Primary Sources: Beals, Melba Pattillo.

Warriors Don't Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock's Central High. This primary source is a first hand account of the battle for equality which we used because it provided a deeper perspective on the whole topic. We got to see inside the mind of a girl who was involved in the little rock nine. Christianson, Stephen G. "Brown V. Board Of Education: 1954." Great American Trials (2003): 466-470. History Reference Center. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. This primary source was useful in getting information that aided in giving us facts that we could use to support our arguments. This book provided us with ample amounts of evidence that we used to support our argument. Davidson, Gordon B., et al. "Supreme Court Law Clerks' Recollections Of Brown V. Board Of Education Ii." St. John's Law Review 79.4 (2005): 823-885. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. This primary source was a clerks recollection of the brown v board of education case. This was a really good source we found because it provided us with a first hand account of the trial itself. Elizabeth Eckford at Little Rock, Arkansas. 1957. Photograph. Little Rock. BlackPast.org. Web. 30 Oct. 2013.

This a primary source because it was a photograph. I was able to interpret the tension and hate that the Little Rock Nine had to endure from all the angry white people in hat place. This source was reliable because the picture was taken during that time period. Godwin, Vendell. Letter to Darla Buchagan. 13 Mar. 1953. Selected Articles. 2004. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. This primary source was a letter written from Superintendent Godwin to Miss Buchagan. With this source I was able to interpret the relationships and tone between black and white school administrators. I used this source in the social impact paragraph. This is source was very reliable since it was a document that came from the same time period. Lanier, Carlotta, A Mighty Long Way: My Journey to Justice at Little Rock Central High School, Random House, 2009 This primary source is a first and account of a girl who was part of the little rock nine. We used this source because it not only gave us insight into the event of the little rock nine but gave us first hand personal accounts. Nagle, Mary Kathryn. "Standing Bear V. Crook: The Case For Equality Under Waaxe's Law." Creighton Law Review 45.3 (2012): 455-502. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. This primary source is another case similar to brown v board of education. We used this as a source to see how people from another state not a deep in the south would react to the integration of blacks and whites in the school system.

Rosa Louise Parks. A Call to Conscience: The Landmark Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Ed. Clayborne Carson and Kris Shepard. Grand Central Publishing, 2002. This primary source was valuable in looking at the events that occurred because of things like Brown v board of education. This primary source was crucial in giving us the effects of the equal rights movement in education. Soldiers That Were Ordered to Protect the Little Rock Nine. 1957. Photograph. Little Rock, Arkansas.This picture is a primary source of the 9 soldiers that had to protect the Little Rock Nine. This source was very helpful and the reason why I used this source was because I wanted to know what the tone and attitude of the soldiers were at that time. This source was reliable because it came from that time period. Telegram from M. R. Lee, Courtland, to Governor Thomas B. Stanley, Richmond. May 25, 1954. Office of the Governor, Thomas B. Stanley Papers.This primary source was a telegram to Governor Stanley. This source helped me because I got to see what many southerners thought of the decision. I used this source in the social impact paragraph. This source was very reliable since it came from the same time period. Secondary Sources:

"Little Rock Nine - Encyclopedia of Arkansas." Little Rock Nine - Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Web. 31 Oct. 2013. This source was a website and it gave the state of Arkansass point of view of the events of the Little Rock Nine. It was very helpful because it gave some interesting information that I was not able to find on any other source. This source was reliable because it had primary sources in there as well cited other credible sources in its bibliography. "Little Rock Nine Foundation. Web. 31 Oct. 2013. This source was a website that I used to get a broad understanding of the actual Little Rock Nine since they had biographies of each one. This source was very reliable because it had first hand accounts of each of the Little Rock Nine. This website was also helpful because it provided links to other useful websites. "Sistas - Study Guide, Historical Background." Sistas - Study Guide, Historical Background. Web. 31 Oct. 2013. This source is a website which makes it a secondary source. In this source, I was able to identify key moments of the Brown v. Board of Education case and the Little Rock Nine. This source was pretty reliable because it had pictures and quotes from people of that time period. "The Little Rock Nine." The Little Rock Nine. Web. 31 Oct. 2013. I used this source to get basic information of each person like where and when they were born. But besides that, this source was not that helpful since that was the only

