162

CHAPTER 8

External Flows



8.1


8.2 Re .
.
. .

5
5 151 10
20
378 10
5
5
VD
D

m


8.3


8.4


8.5 (C)

8.6 (C)

A
B
C
A-B: favorable
B-C: unfavorable
A-C: favorable
separated
region
inviscid
flow
boundary layer
near surface
inviscid
flow
viscous flow
near sphere
no separation
separation
wake
separation
separated
region
building
inviscid
flow
boundary
layer
wake
A-B: favorable
B-C: unfavorable
A-D: favorable
C-D: undefined
A
B C
D
separated
flow
163
8.7 ( B)
6
0.8 0.008
Re 4880.
1.31 10
VD

8.8 5 5 5 122 10
8
12
000915
5

VD
V D V

a) fps. / . . /
.
.
b) V

5 388 10
8
12
000291
5
. /
.
. fps. c) V

5 16 10
8
12
0012
4
. /
.
. fps.

8.9 Re
.
. .

VD D
D

20
151 10
1325 10
5
5

a) Re . . . 1325 10 6 79 10
5 6
Separated flow.
b) Re . . . . 1325 10 06 79 10
5 4
Separated flow.
c) Re . . . 1325 10 006 7950
5
Separated flow.

8.10 F pdA p A p r rdr p p
D
A

_
,


back back
front
0
2
0 0
0
1
1 2 2
1
2
1
4
1
2
( )
Bernoulli: p V p p

+
1
2
1
2
121 20 242
2
0 0
2
. . Pa.
F
D
1
2
242 380 ( ) N
C
F
V A
D
D




1
2
2
2 2
2 380
121 20 1
05

.
.

8.11 F F F
total bottom top
000 .3 .3+10 000 N. + 20 3 3 2700 . .
F
lift
cos 10 N 2700 2659
o

F
drag
10 N 2700 469 sin
o

C
F
V A
L
L




1
2
2
2
2 2659
1000 5 3 3
236

. .
.
C
F
V A
D
D




1
2
2
2
2 469
1000 5 3 3
0417

. .
.
8.12 F p A Lw F p A
Lw
Lw
u u u l l l o
26 8000
2 5
4015 000 .
cos

F F F Lw
L u

l
o o
cos cos 5 10 21 950
F F F Lw
D u

l
o o
sin sin 5 10 1569
164
C
F
V A
Lw
Lw
L
L

1
2
2
2
2 21
3119 750
025

950
.
.
C
F
V A
Lw
Lw
D
D

1
2
2
2
2 1569
3119 750
00179

.
.

8.13 If C
D
10 . for a sphere, Re = 100 (see Fig. 8.8).

V .
,
1
100

V =1000 .
a) V F
D

1000 146 10 0146

1
2
122 0146 05 10
5 2 2
. . . . . . m/ s.


325 10
7
. . N
b) V F
D

1000
146 10
015 122
0798
1
2
015 122 798 05 10
5
2 2
.
. .
. (. . ) . . . m/ s.


458 10
5
. . N
c) V F
D

1000 131 10 00131

1
2
1000 00131 05 10
6 2 2
. . . . . m/ s.


674 10
6
. . N

8.14 a) Re
.
.
. .

VD
C
D

6 5
15 10
2 10 045
5
5
from Fig. 8.8.
F V AC
D D
1
2
1
2
122 6 25 45 194
2 2 2
N. . . . .
b) Re
.
.
. .

15 5
15 10
5 10 02
5
5
C
D
from Fig. 8.8.
F V AC
D D
1
2
1
2
122 15 25 2 54
2 2 2
N. . . . .

8.15 (B) Assume a large Reynolds number so that CD = 0.2. Then

2
2 2
1 1 80 1000
1.23 5 0.2 4770 N.
2 2 3600
D
F V AC
_


,


8.16 (D) Assume a Reynolds number of 10
5
. Then CD = 1.2.

2 2
1 1
. 60 1.23 40 4 1.2. 0.0041 m.
2 2
D
F V AC D D

5
6
40 0.0041
Re 1.64 10 . 1.2. The assumption was OK.
10
D
VD
C

165
8.17 The velocities associated with the two Re's are
V
D
1
1
5 5
3 10 15 10
0445
101

Re .
.

m/ s,
V
D
2
2
4 5
6 10 15 10
0445
20

Re .
.

m/ s.
The drag, between these two velocities, is reduced by a factor of 2.5
( ) ( )
[ ]
C C
D D
high low
and 05 02 . . . Thus, between 20 m/ s and 100 m/ s the drag is
reduced by a factor of 2.5. This would significantly lengthen the flight of the
ball.

8.18 a) F V AC V C V C
D D D D

_
,

1
2
05
1
2
00238
2
12
4810
2 2
2
2
. . . . .
Re
/
.
. . : .

VD V
V C V
D

4 12
16 10
2080 5 98
4
Try fps, Re=2 10
5

Try fps, Re=2.3 10
5
C V
D
. : . 4 110
b) C V V
D

_
,
02
1
2
00238
2
12
2 155
2
2
. : . . . 0.5 fps.

8.19 42
1
2
1000 1 0267
2
10
2 10
2 2 2
6
5
. . . . . Re
.
.

V C V C
V
V
D D

Try C V
D
05 073 146 10
5
. : . Re . . m/ s. OK.

8.20 Re
.
. . .

VD
C
D

40 2
15 10
53 10 07
5
6
. (This is extrapolated from
Fig. 8.8.) F
D
1
2
122 40 2 60 7 81
2
. ( ) . . 900 N
M = 81 900 30 = 2 46 10
6
. . N m

8.21 a) Re
.
.
. . Re . . Re . .
1 5
5
2
5
3
5
25 05
108 10
12 10 18 10 24 10

Assume a
rough cylinder (the air is highly turbulent).
( ) ( ) ( ) C C C
D D D
1 2 3
07 08 09 . , . , . .
+ + F
D
1
2
145 25 05 10 7 075 15 8 1 20 9 1380
2
. (. . . . . . ) . N
M + +
1
2
145 25 05 10 7 40 075 15 8 275 1 20 9 10 25700
2
. (. . . . . . . ) . N m
b) Re
.
.
. . Re . , Re . .
1 5
4
2
5
3
5
25 05
165 10
76 10 114 10 15 10

166
( ) ( ) ( )

C C C
D D D
1 2 3
8 7 8
101
287 308
117 . , . , . .
.
. . kg/ m
3

+ + F
D
1
2
117 25 05 10 8 075 15 7 1 20 8 1020
2
. (. . . . . . ) . N
M + +
1
2
117 25 05 10 8 40 075 15 7 275 1 20 8 10 19
2
. (. . . . . . . ) . 600 N m

8.22 Atmospheric air is turbulent. Use the "rough" curve. C
D
07 . .
F V D V D
V V
D

10
1
2
00238 6 7 2000 10
2000
16 10
2 5
2
4
. . . .
/
.
. =
2


2 2 2 2
min o
0.0024
= 30 104 11.8 psf.
2 2
p U v

1 1

] ]

V D V D
2
2370 148 0108 . . . '. fps

8.23 Since the air cannot flow around the bottom, we
imagine the structure to be mirrored as shown. Then
L D C C
D D
/ / . . .

40 5 8 066
Re
.
. . . . .
min
min

VD
C
D

30 2
15 10
4 10 10 66 66
5
6


+

_
,
F
D
1
2
122 30
2 8
2
20 66 36
2
. . . 000 N



8.24 .
B D W
F F F +

3 2 2 3
4 1 4
9810 1000 9810 7.82 .
3 2 3
D
r V r C r +
Re .

V r
Vr
2
10
2 10
6
6
V C r
D
2
178


a) r V V C
D
. , . . 05 89
2
m. Re = 10
5
Assume a smooth sphere.
Try C V
D
. : . . 5 4 22 m/ s. Re = 4.22 10
5
This is too large for Re.
Try C V
D
. : . . 2 667 m/ s. Re = 6.67 10
5
OK.
b) r V V C
D
. , . . 025 4 45
2
m. Re = 5 10
4

Try C V
D
. : . . 2 4 72 m/ s. Re = 2.4 10
5
OK.
c) r V V C
D
. , . . 005 089
2
m. Re = 10
4

Try C V
D
. : . . 5 133 m/ s. Re = 1.33 10
4
OK.
d) r V V C
D
. , . . 001 0178
2
m. Re = 2 10
3

Try C V
D
. : . . 4 067 m/ s. Re = 1.33 10
3
OK.

