THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE

Cold climate; Roof pitch is steeper

Influences of Architecture 1. 2. 3. 4. General Functional Influences Geographical Influence of Man Influence of Time

Compact design

Warm climate: Irregular design Flat moldings

General Functional Influences 1. 2. needs of man activities of man Topography Physical quality of the site that describes the general terrain or contour Needs of Man 1. 2. 3. physical emotional intellectual Elements of Topography 1. Activities of Man 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. to sustain life for security and protection for talent expression for sociability for recognition 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. mountains hills rivers desert lake seas of the ground surface

Geographical Influences 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. climate topography geologic seismologic materials

Geological Condition Structure of the earth or the rock and soil formation of the region

Effects of Geological Condition on Architectural Design

Climate 1. 2. 3. 4. sun wind temperature moisture

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

type of materials available type of foundation available building height structural system seismological condition

Effects of Seismological Condition on Architectural Design 1. 2. 3. height limitation in building structural system

materials adaptable to the structural system

Influence of Man 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. social condition political condition economic condition traditions and customs religion

Aspects of life that take up social conditions 1. 2. 3. way of living interest of the people public opinions a. b. 4. morality conservative liberated

Influence of Time 1. 2. culture science and technology

BALANCE basis of arrangement sense of equipoise, equilibrium or equality

creates a more casual and interesting effect. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF

UNSYMMETRICAL BALANCE 1. feeling of informality atmosphere of festivity and gaiety

PURPOSE OF BALANCE 1. 2. 3. 4. arrangement order and organization desired character neutralize opposing forces

2.

RADIAL BALANCE All parts radiate from a center such as a sphere or a wheel Makes the center part a strongly focused spot; a polar point of interest to hold attention Tend to have symmetrical elevation and commonly design applied in monumental

TYPES OF BALANCE 1. 2. 3. symmetrical asymmetrical radial

SYMMETRICAL BALANCE Elements are arranged in precisely the same manner on either side of central axis PYSIOLOGICAL BALANCE 1. 2. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF highly formulated composition extremely monumental in character EFFECT OF RADIAL

SYMMETRICAL BALANCE 1. 2. 3. feeling of repose or order effect of formality degree of monumentality

ASSYMETRICAL BALANCE Informal arrangement where the larger or taller masses are usually grouped nearer the center while the lighter or lower element form the other part of the composition Also considered occult balance. It is more difficult to attain but usually

CONTRAST Refers to the difference or unlikeness in the qualities of an object Variety in composition 3. 4.

f.

direction

contrast of CHARACTER contrast of LINE as to: a. b. type direction spacing

PURPOSE OF CONTRAST IN A DESIGN 1. 2. 3. 4. avoid monotony create diversified effect give emphasis and thus hold attention produce variety 2. METHODS OF PRODUCING CONTRAST IN A DESIGN 1. combine elements of different 3.

c.

PRECAUTIONS IN APPLYING CONTRAST 1. not abrupt and excessive so as not to affect unity of composition suitable transition between contrasting elements to moderate the effects of changes in qualities excess in the number of contrasting element will produce confusion 4. have subtle balance of contrast and similarity the types of 5. not all should be contrasting

characteristics 2. one element dominating others to give emphasis or interest 3. difference between

treatments which are applied 4. variations in materials, forms, sizes, directions, colors and other qualities 5. varying the characteristics of element

TYPE OF CONTRAST 1. contrast as to MASS as to: a. b. c. d. e. 2. form proportion direction size height

contrast as to SURFACE as to: a. b. c. d. e. shape texture of material tone color area

PROPORTION harmonious relation of one part of a composition to another very essential in architecture for the form of masses and details of the

4.

proper relationship of sizes between solids and voids of wall surface and openings should be considered in the development of faade

5.

In relation between window widths and their spacing, one should clearly

PURPOSE OF PROPORTION IN DESIGN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. produce harmonious relationship produce relevance among parts create homogeneity in design avoid distortion and deformation avoid disagreement pleasing appearance 6.

dominate the other for contrast

FACTORS THAT AFFECT PROPORTION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. types of material mode of construction function or requirements of the project traditional usage or procedure location and environment appearance desired character

TYPES OF PROPORTION 1. relative proportion 2. ration of certain part of a whole

6. 7.

absolute proportion relationship between different parts of a whole or between the whole and its separate parts

PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTION 1. must have harmonious relationship

between various masses and details of a building 2. for accent of emphasis circle, square, and triangle are used as dominant shapes in compositions 3. Rectangular should be definitely clear in its proportion. It should not approach a square or 2 squares in its dimension because a state of doubt will occur as to its real shape