information it gave. They source may have been unreliable because it wasnt very detailed. This source was website which made it a secondary source. Brown Case - Belton V. Gebhart | Brown Foundation. Web. 13 Sept. 2013. This secondary source was a website and it was used to help me understand one of the five cases included in the Brown v. Board of Education case. This source was very detailed and went in depth with this one case; from the actions that causes of why the case was filed all the way to when it was reviewed by the Supreme Court. This source was used in the third main body paragraph. This source is reliable because it was well written and had much detail. Brown Case - Bolling V. Sharpe | Brown Foundation. Web. 13 Sept. 2013. This source was a website and this broadened my understanding of one of the cases and that was reviewed by the Supreme Court. This was very in depth since it only analyzed one case out of the many others. I used this source in the third main body paragraph where I explained what the event was. This source was reliable because the information I found on this source was backed by different sources. Brown Case - Briggs V. Elliott | Brown Foundation. Web. 13 Sept. 2013. This website was a secondary source that I used in the third main section where I introduce what the main event/turning point is. This source was very useful because I got to see an in depth analysis of an important case which would eventually be a part of the Brown v. Board of Education case. I used this source in the section where I address the turning point. This source was reliable because it was very well written.

Brown Case - Davis V. Prince Edward County | Brown Foundation. Web. 13 Sept. 2013. This source that I used was a website, which makes it a secondary source. I used this in the paragraph where I talk about the main event. This source was very helpful because it was very detailed in describing and analyzing the main events related with this case. I used this source where I introduced the main turning point. This source was reliable because the information on this source was similar to other sources I used. Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas - Brown V. Board at Fifty: With an Even Hand | Exhibitions - Library of Congress. Web. 5 Sept. 2013. This source was a website and it was very helpful because it described many of the events that led up to the main event and then describing many of the effects that soon followed. Although this case explained many different events, it wasnt as in depth as some other sources. I used this source in the background paragraph, as well as the social, and intellectual actions paragraph. This source is reliable because it came from a government website. Brown V. Board of Education Timeline. Web. 9 Sept. 2013. This secondary source that I used was a website with events that occurred before and after the Brown case. Although there were many useful facts, there was no in depth analysis of each event, and so I used this website to help me look for other topics (events) I should be researching. This source was somewhat reliable because it had many facts but didn't have explanations to back it up. BROWN V. BOARD: An American Legacy | Teaching Tolerance. Web. 1 Sept. 2013.

This website was very useful in beginning my research since it explained some very key points well in depth. I used this source in the background paragraph as well as the social impacts paragraph and long term changes paragraph. This was a reliable source because it was well written and it had many similar evidence to other sources. Documents Related to Brown V. Board of Education. Web. 9 Sept. 2013. This secondary source was a website but included many primary sources within it. This was very helpful because the primary sources helped me get a perspective of what people were feeling and how they were reacting as a result of the case. I used this source in the social and political actions paragraphs. This was a reliable source because there were many primary sources that it used to support its argument Fifty Years Later. Special issue, Arkansas Times. September 20, 2007. This source was a newspaper article which makes it a secondary source. I used this source when I first started my research in order to gain a broader understanding of the topic. This source seemed unreliable because it was a newspaper article and it didnt have much sources to back up the information. Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record. Web. 14 Aug. 2013. This was also a secondary source with a primary source in it. I used this source to help me learn more about the conditions of schools in Topeka. This source was very detail in talking about the differences between the white schools and black schools. I used this

source in the background paragraph. This source was reliable because it had a primary source where it based its argument off of. History of Brown V. Board of Education. Web. 5 Sept. 2013. This secondary source was also a website that and I used to gain more knowledge on the topic since described all the events that the Supreme Court made in order to reach the final decision. I used this source in the turning point paragraph as well as the background paragraph. This source was reliable because there was a lot of detail in it and there were no grammatical errors. Selected Articles. Web. 14 Aug. 2013. This source was a website that included some primary sources in there. It was very detailed in explaining how each primary source contributed to the tone of the time period. I use this source along with the primary sources within it in the background paragraph, as well as the social and political impact paragraphs. This source was reliable because it used primary sources to back up its facts. The Global Impact of Brown V. Board of Education: SCOTUSblog. Web. 9 Sept. 2013. This source was a website that I used to help me understand how segregation in America affected their relationship with the whole world. This source introduced many people's opinions and perspectives about segregation but didnt really go into depth. I used this source in the intellectual paragraph. This source may have not been as reliable because it came from a blog website.

