PRACTICAL ANTENNAS

FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA (FD)

The folded dipole antenna consists of two half wave dipoles one is continuous
and the other split at the center. The split dipole is fed at the center by a
balanced transmission line.
The two dipoles have the same voltages at the ends. The two dipoles are in
parallel as far as the radiations field is concerned.
The radiation pattern of FD and a conventional dipole is same but the input
impedance of FD is higher. The FD has directivity and high beam width.
If the radii of the two conductors are equal then the current flow in both the
conductors are in the same direction. The currents are equal in magnitude and
phase in two dipoles.
The total power developed by the FD is equal to the conventional dipole, the
input or terminal impedance of FD is greater than that of dipole.
It was found that input impedance at the terminals of FD is equal to the square
of the number of conductors comprising the antenna times the impedance at
the terminals of a conventional dipole.
1
IMPEDENCE EQUATION
The equivalent circuit is show in fig
Let V be the emf applied at the antenna terminals !
This is being equally divided in each dipole. "ence voltage in each dipole is
V#$ as shown by the nodal analysis.
2 12 1 11
2
I Z I Z
V
+
2 1
, I I are currents in dipoles % and $.
11
Z is the self impedance of dipole %
12
Z is the mutual impedance between dipole % and dipole $.
&ut
2 1
I I ) (
2
12 11 1
Z Z I
V
+
If two dipoles are close to each others, the spacing 'a! is of the order of
#%((, then
12 11
Z Z
11 1
2
2
Z I
V

Input impedance 11
1
4Z
I
V
Z
For a half wave dipole
11
Z ) *+ ,
For FD input impedance - ) . / *+ ) $0$ ,
1imilarly for folded dipoles of + wires
2
) 3 (
3
11 1
Z I
V

11
1
9Z
I
V
Z
- ) 0 / *+ ) 23* ,
4enerali5e for n folded dipole
11
2
1
Z n
I
V
Z
THE V ANTENNA
The V6antenna is an e7tension of long wire antenna. Two wires are arranged in
the form of hori5ontal V fed at ape7.
If the angle between two sides of the V is equal to twice the angle that the
cone and the a7is there produce a ma7imum radiation. 8hen the two wires
are fed with %9(: out of phase each other provides the gain and directivity.
"igher the length of the legs greater is the directivity and gain.
Traveling wave antennas are those antennas in which there is no standing
waves and waves travel in only one direction. Traveling wave antennas are
obtained by terminating one end of the antennas by non inductive resistance
of the value equal to characteristic impedance. 1uch antennas are called an
aperiodic or non resonant antennas. &y doing so, the bandwidth is increased.
Inverted V antennas is used in high frequency band, is one of the traveling
wave antenna.
3
dvantages;
a< =rovides multiband operation.
b< >an be fed by tuned feeders.
c< ?atched by 4 / matching section or stub matching
d< >an be used for receiving and transmitting antennas.
e< =roduces low angle beam, fi7ed frequency operation at "F band.
4
RHOMBIC ANTENNA
@hombic antenna is a very efficient antenna of broad frequency capabilities. It
consists of four straight wires arranged in the form of rhombus or diamond
suspended hori5ontally above the surface of the earth.
It can be regarded as two inverted V antennas connected in series. If the two
wires are pulled apart such that . lobes &>A4 are combined together, then
additional gain is achieved.
The tilt B is equal to 0(: minus angle of maCor lobe. The change of length from
. to 9 and change of angle of angle of the maCor lobe from %*: to $.: only
indicates the antenna operates over a wide band of frequency.
The fig gives the rhombic antenna hori5ontally installed over the ground at a
height h. when it is used for transmission the input is fed through a balanced
line and terminating an inductive resister is adCusted so that traveling waves
are set up in the four legs of the rhombic.
5
( )
{ }

