MSc in Tropical Livestock Systems, 2008-20010 Research Plan

Carbohy rate !tili"ation #or local $ro%in$ chicken

St! ent&
S!pervisors&

Kong Saroeun Dr. Preston, TOSOLY, Colombia Fr. Brian Ogle, Department of animal nutrition and management Dr. Khieu Borin, Center for Li esto!" and #gri!ulture De elopment

1' (ntro !ction

Poultr$ produ!tion of smallholders in most de eloping !ountries is based mainl$ on s!a enging birds reared under ba!"$ard s$stems. Birds need feeds that gi e the ne!essar$ elements for bod$ fun!tions, in!luding gro%th, egg and meat produ!tion. This is a re&uirement that the free'range produ!tion s$stem does not meet ade&uatel$. To attain a balan!ed diet, it is re!ommended that in addition to s!a enging, a farmer should in!lude protein supplements from one of the re!ommended !heap but &ualit$ sour!es su!h as du!"%eed, %ater spina!h, taro leaf, !assa a leaf and so on. #nimals also need !arboh$drates for suppl$ of energ$ and heat for s!a enging (Ond%as$ et al )**+,. Some "inds of energ$ feed !an be a ailable in the illage and farmers !an supplement their !hi!"en to impro e the performan!e. The positi e effe!ts of supplementing s!a enging !hi!"ens ha e been reported b$ se eral authors in!luding Tadele (-..+,, /odrigue0 and Preston -..1, Smith -..*, Kingori )**2, O"itoi et al )**+. 3enu" and Dingle )**) in a re ie% of diet sele!tion b$ poultr$ reported strong e iden!e that indi!ated that %hen domesti! birds %ere offered different feedstuffs the$ had the abilit$ to !hoose a diet that pro ided them %ith nutrients ne!essar$ for maintenan!e, gro%th and produ!tion. 4n upland and some lo%land areas of Cambodia and Laos, man$ t$pes of !ash !rop are gro%n b$ smallholders su!h as !assa a, s%eet potato and banana (Photos -, ) -nd 5,. The !rop is a part of their in!ome. The$ are also sour!es of lo% !ost !arboh$drates for humans and animals. The pri!e at har esting time is often er$ !heap. 4n this !ase, the farmers !an de!ide to use some for feeding their s!a enging !hi!"en Feeding !arboh$drates to the s!a enging !hi!"en in the fresh form is the easiest method but some anti'nutritional fa!tors are present in the fresh form. Cassa a roots, s%eet potato tubers and banana fruit all !ontain anti'nutritional fa!tors (eg6 tr$psin inhibitor in s%eet potato tubers, 3C7 in !assa a roots and tannins in banana fruit, %hi!h ma$ affe!t the inta"e and digestibilit$.

Photo 1& S%eet potato in Cambodia

Photo 2& Cassa a in Cambodia

Photo )& Banana gro%n on upland of Laos

*ypotheses
The !hi!"ens %ill prefer !assa a roots !ompared %ith s%eet potato tubers as it is postulated that the$ ha e a greater potential to deto8if$ 3C7 (in !assa a, !ompared %ith anti'tr$psin fa!tors (s%eet potato tubers, and tannins, ph$tate !ompounds and o8alate (in green bananas, Feed inta"e and gro%th rate %ill be higher %hen !hi!"ens are offered !assa a roots !ompared %ith s%eet potato roots or green bananas

Feed inta"e and gro%th rate %ill be higher %hen !hi!"ens are offered dried fish as protein sour!e !ompared %ith green lea es but the use of green lea es %ill be more e!onomi!al.

+b,ectives
To !ompare the feed inta"e and gro%th performan!e of !hi!"ens fed on different sour!es of !arboh$drate and green lea es as a sour!e of protein To e aluate the !apa!it$ of lo!al !hi!"en to resist anti'nutritional fa!tors !ontained in fresh !arboh$drates

2' -ork plan

The stud$ !onsists ) parts and %ill be started in 9ul$ )**.. :8periment -6 (Cafeteria stud$, Preferen!e of lo!al !hi!"en for different green forages and fresh !arboh$drate feeds :8periment )6 (;ro%th stud$, Comparison of different sour!es of fresh !arboh$drate %ith dried fish or green forage as the protein sour!e.

2'2 ./periment 1& Pre#erence o# local chicken #or i##erent $reen #ora$es an carbohy rate #ee s 2'2'1 0!ration an location

#resh

The e8periment %ill be !ondu!ted for four %ee"s in the agro'e!ologi!al farm of the Center for Li esto!" and #gri!ulture De elopment (Cel#grid, %hi!h is about -. "m south of Phnom Penh !it$.

