Veloso, James Anthony V.

BS CHEMISTRY IV CHEM 152 LEC ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

Date: October 29, 2013

1. What is green chemistry? Give its 12 principles. How is green chemistry applied to industries? Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is a philosophy of chemical research and engineering that encourages the design of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances. Green chemistry shall mean the various measures which aim to mitigate the impact of chemicals on the environment using principles of atom balance, energy efficiency, pollution prevention, and the like. 12 PRINCIPLES of GREEN CHEMISTRY 12 principles of green chemistry help to explain what the definition means in practice. The principles cover such concepts as:

the design of processes to maximize the amount of raw material that ends up in the product;

the use of safe, environment-benign substances, including solvents, whenever possible;

the design of energy efficient processes; the best form of waste disposal: not to create it in the first place.

The 12 principles are: 1. It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed. 2. Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product.

3. Wherever practicable, synthetic methodologies should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment. 4. Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function while reducing toxicity. 5. The use of auxiliary substances (e.g. solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous when used. 6. Energy requirements should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. Synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure. 7. A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting wherever technically and economically practicable. 8. Reduce derivatives - Unnecessary derivatization (blocking group, protection/ deprotection, temporary modification) should be avoided whenever possible. 9. Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents. 10. Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they do not persist in the environment and break down into innocuous degradation products. 11. Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time, inprocess monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances. 12. Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to minimize potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires.

GREEN CHEMISTRY APPLICATION TO INDUSTRY Companies in all industries are paying increasing attention to the environmental impacts of their supply chains. A supply chain sustainability program naturally focuses on the chemicals and materials that get incorporated into a companys products and that get used in its production operations.The ultimate goal is to develop and institute alternative synthesis for important industrial chemicals in order to prevent environmental pollution Many chemical companies are working to develop chemicals from biobased sources that can function as greener drop-in substitutes for conventional petrochemicals. Downstream customers inherit supply-chain sustainability benefits by purchasing such materials. Bio-based chemical producers say their performance and cost approaches those of traditional chemicals. o Some of the methods employed are: Avoidance of toxics Use of benign feed stocks Reduction of use of endangered resources Production of safe chemicals Search for alternative processes to avoid harmful by-products Reduction of non-marketable by-products Improvement in operational practices

GOALS of GREEN CHEMISTRY APPLICATIONTO INDUSTRY (ILLUSTRATION):

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (PAST)

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (PRESENT)

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (FUTURE???)

2. Differentiate sewage water from industrial waste water in terms of composition and characteristics. How are these differences dealt with its treatment? Typical municipal sewage contains oxygen-demanding materials, sediments, grease, oil, scum, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, salts, algal nutrients, pesticides, refractory organic compounds, heavy metals, and an astonishing variety of flotsam ranging from childrens socks to sponges. Several characteristics are used to describe sewage. These include turbidity (international turbidity units), suspended solids (ppm), total dissolved solids (ppm),acidity (H+ion concentration or pH), and dissolved oxygen (in ppm O). Biochemical oxygen demand is used as a measure of oxygen-demanding substances.Current processes for the treatment of wastewater may be divided into three main categories of primary treatment, secondary treatment, and tertiary treatment.

The industrial wastewater on the other hand before treatment, should be characterized fully and thebiodegradability of wastewater constituents determined. There are many types of industrial wastewater based on different industries and contaminants; each sector produces its own particular combination of pollutants and its composition varies. Table 1 shows some of these industrial sectors with the corresponding pollutants. Table 1: Water Pollutants by the industrial sector

Wastewater can be treated by a variety of chemical processes, including acid/base neutralization, precipitation, and oxidation/reduction. Sometimes thesesteps must precede biological treatment; for example, acidic or alkaline wastewatermust be neutralized in order for microorganisms to thrive in it. Cyanide in the wastewatermay beoxidized with chlorine and organics with ozone, hydrogen peroxidepromotedwith ultraviolet radiation, or dissolved oxygen at high temperatures andpressures.Heavy metals may be precipitated with base, carbonate, or sulphide. Wastewater can also be treated by several physical processes. In some cases, simpledensity separation and sedimentation can be used to remove waterimmiscibleliquids and solids. Filtration is frequently required, and flotation by gas bubblesgenerated on particle surfaces may be useful. Wastewater solutes can be

concentratedby

evaporation,

distillation,

and

membrane

processes,

includingreverseosmosis,hyper filtration, andultrafiltration. Organic constituents can be removed bysolventextraction, air stripping, or steam stripping.

