Advance Communication Lab VTU SYLLABUS FOR ADVANCED COMMUNICATION LAB (06ECL-67) VI SEM ECE LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. TDM of two band limited signals. 2. ASK and FSK generation and detection. 3. PSK generation and Detection. 4. DPSK generation and Detection. 5. QPSK generation and Detection. 6. PCM generation and Detection using a CODEC Chip.

2013

7. Measurement of losses in a given optical fiber (Propagation loss, bending loss) and numerical aperture. 8. Analog and Digital (with TDM) communication link using optical fiber. 9. Measurements of frequency, guide wavelength, power, VSWR and attenuation in a microwave test bench. 10. Measurements of directivity and gain of antennas: standard dipole (or printed dipole), microstrip patch antenna and yagi antenna (printed). 11. Determination of coupling and isolation characteristics of a strip line (or micro strip) directional coupler. 12. (a) Measurements of resonance characteristics of a micro strip ring resonator and determination of dielectric constant of the substrate. (b) Measurements of power division and isolation characteristics of a micro strip 3 db power divider.

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

Advance Communication Lab CYCLES OF EXPERIMENTS

CYCLE I 1. TDM of two band limited signals. 2. ASK and FSK generation and detection. 3. Analog and Digital (with TDM) communication link using optical fiber.

2013

4. Measurements of frequency, guide wavelength, power, VSWR and attenuation in a microwave test bench.

CYCLE II 5. PSK generation and Detection. 6. DPSK generation and Detection. 7. Measurement of losses in a given optical fiber (Propagation loss, bending loss) and numerical aperture. 8. Measurements of directivity and gain of antennas: standard dipole (or printed dipole), microstrip patch antenna and yagi antenna (printed).

CYCLE III 9. QPSK generation and Detection. 10. PCM generation and Detection using a CODEC Chip. 11. Determination of coupling and isolation characteristics of a stripline (or microstrip) directional coupler. 12. (a) Measurements of resonance characteristics of a microstrip ring resonator and determination of dielectric constant of the substrate. (b) Measurements of power division and isolation characteristics of a microstrip 3 db power divider

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

Advance Communication Lab

2013

AMPLITUTE SHIFT KEYING AND FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING GENERATION AND DETECTION PART A: AMPLITUTE SHIFT KEYING ASK MODULATION AIM: Amplitude shift keying generation and detection. APPARATUS: Transistor SL100, Resistors, Capacitors, Op Amp, 0A79 diode, power supply, CRO. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure. 1

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

Advance Communication Lab DESIGN: Given 1000 bits/sec i.e. Rb = 1000 One bit duration Tb = 1/Rb = 1/1000 = 1ms Two bit duration = 2ms So input message frequency fm = 1/2ms = 500Hz i.e. fm = 500Hz Modulation Let Vc = 5 Vp-p, Vm = 10 Vp-p, fm = 500Hz, fc = 30 KHz He = = 30, VBE = 0.7V, VCE = 0.3V, IC = 1mA = IE Vc = VCE + IERE 2.5 = 0.3 + 1mA RE RE = 2.2 K (choose 2.2 K) Vm = VBE = IBRB = IERE 5 = 0.7 + 0.001/30 x RB + 1ms x 2.2 K RB = 63 K (choose 67 K)

2013

PROCEDURE: 1. Rig up the circuit as shown in the figure 1. A sine wave generator is connected as carrier signal. Its amplitude is set to 10V (peak to peak) and the frequency to any value between 1 to 10 KHz. 2. Apply the modulating signal of amplitude 10Vpp, 500Hz and carrier signal of 5Vpp, 3kHz 3. The ASK modulated signal is observed on the CRO. 4. Record the results by tracing the waveforms obtained.

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

Advance Communication Lab

AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING DEMODULATOR

2013

Figure. 2

DESIGN: Demodulator 1/fc < RDCD < 1/fm 1/fc > RDCD > 1/fm Choose CD = 0.01F 1/fc = RDCD RD = 1/fc x CD = 1/3K X 0.01f RD = 33 K Similarly, RD = 1/fm x CD = 1/500 X 0.01f RD = 200 K ohm So RD ranges from 33K to 200K Choose RD = 100K (potentiometer 100K) Vref = 0.5V to 2V

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

Advance Communication Lab PROCEDURE: 1. Rig up the circuit as shown in figure 2. 2. Feed the ASK input from the ASK modulator output to the OPAMP peak detector.