2'2'2 Material an metho s

1irst perio 2* lo!al gro%ing !hi!"ens at the age of ) months %ill be used in the e8periment. The$ %ill be allo!ated at -* birds per pen. Three t$pes of green forage (taro leaf, du!"%eed or %ater spina!h, and one energ$ feed (bro"en ri!e, %ill be offered separatel$ in ea!h pen. #ll green feeds %ill be offered in the same amount of D< during the first = da$s. Subse&uentl$, the amounts %ill be !hanged a!!ording to the preferen!e of the !hi!"ens. The o erall e8perimental period is ) %ee"s. The !hi!"ens %ill be gi en fresh feeds 5 times per da$ at *>6** h, --6** h and -26** h. Secon perio The same 2* lo!al !hi!"ens from the first period %ill be used. The$ %ill be di ided -* per pen. Three t$pes of !arboh$drate feeds (!assa a root, s%eet potato tuber and green banana fruit %ill be offered separatel$ in ea!h pen. One "ind of green forage (sele!ted a!!ording to results in the first period, if offered #ll !arboh$drate feeds %ill be offered in the same amount of D< in the first = da$s and then in

amounts a!!ording to the obser ed inta"es The !hi!"ens %ill be gi en fresh feeds 5 times per da$ at *>6** h, --6** h and -26** h.

2'2') 0ata collection

Feeds offered and refused %ill be %eighed to estimate the inta"e. Samples of feeds are ta"en for anal$sis. The !hi!"ens are %eighed at the beginning, after one %ee" and at the end of ea!h period.

2'2'2'2 Statistical analysis

Data for feed inta"e and !hanges in li e %eight are anal$sed using the ;L< option of the #7O?# program in <initab -2 ()**2, soft%are. Sour!es of ariation are6 feeds and error. .

./periment 2 2') Comparison o# #resh carbohy rate #or local $ro%in$ chicken 2')'1 Materials an metho s 2')'1'1 Location an !ration

The e8periment %ill be !ondu!ted for +* da$s in the agro'e!ologi!al farm of Center for Li esto!" and #gri!ulture De elopment (Cel#grid,.

2')'1'2 Materials
The !hi!"s %ill be hat!hed b$ in!ubator in Cel#grid and raised until the$ are +* da$s old. The feeds (!assa a roots, s%eet potato tubers, banana fruit, bro"en ri!e and dr$ fish %ill be bought from the lo!al mar"et. The best green forage from e8periment - %ill be sele!ted to use as a protein sour!e.

2')'1') ./perimental esi$n

The e8periment %ill be designed as 2@) fa!torial arrangement in a !ompletel$ randomi0ed design (C/D, %ith 5 repli!ations. There are -* !hi!"ens per repli!ation (pen, (= males and = females per pen,. The fa!tors are6 Carboh$drate feed Bro"en ri!e (B/, Cassa a root (C/, S%eet potato tuber (SPT, ;reen banana fruit (BF, Protein feed Dr$ fish (F,

;reen forage (;F,

Table 1& 4ndi idual treatments from t%o fa!tors 3r Ca Sp 3a 1 BrF CaF SpF BaF 41 Br;f Ca;f Sp;f Ba;f

4ndi idual treatments are6 BrF6 Bro"en ri!e A Dr$ fish (!ontrol treatment, CaF6 Cassa a root A Dr$ fish SpF6 S%eet potato tuber A Dr$ fish BaF6 ;reen banana fruit A Dr$ fish Br4#6 Bro"en ri!e A ;reen feed Ca4#6 Cassa a root A ;reen feed Sp4#6 S%eet potato tuber A ;reen feed Ba4#6 ;reen banana fruit A ;reen feed
Table 2& :8perimental la$out BaF Ba;f Sp;f Br;f Ba;f SpF BaF Sp;f BrGf SpF Sp;f BrF CaF CaF CaGf CaGf BrF CaF BrF CaGf BaF SpF BrGf Ba;f

2')'1'2 *o!sin$ system

# house %ill be built on the high land %ith bio'se!urit$ fen!e and %ill be separated into )2 pens measuring -.= 8 -.= m using %ooden frames and metal %ire mesh. T%o feeders (one for energ$ feed and one for protein feed, and one %ater trough %ill be put in ea!h pen.

2')'1'5 ./perimental #ee s an #ee in$

Chi!"ens %ill ha e free a!!ess to !arboh$drate and protein feed. For !assa a roots, the peel %ill be remo ed before feeding to !hi!"en.

2')'1'6 7nimals an mana$ement

)2* lo!al !hi!"ens at the age of +* da$s %ill be used in the e8periment. The$ %ill be "ept -* per pen (= males and = females, %here the$ %ill ha e free a!!ess to the feed and %ater. Before starting the e8periment, the !hi!"ens %ill be a!!inated against 7e%!astle and fo%l !holera diseases. Chi!"ens %ill be offered feed ) times per da$ in the morning (*1.**, and afternoon (-+.**,.

2')'1'8 0ata collection

Chi!"ens %ill be adapted to e8perimental feeds for -* da$s before starting to !olle!t data. Feed offered and refused %ill be %eighed and re!orded dail$ before and after ea!h of the meals. The %eight of !hi!"ens %ill be measured e er$ 1 da$s. : er$ 1 da$s, samples of feed %ill be ta"en for anal$sis.