sin cos 1
sin cos 1 sin
sin 2
sin cos 2
2

1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

L h
E
66D%<
meters h

sin 4

66D$<
meters L

2
sin 2

66D+<

0
90 66D.<
For the design of the rhombic antenna we have to consider
1. Tilt angle
$. The length L
+. The height above the ground L
a< lignment Design is obtained when the height h is chosen that
the ma7imum of main beam coincides with the desired angle of
elevation E.
b< ?a7imum output design or ma7imum field intensity; when height
above the ground is chosen that the ma7imum radiation
intensity A for a constant current is obtained at the desired angle
of elevation E.
c< If h is less than needed for these designs, alignment is obtained
by increasing length L
d) If h maintains, L is reduced, then alignment is obtained by
changing.
e) If h and L both are reduced, alignment can be obtained by
changing.
For ma7imum output or ma7imum relative field intensity A at the desired
angle of elevation E, the value of h, L and can be calculated from the
equations $, +, and ..
dvantages;
%. The main advantages are that the input impedance and radiation
pattern does not change rapidly over a considerable frequency range
as compared to any other system.
$. It is a highly directional broad band antenna.
6
+. it is very efficient and widely employed antenna for radio
communication
Disadvantages;
%. it requires a larger space for installation
$. &esides maCor lobes it produced number of minor lobes.

Yogi-UDA Antenn
Yogi-U! is the most high antenna. The names come from fact that these
antennas invented by =rof.1. Fda and ".Gogi.
It consists of a driven element, reflector and one or more directors. GF is an
array of driven elements Dactive element where power from transmitter is fed<
and one or more parasitic elements Dpassive elements which are not directly
connected to transmission lines<
The driven element is a resonant half wave dipole usually of metallic rod at
the frequency of operation. The parasitic elements are continuous metallic
rods are arranged parallel to the driven element and at the same line so sight
level. They are arranged collinearly and close together. The spacing between
driven and parasitic elements usually (.% to (.%3. The reflector is 3H more
and director is 3H less than the driven element.
For a + element array of GF antenna to worI satisfactorily the lengths are
@eflector length ) 3((# f D?"5< feet
Driven element length ) .*3# f D?"5< feet
Director length ) .33# f D?"5< feet
@) @eflector ) parasitic element
7
D@ ) Driven element
D ) Director ) parasitic elementJ "@ ) hori5ontal @odJ V@ ) vertical @od
" E#e$ent YU ntenn %it& FD
=roperly placed dipoles shorter than #$ acts as a director and add the fields of
driven element in the direction away from the driven element. If more than
one director are used, than each directior will e7cite the ne7t. Kn the other
hand if element length equal to or greater than #$ acts as a reflector and
adds up the fields of driven element in the direction from reflector towards the
driven element. In general FD is used as driven element to raise the input
impedance.
dvantages# >haracteristics
%. If + element array is used it is called beam antenna
$. It has unidirectional beam of moderate directivity with light weight, low
cost and simple fed system design.
3. 8ith spacing of (.% to (.%3, frequency bandwidth of $H is obtained.
.. It provides the gain of the order of 9 d&.
3. It is also called as super directive or super gain antenna.
2. If greater directivity is required, further elements may be used.
8
*. It is a fi7ed frequency device ie frequency sensitive and a band width
of +H is achievable which is adequate for TV reception, its most
common use.
LOOP ANTENNA
lop antenna is a single turn coil carrying @F current. It has dimensions less
than a 8L D< and hence current through it assumed to be in phase. The loop
is surrounded by a magnetic field everywhere perpendicular to the loop. The
directional pattern is independent of the e7act shape of the loop and is
identical to that of an elementary doublet. In loop antenna no radiation is
received in the plane normal to the loop. This intern maIes the loop antenna
suitable for direction finding DF.
The direction finding properties of the loop are Cust as good at ?F as those of
microwave antennas.
9
If there are N turns of the oo!, the induced "ota#e $i %e N&fod

cos cos
2
b
AN E
E
o
N

'here

AN E
b
o
2

h6L ) a ) area of the loop

8hen ) (, cos)%
L ) no of turn.
An ) If there are n turns of the loop, the induced voltage will be L fold.
The instantaneous loop voltage will be ma7imum when the field is passing
through 5ero.
LO' PERIODIC ANTENNA
(FREQUENCY INDEPENDENT ANTENNA)
frequency independent antenna may be defined as the antenna for which
the impedance and pattern remain constant as a function of frequency.
Therefore in order that the antenna to be frequency independent, the antenna
should e7pand or contrast in proportion to the wavelength.
The geometry of log periodic antenna is so chosen that the electrical
properties must repeat periodically with logarithm of frequency independent
can be obtained when the variation of the properties over one period, and
hence all the periods is small. "ear the ratio of length and spacing of adCacent
elements should be constant each other. The length L and spacing @ or 1,
their ratio
10
11