2013

3. Adjust the reference voltage suitably (between 0 to 1 Volt) to get an undistorted demodulated output. Compare it with the data input used in modulation. 4. Record all the waveforms as observed.

WAVE FORMS:

MODULATION WAVEFORM: ASK output

DEMODULATION WAVEFORM:

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

Advance Communication Lab PART-B: AIM: FSK generation and detection. APPARATUS: Transistor SL100 and SK100, resistors, capacitors, op amp, 0A79 diode, power supply, CRO. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: FSK MODULATOR:

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

Advance Communication Lab DESIGN: Ic = 2.5mA VRE = 2.5V RE = VRE / IE = 2.5 / 2.5mA = RE = 1K VRB = Vm(t)p-p / 2 VBE(sat) VRE(sat) = 3.5 0.7 2.5 VRB = 0.3V Ib = Ic / hfe = 2.5 / 100 = 2.5A Ib(sat) = 1.2Ib Ibsat = 30A RB = Vrb / Ibsat = 0.3 / 30 = Rb = 10K FSK DEMODULATOR:

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

Advance Communication Lab DESIGN: FSK DEMODULATION fm=1/2RC C = 0.1F R = 15.9K fm = 100Hz fc1 = 1 / 2R1C1 fc1 = 1 KHz R1 = 1.59 K C1 = 0.1F PROCEDURE:

2013

1. Connection is made as shown in circuit diagram. 2. The modulating signal m(t) is chosen to be low freq (50 Hz to 300Hz) square wave. 3. The 10K pot is varied so as to get proper FSK output. 4. Record the wave and calculate the 2 frequencies of operation of 555 Astable multivibrator. 5. Compare these two frequencies calculate theoretically.

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

Advance Communication Lab WAVEFORMS:

2013

FSK MODULATION

FSK DEMODULATION

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

10

Advance Communication Lab EXPERIMENT NO:2 PSK GENERATION AND DETECTION

2013

AIM: To study Phase Shift keying generation and detection APPARATUS: Transistor SL100, resistor, capacitor, OP Amp, A 741, signal generator, diode.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: PSK MODULATOR:

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

11

Advance Communication Lab PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure above.

2013

2. Give square wave signal frequency 200 to 500Hz and 5V peak-to-peak amplitude as the binary digital data input. 3. The carrier signal of frequency 2 to 5KHz sine wave is applied 4. Observe the PSK output waveform obtained on the CRO. 5. Connect the PSK signal to the PSK demodulator circuit shown in figure below and also the carrier. 6. Observe the demodulated output of the decision logic on the CRO. Compare this with the original modulating signal used in the PSK modulator. Record the results.

PSK DEMODULATOR:

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

12

Advance Communication Lab WAVEFORMS:

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

13

Advance Communication Lab EXPERIMENT NO: 3

2013

MEASUREMENTS OF FREQUENCY, GUIDE WAVELENGTH, POWER, VSWR AND ATTENUATION IN A MICROWAVE TEST BENCH. AIM: Measurements of Frequency, Guide Wavelength, Power, VSWR and Attenuation in a Microwave Test Bench APPARATUS: micro wave test bench, CRO, VSWR meter, Klystron power supply, cooling fan, wave guide stand, matched termination, detector mount, cables. SET UP OF MICROWAVE TEST BENCH: Tunable probe VSWR Meter Termination

Klystron power supply

Klystron Mount

Isolator

Variable attenuator

Frequency meter

Slotted line

Movable short

THEORY: For dominnant TE10 mode rectangular wave guide o, g, c are related as below: 1/o2 = 1/g 2 + 1/ c2 Where o is free space wavelength g is guide wavelength c is cutoff wavelength For TE10 mode, c, = 2a where a is broad dimension of waveguide.