W
F
B
F
D
167
8.25
3 2 3
2
4 10 1 10 4 10
. .077 .00238 62.4 .
3 12 2 12 3 12
B D W D
F F F V C S
_ _ _
+ +

, , ,


3 2
4
10/12
Re 5.2 10 . 1 .0139 810
1.6 10
D
V
V V C S

a) S V C
D
. . . 005 219
2
Assume atmospheric turbulence, i.e., rough.
Try C V C V
D D
. : . . Re . . . . . 4 234 12 10 3 27
5
fps fps
b) S V C C V
D D
. . . . : . Re . . 02 1090 4 52 27 10
2 5
Try fps OK.
c) S V C C V
D D
10 58 4 381
2
. . . . : . 200 Try fps

8.26
Assume a 180 lb, 6' sky diver, with components
as shown. If V is quite large, then Re > 2 10
5
.
F F
D W
.


1
2
00238 2 3
1
2
10 7 25
1
2
10 7
18
12
25 10
4
12
4 180
2
+ +

_
,

1
]
1
. . . . . . . . . . V +2
We used data from Table 8.1. V 140 fps.

8.27 From Table 8.2 C F V V
D D
035
1
2
122 32 035 683
2 2
. . . . . . .
a) F W
D

_
,


.
&
. 683
80 1000
3600
337 337
80 1000
3600
7500
2
N. W or 10 Hp
b) V F W
D
25 683 25 427 427 25 10
2
m/ s. N. 700 W or 14.3 Hp .
&
.
c)V F W
D
278 683 278 527 527 278 14
2
. . .
&
. . m/ s. N. 700 W or 19.6 Hp

8.28 12 11 400
1
2
11
2
. . . . . F F V AC C
D D D D

12
1
2
122 2 3 11 11 400
2
. . ( ) . . . V
V 95 . . m/ s


8.29 Re
(
. . .

VD
C
D

40
442 10 035
5
000/ 3600)0.6
1.51 10

-5
from Fig. 8.8.
a) F V AC
D D

1
2
1
2
1204 40 06 6 035 936
2
. ( . . . 000/ 3600) N
2

b) F L D
D
936 068 637 6 06 10 . . . / / . . N where
c) F L D
D
936 076 711 20 . . . / N where we can use since only one end is
free. The ground acts like the mid-section of a 12-m-long cylinder.
3 ft
6 in
8 in. dia.
2.5 ft
6 in
2.5 ft
18 in
1.1 m
1.2 m
F
W
F
D
F
y
F
x
168

8.30 a) Curled up, she makes an approximate sphere of about 1.2 m in diameter (just
a guess!). Assume a rough sphere at large Re. From Fig. 8.8, C
D
04 . :
F V AC
D D

1
2
2

80 98
1
2
121 06 04 537
2 2
. . . . . . . V V m/ s
Check Re: Re
. .
.
. .

537 12
151 10
427 10
5
6
OK.
b) F V AC
D D

1
2
2
. From Table 8.2, CD = 1.4:
80 98
1
2
121 4 14 4 29
2 2
= = . . . . . . V V m/ s
Check Re: Re
.
.
. . =

4 29 8
151 10
2 27 10
5
6
Should be larger but the velocity
should be close.
c)
2
1
2
D D
F V AC

2 2
1
80 9.8 1.21 1 1.4. 17.2 m/s.
2
V V
Check Re: Re
.
.
. . =

172 1
151 10
114 10
5
6
This should be greater than 10
7
for
C
D
to be acceptable. Hence, the velocity is approximate.

8.31 With the deflector the drag coefficient is 0.76 rather than 0.96. The required
power (directly related to fuel consumed) is reduced by the ratio of 0.76/ 0.96.
The cost per year without the deflector is
Cost = (200 000/ 1.2) 0.25 = $41,667.
With the deflector it is
Cost = 41,667 0.76/ 0.96 = $32,986.
The savings is $41.667 32,986 = $8,800.

8.32
2 2
1 1
.00238 88 (6 2) 1.1 122 lb.
2 2
D D
F V AC

&
, . W F V
D
122 88 10700
ft - lb
sec
or 19.5 Hp

8.33 F V AC
D D

1
2
1
2
122 27 8 16 05 11 1043
2 2 2
. ( . . ) . . . N.

&
. ( . . ) . W F V
D
2 1043 27 8 16 2 226 W or 1.24 Hp

169
8.34 The projected area is
( . )
. .
2 03
2
4 46
+
m
2

F V AC
D D

1
2
1
2
118 20 46 04 434
2 2
. . . N.
Since there are two free ends, we use Table 8.1 with L D / / . . , 4 115 347 and
approximate the force as
F
D
434 062 269 . . N

8.35 The net force acting up is (use absolute pressure)

3 3
up
4 4 120
0.4 1.21 9.8 0.5 0.4 9.8 2.16 N
3 3 2.077 293
F

From a force triangle (2.16 N up and F
D
to the right), we see that
tan / . F F
D up

a) F
D
216 80 0381 . / tan . .
o

0381
1
2
121 04 02 250
2 2
. . . . . . V V m/ s.
Check Re: Re
. .
.
. .

25 08
151 10
133 10
5
5
Too low. Use C
D
05 . :
0381
1
2
121 04 05 158
2 2
. . . . . . V V m/ s
b) F
D
216 70 0786 . / tan . .
o

0786
1
2
121 04 02 360
2 2
. . . . . . V V m/ s.
Check Re: Re
. .
.
. .

36 08
151 10
19 10
5
5
Too low. Use C
D
05 . :
0786
1
2
121 04 05 227
2 2
. . . . . . V V m/ s
c) F
D
216 60 125 . / tan . .
o

125
1
2
121 04 05
2 2
. . . . . . V V 2.86 m/ s
Check Re: Re
. .
.
. .

286 08
151 10
15 10
5
5
OK.
d) F
D
216 50 181 . / tan . .
o

181
1
2
121 04 05
2 2
. . . . . . V V 3.45 m/ s
Check Re:
5
5
3.45 0.8
Re 1.8 10 .
1.51 10

Close, but OK.

8.36 Assume each section of the tree is a cylinder. The average diameter of the tree is
1 m. The top doesn't have a blunt end around which the air flows, however,
170
the bottom does; so assume L D / ( / ) . 5 2 2 5 So, use a factor of 0.62 from
Table 8.1 to multiply the drag coefficient. The force acts near the centroid of the
triangular area, one-third the way up. Finally,
F d 5000

1
2
121 5 04 062
5
3
06 5000
2

1
]
1
+

_
,
. ( ) . . . . . V V 54.2 m/ s

8.37 Power to move the sign:
F V V AC V
D D

1
2
2


1
2
121 1111 072 11 1111 657
2
. . . . . J / s.
This power comes from the engine:
657 12 03 1825 10
4


( & . . & . 000 1000) kg/ s. m m
Assuming the density of gas to be 900 kg/ m
3
,
1825 10 10 3600 6 52
1000
900
030
4
. . $683

8.38 The power expended is F V V
D
. ( / ) / . . m/ s 25 88 60 3281 1118

1
2
121 1118 0 56
1
2
121 0 4 08
3 3
= . . . . . . C V C
D D

V 1347 . . m/ s or 30.1 mph

8.39
&
. W F V V AC V AC V
D D D
40 746
1
2
1
2
2 3

40 746 9
1
2
122 3 035 34 7
3
. . . . . . V V m/ s or 125 km / hr

8.40 (C)
5
4 0.02 0.02
Re 5000. St 0.21 .
4
1.6 10
VD fD f
V

4 m/s
42 Hz (cycles/second). distance = 0.095 m/cycle.
42 cycles/s
V
f
f


8.41
5
.003
40 Re 10 000. 40< 10 000. 0.2< 50 m/s.
1.5 10
V
V

< < < <

low
.003
St = 0.12 = . 8 Hz.
.2
f
f

St =.21=
.003
50
Hz.
lhigh
f
f

. 3500
The vortices could be heard over most of the range.

171
8.42
5
5
6
40 . 8.13 10 ft.
1.22 10
VD D
D

> <

10
6
122 10
0020
5
000 < ft or 0.24"
VD D
D

>

.
. . .

8.43 From Fig. 8.9, Re is related to St. St =
f D
V V

02 1 . .
.
Re
.
.
. .

VD V
V

1
15 10
0 095
5
Try St =.21: m/ s. Re = 630.
This is acceptable. V 0095 . . m/ s

8.44 St = Re = Use Fig. 8.9.
fD
V V
VD V

.
. .
002 2 2
10
6

Try St = 0.21: m/ s Re = 38 10 OK.
3
V . . . 0191

8.45 Let S
t
= 0.21 for the wind imposed vorticies. When this frequency equals the
natural frequency, or one of its odd harmonics, resonance occurs:
f T L d /
2 2


2 2
0.21 10
30 000/7850 0.016 . 0.525 m
0.016
L L

Consider the third and fifth harmonics:
f T L d 3
2 2
/ . L 1.56 m.
f T L d 5
2 2
/ . L 2.62 m.