3. Differentiate global warming from ozone depletion in terms of: a. Causes Ozone depletion is caused by the discharge of certain aerosol propellants and CFC's, HCFC's into the atmosphere. The discharges rise to the ozone level in our atmosphere and bond with the oxygen molecules and take ozone away from the upper atmosphere. On the other hand, global warming is caused by the discharge of certain greenhouse gases including, but not limited to, CO2. These gases are trapped in our atmosphere and reflect heat, light and other items back down. The reason it is called a greenhouse effect is because the gases are trapped in our atmosphere like the discharges from plants in a greenhouse are. Global warming is controversial because it is undecided if it is caused by man's industrial and other pollutionsuch as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, or by nature (volcanoes, cows and such) or both. b. Effects to man and the environment Since the ozone layer absorbs UVB ultraviolet light from the sun, ozone layer depletion is expected to increase surface UVB levels, which could lead to damage, including increase in skin cancer and eye damage in human beings. The environment will also be negatively affected by ozone depletion. The life cycles of plants will change, disrupting the food chain. Effects on animals will also be severe, and are very difficult to foresee. Oceans will be hit hard as well. The most basic microscopic organisms such as plankton may not be able to survive. If that happened, it would mean that all of the other animals that are above plankton in the food chain would also die out. Other ecosystems such as forests and deserts will also be harmed. The planet's climate could also be

affected by depletion of the ozone layer. Wind patterns could change, resulting in climatic changes throughout the world. On the other hand, an increase in global temperature will lead toocean warming, a rise in sea levels and a change in the amount and pattern of precipitation or climate change, as well as a probable expansion of subtropical deserts. Warming is expected to be strongest in the Arctic and would be associated with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely effects of the warming include a more frequent occurrence of extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts and heavy rainfall, ocean acidification and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the loss of habitat from inundation. c. Chemistry involved The ozone layer depletion is caused by several pollutants. However, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are known to be chief among them. CFC molecules are stable, virtually indestructible until they reach the stratosphere. Here, the CFC molecules are broken apart by intense ultraviolet radiation and release the chlorine atoms they contain. These chlorine atoms react with ozone and break it down into ordinary oxygen molecules that do not absorb UV-radiation.

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There is no direct association between global warming and any chemical equations, because global warming is not a chemical process. However, these are some of the equations that are indirectly relevant to global warming. To produce some chemical equations, there is a need to look at the processes that release the important gases to the atmosphere, and that remove them again. Carbon dioxide and methane are the two gases to focus on. Carbon dioxide is naturally released to the atmosphere in the respiration (energy production) of animals, plants, and micro-organisms: (CH2O) + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + energy It is removed by the photosynthesis of green plants: CO2 + H2O + sunlight (energy) --> (CH2O) + O2 These two processes have normally maintained a fairly steady amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. The recent imbalance is usually attributed to burning of fossil fuel, which has been the main energy source to drive the industrial expansion of the 19th and 20th centuries. Coal: Natural gas: Oil: C + O2 --> CO2 + energy CH4 + 2 O2 --> CO2 + 2 H2O + energy C7H16 + 11 O2 --> 7 CO2 + 8 H2O + energy

(Oil is really a very complicated mixture of hydrocarbons. Heptane, C 7H16, is just one example). Methane is produced by the action of anaerobic micro-organisms. Methane production is not nearly such a good source of energy as using oxygen, and is a sort of last resort when oxygen is not available. Methane production occurs in swamps and marshes, in animal gut, and in termite mounds. 2 (CH2O) --> CO2 + CH4 + a little energy

The increase in methane is a bit more difficult to track down than carbon dioxide, but is thought to be the result of o A population explosion among termites as the result of forest clearing. Dead stumps and newly cleared grassland provide excellent habitat for them o An increase in the population of farm animals like cows and sheep which are particularly efficient methane producers. o An increase in the area of rice paddy.