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

14

Advance Communication Lab PROCEDURE: 1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure. 2. Set up variable attenuator at minimum attenuation position. 3. keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as given below: Range : 50 db Input switch Meter switch : : crystal low impedance Normal position mid position

2013

Gain (coarse & fine) :

4. keep the control knobs of Klystron power supply as given below Beam voltage : OFF Mod switch Beam voltage knob Reflector voltage AM Amplitude knob AM Frequency knob : : : : : AM fully anticlockwise fully clockwise fully clockwise fully clockwise

5. Switch NO the Klystron power supply, VSWR meter, and cooling fan switch. 6. Switch NO Beam voltage switch and set beam voltage at 300 V with help of beam voltage knob. 7. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some deflection in VSWR meter. 8. Maximize the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply. 9. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum deflection. 10. Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum deflection. 11. Tune the probe for maximum deflection in VSWR meter. 12. Tune the frequency meter knob to get a Dip on the VSWR scale and note down the frequency directly from the frequency meter. 13. Replace the termination with movable sort, and detune the frequency meter.
Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T 15

Advance Communication Lab

2013

14. Move the probe along the slotted line. The deflection in VSWR meter will vary. Move the probe to minimum deflection position, to get accurate reading. If necessary increase the VSWR meter range db switch to higher position. Note and record the probe position 15. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again. 16. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive minimum positions obtained as above. 17. Measure the wave guide inner broad dimension, a which will be around mm for X- band. 18. Calculate the frequency by following equation. F = C/ Where C= 3* 108 meter / sec. i.e. velocity of light and 1/o2 = 1/g 2 + 1/ c2 19. Verify with frequency obtained by frequency meter. 20. Above experiment can be verified at different frequencies. 22.86

CALCULATIONS: Guide Wavelength: (i) g 1 = 2( dmin 1 dmin 2) (ii) g 2 = 2( dmin 1 dmin 2)

VSWR:
(i) VSWR 1 = Vmax / Vmin (ii) VSWR 2 = Vmax / Vmin Frequency:

F = C/ = (C*sqrt(g +c ))/(g c) Where C= 3* 108 meter / sec 0=(g c)/(sqrt(g2+ c2))

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T 16

Advance Communication Lab EXPERIMENT NO.4

2013

MEASUREMENTS OF DIRECTIVITY AND GAIN OF ANTENNAS: STANDARD DIPOLE (OR PRINTED DIPOLE), MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA AND YAGI ANTENNA (PRINTED).

AIM: Measurement of the directivity & gain of the antennas: standard dipole (or printed dipole), microstripe patch antenna and yagi antenna (printed). Components Required: Power supply, VCO, 50ohm transmission line, dipole antenna, patch antenna, yagi antenna, oscilloscope or VSWR meter. Theory: The simplest practical antenna is the half wave dipole. In its original form it consists of two thin straight wires, each /4 in lengths, by a small gap. For this simple antenna, under fairly realistic approximations, closed form expressions are available for radiated fields, power, directivity etc. The important feature of yagi antenna is that it is an end fire antenna, i.e., the direction of maximum radiation is tangential to the plane formed by the parallel antenna elements. The design of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna begins with (a) choice of a substrate,(b) selecting the feed mechanism, (c) determining patch length L (d) determining patch width w & (e) selecting the feed location. In the above equation Pt, Pr and S and o can be measured and gain can be computed. As is evident from the above equation, it is not necessary to know the absolute value of P t and Pr only ratio is required which can be measured by SWR meter. SETUP FOR DIRECTIVITY MEASUREMENT

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

17

Advance Communication Lab

2013

PROCEDURE: 1. Setup the system as shown in the figure for a standard dipole antenna. 2. Keeping the voltage at min, switch on the power supply and keeping the gain control knob maximum, switch on VCO. 3. Vary the tuning voltage & check the output for different VCO frequencies. 4. Keeping at the resonant frequency calculate & keep the min distance for field between the transmitting and receiving antennas using the formula S=(2d2)/0 where d is the length of the dipole and =c/f=6cm. the calculated value is 2.25cm where L is the length of the dipole. 5. Keeping the line of sight properly(0 degree at the turn table)

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

18

Advance Communication Lab

2013

6. Note the readings on the CRO, convert the voltage reading into dB by using the formula 20 log(V/V0) where V0 =voltage at zero degree. 7. Rotate the turn table in clockwise & anti-clockwise for different angle of deflection & tabulate the output for every angle(E). 8. Plot a graph: angle Vs output 9. Take a reading in the E & H planes. 10. Find the Half power beam width(HPBW) from the points where the power becomes half(3db points or 0.707 points) 11. Directivity of the antenna can be calculated using the formula: D=41253/(2*HPBW) or 72/[summation[Em/E]2] where HPBW is the half power beam width in degrees, Find out two HPBW in two planes one principal plane & the other orthogonal plane. Em & E are the output signals at the receiving antenna for 0 degree and for different angles respectively. 12. Gain of the antenna can be calculated using the formula: G=