8.46 (C) By reducing the separated flow area, the pressure in that area increases
thereby reducing that part of the drag due to pressure.

Fig. 8.8 Table 8.1
8.47 Re
/
.
. . . . .

_
,

88 6 12
16 10
28 10
1
2
00238 88 10 8 6
6
12
4
5 2
22 lb. F
D

The coefficient 1.0 comes from Fig. 8.8 and 0.8 from Table 8.1.
&
. W F V
D
22 88 1946 ft - lb/ sec or 3.5 Hp
( ) C F W
D D
streamlined
lb.
ft - lb
sec
or 0.12 Hp 0035 077 678 . . .
&
. .

8.48 Re
.
.
.

VD

3 08
15 10
16
5
000 F
D
1
2
122 3 008 2 12 78 0822
2
. ( . ) . . . N
The coefficient 1.2 comes from Fig. 8.8 and 0.78 from Table 8.1.
( ) C F
D D
streamlined
N. % reduction =

. . .
. .
.
. 35 0 24
0822 0 24
0822
100 708%
172

8.49 Re
.
. .

VD
C
D

2 08
10
16 10 045
6
6
. from Fig. 8.8.

L
D
C
D

4
08
5 062 045 028
.
. . . . .
Because only one end is free, we double the length.
F V AC
D D

1
2
1
2
1000 2 08 2 028
2 2
. . . 900 N
If streamlined, C
D
003 062 00186 . . . .
F
D
1
2
1000 2 08 2 00186
2
. . . 60 N

8.50 V 50 1000 3600 139 / . m/ s.
Assume the ends to not be free. Use C
D
from Fig. 8.8.
( ) Re
. .
.
. . . . .

139 002
15 10
185 10 12 03
5
4

streamlined
C C
D D


&
. . . . . W F V V AC
D D

1
2
1
2
12 139 002 20 12 773
3 3
W or 1.04 Hp

&
. . . . W
streamlined
W or 0.26 Hp
1
2
12 139 002 20 03 193
3


8.51 V 50 1000 3600 139 / . m / s. Re
. .
.
. . .

139 03
15 10
28 10 04
5
5
C
D

We assumed a head diameter of 0.3 m and used the rough sphere curve.
F
D

1
2
12 139 03 4 04
2 2
. . ( . / ) . . 3.3 N
F
D

1
2
12 139 03 4 0035
2 2
. . ( . / ) . . 0.29 N

8.52

p p
V V
p h p
v
1
2
0 7
150
1000
150
2 2
. .
000 1670
1
2
where 000 Pa.
atm

V 20.6 m/ s.

8.53 C
F
V A
L
L



1
2
200
1000 12 4 10
0 69 3
2 2

000
1
2

.
. . .
o

C
F
F
D
D
D


N .
.
. . 0165
1
2
1000 12 4 10
4800
2

173

crit

000) 1670
1
2

>
+

.
?
( .
. . 75
9810 4 101
1000 12
143
2
No cavitation.

8.54 C
F
V A
L
L



000
1
2

1
2
50
194 35
16
12
30
105 7 3
2 2

.
. . . .
o

C
F
F
D
D
D


lb .
.
. . 027
1
2
194 35
16
12
30
1280
2


crit

1
2

>
+

16
62 4 16 12 2117 25 144
194 35
182
2
.
?
. / .
.
. . No cavitation.

8.55 p p
v
+

9810 5 101 1670 16 10
6
000=150 000 Pa. Pa. Re=
20 .8
10
-6
.



+ +
150
1000 20
0 74 0 1 3 1 74 52
2
000 1670
1
2
. . ( )( ) . ( . ) . C C
D D

F V AC
D D
1
2
1
2
1000 20 4 52
2 2 2
. . . 52 000 N
Note: We retain 2 sig. figures since C
D
is known to only 2 sig. nos.

8.56 For a 6 angle of attack we find from Table 8.4 C
L
0 95 . .
F V AC L
L L

1
2
1
2
1000 15 4 0 4 95 12 98
2 2
. . . . 000
L 069 . . m

8.57 F ma a a . .
.
. . a) 1.75 m/ s
2
400 9810
4
3
2
400
981
3

b) 400 9810
4
3
2
400
981
1
2
1000
4
3
2
3 3
+

_
,
.
.
. . . a a 1.24 m/ s
2


8.58 F ma V a a
F
V
m V
a

1 1 1
1000 12
1200
02 1000 . . . . .
F m m a a
F
V V
F
V
a
a
+
+

( ) . .
2 2 2
1200 200 1400
is true acceleration.

% . . error =
a a
a
F
V
F
V
F
V
2 1
2
100
1400 1200
1400
100 167%
174

8.59 (B)
1
2
2
From Fig. 8.12a 1.1. .
L
L L
F
C C
V cL


2
2 2 1200 9.81
1088. 33.0 m/s.
1.23 16 1.1
L
W
V V
cLC




8.60 C
F
V A
C
L
L
D




1
2
1000 981
412 80 15
0496 32 0065
2 2

.
.
. . . . . .
1
2

o


&
. . . W F V
D

_
,

1
2
412 80 15 0065 80 10
2
300 W or 13.8 Hp

8.61 a) C
V
V
L

+

122
1500 981 3000
1
2
122 20
2
.
.
.
. . 34.5 m/ s
b) ( ) C
V
V
L
max
50 m/ s
+

172
1500 981 3000
1
2
412 20
2
.
.
.
. . (at 10 000 m)
c)
&
. . W F V
D

_
,

1
2
412 80 20 0065 80 13
2
700 W or 18.4 Hp
where we found C
D
as follows:
( ) C C
L D
cruise

+


1500 981 3000
1
2
412 80 20
67 0065
2
.
.
. . . , from Fig. 8.12.
Power =
184
045
409
.
.
. . Hp

8.62 C
V
V
L

+

122
1500 9 81 3000
1
2
1007 20
2
.
.
.
. . 38.0 m/ s

8.63 ( ) C C
L D
cruise

+


1500 981 3000
1
2
1007 80 20
0275
0275
48
00057
2
.
.
. .
.
. .

&
. . W F V
D
1
2
1007 80 20 00057 29
3
400 W or 39.4 Hp
% change =
394 184
184
100 114%
. .
.

increase
The increased power is due to the increase in air density.

175
8.64 C
V
V
L

+

122
1500 981 9000
1
2
122 20
2
.
.
.
. . 39.9 m/ s

8.65 C
V
V
L



172
250 981
1
2
122 60 8
2
.
.
.
. .
000
69.8 m/ s

8.66 a) C
V
V
L



172
250 981
1
2
105 60 8
752
2
.
.
.
. . .
000
m/ s
% change =
752 698
698
100 777%
. .
.
.

increase
b) C
V
V
L

_
,
172
250 9 81
1
2
1515 60 8
62 6
1013
287 233
1515
2
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
000
m/ s kg / m
3

% change =
626 698
698
100 103%
. .
.
.

c) C
V
V
L

_
,
172
250 9 81
1
2
1093 60 8
737
1013
287 323
1093
2
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
000
m/ s kg / m
3

% change =
737 698
698
100 563%
. .
.
.

increase

8.67 For a conventional airfoil assume C C C
L D L
/ . . . 476 03 at
03
981
1
2
0526 222 200 30
238 10
2
6
.
.
.
. .



m
m kg

&
.
.
.
W F V
D

1
2
0526 222 200 30
03
476
490
3
000 W or 657 Hp

8.68
v
v
v v v
v
v
+ +

1
]
1

V
t
V V
p
V ( ) .
2
0

v
v
v v
v
v
v
v v

V
t t
V
t
p
p ( ) . .
1
0

v v v v
v
( ) ( )
2 2 2
V V (we have interchanged derivatives)

2 2
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
V V V V V V
1
1
] 1
]
v v v v v v v v v v v
( ) V
v v
v

( ) V
v v
v
( ) V
v v
v
( ) ( ) V V +
v v v v
v v

176

, . . x L u U U
y

( ) ( ) ( ) .
v v
v v
v v v
v
v v v
V V V where 0
There results:

v
v v
v v
v v
v
t
V V + ( ) ( ) .
2
0
This is written as
D
Dt
V
v
v
v v
v
+ ( ) .
2


8.69 x-comp:

x x x x
x y z x
t
u
x
v
y
w
z
u
x
u
y
u
z
+ + + + + +
2

y-comp:

y y y y
x y z
y y y
t
u
x
v
y
w
z
v
x
v
y
v
z x y z
+ + + + + + + +

_
,

2
2
2
2
2
2

z-comp:

z z z z
x y z
z z z
t
u
x
v
y
w
z
w
x
w
y
w
z x y z
+ + + + + + + +

_
,

2
2
2
2
2
2


8.70
x
w
y

v
z

0.
y
u
z

w
x

0. 0.
z
v u
x y

2 2 z
( ) ; .
z
z z
D D
w
DT Dt

+
v
v


If viscous effects are negligible, then
D
Dt
z

0.