The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow. Jim Crow Stories . Plessy V. Ferguson | PBS. Web. 12 Sept. 2013. This source was a website, which makes it a secondary source. This source was very detailed in explaining the unfair laws put up against the blacks since slavery ended. This source helped me analyze specific examples of laws that the blacks had to endure. I used this source in the background paragraph. This source was reliable because it cited many laws and regulations in its argument. The State Responds: Massive Resistance. Web. 13 Sept. 2013. This source was a website that I used. In this source, it explained about the actions that the South took in order to resist the new amendment. With the information from this source, I was able to form my argument. I used this source in the social impact portion of my paper. This source was reliable because it had primary sources within it. Thurgood Marshall And Brown V. Board Of Ed.: NPR. Web. 9 Sept. 2013. This source was a website. In this source, I was able to get an in depth look of the life of Thurgood Marshall who was one of the key people in making this case successful. I used in the turning point section as well as the background paragraph. This source was reliable because it included dates that were important in his life. What Was Brown V. Board of Education? Web. 1 Sept. 2013 This source was a website that I used. In this website in just reviewed some facts within the case and events that led up to it. This source wasn't very much detailed and so I just

used it to start my research. I did use this source in the changes paragraph. This source was reliable because all the information was backed by other sources. White Flight. Web. 14 Sept. 2013. This source was a website and it helped me learn more about the whites' reaction to the new amendment since it explained the actions whites had taken since the decision was made. I used this source in the social impact paragraph. This source was reliable because it had charts and statistics in it. Baer, Frances Lisa. Resistance to Public School Desegregation: Little Rock, Arkansas, and Beyond (2008) This secondary source talks about the efforts the students and their parents made to desegregate the schools, it helped us by providing a lot of supporting evidence that was key to our argument. Banks, James A. Introduction to Multicultural Education. 4th ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2007. Though my group was unable to obtain this secondary source, this book emphasizes on the ideas of multicultural curriculum and how it differed from segregated curriculum. This would help me group develop our ideas about educational curriculum after desegregation. Bankston III, Carl. Civil Rights Movement. Salem Press. Accessed October 31, 2013. This secondary source presented information about the Civil rights movement during the mid1950s to late 1960s. It gave specific historical origins as it also gave key organization that help

make this movement possible. This gave insight to our group about the Civil Rights Movement and gave us a very basic background about this time period. Baradat, Leon P. Political Ideologies: Their Origins and Impact. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 2003. This Introduction book introduces the ideas of political science, and political theory to high school students. To obtain this book, it would help my group develop understandings about political ideologies during the time of desegregation. Barnes, Catherine A. Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983 Though my group was unable to obtain this secondary source, this books goes over various political philosophies on immigration. Also this book end up describing the implications of desegregation in the south as it also goes over liberal practices throughout liberal democratic states. Bates, Daisy. The Long Shadow of Little Rock. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000. This source is a secondary source. I used this to learn more about the long term effects of the Little Rock Nine event. This source was very detailed with its information and explained greatly. This source was reliable because many of the facts it had matched up with facts from other sources. Also, it was grammatically correct. Beals, Melba Pattillo. Warriors Dont Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rocks Central High. New York: Washington Square Books, 1994.

I used this source to get a very insight and personal look of what each of the Little Rock Nine had to face every day while going to school there. It showed in great detail and with much emotion how each one of them felt as they were threatened every single day. This source was reliable because it had quotes from people of that event. Belknap, Michal R. Civil Rights, The White House, and the Justice Department. New York: Garland, 1991. Print. This source was a secondary source and is a book. I used this source to get more information about the Brown v. Board of Education and the Little Rock Nine Crisis as a result of resistance in the South. This source was pretty reliable because it was very well detailed, yet it wasnt all that helpful since there was only one chapter devoted to my topic. Benjamin L. Hooks, "Birth and Separation of the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund," Crisis 1979 This secondary source explained the history and the major points of the NAACP, it highlights the major events and involvement with the community. Bennett, Christine. Comprehensive Multicultural Education: Theory and Practice. 6th ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2006. Though my group was unable to obtain this secondary source, this book emphasizes and presents mutilpe about of primary sources that help the reader develop new ideas about multicultural education. If my group was able to obtain this book we would be able to build upon our knowledge about multicultural education while being open to new ones.