(4S/)*[sqrt(Pr/Pt)]=[(4S)/]*[Er/Et]

Gain in dB= 10 log G where Et & Er are the

signal strength measured using an oscilloscope at the transmitting and receiving end respectively, when the line of sight is proper. S is the actual distance kept between the antennas and is the wavelength found using the formula =c/f(f=frequency of operation). 13. Repeat the experiment for patch antenna and a yagi antenna. Note: For microstrip antenna =0/sqrt(r)

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

19

Advance Communication Lab Table:

2013

Sl.No

Angle

Output on oscilloscope or VSWR meter Output(R) Output(L)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

00 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

20

Advance Communication Lab Radiation Patterns of Different Antennas:

1 00

2013

90

80

11 0
1
0 13
14 0

70
60
50
0 14

110
0 12
1 30

1 00

90

80

70
60
50
40

20

1 50

1 60

15

40
30 30
20

1 60

1 70

20

10

1 70

180

10

-60

18 0

-60

-56

-52

-48

-44

-56

-52

-48

-44

19 0

20 0

190

3 50

35 0

340

20 0

21

21

340

330

0 22

0 22

33 0

32 0

Yagi Antenna
110
0 12
1
0 14

Patch Antenna
10 0

90

80

70
60
50
40

30

16 0

15

17 0

1 80

-60

-56

-52

-48

-44

1 90

0 20

21

0 22

Dipole Antenna

Conclusion: Directivity and gain of the given antennas are properly measured .

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

0 31

30

0 29

28 0

27 0

26 0

250

24

0 31

23
30
20
10
0

32 0

30

0 29

28 0

27 0

26 0

250

24 0

0 31

23

30

0 29

28 0

27 0

26 0

2 50

24

23

3 50

34 0

330

32 0

21

Advance Communication Lab EXPERIMENT NO: 5

2013

PART-A: Measurement of resonance characteristics of a micro strip ring resonator and determination of dielectric constant of the substrate. (A) Aim: Measurement of resonance characteristics of a micro strip ring resonator and determination of dielectric constant of the substrate. Components Required: Power supply, VCO, 50Ohm transmission line, ring resonator, 50ohm terminations, and cables with oscilloscope/VSWR meter/power meter. Theory: The ring resonator is known as a simple printed resonator that is useful for making approximate measurement of dielectric constant. It is also used in filters, and in antennas. Ring resonators can be analyzed in two ways. Looking at a ring resonator in isolation, it may appear that the field would be in the form of a wave circulating around either direction, but in reality, the coupling structure plays an important role. Block Diagram:

Power supply CRO

Microwave Source VCO

6dB Atten -uator

Micro strip Ring Resonator

6 dB Attenuator

Detector

Active Filter

VSWR Meter

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

22

Advance Communication Lab Procedure: Part (a) 1. Set up the system as shown in figure. 2. Keeping the voltage at minimum, switch on the power supply.

2013

3. Insert a 50ohm transmission line and check for the output at the end of the system using a CRO/VSWR meter/ RF meter. 4. Vary the power supply voltage and check the output for different VCO frequencies. 5. Replace the 50ohm transmission line with ring resonator. 6. Vary the supply voltage, tabulate VCO frequency Vs output. 7. Plot a graph frequency and the resonant frequency. Tabulation: Part (b) 1. Select a VCO frequency (say f1) where there is a measurable output. Note down the magnitude/power level of the output. 2. Place the unknown dielectric material on top of the ring resonator. Ensure that there is no air gap between the dielectric piece and the resonator surface. 3. Observe the change in the magnitude/power level at the output. 4. Now reduce the supply voltage till maximum power level (before inserting the dielectric) is achieved. This is the new resonance condition due to the insertion of new dielectric material (e.g.: Teflon). 5. Note down the VCO frequency (say f2). 6. Calculate the dielectric constant of the unknown material or with formula. 7. Experiment may be repeated with different unknown material or with same material but for different height of the material.