2')'1'8 Chemical analysis

The feeds offered and refused %ill be anal$0ed to determine D< using mi!ro%a e radiation (Bndersander et al -..5, and 7 and ash follo%ing the methods of #O#C (-..*,.

2')'1'9 Statistical 7nalysis

D< feed inta"e, !rude protein inta"e, li e %eight gain and feed !on ersion ratio %ill be anal$0ed b$ using the ;eneral Linear <odel (;L<, option of the #7O?# soft%are of <initab -2 ()**2,. The sour!es of ariation are6 !arboh$drate feeds, protein feeds, intera!tion of !arboh$drate feeds@protein feeds and error. )' 3! $et :;S0<
(tems /epairing small !hi!"en house Chi!"ens Carboh$drate feeds Feed (bro"en ri!e, ;asoline to !olle!t green feed S!ales for %eighing !hi!"en Feed anal$sis Other Total 4ro%th per#ormance st! y Building ne% !hi!"en house Chi!"en egg for hat!hing 4n!ubator from ?7 Cassa a S%eet potato Banana Bro"en ri!e Dr$ fish <edi!ine and a!!ine Laborator$ anal$sis LiteratureCoffi!e supplies Lo!al tra el :8tra labor Other Total Total all e8penditure 5** -=* "g -=* "g -=* "g 2** "g 2** "g ' D<, CP, 7, 3C7, #sh Paper, in", photo !op$, telephone, internet <otor !$!le fuel, oil, repairs Pa$ment for ) assistants for = months -=** -)* =** 1* 1* 1* -+* )** -** 5** )=* 5** =** -** Total 2220 2880 ./pen it!re Ca#eteria research st! y >* 5** "g 5** "g 5* l 5 + samples ' -** )** 1* 1* 5* )* =* -** 620 ;S0

=!sti#ication o# b! $et
' :8perimental !hi!"en house %ill be built on the farm of Cel#grid ' Chi!"en %ill be hat!hed in the farm of Cel#grid ' One in!ubator needs be bought to hat!h the !hi!"en eggs ' :8perimental feed and other materials relate to e8periment need be bought from mar"et ' 4nternet at the pri ate shop %ill be needed to sear!h for literature relating to the resear!h. ' The ser i!e for tra el to lo!al mar"et to bu$ material supplies is needed. ' :8tra labor is needed to assist in feed preparation, animal %eighing, data re!ording and !leaning during the e8periment !arried out

2' -orkin$ plan

7ctivities Organi0e the farm trial Sur e$ resear!h Start e8periment /eport and paper preparation =!n =!l 7!$ Sep +ct >ov 0ec =an 1eb ?????????????????????? ???????? ?????????????????????????????? ?????????? Marc

Lit!rat!re Re#erences
7+7C 1990 Offi!ial <ethod of #nal$sis. #sso!iation of Offi!ial #nal$ti!al Chemists. -=th edition (K 3elri!" editor,. #rlington pp -)5* *en!k @ L an 0in$le = 4 2002 Pra!ti!al and e!onomi! ad antages of !hoi!e feeding s$stems for la$ing poultr$. Dorld poultr$ s!ien!e Eournal, ?ol. =>, 9une )**) Ain$ori 4 2002 The protein and energ$ re&uirements of indigenous !hi!"en of Ken$a. PhD thesis , :gerton Bni ersit$, Ken$a tp +kitoi L+, * M = ; o, M!kisira . 7, R 0e =on$ an A%akkel R P 2006 : aluation of lo% ' 4nput 4nter entions for 4mpro ed Produ!ti it$ of indigenous Chi!"ens in Destern Ken$a. #gri!utura Tropi!a et Subtropi!a, 5.'5 p -1>'->+n %asy *, -eson$a * an +kitoi L 2006& 4ndigenous !hi!"en produ!tion manual. Ken$a #gri!ultural /esear!h 4nstitute Te!hni!al 7ote Series K#/4 Te!hni!al 7ote 7o. ->, Februar$ )**+. Ro ri$!e" L an Preston T R 1998 Lo!al feed resour!es and indigenous breeds6 fundamental issues in integrated farming s$stems. Livestock Research for Rural Development 9 (2), http6CC%%%.lrrd.orgClrrd.C)Cl$lian.).htm Smith 7nthony = 1990 . The Tropi!al #gri!ulturalist, Poultr$. CT# <a!<illan Ta elle 0 1996 Studies on illage poultr$ produ!tion s$stems in the !entral highlands of :thiopia. <s!.Thesis, S%edish Bni ersit$ of #gri!ultural S!ien!es, Bppsala. ;n ersan er 0, Mertens 0 R an Thei/ > 199) Forage anal$sis pro!edures. 7ational Forage Testing #sso!iation. Omaha pp -=2