Thus, for a planer flow,
z
const if viscous effects are negligible.

8.71 a)
v v

_
,
+

_
,
+

_
,
V
w
y
v
i
u
z
w
x
j
v
x
u
y
k

z
$ $ $
. 0 irrotational

x
x x f y + 10 5
2
. ( )

y
f
y
y f y C C + 20 10 0
2
. . . Let + 5 10
2 2
x y
b)
v v
+ + V i j k 0 0 8 8 0
$ $
( )
$
. irrotational

x
y xy f y z + 8 8 . ( , ) .

y
x
f
y
x
f
y
f f z + 8 8 0 . ( ). and

z
df
dz
z f z C C + 6 3 0
2
. . . Let
177
8 3
2
xy z
c)
v v
+ +
+
+

+
+

_
,

V i j
y x y x
x y
x x y y
x y
k 0 0
1
2
2
1
2
2
0
2 2 1 2
2 2
2 2 1 2
2 2
$ $
( ) ( )
$
.
/ /
irrotational

x
x
x y
x y f y
+
+ +
2 2
2 2
. ( )

y
x y y
f
y
y
x y
f
y
f C C + +
+

1
2
2 0 0
2 2 1 2
2 2
( ) . . . .
/
Let
+ x y
2 2

d)
v v
+ +

+


+

1
]
1
V i j
y x
x y
x y
x y
k 0 0
2 2
0
2 2 2 2 2 2
$ $
( )
( )
( )
( )
$
. irrotational

x
x
x y
n x y f y
+
+ +
2 2
2 2
1
2
. ( ) ( ) l

y
y
x y
y
x y
f
y
f
y
f C C
+

+
+
2 2 2 2
1
2
2
0 0 . . . . Let
+ ln x y
2 2


8.72

2
2
2
2
0
x y
+ . This requires two conditions on x and two on y.
At , . . x L u U U
y

At , . . x L u U U
y

At y h , . =0

At , = h. y h U (See Example 8.9).
The boundary conditions are stated as:

y
L y U
y
L y U x h x h Uh ( , ) , ( , ) , ( , ) , ( , ) . 0 2

8.73 u
y
y f x v
x
df
dx
f x C + +

100 100 50 50 . ( ). . .
( , ) . x y y x 100 50 (We usually let C = 0.)
u
x
x f y v
y
df
dy
f y C + +

100 100 50 50 . ( ). . .
+ ( , ) . x y x y 100 50
y = h
y = 0
x =

L
y
x
U
178

8.74 a) 40 .
b)
1 1 1
40
1
0 0
2
r r r r r r r

_
,
+

_
,
+

_
,
( ) ( ) .
It is incompressible since the above continuity equation is satisfied.
Note: The continuity equation is found in Table 5.1.
c)

r r r
nr f +
1 40
40 . ( ) l

f
r
r
f C C 0 0 . . . Let
40lnr
d) v
r
v a v
v
r r r
r r r
r

_
,

40
0
40 40
10
2
, . .

r 543 . m

8.75 u
y
y
x y x
y
x
f y
+
+

20
2
40
2 2
1
. tan ( ).
v
y
x
y x
f
y
x
x y
f
y
x
x y
f C C
+
+
+
+
+

40
1
40
20
2
0
2 2 2 2 2 2
/
/
. . . Let


40
1
tan .
y
x


8.76 a)

2
2
2
2
2 2 2
0 10 2
x y x
y x y x + +

. ( ) ( ).

2
2
2 2 2
20
x
y x y

( ) +

80
2 2 2 3
x y x y ( )

y
x y y x y y + + +

10 10 10 2
2 2 1 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ).

2
2
2 2 2
20
y
y x y +

( ) + + +

40 80
2 2 2 3 2 2 3
y x y y x y ( ) ( ) .
+
+

+
+
+

+

2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 3 2 2 2
3
2 2 3
20 80 60 80
x y
y
x y
x y
x y
y
x y
y
x y ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )


+
+

+

+

+
+

80 80 80 80 80 80 80
0
2 2
2 2 3
2
2 2 3
3
2 2 3
2 3 2 3
2 2 3
y x y
x y
x y
x y
y
x y
x y y x y y
x y
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
.
b) In polar coord:

( , ) sin
sin
sin sin . r r
r
r
r
r
10
10
10
10
2


1
10
10
10
10
2
r r r r
f

_
,
+

_
,
+ cos . cos ( ).
179

2 2
1 1 10 10
10 sin 10sin sin . 0.
df df
f C
r r d r d
r r



_
+

,
.
+

_
,
+
+
10
1
10
10
2 2
r
r
x y x
x
x y
cos ( , ) , or
where we let r x r x y cos . + and
2 2 2

c) Along the x-axis, v
x

0 where we let y = 0 in part (a) and

u
y x y
y
x y x
y
+
+
+

10
10 20
10
10
0
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
( )
. with
Eulers Eq:

u
u
x
p
x x x
p
x

_
,

_
,
. . 10
10 20
2 3

_
,
+

1
]
1
+

p
x x
dx
x x
C C
200 200 50 100
50
5 3 4 2
. 000.

1
]
1
+ 1000
100 50
50
2 4
x x
000 Pa. (Could have used Bernoulli!)
d) Let u
x
x t 0 0 10
10
1
2
: . . Stag pts: (1, 0), (1, 0)

8.77 a)

2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
10
10 10 10 2
x y x
x
x y y
y
x y
x y x x
x y
+ +
+

1
]
1
+
+

1
]
1

+
+
( )10 (
( )

+
+
+

+ + +
+

( )10 ( )
( ) ( )
.
x y y y
x y
x y x x y y
x y
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
10 2 10 10 20 10 10 20
0
b) Polar coord: + 10 5
2
r nr cos . l (See Eq. 8.5.14.)

r
r
r r
r f r + + + 10
10 1
10 10
2
cos . sin ( )

1
10sin 10sin .
df
f C
r r dr



. 10 sin 10 . r +
+

( , ) tan . x y y
y
x
10 10
1

c) v
y
y
x y

+

10
2 2
. Along x-axis (y = 0) v = 0.
u
x
x
x y
+
+

10
10
2 2
. Along x-axis u
x
+ 10
10
.
Bernoulli:
2
2
V p
gz

+ +
2
2
V p
gz

+ + (assume ) z z

( / )
. .
10 10
2
10
2
100 50
2 1
2 2
2
+
+ + +

_
,

x p
p
x x
100 000
kPa
180
d) u
x
x + 0 0 10
10
1 : . . Stag pt: (1, 0)
e)
y
a v
v v
u
y x


+ 0 on axis.
x
u
x a u v
x

+
2
10 10
10 .
u
y x
x

_ _
+

, ,


2
10
( 2, 0) (10 5) 12.5 m/s .
4
x
a
_


,


8.78
2 3
2
5
( , ) 5 .
2 3
y y
u x y y y C
y

+
2 3
1
. (3 10 ).
6
y y
q udy y y dy


( )
. .
. .
. .
5
02
2
5
0 2
3
6 667 10
2
2 3
3
0
2
0
2
m / s
2


2 1
2 3 3
1
6
3 0 2 10 02 0 6667 10

( . . ) . . m / s
2

+
u
y
y 1 10 0. doesnt exist.