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

23

Advance Communication Lab Calculation: 1=c/f1 .. (1) 2=c/f2 ..(2) The effective dielectric constant of any material can be found using the formula: eff=([r+1]/2)+{([r-1]/2)*([1+(12h)/w]-1/2)} ..(3) Where h=height of the known sample (substrate used for ring resonator) w= width of the transmission line knowing the dielectric constant of the substrate used for the ring resonator, the effective

2013

dielectric constant can be found using equation (3). Now the effective dielectric constant of the unknown material can be found using the relation, dm= 1/1=2/2 ..(4) Where dm= diameter of the ring resonator 1= effective dielectric constant of the known material 2 = effective dielectric constant of the unknown material now using equation (3), find the dielectric r of the unknown material.

Sample calculation: For the known material: f1=5 kHz, h= 0.762mm, w=1.836mm, r1=3.2 (RT duriod) 1= c/f1= (3*1010)/(5*109)= 6cm. using equation (3) it can be found that effective dielectric constant of the material eff1=1= ([3.2+1]/2) + {([3.2-1]/2)*([1+ (12*0.762)/1.836]-1/2)}=2.717 For the unknown material: f2= 4.8 GHz, h=0.762mm, w= 1.836mm, r2=? 2=c/f2= (3*1010)/ (4.6*109) =6.25cm Using the values of 1 & 2 in equation (4), we can find the effective dielectric constant of the unknown material.

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

24

Advance Communication Lab i.e., 1 / 1 =2 / 2 6/2.717 =6.25 /2 2= (6.25*2.717)/6 = 2.83 Using this value in equation (3), eff2= 2 = 2.83 = [(r+1)/2] + {[(r-1)/2]*([1+ (12*0.762)/1.836]-1/2)} rearranging and calculating, we find that the dielectric constant of the unknown material r2=3.6

2013

Tabulation: 1 2

f1

f2

Height of the unknown sample

Conclusion: Measurement of resonance characteristics of a micro strip ring resonator and determination of dielectric constant of the substrate is achieved successfully.

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

25

Advance Communication Lab Part B: 3dB Power Division and isolation characteristics (B) Aim: Measurement of power division and isolation characteristics of a micro strip 3dB power divider Components Required: Power supply, VCO, 50ohm Transmission line, Branch line

2013

coupler, 50ohm terminators, and cables with SMA connector, oscilloscope/ VSWR meter / power meter Theory: Power divider is a 3 port device in which one input port and two output ports. When the power is fed at input port 1, power will emerge from the other two ports 2 & 3. It is impossible to match all the ports of power divider. In order to match all the three ports, an isolation resistance of 2Z0 is added between ports 2 and 3. With this the proper isolation is provided between ports 2 & 3. Block Diagram:

Power Supply

CRO

Microwave Source VCO

6dB Atten-uator

Micro strip 3DB Power Divider

12 dB Attenuator

Detector

Active Filter
VSWR Meter

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

26

Advance Communication Lab Procedure: 1. Set up the system 2. Keeping the voltage at minimum, switch on the power supply.

2013

3. Insert a 50ohm transmission line and check for the output at the end of the system using a CRO / VSWR meter /RF power meter. 4. Vary the power supply voltage and check the output for different VCO frequencies. 5. Keep the VCO frequency constant, note down the output. This value can be taken as the input to the power divider. 6. Replace the 50 ohm transmission line with the Wilkinson power divider. 7. Tabulate the output at ports 2 and 3. 8. Calculate insertion loss and coupling factor in each coupled arm. 9. Calculate the isolation between ports 2 and 3 by feeding the input to port 2 and measure output at port 3 by terminating port 1. 10. Repeat the experiment for different VCO frequencies.

With RF Power meter: Isolation (dB) = 10 log (P2/P3) Power division (dB) at arm3 = 10 log (P3/P1) Power division (dB) at arm2 = 10 log (P2/P1) With VSWR meter: Isolation (dB) = P3-P2 Power division (dB) at arm3 = P1 P3 Power division (dB) at arm2 = P1 P2 With Oscilloscope: Isolation between port 2 & 3 = 20 log (V3/V2) Coupling factor at arm3 (dB) = 20 log (V3/V1) Coupling factor at arm 2(dB) = 20 log (V2/V1) Conclusion: Measurement of power division and isolation characteristics of a micro strip 3dB divider is achieved successfully.