Berman, William C. The Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1970. Review of the issues and politics of civil rights under the Truman administration as they relate to the growing political influence of African Americans in the Democratic Party. Though my group was unable to obtain this secondary source, this book presents and reviews issues about politics of civil rights, and how the Afro-Americans were able to influence politics through the Democratic Party. This would help develop new ideas about politics during the time and how the Afro-Americans were able to contribute their own ideas to the table. Branton, Wiley A. "Little Rock Revisited: Desegregation to Resegregation." Journal of Negro Education 1983 This secondary source provided us with information about the little rock nine, it didnt really provide much, since the other source provided more content. Byrne, Dara N. "The Unfinished Agenda Of Brown V. Board Of Education.. (Cover Story)." Black Issues Book Review 6.3 (2004): 14. History Reference Center. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. This secondary source talks about the purpose of the brown v board of education trial. We used this to look for ideas and arguments that we could use in our own paper. Chafe, William H., ed. The Achievement of American Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.

Though my groups was unable to obtain this secondary source, this sources gives a starting point to know how American liberal politics struggled through racial, gender, and economic equality during the years of desegregation. This source would help develop another perspective on this time period through the eyes of American Liberalism. Cobb, James. The Brown Decision, Jim Crow, and Southern Identity. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 2005. This secondary source provided ample information about the Jim Crow laws which the was thesole reason for brown v board of education. this source explained in-depth the connection between the Jim Crow laws and the trial of brown v board of education Cortner, Richard C. A Scottsboro Case in Mississippi: The Supreme Court and Brown v. Mississippi. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1986. Though my group was unable to obtain this secondary source, this source presents detailed accounts of the Brown v. Mississippi case. This would help our group develop new ideas about Brown v. Mississippi and how that case was presented. Cottroll, Robert. Brown V. Board of Education: Document Analysis. Salem Press. Accessed October 31 2013. This secondary source gives a very compressive analysis about Brown v. Board of Education documents. This helped our group develop new ideas about the Brown v. Board case and introduces new arguments to the table.

Dailey, J., G. E. Gilmore, and B. Simon, eds. Jumpin Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000. My group was unable to obtain secondary source but through summaries it gives a great perspective on Jim Crow and the Jim Crow Laws during World War II. Also it gives insight on the how Jim Crow was questioned by so many historians after his time. Faubus, Orval Eugene. Down from the Hills. Little Rock: Democrat Printing & Lithographing, 1980. Elizabeth Jacoway. Turn Away Thy Son: Little Rock, the Crisis That Shocked the Nation (2007). This secondary source provided us information about the little rock nine. It added to our preconceived notions about the little rock nine and their fight for equality. Fix, Michael, and Raymond Struyk, eds. Clear and Convincing Evidence.Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, 1993. Though my group was unable to obtain this secondary source, this book goes over the nature of discrimination in American society and in areas of housing and employment. This would give my group a new understanding of discrimination in American society and in employment housing. Great Neck, Publishing. "Brown V. Board Of Education Of Topeka, Kansas." Brown Et Al. V. Board Of Education Of Topeka Et Al (2009): 1. History Reference Center. Web. 2 Nov. 2013.

This secondary source gave us a lot of context because it gave us a little insight into the history of education in Topeka. We got a feel for the segregation between blacks and whites before brown v board of education. Hall, Matthew E. K. "Bringing Down Brown: Super Precedents, Myths Of Rediscovery, And The Retroactive Canonization Of Brown V. Board Of Education." Journal Of Law & Policy 18.2 (2010): 655-700. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. This secondary source was just an analysis of the events that happened during the brown v board of education trial. This source doesnt really provide much other than that. Hamilton, Dona Cooper, and Charles V. Hamilton. The Dual Agenda.New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. Though my group was unable to obtain this secondary source, this book presents different sides of argument on Civil rights. It shows how social welfare effects and economy and a nation as a whole. This would help develop new ideas and perspectives on the Civil Rights movement. Haymen Jr., Robert, and Leland Ware. Choosing Equality Essays and Narratives on the Desegregation Experience. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2009. This secondary source goes presents multiple essays about first person accounts of desegregation in Education. This helps our group develop new growing knowledge of these personal experiences.