SCALE relation between the parts of

RHYTHM repetition of parts or details

composition and a certain abstract unit of measurement commonly the human figure PURPOSE OF RHYTHM 1. provide similarity for easier

comprehension 2. PURPOSE OF SCALE 1. fit the sizes of objects to the 3. harmony to composition gives the eye a chance to pause on one detail before going to the next

requirement of human beings 2. express qualities certain characteristics and TYPES OF RHYTHM 1. 2. PRINCIPLE OF SCALE 1. 2. 3. scale must be adopted to human needs consider comfort and convenience increased scale give a monumental impression UNACCENTED RHYTHM regular repetition of details or treatment in a uniform manner ACCENTED RHYTHM FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE SCALE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. human figure function convenience and comfort desired character or impression economics size of materials location and environment laws of nature 3. PRINCIPLES OF RHYTHM 1. 2. must be controlled arrangement of details is more repetition of elements with insertion of important details in between to produce interest unaccented rhythm accented rhythm

important than the detail itself introduce an accent to avoid monotony

UNITY consistent integration of elements of design suggest harmony or state of oneness

CHARACTER conveys the purpose of function of a building

PURPOSE OF CHARACTER IN A DESIGN PURPOSE OF UNITY 1. 2. 3. design is easily grasp by the mind produce singleness of impression avoid confusion in the mind of observer 1. 2. 3. 4. express the purpose of a building express emotion on part of the observer express personality of the owner express idea or meaning

WAYS OF PRODUCING UNITY IN A DESIGN 1. clear and simple and easily grasp by the mind 2. parts must be properly related to each other to form a coherent ensemble 3. have central motif or center of interest (focal point) 4. major masses dominate less important part 5. 6. one dominant style for harmony complete in itself to form a whole

TYPES OF CHARACTER 1. 2. 3. functional character traditional character personal character

FUNCTIONAL CHARACTER most common type of character in architecture; results directly from the purpose or use of the building TRADITIONAL CHARACTER traditional character due to its association with traditions or old ways

PRECAUTIONS REGARDING UNITY 1. unity is reduced when the elements compete with each other in importance 2. duality or the presence of two equally important element should be avoided 3. confusion arises when there is an excessive no. of contrasting elements

comes from ideas related to the past

PERSONAL CHARACTER impress emotional reaction in the mind of an observer

QUALITIES OF PERSONAL CHARACTER 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. feeling of pride, dignity, formality feeling of repose, solemnity, restraint grandeur strength, grace feeling of festivity, gaiety, informality simple, sedate forbidding picture some, ornate, flamboyant

PRINCIPLES IN THE APPLICATION OF CHARACTER 1. strive to produce an impression of a certain definite character which is dependent on the purpose of the structure 2. character should develop from the consideration of the cardinal principles of composition 3. character must not be artificial or violative of function

COLOR inherent of applied in an object

PURPOSE OF COLOR 1. 2. 3. 4. protective coating means of aesthetical composition therapeutic effect Optical effect in changing apparent dimension of fully proportioned rooms or bldgs. 5. helps in identifying objects

QUALITIES/ATTRIBUTES OF COLOR 1. 2. 3. hue value intensity

TWO BASIC ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE 1. 2. Plan exterior shell, surface, elevations, mass PRINCIPLES OF PLAN COMPOSITION 1. each plan scheme must have logical solution. It must have a rational shape. 2. PLAN arrangement of space inside or outside a building origin of a building design has to supply the spatial requirements of its function before it can be covered tends to control the three dimensional form of the structure EXTERIROR SHELL the enclosing walls and roofs, including the windows and doors, make up the exterior or shell of a building, and it is 3. a good plan must have organization as to its composition or arrangement the composition of the plan must be base from the principles of aesthetic composition

TWO TYPES OF PLAN 1. 2. site plan building plan

composed of mass and surface

MASS deals with three dimensional figure; it refers PYSICAL QUALITIES OF MASS 1. 2. 3. FORM PROPORTION DIRECTION SIZE

SITE PLAN plan of the lot showing the position of the building including the

surrounding development

BUILDING PLAN refers to the layout of the interior to accommodate the spatial needs of the occupants, as well as their comfort and convenience

4.

SURFACE Part of the mass and a two-dimensional figure QUALITIES OF SURFACE shape

INTERNAL COMPONENTS OF A PLAN 1. 2. 3. 4. rooms circulatory elements entrance areas light courts

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

treatment texture tone color area

DESIGN

PRINCIPLES

OF

PLAN

AND

EXTERIOR DEVELOPMENT 1. solution of the plan of a building should receive early consideration before

studying the exterior 2. during the process of developing a plan, the exterior mass should be conceived simultaneously on a three dimensional basis 3. mass is given priority in the aesthetic development of building exteriors 4. the outward form of a building both in mass and detail is logically and

satisfactorily determined by utilitarian requirements alone. No form should be introduced that is not derivative of a material function 5. adjacent sides of buildings must be treated and developed simultaneously in relation to one another

PAPER ARCHITECTURE the fault of concentrating entirely in one elevation only without considering the other sides, which misleads the

observers and makes the building appear artificial. It sometimes hides the real form of the building.