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

27

Advance Communication Lab EXPERIMENT NO: 6

2013

Determination of coupling & isolation characteristics of a strip-line (or micro strip) Directional coupler. Aim: To determine the coupling and isolation characteristics of a micro strip directional coupler. Components Required: Power supply, VCO,50ohm transmission line, branch line coupler, parallel line in coupler,50ohm terminations, cables with SMA connector, oscilloscope/VSWR meter /Power meter. Block Diagram:

Power Supply CRO

Microwave Source VCO

6dB Attenuator

Micro Strip Directional Coupler

6 dB Attenuator

Detector

Active Filter

VSWR Meter

Procedure: 1. Set up the system as shown in the block diagram 2. Keeping the tuning voltage at minimum and gain control at max, switch on the microwave signal source. 3. Insert a 50ohm transmission line and check for the output at the end of the system using a CRO/VSWR meter/RF power meter. 4. Vary the tuning voltage and check for power supply level using a CRO/VSWR meter.
Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T 28

Advance Communication Lab 5. Note the output for different VCO frequencies 6. Replace the transmission line with a directional coupler.

2013

7. Check the output at ports 2(through port), measure power output 3(coupled output), and power output port 4(isolated port). 8. Calculated insertion loss,coupling factor and isolation using the formula given.

Calculations: With Oscilloscope: Insertion loss (dB) = 20 log V1/V2 Coupling factor (dB) at port 2 = 20 log10 V1/V3 Isolation (dB) = 20 log10 V1/V4 With VSWR: Coupling factor (dB) = power at port1 P1 Power at port3 P3 Isolation (dB) = power at port3 P3 power at port4 P4 Directivity (dB) = power at port1 P1 power at port4 P4 Insertion Loss (dB) = power at port1 P1 power at port2 P2 Tabulation: I/P At port 1 O/P at port 2 O/P at port 3 O/P at port 4 Isolation (dB) Directivity(dB) Coupling Factor (dB) Insertion Loss (dB)

Conclusion: The coupling & isolation characteristics of a strip-line directional coupler is tested and verified and found out the values of the coupling factors at ports 2 and 3 the isolation factor between ports 2 and 3.
Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T 29

Advance Communication Lab EXPERIMENT NO: 7 Part A: Attenuation in the given fiber optic cable
Aim: To study the attenuation in the given fiber optic cable

2013

Preparatory Information: Theoretically, a pulse of light with a given width and amplitude transmitted into one end of a fiber should arrive at the far end of that fiber with its shape and length unchanged and only its amplitude reduced by losses. If the losses get too large, the pulse amplitude at the receiver will be too small to be detected, and a repeater will have to be included to boost the signal level entering the next section. Pulses of light transmitted into a fiber encounter several dispersion effects, which act to spread the pulse out in the time domain, changing its shape so that it may merge into the previous and succeeding pulses. The pulses can be separated by spacing them out at the transmitter, but this means reducing the maximum bit rate. Getting used to the trainer: Uniteds fiber optic trainer introduces the student to the techniques of Fiber optic communication. The following section guides the user to the various blocks of the trainer system. FO-LED Current: The current through the optical source can be varied from 2mA to 20mA. The change can be brought by potentiometer VR6. Measure: The current through the source LED can be measured, only by pressing switch SW1. FO-LED Voltage: The voltage drop across optical source LED can be measured, connecting DC- voltmeter between terminals B3 and B4. Caution: Remove voltmeter for any experiment other than component characteristics FO-LED Current:
Current through the optical source LED can be measured, by connecting DC-Ammeter between terminals B1 and B2.

Caution: Remove Ammeter for any experiments other than component characteristics.

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

30

Advance Communication Lab

Photo Transistor Current:

2013

Current generated in the optical transistor detector due to irradiation of optical power on it, can be measured by connecting DC-Ammeter for any experiment other than component characteristics. Caution: Remove Ammeter for any experiment other than component characteristics. FO-LED: Optical source LED is mounted on the board at this location. Optical link-cable will be connected to source. Electrical signal source, either Analog or digital can be coupled optical source LED at A. FO-Photo Transistor: Optical transistor detector is mounted on the board at this location. Optical Link-cable from source will be terminated to the detector. Electrical output of detector can be had from C. Digital Signal Source: 64 KHz: 64 KHz square wave, TTL level source. It can be monitored and connected from A1. 32 KHz: 32 KHz square wave, TTL level can be monitored and connected from A3. 8 KHz: 8 KHz square wave, TTL level source. It can be monitored and connected from A4. 8 KHz: 8 KHz square wave, TTL level source. It can be monitored and connected from A4. RS232 Receiver: The RS232 signal available from PC, will be converted to TTL level signal. It can be monitored and connected form A6. FO-Link: Conversion of electrical power to optical power, cable for transmission of optical power, and conversion of optical power to Electrical power will be the task of this block. Digital Receiver: Output of conversion from optical to electrical will be current. Digital Receiver converts current into DC voltage for further processing. Pulse shaper: The pulse passing through optical means suffers distortion due to finite bandwidth. Pulse shaper straightens up the rounded edges. It can be monitored and connected from E.
Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T 31