d. Solutions to eradicate problem The solution to the problem of atmospheric ozone depletion is the total phasing out or ban of ozone depleting compounds. The production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances are controlled under a 1987 international agreement known as the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and by its subsequent Amendments andAdjustments. The Protocol, now ratified by all 196 United Nations members, establishes legally binding controls on nationalproduction and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). Production and consumption of all principal ODSs by developed and developing nations will be almost completely phased out before the middle of the 21st century. While the Montreal Protocol appears to be working, it will be decades at best before normal levels of atmospheric ozone are restored. There is no assurance that this is inevitable. The UNs Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002 report statesThe ozone layer will remain particularly vulnerable during the next decade or so, even with full compliance. The same report goes on to say because of changes in other influencing factors, such as changes in cloud cover, aerosols, or snow/ice cover, UV radiation may not return exactly to pre-ozone-hole values. On the other hand, the solution to global warming is developed within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that sets binding obligations on industrialised countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The UNFCCC is an environmental treaty with the goal of preventing "dangerous" anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) interference of the climate system.Actions taken by developed and developing countries to reduce emissions include support for renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and reducing deforestation. Under the Protocol, emissions of developing countries are allowed to grow in accordance with their development needs. Another suggestion is theimprovement of transportation system by using low carbon engines to reduce pollution. The Eco friendly environment should be insured as well as new technologies should be developed and deployed as soon as possible.

4. The following are major categories of water pollutants. Give one example of each and give one source and two harmful effects of the examples cited. a. Infectious agents Example:Bacteria Source: Human and animal wastes Two Harmful effects: Spread of diseases and death of aquatic organisms b. Organic chemicals Example: Pesticides Source: Households Two Harmful effects: Damage to nervous system and harm aquatic life c. Sediments Example: Soil Source: Land or soil erosion Two Harmful effects: Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This will affect other organisms in the food web.

d. Heat Example: Heat Source: Power plants Two Harmful effects: The warmer water decreases the solubility of oxygen in the water and it also causes water organisms to breathe faster. Many water organisms will then die from oxygen shortages, or they become more susceptible to diseases. e. Oxygen demanding wastes Example: Animal Manure Source: Sewage Two Harmful effects:Deplete oxygen levels in the water and aquatic life death f. Plant nutrients Example: Nitrates Source: Agricultural and urban fertilizers Two Harmful effects:Excessive algae growth and excessive nitrate levels in water g. Radioactive Materials Example: Uranium Source: Mining and processing of ores Two Harmful effects:Genetic problems, birth defects and cancer 5. Give an example of each of the following chemical or biochemical phenomena in soils operate to reduce the harmful nature of pollutants. a. Redox processes Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions are those involving changes of oxidation states of reactants. Such reactions are easiest to visualize as the transfer of electrons from one species to another. One of the most marked chemical effects of waterlogging is a reduction of pE by the action of organic

reducing agents acting through bacterial catalysts. Thus, the redox condition of the soil becomes much more reducing, and the soil pE may drop from that of water in equilibrium with air (+13.6 at pH 7) to 1 or less. One of the more significant results of this change is the mobilization of iron and manganese as soluble iron (II) and manganese (II) through reduction of their insoluble higher oxides:

b. Hydrolysis Hydrolysis, which involves the addition of H2O to a molecule accompanied by cleavage of the molecule into two products, is a major step in microbial degradation of many pollutant compounds, especially pesticidal esters, amides, and organophosphate esters. Chemical degradation of pesticides has been observed experimentally in soils and clays sterilized to remove all microbial activity. For example, clays have been shown to catalyze the hydrolysis of o,odimethyl-o-2,4,5-trichlorophenyl thiophosphate (also called Trolene, Ronnel, Etrolene, or trichlorometafos), an effect attributed to -OH groups on the mineral surface:

c. Sorption Properties and effects of soil in contact with water have to do with the sorption of solutes by the solid surface. Some kinds of surface interactions can be illustrated with metal oxide surface. Other inorganic solids, such as clays, probably behave much like solid metal oxides. Sorption of metal ions, Mtz+, by complexation to the surface is illustrated by the reaction

and chelation by the following process:

A metal ion complexed with a ligand, L, may bond by displacement of either H+ or OH-

Furthermore, in the presence of a ligand, dissociation of the complex and sorption of the metal complex and ligand must be considered as shown by the scheme below in which (sorbed) represents sorbed species and (aq) represents dissolved species:

The sorption of anions by solid surfaces is harder to explain than the sorption of cations. Phosphates may be sorbed on hydroxylated surfaces by displacement of hydroxides (ion exchange):

d. Precipitation Alkaline soils, orthophosphate may react with calcium carbonate to form relatively insoluble hydroxyapatite:

e. Acid Base reactions

f. Biochemical degradation Although insects, earthworms, and plants may play roles in the biodegradation of pesticides and other pollutant organic chemicals,

microorganisms have the most important role. The aerobic degradation of organic matter is conveniently written as

6. Why does most flowing water that contain dissolved load originate from ground water? As part of the water cycle, groundwater is a major contributor to flow in many streams and rivers and has a strong influence on river and wetland habitats for plants and animals. Generally, water underground is more like water in a sponge. It occupies the spaces between soil and rock particles. At a certain depth below the land surface, the spaces between the soil and rock particles can be totally filled with water, resulting in an aquifer from which groundwater can be pumped and used by people.

ILLUSTRATION:

Some of the precipitation that falls onto the land infiltrates into the ground to become groundwater. Once in the ground, some of this water travels close to the land surface and emerges very quickly as discharge into streambeds, but, because of gravity, much of it continues to sink deeper into the ground. If the water meets the water table (below which the soil is saturated), it can move both vertically and horizontally. Water moving downward can also meet more dense and water-resistant non-porous rock and soil, which causes it to flow in a more horizontal fashion, generally towards streams, the ocean, or deeper into the ground. 7. What are hazardous wastes?How these wastes managed in order to reduce or minimize its presence and effects? Hazardous wastes are any unwanted material for disposal of which poses a threat to the environment, i.e. it is explosive, flammable, oxidizing, poisonous/infectious, radioactive, corrosive and/or toxic/Eco toxic. The waste can be managed by treatment. It can be treated chemically (i.e. by neutralization, oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, precipitation), physically (encapsulation, separation), biologically (using microorganisms) or thermally (incineration). Most treated waste is then deposited in landfills. To prevent landfills themselves being environmental hazards, conditions of resource consents granted under the Resource Management Act 1991 generally control the types of waste that can be deposited in them and the landfill design. 8. Differentiate basicity, alkalinity and acidity. What species are responsible for basicity and acidity in water? How are acidity and alkalinity measured? Basicity is an intensity factor indicating pH value (high basicity high pH

value; low basicity indicates low pH) whereas alkalinity is a capacity factor indicating the capacity to accept H+. The term acidity can be used interchangeably as an intensity factor indicating pH value (high acidity low pH value; low acidity only depends on how you use the term.

indicates high pH) or as a capacity factor indicating the capacity to accept OH -. It

ILLUSTRATION/EXAMPLE: A solution above pH 7 can be called BASIC or ALKALINE -A solution of weak base like bicarbonate has a much lower pH than an equal concentration of a strong base such as NaOH, but the two will neutralize nearly the same amount of acid. Thefirstsolution is much more basic, but the two have the same alkalinity. CONCLUSION:Water does not have to be strongly basic (high pH) to have a high alkalinity. SPECIES RESPONSIBLE: In general, bicarbonate ion, carbonate ion, and hydroxide ion are the basic species responsible for water alkalinity.Existence of weak acids such as CO2, H2PO4-, H2S, proteins and fatty acids as well asfree mineral acidssuch as HCl and H2SO4are the major reasons for water acidity thoughacidic metal ions, particularly Fe3+, may also contribute to acidity. MEASUREMENT: Alkalinity may be determined by titration with H2SO4using double indicator method of titration. Phenolphthalein alkalinity, is determined by titrating the water with acid to the pH at which HCO3- is the predominant carbonate species (pH 8.3) and the total alkalinity is determined by titrating with acid to the methyl orange endpoint (pH 4.3) where both bicarbonate and carbonate species will be converted to CO2. Acidityis determined simply by titrating hydrogen ion withbase. Titration to the methyl orange endpoint (pH 4.5) yields the free acidity dueto strong acids (HCl, H2SO4). Carbon dioxide does not, of course, appear in thiscategory. Titration to the phenolphthalein endpoint, pH 8.3, yields total acidity andaccounts for all acids except those weaker than HCO3-