8.79

+ + 30
5
2
30
5
2
y r sin .
a) v
r r
r
+
1
30
5
2
0

cos .
At , . . ' .
5
2
30 00833
r
r
s
s

Stag. pt: ( ", ). 1 0


b) At

+ , sin . =.0833, r r
s
5
2
30
2
5
2 2

r y
inter
.0119 ft.
c) q U H H H

. . . =
5
60
30
5
2
Thickness = 2
5
30
H

ft or 1.257".
d) v u
r
( , ) cos . . . . . 1 30
5
2
30 25 275 275 + + fps

8.80
[ ] [ ] [ ]

+ + + + + +
2
1
2
1 10
1
4
1
2
1 2
2 2
1 2
2 2
l l l n x y n x y x n x y ( ) ( ) ( )
/ /


[ ]
+ +
1
4
1 10
2 2
ln x y x ( ) .
u
x
x
x
x
x x x
v y
y

+
+

+
+

0
2 2
1
4
2 1
1
1
4
2 1
1
10
1
2 1
1
2 1
10 0 0
[ ( )]
( )
[ ( )]
( ) ( ) ( )
. . if
30 fps
y
x = 0
= 5/2
181
At the stagnation point, u
x x x

+

0
1
2 1
1
2 1
10 0
2
1
20
2
.
( ) ( )
. .
t x x
2
11 1049 . . . . m. oval length = 2 1.049=2.098 m
All the flow from the source goes to the sink, i.e.,

m / s, or m / s for
2 2
2
0 y> .
u y
x y y y
x
( )
( ) ( )
.
+

+
+
+
+

0
2 2 2
1
4
2
1
1
4
2
1
10
1
1
10

1
2
0
1
10 . tan 10 .
2 2
1
h
q dy h h
y

_
+ +

+
,


h = 0.143 m so that thickness = 2h = 0.286 m.
The minimum pressure occurs on the oval surface at (0,h).
There u
+
+
1
1 143
10 1098
2
.
. m/ s.
Bernoulli:
V p V p p
2 2 2 2
2 2
1098
2 1000
10
2
+ + + +


.
.
.
10 000
1000

Pa
min
p 280 .

8.81
[ ] [ ] [ ]

+ + +

+ + + +
2
2
1
2
2
1 2
1
2
1
2 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
2 2
l l l n x y n x y x n x y ( ) ( ) ( )
/ /


[ ]
+ +
1
2
1 2
2 2
ln x y x ( ) .
u
x
x
x y
x
x y
v
y
x y
y
x y

+
+ +

+
+
+

+

1
2
2 1
1
1
2
2 1
1
2
1 1
2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2
( )
( )
( )
( )
.
( ) ( )

Along the x-axis (y = 0), v = 0 and u
x x

+
1
1
1
1
2.
Set u
x x
x x

+
t 0
1
1
1
1
2 2 2
2
: , . . or
Stag. pts.: ( , ), ( , ). 2 0 2 0
u v ( , ) . ( , ) . 40
1
4 1
1
4 1
2 40 0
+


+ 1.867 m/ s
u v ( , ) . ( , ) . 04
1
1 4
1
1 4
2 04
4
1 4
4
1 4
0
2 2 2 2

+


+
+
+

+
2.118 m/ s

8.82

+ + + +
2
2
1
2
2
1
2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2
l l n x y n x y [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ]
/ /

+ + + +
1
2
1
1
2
1
2 2 2 2
l l n x y n x y [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ].
(0, h)
y
x
182
u
x
x
x y
x
x y

+
+
+ +

2 2 2 2
1 1 ( ) ( )
.
v
y
y
x y
y
x y


+
+
+
+

1
1
1
1
2 2 2 2
( ) ( )
.
At (0, 0) u = 0 and v =0. At (1, 1)

2 2 2 2 2
2 2 1 1
0 0.4 m/s. 1.2 m/s.
5
2 1 1 2 1
v u + +
+ +


+
v
V i j 12 04 .
$
.
$
. m/ s


8.83

+ + + + +

2
2
1
2
2
1
2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2
l l n y x n y x U x [( ) ] [( ) ] .
/ /

+ + + + +

1
2
1
1
2
1
2 2 2 2
l l n y x n y x U x [( ) ] [( ) ] .
a) Stag. pts. May occur on x-axis, y =0.
u
x
x
x
x
x
y

+
+
+
+

0
2 2
1 1
10.

2
0.2 1 0. x x + + no stagnation points exist on the x-axis.

(They do exist away from the x-axis.)
Along the y-axis: u y q udy
h
( ) . ( )

10
1
2
2
0
m / s.
2

10 10 0314
0
dy h h
h
. m . .
b) u
x
x
x x x
+
+ + +
2
1
1 2 1 0 1
2
2
. . m.
Stag. pt.: (1, 0)
Along the y-axis: u h h 10 1 314 . . . . . m

c) u
x
x
x x x
+
+ + +
2
1
02 10 1 0 9 90
2
2
. . . . , 0.10 m.
Stag. pts.: (9.9, 0) , (0.1, 0).
Along the y-axis: u h h 0 2 02 1571 . . . . . . m

8.84 +
60
8
r
r cos cos .
a) v
r r r
r
+

_
,

60
8 8
60
2 2
cos cos cos .
At the cylinder surface v
r
0 for all . Hence,
x
y
x
y
x
y
183

60
8 2739
2
r
r
c
c
. . m
b) Bernoulli: p
U

2 2
2
1000
8
2
32 000 Pa or 32 kPa
c) v
r r

1 60
8
2
sin sin .
At r r v
c
, sin sin sin

8 8 16
d) p
v

90
2
2
2
1000
16
2
128
o
000 Pa or 128 kPa

8.85

+ +
4
2
20
2
2 10 l l nr nr
At ( , ) ( , ), ( , ) ( , / ). x y r 01 1 2
v
r
r
( , / ) ( ) . 1 2
1 1
1
2 2

v
r

( , / ) . 1 2
10
1
10
v
r
( . , / )
.
. 17 4
2
17
118 , v

( . , / )
.
. 17 4
10
17
588


v
r
( . , )
.
. 320
2
32
0625 , v

( . , )
.
. 320
10
32
3125


v
r
( , / ) . 6 4
2
6
0333 , v

( , / ) . 6 4
10
6
167

, etc.
Note: We scaled the radius at each 45 increment to find r.

b) v
r
v
r
r

2 10
and

. From Table 5.1 (use the l.h.s. of

momentum)
a
Dv
Dt
v
r
v
v
r
v
r
r
r
r
r
+

2 2

_
,

2 2 100 104
1
2 3
r r r

104 m/ s
2

a
Dv
Dt
v v
r
v
v
r
v v
r
r
r
r

+ +

_
,
+

2 10 2 10
0
2 3
r r r
( )
.

v
a( , ) ( , ) 01 1040 m/ s
2








x
y
184
c) v v
r
( . , / ) / . . , ( . , / )
.
. 1414 4 2 1414 01414 1414 4
10
1414
0707

v v
r
( . , / ) / . , ( . , / ) / . . 01 2 2 01 20 01 2 10 01 100

Bernoulli:
20 000
1.2
13 760 Pa +
+
+
+

01414 0707
2 12
20 100
2
2 2 2 2
. .
.
.
p
p
We used
air
3
kg/ m at standard conditions. 12 .

8.86 Along the y-axis v v
r
r
0 10
40
2
and

.
We have set

2
in Eq. 8.5.27. r
c

40
10
2.
b) v
r
r
10
40
43 51269
2
cos cos . ( , ) ( , . ).
o

v
r
v v
r
10
40
696 928
2
sin sin . . , . . m/ s m/ s

c) Use Eq. 8.5.28: p p U
0
2 2
2 sin
Drag = p r d L p r L p p U
c c
cos . .
/
/

90 90 0
2
2
2
2 2


2 2 2
0
2 2
90
0
2
( sin )cos
/
p U r Ld p r L
c c

[ ]

1
]
1


2 2
3
2 2
8
3
0
2
3
0
2
0
2 2
r L p U p U r L r L U
c c c
sin
sin
.
/

C
U A
r L U
U r L
D
c
c

Drag
1
2
8 3
1
2
2
8
3
2667
2
2
2

( / )
. .

8.87 v U
r
U r U
r c


cos cos . , .


2
2 2
4 1 4 4 Let
For + , . v
r
r
4
4
2

b) v
r
U
r
c

_
,

sin
sin
sin sin .
2 2
4
4
1
8

c) p p
V v
c
+ +

2 2 2 2 2
2 2
1000
4
2
1000
8
2
50 000
sin
.
p
c
58 32
2
sin kPa.

10 m/s
20 m/s
d

p
()

p
90
x = 1

x
v
r
185
d) Drag =2 58 32 1 1 26 2 1
2
0
2
( sin )cos
/

_
,

1
]
1
2 58 32
1
3
52 42.7 kN. (See the figure in Problem 8.86c.)

8.88 On the cylinder
1000
2 sin 60sin ,
2 2 3.651
c
v U
r

where we have
Used
400
3.651 ft.
30
c
r
U

If
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
6 6 6 6
( , ) .0318
( 6) ( 2) ( 6) ( 2) ( 6) ( 2) ( 6) ( 2)
x x x x
u x y
x y x y x y x y
1
+ +
+ + +
1
+ + + + + + + + 1
]
227 , 313 .
o o

Stag. pts.: (3.651 ft, 227) , (3.651 ft, 313).