Advance Communication Lab RS232 Transmitter: The serial stream from PC, transmitted at TTL level through FO-link is available at E. The connection from E-e converts back to RS232 transmitter. RS232 interface: Serial communication with PC can be established at RS2232 Interface. Analog signal source: DC is adjustable through a potentiometer over 0-5V. It can be monitored at the input Multiplexer. It can be connected from VR1.

2013

250 Hz: 250 KHz sinewave adjustable through a potentiometer over 4 V peak-peak, it can be monitored at CH1. The signal can be +ve level shifted through VR2. It can be monitored at the input to Multiplexer. It can be connected from VR3 for the purpose of analog transmission experiment. 500 Hz: 500 Hz sinewave is adjustable through a potentiometer over 4 V peak-peak, it can be monitored at CH2. The signal can be +ve level shifted through VR2. It can be monitored at the input to multiplexer. It can be monitored and connected from VR4, for the purpose of analog transmission experiment. 1 KHz: 1 KHz sinewave is adjustable through a potentiometer over 4 V peak-peak, it can be monitored at CH3. The signal can be +ve level shifted through VR2. It can be monitored at the input to multiplexer. It can be monitored and connected from VR5, for the purpose of analog transmission experiment. Level Shifter: The purpose of transmission by optical means, the electrical signal has to be Unipolar. The required DC shift on bipolar signals will be added through VR2, in level shifter. Multiplexer: All four analog signals DC, 250Hz, 500 Hz, 1 KHz will be time division multiplexed at Multiplexer. The multiplexed Time Division multiplexed output can be connected from A5. I-V Amplifier: I-V Amplifier has similar function on analog transmitted signals as digital receiver has digital transmitted signal.
Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T 32

Advance Communication Lab Demultiplexer:

2013

The output of I-V amplifier, TDM signal will be decomposed to its components DC, 250 Hz, 500 Hz , 1 KHz at Demultiplexer. The output of the multiplexer can be observed to be a Sample & Hold of decomposed signal. Low pass filter: The respective Sample & Hold of decomposed signals are passed through a respective Cut-off low pass filter. The reconstructed signal can be observed at CH0, CH1, CH2 and CH3.

Experimental procedure: 1. Connect 0-20 mA DC ammeter between B1 to B2 2. Connect 0-200 mA DC Ammeter between B5-B6 3. Terminate the fiber optic cable both at source and detector 4. Push the Measure switch SW1. 5. Adjust FO-LED current to 10 mA by VR6 6. Note photo transistor current by pushing switch SW1 7. Convert FO-LED current to optical power Pin. Typically 10 mA converts to 30 to 40 micro watts of power. 8. Convert PHOTO TRANSISTOR current to irradiated optical power Pout. Typically 50 uA will be transistor current per microwatt of optical power. 9. The ratio of Pout of Pin of a cable.

Observations & Measurements: LED current Photo Transistor current Pin = Irradiated optical power Pout = Irradiated optical power Transistor current Cable attenuation
Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

= = = = __

10 mA mA

30 W at 10 mA Typically 1 W for every 50 A of photo-

10log10 (Pin/ Pout) in dB

33

Advance Communication Lab Block Diagram: DCLT 010 Fiber optic Communication trainer (Propagation Loss)