9. Environmental studies show that indoor pollution generally is 2-5 times higher inside homes and buildings. Explain why? Give 5 of these pollutants; indicate their sources and harmful effects. Suggest ways to reduce if not remove these substances. Levels of indoor pollution generally is 2-5 times higher inside homes and buildings becauseits exposure has increased due to a variety of reasons, including the construction of more tightly sealed buildings, reduced ventilation, the use of synthetic materials for building and furnishing and the use of chemical products, pesticides, and household care products.Inadequate ventilation can increase indoor pollutant levels by not bringing in enough outdoor air to dilute emissions from indoor sources and by not carrying indoor air pollutants out of the home. High temperature and humidity levels can also increase concentrations of some pollutants. In comparison to outdoor pollution, it generally has lower level than indoor pollution since new engine models and lead free fuels have cut the levels of particulate matter emissions from car exhaust.

EXAMPLES OF INDOOR AIR CHEMICAL POLLUTANTS Carbon monoxide, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), volatile organic compounds (VOC), cyclodienes, and lead are some examples of these pollutants. 1. CARBON MONOXIDE SOURCE: In the home, any fuel-burning appliance that is not adequately vented and maintained can be a potential source of CO. HARMFUL EFFECTS:CO is an odourless, colourless gas that can cause sudden illness and death. It is a result of the incomplete combustion of carbon. Headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, chest pain, and confusion are the most frequent symptoms of CO poisoning. According to the American Lung Association (ALA), breathing low levels of CO can cause fatigue and increase chest pain in people with chronic heart disease. Higher levels of CO can cause flulike symptoms

in healthy people. In addition, extremely high levels of CO cause loss of consciousness and death. WAYS TO CONTROL/REDUCE:The following steps should be followed to reduce CO (as well as sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen) levels:
o o

Never use gas-powered equipment, charcoal grills, hibachis, lanterns, or portable camping stoves in enclosed areas or indoors. Install a CO monitor in appropriate areas of the home. These monitors are designed to provide a warning before potentially life-threatening levels of CO are reached.

Choose vented appliances when possible and keep gas appliances properly adjusted to decrease the combustion to CO. (Note: Vented appliances are always preferable for several reasons: oxygen levels, carbon dioxide buildup, and humidity management).

Only buy certified and tested combustion appliances that meet current safety standards, as certified by Underwriters Laboratories (UL), American Gas Association (AGA) Laboratories, or equivalent.

Assure that all gas heaters possess safety devices that shut off an improperly vented gas heater. Heaters made after 1982 use a pilot light safety system known as an oxygen depletion sensor. When inadequate fresh air exists, this system shuts off the heater before large amounts of CO can be produced.

Use appliances that have electronic ignitions instead of pilot lights. These appliances are typically more energy efficient and eliminate the continuous low-level pollutants from pilot lights.

o o o

Use the proper fuel in kerosene appliances. Install and use an exhaust fan vented to the outdoors over gas stoves. Have a trained professional annually inspect, clean, and tune up central heating systems (furnaces, flues, and chimneys) and repair them as needed.

Do not idle a car inside a garage.

2. Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) SOURCE:The National Cancer Institute (NCI), states that ETS is the combination of two forms of smoke from burning tobacco products: Side stream smoke, or smoke that is emitted between the puffs of a burning cigarette, pipe, or cigar; and mainstream smoke or the smoke that is exhaled by the smoker. HARMFUL EFFECTS:Like CO, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), also known as second hand smoke, like CO, is a product of combustion. The physiologic effects of ETS are numerous. ETS can trigger asthma; irritate the eyes, nose, and throat; and cause ear infections in children, respiratory illnesses, and lung cancer. ETS is believed to cause asthma by irritating chronically inflamed bronchial passages. Additionally, passive smoking can lead to coughing, excess phlegm, and chest discomfort. NCI also notes that spontaneous abortion (miscarriage), cervical cancer, sudden infant death syndrome, low birth weight, nasal sinus cancer, decreased lung function, exacerbation of cystic fibrosis, and negative cognitive and behavioural effects in children have been linked to ETS. WAYS TO CONTROL/REDUCE: The following actions are recommended in the home to protect individuals especially children from ETS:
o o

If individuals insist on smoking, increase ventilation in the smoking area by opening windows or using exhaust fans Refrain from smoking in the presence of children and pregnant; do not allow babysitters or others who work in the home to smoke in the home or near children.

3. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) SOURCE:Originate mainly from solvents and chemicals. The main indoor sources are perfumes, hair sprays, furniture polish, glues, air fresheners, moth repellents, wood preservatives, and many other products used in the house. HARMFUL EFFECTS:The main health effect is the imitation of the eye, nose and throat. In more severe cases there may be headaches, nausea and loss of coordination. In the long term, some of the pollutants are suspected to damage to the liver and other parts of the body. WAYS TO CONTROL/REDUCE:To lower levels of VOCs in the home, follow these steps:
o o o o o

Use all household products according to directions; Provide good ventilation when using these products; Properly dispose of partially full containers of old or unneeded chemicals; Purchase limited quantities of products; and Minimize exposure to emissions from products containing methylene chloride, benzene, and perchlorethylene.

4. LEAD SOURCES: The most common source of lead indoors is old paint found in homes built before 1978.Left untouched and in good condition, lead-based paint may not pose a significant health hazard. However, if it is chipped or deteriorating, paint can create dust, chips and airborne particles that can be inhaled. Activities like remodeling, scraping and demolition also cause paint particles to become airborne. Leadcontaminated soil and dust tracked indoors from outside also contribute to indoor lead pollution.Lead levels in soil are higher near sources such as lead smelters, mines, old agricultural fields and heavily trafficked roadways.Lead dust from workplace exposures also may be brought home and add to indoor air pollution. HARMFUL EFFECTS:Exposure to lead can harm nearly every system in the body. It can even kill. Lead accumulates in bones, liver and kidneys and can get into the

blood. The effects of lead poisoning may continue after the source of exposure has been eliminated.Lead primarily affects the nervous system of both adults and children. It can harm cognitive functions, cause behavioral problems and decrease IQ. Young, developing nervous systems are the most sensitive to the harmful effects of lead. As a result, children are most vulnerable to lead pollution. Acute effects of lead poisoning include seizures,paralysis,anemia (lack of red blood cells),abdominal pain,constipation,vomiting,decreased appetite anddeath.Chronic, on-going exposure to high levels of lead may also cause severe damage to the brain and kidneys,reproductive system damage, and increased blood pressure. WAYS TO CONTROL/REDUCE: If you suspect lead-based paint in your home, take steps to protect your family.
o

Leave lead paint alone and intact if possible . Paint over it rather than trying to remove it. Or hire a professional to remove it. If the paint is flaking, damp-mop floors to remove contaminated dust and wipe window ledges with a warm, damp rag and phosphate-containing dishwashing detergent.

If you plan on renovating, take important precautions . Hire a specialist who is trained to remove lead paint. Keep areas being remodeled separate from living areas. Dont let children near the remodeling site. Keep your home dust-free. If possible, leave lead-based paint untouched if it is in good condition.Pregnant women and children should leave the building until the work is completed.

Dont bring lead into the home. People who work with lead should follow standards set by the Occupational Health and Safety Administration , such as wearing proper protective gear. Do not bring dirty clothing or equipment that might have been exposed to lead particles into your home.