Max. pressure occurs on the cylinder at a stagnation pt.:

2 2 2 2
max o
0.0024
= 30 0 1.08 psf.
2 2
p U v

1 1

] ]

Min. pressure occurs at the top of the cylinder where 90
o
and the velocity is:

90
o
1000
2 sin 2 30 104 fps
2 2 3.651
v U
r

2 2 2 2
min o
0.0024
= 30 104 11.8 psf.
2 2
p U v

1 1

] ]


8.89 v

2 20
2 4
sin
.
.

For one stag. pt.: v

0 270 at
o
:
0 2 20 270
2 4
2 20 2 4 1005

sin
.
. . .
o

m / s.
2

2
2
1005
2 4
2
2 2


r
r
c
c
.
.
.
. 100 rad / s (See Example 8.12.)
Min. pressure occurs where v

is max, i.e., / . 2 There

v

2 20 1
1005
2 4
80
.
.
m/ s.
+ +

p p
V v
min
Pa
2 2 2 2
2 2
0
20
2
122
80
2
122 3660

. . .



186
8.90 2 2 6 120 2 60 2842 6 3 108
2 2 2 2
r r U
c c
. / . . . m / s. m / s.
2 3

2 3
28 42
2 6
1256 sin
.
.
sin . . . Impossible. Stag. pt. is off the
cylinder at > 270
o
, . but r r
c
From Eq. 8.5.29,
v
r
U
r r r r

sin sin ( )
.
( )
.
.
2 2
2
3 1
108
1
2842
2
0

+ + 3
108 4523
1508 036 0 121
2
2
. .
. . . . .
r r
r r r m.
Stag. pt.: (1.21, 270). ( )
.
.
. v

90
2 3
2842
2 6
1354
o

m/ s.
Min. pressure occurs at

_
,
90
3
2
1354
2
122 106
2 2
o
, :
.
. . at Pa
min
r r p
c

Max. pressure occurs at

_
,
270
3
2
154
2
122 4 04
2 2
o
, :
.
. . . at Pa
max
r r p
c


8.91 At 15,000 ft, . . 0015 slug/ ft
3

Lift = U L

. , . 0015 350 15000 60 472,000 lb

8.92 Place four sources as shown. Then, with q 2 for each:
u x y
x
x y
x
x y
x
x y
( , )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+
+
+
+ +
+

+ +
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
+
+
+ + +
x
x y
2
2 2
2 2
( ) ( )


v x y
y
x y
y
x y
y
x y
( , )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+
+
+
+ +
+

+ +
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
+
+
+ + +
y
x y
2
2 2
2 2
( ) ( )



8.93 Place four sources with q 02 . m / s, as shown.
2



u x y
x
x y
x
x y
x
x y
x
x y
( , ) .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )


+
+

+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ + +

1
]
1
0318
6
6 2
6
6 2
6
6 2
6
6 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
v x y
y
x y
y
x y
y
x y
y
x y
( , ) .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )


+
+

+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ + +

1
]
1
0318
2
6 2
2
6 2
2
6 2
2
6 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
where
q
2
2
2
0318

.
. .
x
y
x
y
(6, 2)
187
At (4,3) u( , ) . . . 4 3 0318
2
4 1
2
4 25
10
100 1
10
100 25
000922

+
+

+
+
+
+
+

1
]
1
m/ s
v( , ) . . . 43 0318
1
4 1
1
100 1
5
4 25
5
100 25
001343
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

1
]
1
m/ s

8.94 Re . / .
crit

U x
x
T
T

6 10 300 2000
5

a)

156 10 2000 156 10 0312
4 4
. . . ' ft / sec. or 3.74"
2
x
T

b)

21 10 2000 21 10 042
4 4
. . . ' ft / sec. or 5.04"
2
x
T

c)

347 10 2000 347 10 0694
4 4
. . . ' ft / sec. or 8.33"
2
x
T


8.95 a) Use Re / . .
crit


3 10 10 151 10
5 5
x
T
x
T
0453 . . m
b) Use Re / . .
crit


10 10 151 10
6 5
x
T
x
T
151 . . m
c) Use Re / . .
crit


3 10 10 151 10
5 5
x
T
x
T
0453 . . m
d) Use Re / . .
crit


3 10 10 151 10
5 5
x
T
x
T
0453 . . m
e)
4 5
growth growth
Re 6 10 10 /1.51 10 . 0.091 m or 9.1 cm x x

.
Note: A rough plate, high free-stream disturbances, or a vibrated smooth plate
all experience transition at the lower Re .
crit


8.96 a) Use Re / .
crit


3 10 10 10
5 6
x
T
x
T
003 3 . . m or cm
b) Use Re / .
crit


10 10 10
6 6
x
T
x
T
01 10 . . m or cm
c) Use Re / .
crit


3 10 10 10
5 6
x
T
x
T
003 3 . . m or cm
d) Use Re / .
crit


3 10 10 10
5 6
x
T
x
T
003 3 . . m or cm
e)
2 2
( ) 20 000 2 1000 10 sin ( /2) p x x

8.97 Re .
.
.
crit
For a wind tunnel:

6 10
2
6 10
2
15 10
5 5
5
U U

m/ s.

U 45 .
For a water channel: 6 10
2
10
03
5
6

U
U . . m/ s .

8.98 The x-coordinate is measured along the cylinder surface as shown in Fig. 8.19.
The pressure distribution (see solution 8.86) on the surface is
p p U r x
c

0
2 2
2 sin ( where is zero at the stagnation point). Then

2 2
( ) 20 000 2 1000 10 sin ( /2) p x x
20 200 2
2
sin ( / ) x kPa
The velocity U(x) at the edge of the b.l. is U(x) on the cylinder wall:
188
v r

( ) sin sin sin( ) sin 2 10 10 20 20

U x x ( ) sin( / ) 20 2

8.99 U x v r v U x x x r
c c
( ) . sin . ( ) sin .

at since 1 8 8
p x x ( ) sin sin 58 32 58 32
2 2
kPa

8.100 The height h above the plate is h x mx m m ( ) . . . . . + + 4 1 2 4 15

h x x U x h U x
x
( ) . . . . ( ) . ( )
.
. .
04 15 6 4
24
04 15
Continuity: or
U x
x
( )
.
.

16
267

Eulers Eqn:

u
u
x
p
x
dp
dx x x


.
. ( . )

16
267
16
267
2

256
267
3
( . )
.
x


8.101 a)
top out in
0 0 0 0
m m m udy udydx udy udydx
x x



+


& & &
b)
0
( ) ( )( )
2
x
dp
F p dx p d p dp d + + + +
0
higher order terms dx dp +
2 2 2
out in top
0 0 0 0
2
0 0
( )
( )
mom mom mom u dy u dydx u dy U x udydx
x x
u dydx U x udydx
x x




_
+


,
_




,
& & &

2 3
2 5 4 5 2
3 4 3 4
4 .
2
2 4.65 1.5 10 3 4.65 (1.5 10 3)
y d
y
dx

+
1
1
]


8.102

0
2
0 0
+

dp
dx
U x
d
dx
udy
d
dx
u dy ( )
+

_
,




dp
dx
d
dx
uUdy
dU
dx
udy
d
dx
u dy
0
2
0 0

where we have used g
df
dx
dfg
dx
f
dg
dx
U g f udy

_
,

. , . Here

0

+



0
0 0
dp
dx
d
dx
u U u dy
dU
dx
udy ( ) . ( const.)
189

8.103
dp
dx
d
dx
U U
dU
dx
dU
dx
Udy U Udy

_
,

2
1 1
2
0 0
where .

_
,

1
]
1
1
+

0
0
2
0
1 dU
dx
Udy
d
dx
U
dU
dx
udy ( )
+ +

d
dx
U
dU
dx
U u dy
d
dx
U
dU
dx
U
d
( ) ( ) ( ) .
2 2
0


8.104 If dp dx
dU
dx
d
dx
uU u dy / ( ) .

0 0
0
0
then and

0
2
0
2
0
2
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
2

_
,

1
]
1

_
,

d
dx
U
y y
dy U
d
dx
y y
U
d
dx
sin sin cos

0
0
2
0

u
y
U
y
cos .

U U
d
dx
d
U
dx
x
U 2
137 115 479
2
. . . . . .
b)

0
2
1
479
0328

U
U
x
U
U
x .
. .
c)

u
x
U
x
y U
x
U
x
a
x
U
ax a
x
v
y

_
,

_
,

_
,

sin
.
sin cos .
/
2 479 2
3 2

_
,

_
,

1
]
1
1

v U
y
x
U
y
U
x
dy U
U U
y dy
.
cos . . cos . .
/
164
328 0316 189
3 2
0 0




8.105 u U
y d
dx
U
y y
dy

_
,

.
0
2
0
1

_
,

d
dx
U U
d
dx
2 2
2 3
1
6
.

