits, dentures funding sports etc. these projects of which the result and output that we cannot exclusively identify, may possible be ghost projects and can turn into source of income of the corrupt, and the funds must be only limited to the district or sector of the legislator who sponsored it. Then all items will be subject to open and competitive bidding and it will be post on the Philippine Government Electronic Procurement System or PhilGEPS website. By then the public may monitor the implementation themselves. Of course for this system to work our cooperation is needed and required. The information must be there for us to monitor, we must do our part and also for the public official to their job and part to make it functional. We must work together to heighten transparency, to strengthen public accountability and to ensure that public funds are utilized justly in a manner it truly benefits the people.
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Pork Barrel In the Philippines Whether Pork Barrel will be abolish or not reform or not public officials must not destroy the trust of the people, they must serve us with whole honesty, with clean conscience and service with dignity. All these Pork Barrel anomalies must be truly investigated and punished all government officials who were involved in the scam; they pocket our money and used them for their own personal pleasure or whatsoever. Another we must strengthen and be strict and be fair if you commit mistake just like betraying public trust, face it. Face it without any Special Treatment for in the end just like the people who were inside the jail bars are just like these alligators of the government they are also these so CRIMINALS.

We have good government system; its just that the people who try to implement laws, rules are the ones who actually and literally break the laws. Curse them!

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Pork Barrel In the Philippines Sources:

http://manilastandardtoday.com/2013/08/31/abolishing-the-porkbarrel/

http://philippine-democracy.blogspot.com/2011/07/pork-barreland-philippine-politics-and.html

http://www.philstar.com/business/2013/09/04/1168741/porkbarrel-and-who-got-their-releases-2012

http://opinion.inquirer.net/56945/pork-barrel-costs-and-benefit

http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2013/09/04/1170321/betteruse-pork-barrel

http://manilastandardtoday.com/2013/08/31/abolishing-the-porkbarrel/

Rules and Regulations Implementing the Local Government Code of 1991. R.A &160, Philippine Copyright 2007, By Arellano v. Busto p. 262-276

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