5. CYCLODIENE SOURCE: PESTICIDES HARMFUL EFFECTS: The health effects of pesticides vary with the product. However, local effects from most of the products will be on eyes, noses, and throats; more severe consequences, such as on the central nervous system and kidneys and on cancer risks, are possible. The active and inert ingredients of pesticides can be organic compounds, which can contribute to the level of organic compounds in indoor air. More significantly, products containing cyclodiene pesticides have been commonly associated with misapplication. Individuals inadvertently exposed during this misapplication had numerous symptoms, including headaches, dizziness, muscle twitching, weakness, tingling sensations, and nausea. In addition, there is concern that these pesticides may cause long-term damage to the liver and the central nervous system, as well as an increased cancer risk. WAYS TO CONTROL/REDUCE: EPA offers the following recommendations for preventing accidental poisoning:
o

Store pesticides away from the reach of children in a locked cabinet, garden shed, or similar location;

Read the product label and follow all directions exactly, especially precautions and restrictions;

o o

Remove children, pets, and toys from areas before applying pesticides; If interrupted while applying a pesticide, properly close the package and assure that the container is not within reach of children;

Do not transfer pesticides to other containers that children may associate with food or drink;

Do not place rodent or insect baits where small children have access to them;

Use child-resistant packaging properly by closing the container tightly after use;

Assure that other caregivers for children are aware of the potential hazards of pesticides;

o o

Teach children that pesticides are poisons and should not be handled; and Keep the local Poison Control Center telephone number available.

10. A coal-fired power plant has been approved for construction in our city. Give 5 benefits and 5 harmful effects that it can bring to our community. ADVANTAGES: 1. Reliability. Coals ability to supply power during peak power demand either as base power or as off-peak power is greatly valued as a power plant fuel. It is with this fact that advanced pulverized coal fired power plants are designed to support the grid system in avoiding blackouts. 2. Affordability. Energy produced from coal fired plants is cheaper and more affordable than other energy sources. Since coal is abundant, it is definitely cheap to produce power using this fuel. Moreover, it is not expensive to extract and mine from coal deposits. Consequently, its price remains low compared to other fuel and energy sources. 3. Abundance. There are approximately over 300 years of economic coal deposits still accessible. With this great amount of coal available for use, coal fired plants can be continuously fuelled in many years to come. 4. Known technologies. The production and use of coal as a fuel are well understood, and the technology required in producing it is constantly advancing. Moreover, coal-mining techniques are continuously enhanced to ensure that there is a constant supply of coal for the production of power and energy.

5. Safety. Generally, coal fired plants are considered safer than nuclear power plants. A coal power plant's failure is certainly not likely to cause catastrophic events such as a nuclear meltdown would. Additionally, the welfare and productivity of coal industry employees has greatly improved over the years. In fact, injuries, time lost, and fatalities have decreased significantly in the past years. DISADVANTAGES 1. Greenhouse gas emissions . It cannot be denied that coal leaves behind harmful by-products upon combustion. These by-products cause a lot of pollution and contribute to global warming. The increased carbon emissions brought about by coal fired plants has led to further global warming which results in climate changes. 2. Mining destruction. Mining of coal not only results in the destruction of habitat and scenery, but it also displaces humans as well. In many countries where coal is actively mined, many people are displaced in huge numbers due to the pitting of the earth brought about by underground mining. Places near coal mines are unsafe for human habitation as the land could cave in at anytime. 3. Generation of millions of tons of waste . Millions of tons of waste products which can no longer be reused are generated from coal fired plants. Aside from the fact that these waste products contribute to waste disposal problems, these also contain harmful substances. 4. Emission of harmful substances . Thermal plants like coal fired plants emit harmful substances to the environment. These include mercury, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, mercury, selenium, and arsenic. These harmful substances not only cause acid rain but also are very harmful to humans as well. 5. Explosive. Coal dust is an extreme explosion hazard, so transportation and storage must take special precautions to mitigate this danger.

11. What can say about the statement: Dilution is the solution to pollution. The statement means that the easiest way to resolve the pollution problem is to make it less concentrated. If its air pollution, add more clean air and you dilute it. If its water pollution, add more clean water and you dilute it.The diluted pollution is not harmful because the concentrations of disease-causing pollutants or hazardous substances were lowered and was proven to be less harmful or had no adverse effect in animal studies. The dilution of pollutants will be an effective method of disposal provided that it is biodegradable. However, since pollution levels have increased due to several factors like increase in the population, chemical factories, fuel transportation as so much in amount and toxicity, I think that this approach is no longer acceptable. The biggest factor that will contribute in resolving the pollution problem is prevention. If we want a healthy environment, then we must create less pollution.