0
2
1
6
6

u
y
U U
U
d
dx
d
U
dx . .

2
0
12 346 0289
U
x x
x
U
U
U
x
. ( ) . . . .
%error in ( )
.
. x


5 346
5
100 308% low.
U

u = Uy/

y
190
%error in low
0
332 289
332
100 13% ( )
. .
.
. x



8.106

0
2 2
6
2
0
6
3 1 3
1
3
1
1
3

_
,

+ +

_
,

_
,

'

d
dx
U
y y
dy U
y y
dy
/
/ /

+ +

_
,

_
,

U
y y
dy
2
2
3
2
3
1
3
2
3
/

d
dx
U
U d
dx
U

2
01358
3
2208 ( . ) . . / .
Thus, ( ) . / , ( ) .
.
. Re .
/
x vx U x U
v
U x
U
x

_
,

665 01358
665
2
0451
0
2 2 1 2

%error for


665 5
5
100 33%
.
. %error for
0
0451 0332
0332
100 36%


. .
.


8.107 Continuity from entrance to x: U H u y dy U x H
0
0
2 2 +

( ) ( )( ).

Write U x U x dy U x dy ( ) ( ) ( ) .



0 0
Then, continuity provides
U H u U dy UH
0
0
2 +

( )

UH U u dy 2
0
( )

UH U U x
U H
H
d
d
2
2
0

. ( ) .
If we were to move the walls out a distance
d
x ( ), then U x ( ) would be constant
since ( ) [ ]
H
d d
+ 2 2 would be constant; then U x U ( ) .
0
For a square wind
tunnel, displace one wall outward 4 0
d
dp dx for / .

8.108 The given velocity profile is that used in Example 8.13. There we found

548 548 10 10 000173 000173 3 0003

6
. / . / . . . x U x x m.
Assume the streamline is outside the b.l. Continuity is then
10 002 10
2
003 003
003 10
2
2
0
003

_
,
+

.
. .
( . )
.
y y
dy h
+ 002 10 003 0021 . . . . h h m or 2.1 cm
[ ]
d
y y
dy +

_
,
+

1
10
10
20
003
10
003
1
10
03 03 01 0001
2
2
0
003
. .
. . . .
.
m
h 2 21 2 01 . . cm or 0.001 m.
The streamline moves away from the wall a distance
d
.
191

8.109 From Prob. 8.107 we found that we should displace the one wall outward 4
d
.
From the definition of
d
:
h x
y y
dy
d
( ) +

_
,
+

_
,

4
4
10
10
20 10
4
3
4
3
2
2
0

_
,

4
3
548
186 10 10
160 287 303
000735
5
.
. /
/ (. )
.
x
x m
We used ( ) x found in Example 8.13, p RT / , / . and

8.110 a) u U
y y
U
U
y y
dy
d

_
,
+

_
,
+

3
2
1
2
1
1
3
2
1
2
3
4
1
8
375
3
3
3
3
0

. . .
From Eq. 8.6.16,

d
x
U
x
U


. . . . 375 465 174 %error =1.2%.

_
,
+

_
,

1 3
2
1
2
1
3
2
1
2
0139
2
2
3
3
3
3
0
U
U
y y y y
dy . .

. . . .
. .
.
. 139 465 0648
648 644
644
100 062%
x
U
x
U
%error =
b) u U
y y y y
dy
d

_
,
+

_
,
+

2 1
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
0

. / . See Example 8.13.

d
x
U
x
U
548
3
183
183 172
172
100 64%
.
. .
. .
.
. %error = .

_
,
+

_
,
+ +

2 1 2
1
3
4
3
2
4
2
4
1
5
1333
2
2
2
2
0
y y y y
dy . .

. . . .
. .
.
. 1333 548 0731
731 644
644
100 135%
x
U
x
U
%error = .
c)
0
2
1 sin 0.363 . See Problem 8.104. 4.79 .
2
d
y x
dy
U

d
x
U
x
U
0363 479 174
174 172
172
100 12% . . . .
. .
.
. %error =

_
,

1
]
1
+

sin sin cos sin . .

y y
dy
y y
2
1
2
2
2 2 2
2
0137
0 0
term

. . . .
. .
.
. . 137 479 0654
654 644
644
100 16%
x
U
x
U
%error =

192
8.111 a)

_
,

465 465
16 10 20
12
00759
4
1 2
. .
.
. .
/
x
U
ft
b)

0
2 2
4
1 2
5
323 323 0024 12
16 10
20 12
911 10

_
,

. . .
.
. .
/
U
xU
psf
c) Drag =
2
1
20 15 1.29
2
U
LU

1 / 2
4
2
1 1.6 10
.0024 12 300 1.29 0.0546 lb.
2 20 12

,

d)

x
u
x
U
y y d
dx

1
]
1 10
4
2
3
4
465
16 10 10
12
00416
3
2
3
2
.
.
. . ft.

1
]
1

u
x
y y
y y 12
3
2 0416
3
2 0416
465
2
16 10
10 12
279 16140
2
3
4
4
3
. . . .
. .
. .

v
u
x
dy

279
2
0416
16140
4
0416 00121
2 4
0
.
. . . . fps

8.112 a)

_
,

4 65 4 65
15 10 6
4
00221
5
1 2
. .
.
. .
/
x
U
m
b)

0
2 2
5
1 2
0323 323 122 4
15 10
6 4
0 00498

_
,

. . .
.
. .
/
U
xU
Pa
c) Drag =
1
2
129
1
2
122 4 6 5 129
15 10
6 4
0299
2 2
5
1 2
U Lw
v
LU

_
,
. . .
.
. .
/
N
d)
3
2 4
3 3
2
2
u y y d
U
x dx

1
+
1
1
]


2 3
2 5 4 5 2
3 4 3 4
4 .
2
2 4.65 1.5 10 3 4.65 (1.5 10 3)
y d
y
dx

+
1
1
]

[ ] +

+

u
x
y y y y 4 6166 253 10
465
2
15 10
4
1
3
641 2 63 10
7 3
5
5 3
.
. .
. . .

v
u
x
dy

641
2
0156
2 63 10
4
0156 0 00391
2
5
4
0
.
.
.
. . , m/ s
where
x

3
5
465
15 10 3
4
01560 .
.
. m.

193
8.113 a)

_
,

5 5
15 10 2
10
000866
5
1 2
x
U
.
. .
/
m Use

0
2
332

. . U
xU

Drag =
0
2
5
0
332 122 10
15 10
10
2
1 2
4 0561 wdx
L

. .
.
/
. . N
b)

_
,

.
.
. .
.
38 2
15 10
10 2
00453
5
2
m
Drag =
1
2
074
1
2
122 10 2 4 074
15 10
10 2
215
2
2
2
5
2

U Lw
U L

_
,

_
,

. . .
.
. .
. .
N

8.114 a)

_
,

_
,

.
.
. . . .
.
. .
38 6
15 10
20 6
00949
1
2
122 20 059
15 10
20 6
5
2
0
2
5
2
m
. . 6 Pa
b)

_
,

_
,

. . . .
. .
38 6
10
20 6
00552
1
2
1000 20 059
10
20 6
6
2
0
2
6
2
m
286 Pa.

8.115 u y U
u
y
U y
u
y
U
y
( ) . . / .
/ /

1
7
1
7
6 7 1 7

u
y
y
should be zero. Thus, this condition is not satisfied.

0
0
1 7
1
7
1
0

u
y
U
y
/
. Thus, this is unacceptable and

u
y
at, and near, the wall is not valid.
u U
y y

_
,

3
2
1
2
3
3

.
u U
y

_
,

1 7 /
.