2
1
R
R

3
2
R
R

4
3
R
R
666666)
+

1 n
n
R
R

2
1
L
L

3
2
L
L
666
+1 n
n
L
L

is called design ratio, or scalar ratio or periodic factor.
Kr

1
1 1

+ +
K
L
L
S
S
n
n
n
n
MN%, @)1
Typical values of )0(:, ) (.*.
If a graph is plotted between input impedance -in or D18@< and frequency a
repetitive variation will be obtained. If this is against the logarithm of
frequency, than this variation will be periodic, called log periodic which imply
that the impedance is a logarithamatically periodic function of frequency. Lot
only this all the electrical properties under go similar periodic variation
particularly radiation pattern gain, side lobe level, beam width and beam
direction.
From equation D< if the structure is e7tended from the verte7 of the angel
at one end to infinite at the other end, than this periodicity would e7tend from
frequencies ( to &ut the transmission line for feeding has to be very small
conductor si5e and spacing. ll these conditions lead to impossibility. "ence
log periodic structure must be terminated in either direction at some points.
These terminated ends in either direction determines high and low cutoff
frequencies. &eyond these cutoff frequency the log properties ceases.
The two consecutive ma7ima of impedance variation occur at frequency F%
and F$ where
2 1
1
2
1
2
1
1
F F
F
F
Log
F
F
Log

,
_

,
_

8hen the log periodic antenna is operated at a given frequency

it was observed that all the structure does not radiate but a certain portion
radiate Inown as active region .
==LI>TIKL1;
%. These lie in the frequency of "F common where multiband steerable and
fi7ed antennas are generally used.
12
$. Fsed for TV reception where only one log periodic design is sufficient for
all the channels even up to F"F band.
+. it is best used for all round monitoring in which a single LK8 =K8A@
antenna cover all higher frequency bands if the cost in the installation is
no problem .


HELICAL ANTENNA
(eica antenna is a %road %and )(* and +(* antenna $hich is used $hen it is desire to !ro"ide
circuar !oari,ation characteristics. +sed for e-traterrestria co..ons.
/he heica antenna consists of oose0 $ound hei- %ac1ed u! %0 a #round !ane. /here are t$o
.odes of radiation Nor.a and a-ia.
In the nor.a .ode the radiation is in direction at 2/ an#es to the a-is of the hei-. In a-ia .ode
is .ore interestin# %ecause it !roduces a %road %and. If the hei- circu.ference a!!ro-i.ates a
'3 D4), it .a0 %e sho$n that a tra"ein# $a"e tra"es around turns of the hei-, and the radiant
o%e in this end&fire action is circuar0 !oari,ed.
(eica antenna has !ro!erties, directi"it0 is 25. 5ea. $idth is 90: %et$een nus and the
fre6uenc0 ran#e of a%out 207 on either side of center fre6uenc0. /he ener#0 in the circuar0
!oari,ed $a"e is di"ided e6ua0 %et$een hori,onta and "ertica co.!onents8 the0 are 90: out
of phase.
13
1) spacing between heli7
D )diameter of the loop
>)circumference of heli7) O D
D)diameter of helical conductor
)a7ial length )L1
L) length of one turnJ L)spacing of heli7 from ground
) pitch angle
Lormal mode of operation
@adiation is ma7imum in broad way side normal to the heli7 a7is
This mode is obtained if the dimensions of the heli7 is small compared to the
8L ie LL 99 (4)
&andwidth efficiency is low
The efficiency is increased by increasing the dimensions of the heli7
For small loops
A ) %$( O PI: sin B
;
14