Hogan, John C. The Schools, the Courts, and the Public Interest. Lexington: Lexington, 1974. Print. This secondary source was a book that I used to get a better understanding of the struggles of integrating schools after the Brown decision. This source was very detailed in the events that occurred in the Little Rock Nine crisis and it was very reliable because it had quotes to back up facts. Irons, Peter. Jim Crows Children: The Broken Promises of the Brown Decision. New York: Penguin, 2004. Though my group was unable to obtain this secondary source, this books presents a new argument about how desegregation during the 1950s was a period o slow and flawed progress for Afro- Americans in education. This would allow our team to obtain a new sense of thinking of the desegregation period. JUNE-FRIESEN, KATY. "MASSIVE RESISTANCE In A Small Town." Humanities 34.5 (2013): 10-53. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. This secondary source provided us with the information about the small town that harbored the little rock nine, this gave us ample evidence to support our argument that brown v education violated civil rights. Kenneth Robert Janken, Walter White: Mr. NAACP, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2006,

This secondary source went into detail on the NAACP which was an organization dedicated to the equality of African Americans, they played a large role in the desegregation of the little rock nine. KINSHASA, KWANDO M. "An Appraisal Of Brown V. Board Of Education, Topeka KS. (1954) And The Montgomery Bus Boycott." Western Journal Of Black Studies 30.4 (2006): 1623. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. This secondary source provided events that we can use to talk about the publics reaction to the brown v board of education trial. Kirk, John A., ed., An Epitaph for Little Rock: A Fiftieth Anniversary Retrospective on the Central High Crisis (University of Arkansas Press, 2008). This secondary source was really just and over toview see if we missed any important facts. This source only really provided an analysis of the events which we are already doing. Kirk, John Andrew. Redefining the Color Line: Black ActivismThis source was a book and so i in Little Rock, Arkansas 19401970. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002. t means that its a secondary source. I used this source to get a deeper insight of the events that occurred at the event. It showed the peoples motives, plans, etc. This source is reliable because since it is a book, it should have been fact checked and corrected if any of the information was false.

Klarman, Michael J. "The Supreme Court Of Racial Injustice." Chronicle Of Higher Education 59.42 (2013): 3. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. This was just an analysis of the Supreme Courts decision in the case of brown v board of education. Kluger, Richard (1975). Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality. New York: Knopf. This source helped in forming our argument because we found most of the trial events and historic happenings in this book. We were able to use a lot of the information about both thw trial and the segregation at the school Kluger, Richard. Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black Americas Struggle for Equality. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1975. Though my group was unable to obtain this secondary source, this book goes over how segregation made it a struggle for Afro-Americans to gain equality. It also goes over how Brown v. Board of Education was a key factor in the cause of desegregation. This would help our group develop new ideas on desegregation during the 1950s. Kozol, Jonathan. Savage Inequalities Children in Americas Schools. New York: Broadway Paperbacks, 2012. Open WorldCat. Web. 13 Aug. 2013. This secondary source was a book describing many events that involved inequalities and injustices based on race in American school systems. Although there were many facts in the books, I was only able to use a couple of the chapters since those were the only ones

with relevant information. I use this source in background paragraph and turning point paragraph. This source was reliable because the source included quotes by people in that time period. LaNier, Carlotta Walls, and Lisa Frazier Page. A Mighty Long Way: My Journey to Justice at Little Rock Central High School. New York: One World/Ballantine, 2009. This source is a secondary source since it is a book. This source is reliable it is a book, so they have people there to fact check it to make sure all the information is valid. I used this source because it not only showed the problems the students had to face, but also the struggle the President had to face to protect these students. LAWRENCE, ALBERT. "Herbert Brownell, Jr.: The 'Hidden Hand'1 In The Selection Of Earl Warren And The Government's Role In Brown V. Board Of Education." Journal Of Supreme Court History 37.1 (2012): 75-92. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. This secondary source provided us with information about the role that the government had in the brown v board of education trial. Linkletter, Karen. Earl Warren: Original Analysis. Salem Press. Accessed October 31, 2013. This historical analysis, analyzes desegregation cases like the Reynolds v. Sims to Brown v. Board of Education. This help our group develop new ideas about the cases stated in the analysis. Litwack, L. F. Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998.