8.116 a) Drag =

1
2
0024 20 12 15 074
158 10
20 12
1060
158 10
20 12
031
2
4
2
4

_
,

_
,

1
]
1
1

. ( ) .
. .
. .
.
lb


cubic
turb (power-law)
U
y
u
u
194
b) Drag =

1
2
0024 20 12 15 074
158 10
20 12
1700
158 10
20 12
027
2
4
2
4

_
,

_
,

1
]
1
1

. ( ) .
. .
. .
.
lb
c) Drag =

1
2
0024 20 12 15 074
158 10
20 12
2080
158 10
20 12
025
2
4
2
4

_
,

_
,

1
]
1
1

. ( ) .
. .
. .
.
lb

8.117 a) Drag =
1
2
1000 12 1 2 074
10
12 1
1060
10
12 1
521
2
6
2
6

_
,

_
,

1
]
1
1

. ( ) .
. .
. .
.
N
b) Drag =
1
2
1000 12 1 2 074
10
12 1
1700
10
12 1
444
2
6
2
6

_
,

_
,

1
]
1
1

. ( ) .
. .
. .
.
N
c) Drag =
1
2
1000 12 1 2 074
10
12 1
2080
10
12 1
399
2
6
2
6

_
,

_
,

1
]
1
1

. ( ) .
. .
. .
.
N

8.118 U

_
,

60
1000
3600
1667 38 100
1667 10
235
5
2
. .
.
.
.
m/ s. 000
1.5 10
m
-5


0
2 2
5
5
2
1
2
1
2
122 1667 059
15 10
1667 10
00618

_
,

1
]
1
1

U c
f
. . .
.
.
. .
.
Pa
b)
0
2 2
5
5
2
1
2
1
2
122 1667
455
06
1667 10
15 10
0151

_
,

1
]
1

U c
n
f
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
l
Pa

u n

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
151
122
351
1667
351
244
351
15 10
74 585
5
m/ s. m l
Both (a) and (b) are in error, however, (b) is more accurate. 0.
p
x

<

8.119 a) 5
u

(See Fig. 8.24 b).

5 15 10
351
214 10
5
4
.
.
. . m
b)

d
U
U u dy
U
n
y
dy
u
U
n
y
dy

_
,

1
25 244 374
15
15
0
( ) . . .
.
.
l l

( )

_
,

_
,

1
]
1

u
U
y n
y
y y n
y
y
v

25 15 244 374
15 87 8
87 8
585
. . . .
. .
.
l l
+ +
.
.
[ . ] . .
351
1667
219 620 008 2188 951 437 m
Note: We cannot use zero as a lower limit since the ln-profile does not go to the
195
wall. Hence, we use

; the lower limit provides a negligible

contribution to the integral.

8.120 a) Use Eq. 8.6.40: c
n
f

_
,

1
]
1

.
.
.
. .
455
06
300 20
158 10
000212
4
2
l

b)
0
2 2
1
2
1
2
0024 300 00212 0229

U c
f
. . . . psf u

.
.
.
229
0024
977 fps.
c)

5
5 158 10 977 809 10
4 5
u
. / . . . ft
d)
300
977
244
977
158 10
74 0228
4
.
.
.
.
. . . .

ln

ft

8.121 a)
0
2 2
6
2
1
2
1
2
1000 10
455
06
10 3
10
110

_
,

1
]
1

U c
n
f
.
.
.
l
Pa

u
u

110
1000
332
5 5 10
332
151 10
6
5
.
.
. . m/ s. m
b) u u 5 5 332 166

. . . m/ s
c) y. . 15 Do part (d) first! y . . . . 15 0333 0005 m
d)
10
332
244
332
10
74 00333
6
.
.
.
. . . . +

ln

m

8.122 Assume flat plates with dp dx
n
f
/ .
.
.
. .

_
,

1
]
1

0
523
06
10 100
10
00163
6
2
C
l

Drag =2
1
2
1000 10 10 100 00163
2
. . 163 000 N
To find
max
we need u .

0
2
6
2
1
2
1000 10
455
06
10 100
10
709
709
1000
0266

_
,

1
]
1

.
.
.
.
.
ln
u Pa. m/ s.

10
266
244
266
10
74 089
6
.
.
.
. . . . +

ln

m
max


8.123 a) Assume a flat plate of width D.
8
5
15 600
Re 6 10 .
1.5 10
UL

196

2 8 1/5 2
1 1
drag 0.073(6 10 ) 1.2 15 600 100 32600 N
2 2
f
C U L D

power 32600 15 489000 W or 655 hp or 164 hp/engine
D
F U .

b)
3
helium
100
0.167 kg/m .
2.077 288
p
RT

air helium B
F W W V
2 7
(1.2 0.167) 9.8 50 600/2 2.38 10
payload =
6 6 6
23.8 10 9.8 1.2 10 12 10 N
B
F W

8.124 u
y
u
x x y
v
x
u
y y
u
y y

, , , , .
2 2
2
2
2
3
3

Substitute into Eq. 8.6.45 (with dp dx / ): 0

y x y x y y
2 2
2
3
3
.

8.125 We also have

x x x x y
y
x
y
x
+ + ,
( / ) ( / )

2

Recognizing that / , / , / / , x y x
y
U x

1 0
2
3
and
/ / , y U x

y
U
x
y U
x


,
2
3

2 2
3
2
2 3
2 x y
U U U y U
+

_
,

-
1
2










2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
y
U U
y
U U

_
,


,
Equation 8.6.47 then becomes, using U y

/ / ,

y y yx yx x y
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2

_
,

_
,

_
,

U
x y
3
3

Multiply by y
2 2
/ and Eq. 8.6.49 results:

_
,

+

1
2
2
2 2
2
3
3

U


197
8.126 u
y
U x
dF
d y
U x F
U
x
U F

'( ) '( ).
We used Eq. 8.6.50 and Eqs. 8.6.48.

( )
v
x x
U x F
U
x
F U x
F
x

1
2

_
,

1
2
1
2
3 2
U
x
F U xF y
U
x

'
/

+

1
2 2
1
2
U
x
F
y U
x
U
x
F
U
x
F F

' ( ' ).

8.127 The results are shown in Table 8.5.

8.128 a)
0
2
5
0332 122 5
15 10
2 5
00124

. .
.
. . Pa
b)

5
15 10 2
5
0 0122
5
.
. . m
c) v
U
x
F F
max
max
m/ s

1
]
1

1
2
15 10 5
2
8605 000527
5
( ' )
.
. . .
d) Q udy U
dF
d
dy U
dF
d
d
vx
U

0 0 0

U
x
U
F F

[ ( ) ( )]
.
. . / 0 5
15 10 2
5
328 004
5
m s/ m
2


8.129 a)
0
2
4
4
332 0024 15
16 10
6 15
239 10

. .
.
. . psf
b)

5
16 10 6
15
004
4
.
. ft.
c) v
U
x
F F
max
max
fps

1
]
1

1
2
16 10 15
6
8605 00172
4
( ' )
.
. . .
d) Q udy U
x
U
F

( )
.
. . / . 15
16 10 6
15
328 0394
4
0
ft sec/ ft
2


8.130 At x = 2m, Re = 5 2/ 10
-6
= 10
7
. Assume turbulent from the leading edge.
a)
0
2
2
1
2
0455
006

U
n
x
.
( . Re ) l

198

1
2
1000 5
0455
006 10
321
2
7 2
.
( . )
.
ln
Pa
b) u

0
321 1000 01792 / . / . m/ s

5
01792
244
01792
10
74 00248
6
.
.
.
. . . +

ln m or 24.8 mm

c) Use the 1/ 7 the power-law equation:
Q y dy

5 00248 0109
1 7
0
0 0248
( / . ) .
/
.
m / s / m
3


8.131 From Table 8.5 we would select 6:
a)
5
1.5 10 2
6 6 0.0147 m
5
x
U

b)
5
15.8 10 6
6 6 0.047 ft or 0.57 in.
15
x
U

8.132 From Table 8.5 we interpolate for F' . 05 to be

+
05 03298
06298 03298
2 1 1 157
. .
. .
( ) .

y y
5
15 10 2
000385
5
.
. . m or 3.85 mm
( ) v
U
x
F F

_
,

1
2
'

15 10 5
2
0207 000127
5
.
( . ) . m/ s

u v
y x



+
2
" F U
xU

,
5
2
1.5 10
0.291(1.2)5 0.011 Pa
2 5

8.133

If v y v y v y > < 0 10 0 0 at and at then , / and continuity demands that
/ 0. The component, for must then be greater than , u x u y U > > as shown
in (b); there should be a slight overshoot. Also, consider the control volume of
(c) where the lower boundary is just above y v y . , If at large say 0
y 10 , then continuity demands that u out the right area be greater than
: U an overshoot. It is not reasonable to assume that v = const as in (a);
y
y =

v
v
y
y =

v = 0
v
(a) (b) (c)
U
v
v = 0
u > U
199
reality would demand a profile such as that sketched in (b). The overshoot
would be quite small and is neglected in boundary layer theory.

8.134 u U
y y

_
,

3
2
1
2
3
3


For the Blasius profile: see Table 8.5.
(This is only a sketch. The student is encouraged
to draw the profiles to scale.)




8.135


8.136 A: 0. (favorable)
p
x

<
B:

p
x
0.
C: 0. (unfavorable)
p
x

>
D: 0.
p
x

>
E: 0.
p
x

<




y
U
cubic
Blasius
A
B C D
y y
y
y
2U
zero velocity
gradient
separation
streamline
backflow
inviscid
profile
low velocity
outside b.l.
y
A
B
C
D
E