For short dipole 1)L)LAL4T" KF DI=KLA
A ) Q 2( DI< 1IL 1

7ial ratio
r ) A#A ) 1#$ ) $1#;<;
For circular polari5ation
r ) =>#A: ) %, $1 ) ;<;8 ? @ ;<;/2 @A ? @ B;/2
7ial mode of operation;
In a7ial mode radiation is ma7imum in the end fire direction
In this mode when the heli7 circumference > and spacing 1 are appreciable
order of 8L D4<,
LENS ANTENNAS
Lens antenna is an antenna in which the optical principle can be applied to
microwaves. It is used as a collimator at frequencies greater than + 4"5 . It
worIs Cust liIe a glass lens in optics.
'ene(# P(in)i*#e
Fig % shows the operation.
If the source is placed at the focal point of the lens. The rays refraction form
the lens emerges as parallel collimated rays.
The fig also illustrates the reciprocity of antennas. If a parallel beam is
received it will be converged at the focal point for reception .while if the
source is at the focal point of the antenna a parallel beam is emerged out.
15
P()ti)# )on+i!e(tion+
These dielectric lenses re usually made of polystyrene but other materials can
also be used including artificial types. ll of them suffer from the problem of
e7cessive lens thicIness at frequencies below %( 4"5. t lower micro wave
frequencies, 5oning or stepping may be used to solve the problem of great
thicIness of lenses at lower microwave frequencies.
lens without 5oning would be thicI and heavy and also absorb a large
portion of radiated or received energy.
The disadvantage of 5oned lens it has a small frequency range because of the
thicIness of each step is related to the wavelength D4) of the si#na8
3ens antenna has t$o .aCor a!!ications
1. +sed to correct the cur"ed $a"e front fro. a horn to a !ane $a"e front.
2. In so.e cases, enses .a0 %e used instead of !ara%oic refectors at hi#her fre6uencies.
The disadvantage are if greater design tolerances and no obstruction of
radiation. The disadvantage lie in greater bulI, e7pense and design difficulties.

MICROSTRIP ANTENNAS
(PATCH ANTENNA)
16
The antennas consists of rectangular metal patch on a dielectric R coated
ground plane .the dielectric substrate having r ) $ and thicIness t 4 /100.
3o$ !rofie antennas are needed in s!acecraft or aircraft, $here si,e, cost, $ei#ht, !erfor.ances
and aerod0na.ic !rofie are constraints. Dicrostri! antennas .eet these s!ecifications
Eractica a!!ications at the fre6uenc0 a%o"e 100 D(,. (4 9 3 c.). Ft0!ica !atch antenna $ith
di.ensions
3en#th@ 3G $idth @'G thic1ness@t
17
/he hori,onta co.!onents of the eectrica fieds at the eft and ri#ht ed#es are in the sa.e
direction #i"in# in !hase inear0 !oari,ed radiation $ith a .a-i.u. %road side to the !atch.
/he !atch acts as a resonant 4/2 !arae !ate .icrostri! trans.ission ine $ith characteristics
i.!edance e6ua to the reci!roca of the nu.%er n of !arae& ce trans.ission ines.
Dicro stri! characteristic i.!edance
r
r
c
Z
n
Z

0
1

If 2 , 10 , 1
r r
n
6 . 26
c
Z
In #enera
t
w
n
, the .ore #enera reation is
r
o
c
w
t Z
Z