Though my group was unable to obtain this secondary source this books goes over about first person accounts by blacks and whites that help describe the injustices during the mid to late 1900s. If we are able to obtain this book it would give us new insight on these accounts between the blacks and whites during a time civil rights and desegregation. Magstadt, Thomas M. Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, and Issues. 6th ed. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth/Thomson, 2003. Though my group was unable to obtain this secondary source, is a college class text book going over the basics of politics. This book would help our group develop the basics of politics and how it has developed over time. Marcia, Weiss. Liberalism in U.S. Salem Press. Accessed October 31, 2013. This secondary source discusses how liberalism impacted the American political system and also how it had to deal with the Brown v. Board of Education case. This helps develop new ideas about liberalism and how it helped impact the Brown v. Board of Education case. Marilyn, Tobias. Education. Salem Press. Accessed October 31, 2013. This secondary source presents information about education during segregation and desegregation. This helped our group develop new ideas about how segregation and desegregation affected Afro-Americans. Myrdal, Gunnar (1944). An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. New York: Harper & Row

This secondary source talked about the politics of the time and the massive segregation that was present even in government. It also talked about new emerging views on African americans. O'BRIEN, WILLIAM E. "STATE PARKS AND JIM CROW IN THE DECADE BEFORE BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION." Geographical Review 102.2 (2012): 166-179. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. This secondary source provided us information we already had because most of our sources talked about the Jim Crow laws that preceded brown v board of education. Ogletree, Charles J., Jr. (2004). All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education. New York: W.W. Norton. This secondary source was a general overview of the events that conspired during the 1950s. It tied a lot of the events together, giving me a sort of time line. Ogunsuyi, Austin. Racial Discrimination. Salem Press. Accessed October 31, 2013. This secondary source presents information about racial discrimination and how it affected both sides of the spectrum, whites and blacks. This helped our group develop great insight on how both sides of the spectrum were affected during this time of segregation. Patterson, James T. (2001). Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy. New York: Oxford University Press.

This secondary source went more in depth on the rights that were violated during the brown v board of education trial, it also talks about the events at the school itself, giving you and idea of the discrimination that was present at the time. Paulson, Darryl. School Desegregation. Salem Press. Accessed October 31, 2013. This secondary source presents information about how segregated schools differed from each other and how it changed after desegregation. This help our group develop upon our knowledge about school desegregation and how it really affected Afro-Americans. Porter, Judy. Jim Crow Laws. Salem Press. Accessed October 31, 2013. This secondary source is an analysis of the Jim Crow laws and how it affected American society. This helped our group develop new thoughts about the Jim Crow laws and how it has such a large impact on desegregation and segregation. Prucha, Francis Paul. "Education Of American Indians In The Age Of Brown V. Board Of Education." Marquette Law Review 89.1 (2005): 87-93. Academic Search Premier. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. This secondary source gave us information about other minorities that had the same difficulties integrating with whites. It talks about their struggle to get equal education. Radin, Beryl. Implementation, Change, and the Federal Bureaucracy School Desegregation Policy in H.E.W., 1964- 1968. Columbia University: Teachers College Press, 1977.

This secondary source comprehensively explains how change to the government had to happen for school desegregation to happen. This helped our group develop new perspectives on governmental view of school desegregation Raffel, Jeffrey. Historical Dictionary of School Segregation and Desegregation: The American Experience. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1998. Though my group was unable to obtain this secondary source, this is an encyclopedia teaching the reading about how life was during school segregation and desegregation. This would help develop new ideas about segregation and desegregation during this time period. Rasmussen, R. Kent. Farewell to Jim Crow: The Rise and Fall of Segregation in America. New York: Facts On File, 1997. Though my groups was unable to obtain this secondary source this books gives insight and explores the experiences of Afro-Americans during the time of segregation. It explores how segregation affected them in housing, education, and transportation. If we were able to gain a hold of this source it will give us a whole new insight on the AfroAmerican life during the mid to late 1900s. Reed, Roy. Faubus: The Life and Times of an American Prodigal (1997) This secondary source wasnt really used for much, it just explained about the students involved in the brown v board of education trial.