MICROWAVE ANTENNAS
Fn antenna is an >D s0ste. ca!a%e of radiatin# or recei"in# >D $a"es. /heir function is to
cou!e the trans.itter or recei"er to s!ace. In case of .icro$a"es, the trans.ittin# and recei"in#
antenna shoud %e hi#h0 directi"e.
Dicro$a"e recei"ers are nosier than the o$ fre6uenc0 recei"ers. /herefore the si#na at the in!ut
of the recei"er shoud %e as ar#e as !ossi%e. H.ni directiona antennas are not re6uired, %ecause
%road castin# are not done at these fre6uencies. Dicro$a"e antennas are hi#h0 directiona %ecause
the0 are re6uired in direction findin# e6ui!.ent such as 2F<F2.
Dicro$a"e antennas are si.iar in si,e, %ecause of the s.a en#th of $a"es
F $a"e#uide is and hao$ rectan#uar tu%e throu#h $hich an >D ener#0 can %e trans.itted and
recei"ed.
Fn o!en ended $/# is ca!a%e of radiatin# >D ener#0 i1e an antenna in to s!ace, if it is suita%e
e-cited at one end and o!ened at the other. /he disad"anta#e of this o!en ended $/# is that on0
s.a !ortion of the for$ard ener#0 is radiated and .uch of it is refected %ac1 %0 the o!en circuit,
%ecause o!en end is a discontinuit0 and .atchin# is not !ro!er, and diffraction around the ed#es
#i"es a !oor, non&directiona radiation !attern. /o o"erco.e these !ro%e.s, the .outh of the o!en
end is fared so that it ta1es the sha!e of a horn it is caed horn antenna. It increases the directi"it0
and reduces the diffraction.
18
?e"era horn confi#urations can %e used such as *i# 1
1. ?ectora horn 2. E0ra.ida horn 3. Bonica horn.
/he sectora horn fares out on0 one direction. /he !0ra.ida horn $hich fares in sectora %oth >
and ( !an direction and has a sha!e of truncated !0ra.id it i.!ro"es directi"it0, %ecause it fares
in t$o directions. /he conica horn $hich is used as a ter.ination for circuar $/#. if the fare
an#e I is "er0 s.a then it resuts a shao$ horn. /han the $a"efront ea"in# this horn $i %e
s!herica and not !an. /he radiated %ea. $i not %e directi"e. /he fare an#e I shoud %e
o!ti.u. $hich is cose0 reated $ith en#th 3 of the horn .easured in '3 (4). Eractica0 I
"aries fro. 40: when L# ) 2 to %(: when L#4 ) 3(.
=yramid and conical horns gives pencil beams that has pronounced directivity
in both vertical and hori5onatal planes. Fan shaped beams results when one
dimension of the horn mouth is much smaller than the other liIe sectoral horn.
In addition to these, there are some specially designed antennas which are
between horn antenna and parabolic reflections called cross horn and hog
horn antennas. Fig$. It is a combination of a parabolic and horn. It is a low
noise microwave ant2enna. It consists of a parabolic cylinder Coined to
pyramidal horn, with the rays eminating from or being received at the ape7 of
the horn.
19
The advantage of this antenna is that the receiving point doesn!t move, while
the antenna is rotated about its a7is.
ANTENNAS ,ITH PARABOLIC REFLECTORS
parabola is a very suitable reflector for light rays or microwaves consider the
parabola.
It has focus at Fand a7is AF.
From the definition of the parabola
F&S&&!)F>S>>!)FDSDD!)M
8here I is a constant depend on the
1hape of the parabola.
20
The aperature of the parabola is the ratio of the focal length to the mouth
diameter.
If a source of radiation is placed at the focus, all the waves coming from it and
reflected by the parabola will have traveled the same distance by the time
they reach the directory. They will thus be in phase. Thus the radiation is very
strong and concentrated along the a7is. The cancellation taIes place in any
other direction because of path length differences. This leads to concentrated
beam of radiation.
paraboloid reflector antenna has nearly same characteristics both for
transmission and receiption. It is directional because only rays coming from A
direction i.e normal to the directri7 are brought together at the focus. 8here
as the rays from any other direction are cancelled at that point, because of
path length differences. The antenna has a high gain liIe the mirror of
reflecting telescope, because it collects radiation from a large area and
concentrates it all at the focal point.
The capture area is related to the mouth area of the parabolic reflector
o ) M
8here o is the capture area
is the mouth area
M is the constant ) (.23 for parabola
p the power gain with respect to a resonant half wave dipole.
=ower gain
0
2
4
A A
P

KA A
P
2
4

2
2
2
5 . 6
4
4

,
_

D
K
D
A
P
The radiation pattern of an antenna using g parabolic reflector has a very
sharp main lobe and surrounding the main lobes are minor lobes. The minor
boles are very small in si5e compared to the main lobe. The primary or feed
21
antenna is non6 directional then the apraboioid produces a beam of radiation
whose width is given by
T )*( 4/<
TU @2 T
'here < @.outh dia.eter of refector
T @ %ea. $idth %et$een haf !o$er !oints in de#rees
To @ %ea. $idth %et$een nus, in de#rees.
FEED SYSTEMS
In #enera the !ri.ar0 antenna is !aced at the focus of the !ara%oic for trans.ission and
recei!tion. If the refectors not used, the di9rect radiation fro. the feed s!reads out in a directions
$hich s!ois the directi"it0 ..an0 .ethods can %e used to !rotect the directi"it0. Hne of the.
%ein# a s.a s!herica refector to redirect a such radiations %ac1 to the !ara%oic.
Hther .ethods used to refect are, a s.a di!oe arra0 at the focus, such as 0o#i or an end fire
arra0 !ointin# at the !ara%oic refector. F .ost co..on0 used !ri.ar0 feed is $ith the he! of a
horn antenna !ointin# at the .ain refector.
*i# 1
Fnother .ethod is casse#rain feed. F second h0!er%ooid refector is used in this case8 one of
$hose foci coincides $ith the !ri.ar0 !ara%oic refector. /he ra0s fro. the feed horn are
refected fro. the !ara%oic .irror. /his t0!e of feed is used $hen it is re6uired to !ace the
!ri.ar0 antenna in a con"enient !osition and to shorten the en#th of trans.ission ine or $/#
connectin# recei"er or trans.itter to the !ri.ar0 feed.
22
Fnother $a0 of feed s0ste. is to !ace the acti"e !art the acti"e !art of the trans.itter or recei"er
at the focus. 'ith trans.itters, this is not !ossi%e at a, %ecause of the ar#e si,e, and it is aso
difficut to !ace the 2* a.!ifier of the recei"er .ho$e"er this t0!e of feed causes other
difficuties such as that of ser"icin# and re!ace.ent. ?o the casse#rain feed is the %est feasi%e
soution.
/he fu !ara%oic is not used in !ractice. ?e"era t0!es of !ure%oods are
*i# 3.
(a) truncated or cut !ara%oic
(%) c0indrica !ara%oic
(c) !i %o- section
In the !i %o- refector, the %ea. is "er0 narro$ hori,onta0, %ut not so in "ertica direction.
It is a dra$%ac1. 5ut it is used in a nu.%er of a!!ications $here the a%o"e dra$%ac1 is not
so i.!ortant. It is used in shi! to shi!. 2adar $here a,i.uth and directi"it0 .ust %e e-ceent
%ut ee"ation seecti"it0 is i..ateria.

23
SLOT ANTENNA
F sot antenna is nothin# %ut a sot of en#th 4/2 cut in a .eta sheet. F sot antenna .a0 %e
ener#i,ed $ith a coa-ia trans.ission ine. /he sot antenna $or1s on the !rinci!e that ener#0 is
radiated $hen a 2* fied e-it across a narro$ sot in a conductin# !ane. Ft hi#her fre6uencies i1e
.icro$a"e re#ion, sot antennas are found to %e "er0 con"enient radiators. /he >D fied
distri%ution in the sot can %e o%tained %0 usin# 5asinetJs !rinci!e.
24
Basinets principle.
5asinetJs !rinci!e is %asica0 a!!ied in o!tics. It states that the su. of the fieds %e0ond an0 t$o
co.!i.entar0 a%sor%in# screens ad to !roduce then fied that $oud e-ist there $ithout an0
screen.
/his !rinci!e is e-tended to the conductin# screens and !oari,ed fieds.
3et a source s1 to the eft of an infinite screen ?1 !roduce a fied on its ri#ht. 3et +1 %e the ratio of
this fied to that $oud e-ist there in the a%sence of ?1. ?i.iar0, et +2 %e the ratio of the fied to
the ri#ht of the co.!e.entar0 screen ?2 !roduced %0 a source s2 $hich is conCu#ate to s1 to the
eft of ?2, to the fied that $oud e-ist there I the a%sence of ?2.
/hen, +1 K +2 @ 1 . ?2 conCu#ate to s1, is defined as that for $hich the distri%ution of eectric
and .a#netic source currents and char#es i.e. interchan#in# of > and ( for the incident fieds.
If +1 @ >1/>i8 then u2 @ (2 / (i
/he %asis of %asinetJs !rinci!e is the duait0 !ro!ert0 of the >D fied. /he Da-$eJs e6uations in
a source free re#ion
L > @ &C$V(
L ( @ M' >
25
If a fied (>1, (1) satisfies these e6uations, then a second fied (>2, (2) o%tained fro. it %0 the
transfor.ations
>2 @
K
(V#<W "% and "$ ) D#V<W A %
This is a statement of duality property of the A? field.
If the slot is hori5ontal, radiation is normally to the sheet and is vertically
polari5ed. It the slot is vertical, radiation is normal to the slot is hori5ontally
polari5ed. @adiation is ma7imum in all directions at right angles to the slot and
is 5ero along the ground in the directions of the ends of the slot.
The radiation produced baby a narrow slot in a conducting plane has e7actly
the same directional pattern as the radiation from a thin, flat, wire Xtype
antenna.
The only differences are
a< The polari5ations are different since the A field associated with slot is
identical with the " field of the complimentary wire antenna.
b< The radiation from the bacIside of the conducting plane has the
opposite polarity from that the complementary antenna, because of
the way in which the fields are directed.
26
In general an array of slots may be cut in the wave guide so as to produce
directional ration pattern.
pplications
1lot arrays provide a desirable form of "F antenna for high speed aircraft. &y
closing the aperture with an insulating material, such an antenna does not
affect the streamlining of the plane.
The disadvantage of a slot radiator is its limited use at relatively "F, because
to radiate effectively, the slot length must be of the order of half wave length
which a reasonable dimension only in V"F.


27