Reed, Roy. Faubus: The Life and Times of an American Prodigal. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1997 This source is a book and so it makes it a secondary source. I used this source because it had a timeline and so I was able to to keep track of the events that happened. This source was reliable because it had no grammatical errors and it was very detailed. Roberts, Terrence, Lessons From Little Rock, The Butler Center, 2009 This secondary source really didnt give us much in the way of information because it covered the same facts as the other books we looked at. Roberts, Terrence. Lessons from Little Rock. Little Rock: Butler Center Books, 2009. This source was a secondary source since it is a book. I used this source to gain a personal insight and perspective to the topic since it had very detailed imagery as well as relations of the events. I was able to use this source since it was reliable because it had firsthand experiences and was very detailed. Rowan, Carl T. Dream Makers, Dream Breakers: The World of Justice Thurgood Marshall. Boston: Little, Brown, 1993. Though my group was unable to obtain this secondary source, this book gives a perspective the Brown case through another black mans perspective. This would help develop more perspectives on the Brown case, increasing our scope on this topic. Roy, Beth. Bitters in the Honey: Tales of Hope and Disappointment across Divides of Race and Time. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1999.

This source was a book and so it is a secondary source. I used this source to help get a different view of the events that occurred. This source was reliable because it was a book and needed to be check multiple times for information before being published. Sleeter, Christine, and Carl A. Grant. Making Choices for Multicultural Education. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2006. Education Though my group was unable to obtain this secondary source, this books brings many different approaches to multicultural education. It provides the reader with many different perspectives on the time. If my group was able to obtain this book we would be able to develop and enhance our already known knowledge about multicultural education. Southern Historical, Association. "Remembering Brown At Fifty: The University Of Illinois Commemorates Brown V. Board Of Education." Journal Of Southern History 77.4 (2011): 10391041. History Reference Center. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. This secondary source was a summary of what happened during the trial of brown v education. Like other sources that were analysis we used this one to check that we didnt miss anything and added a few details that we missed. SWEENEY, JAMES R. "Postscript To Massive Resistance." Virginia Magazine Of History & Biography 121.1(2013): 44-86. History Reference Center. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. This secondary source provided insight into the outcry that came from the little rock nine. This provided us with a feel for the time period and the different sides people took during the trial.

Tushnet, Mark (2008). I dissent: Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases. Boston: Beacon Press. This secondary source doesnt really go into the event at the school but the trial and the evidence given to the Supreme Court. It mostly covers the case and the trial. University, James T. Patterson Ford Foundation Professor of History Brown. Brown V. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy. Oxford University Press, 2001. Print. This secondary source that I used was a book. In this book, it explained the events of the Brown case as well as many other cases in regards to education and inequality. This source was very detailed and helped me develop a deeper understanding for the topic. I used this source in the background paragraph. This source was reliable because it had quotes and pictures. Ware, Mary. Multiculturalism in Education. Salem Press. Accessed October 31, 2013. This secondary source present information about multiculrualism in education and how it changed life of blacks and white. This helps us develop new thoughts and helped us develop our knowledge about multicuuralism in education. Weisbrot, Robert. Freedom Bound: A History of Americas Civil Rights Movement. New York: Penguin, 1991.

Though my group was unable to obtain this secondary source, this book gives a very comprehensive history on the Civil Rights movement. With this book we would be able to create new ideas and develop knowledge about the Civil rights movement. Woodward, C. Vann, and William S. McFeely. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Though my groups was unable to obtain this secondary source, this source is a revised version of an original primary document made in the year 1955, the year after the Brown v. Board case. It my team was able to gain a hold of this source this would give us a little peak into that time and really see how Brown v. Board affected everyone, whites and blacks. Wynn, Linda T. "Brown V. Board Of Education Of Topeka, Kansas (1954)." Freedom Facts & Firsts: 400 Years Of The African American Civil Rights Experience (2009): 164-165. History Reference Center. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. This secondary source gave us a lot of context since it went into detail with the history of African American civil rights, leading up to the brown v board of education trial. Yin, Tung. Civil Rights and Liberties in the United States. Salem Press. Accessed October 31 2013. This secondary source goes over the civil rights movement in the mid-1950s to the late 1960s. This help our group develop upon our growing knowledge on the Civil rights movement.