2013

POWER CONNECTOR

CH0

FO-PHOTO TRANSISITOR

A
VR6

SW

1
2K

B3

B4 COMPONENT CHARACTERSTICS

B5

PHOTO TRANSISTOR CURRENT

B6

CH1
FO-LED CURRENT

MEASURE

64 KHz

A1

B1

Amter
A 6

Ammeter
B2 D 1
DIGITAL RECEIVER

9-PIN PIN PULSE SHAPER

32 KHz

A2

CH2

RS232 RECEIVER

FO-LINK

RS232 T X. RS232 INTERFERENCE

D-TYPE

CCTOR

BS3 8 KHz A3

2 CH3 K SIGNAL SOURCE DC

VR1

D
CH0
LEVEL SHIFTER

E
M U A 5 TDM OUT D2
FO-LINK
I-V AMPLIFIER

CH0

4 KHz

A4 5 K

M
CH1 CCTOR

U
CH2

5 K 250 Hz

CH1
2K

L T

L T I P L E
CH3

5 K

I
VR3

P
CH2

L E X E

VR4

CH3

500Hz

X E R

1 KHz

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T VR5

VR2

34

Advance Communication Lab Block Diagram for Bending Loss

2013

POWER CONNECTOR

CH0

FO-PHOTO TRANSISITOR

A
VR6

SW

1
2K

B3

B4 COMPONENT CHARACTERSTICS

B5

PHOTO TRANSISTOR CURRENT

B6

CH1
FO-LED CURRENT

MEASURE

64 KHz

A1

B1

Amter
A 6

Ammeter
B2 D 1
DIGITAL RECEIVER

9-PIN PIN PULSE SHAPER

32 KHz

A2

CH2

RS232 RECEIVER

FO-LINK

RS232 T X. RS232 INTERFERENCE

D-TYPE

CCTOR

BS3 8 KHz A3

2 CH3 K SIGNAL SOURCE DC

VR1

D
CH0
LEVEL SHIFTER

E
M U A 5 TDM OUT D2
FO-LINK
I-V AMPLIFIER

CH0

4 KHz

A4 5 K

M
CH1 CCTOR

U
CH2

5 K 250 Hz

CH1
2K

L T

L T I P L E
CH3

5 K

I
VR3

P
CH2

Result: Propagation Loss = --------------dB

L E X

E Propagation Loss due to bending = ------------------dB

VR4

CH3

500Hz

X E R 35

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

1 KHz

Advance Communication Lab Part B: Determination of Numerical Aperture of Optical Fibers

2013

Aim: The aim of the experiment is to determine the numerical aperture of the PMMA fiber cables included in TNS20A. Basic Definitions: Numerical aperture of any optical system is a measure of how much light can be collected by the optical system. It is the product of the refractive index of the incident medium and the sine of the maximum ray angle. NA = ni.sinmax; ni for air is 1, hence NA = sinmax For a step index fiber, as in the present case, the numerical aperture is given by N =(ncore2ncladding2) For very small differences in refractive indices the equation reduces to NA=ncore(2 ), where is the fractional difference in refractive indices.

The experimenter may refer the specifications of the PPMA fibre given in Appendix I and record the manufacturers NA, ncladding and ncore and. Procedure with Block Schematic: The schematic diagram of the numerical aperture measurement system is shown below and is self explanatory.

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

36

Advance Communication Lab

UNITED ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES - FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION TRAINER

2013

FO-LED

FO-PHOTO TRANSISITOR

A
V R 2 6 KCURRENT FO-LED S W 2K

C B 3
PHOTO TRANSISTOR CURRENT

POWER CONNECTOR

1 M E A S U R E

VR6

B 5

B 6
RS

C TRANSMISSION DIGITAL
POWER CONNECTOR

A 6 B 1

2 K 5 K 5 K 5 K

VR1

M U L

D F 1 O LI DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TIME N K A 5 D 2 I

232 TO PC

RS232 INTERFERENCE

D E M U L T I P L

C
CONNEC H TOR

2 K

T I P L

C 0 H C 1 H C 2 H 3

NA Measurement Scheme VR3

E

Procedure:

E
E

The step by step procedure Ris given here:

X E

Step 1: Connect one end of the cable1 (1metre FO R Cable) to FO LED of TNS20A and the other end to the NA Jig, VR4 as shown. Step 2: Plug the AC mains. Light should appear at the end of the fibre on the NA jig. Turn the SetPout knob clockwise to set to maximum Po. The light intensity should increase. Step 3: Hold the white screen with the concentric circles (10,15,20 and 25 mm diameter) vertically at a suitable distance to make the red spot from the emitting fibre coincide with the 10
VR5

mm circle. Note that the circumference of the spot (outermost) must coincide with the circle. A dark room will facilitate good contrast. Record L, the distance of the screen from the fibre end and note the diameter (W) of the spot. You may measure the diameter of the circle accurately with a suitable scale.

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

37

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Step 4: Compute NA from the formula NA = sinmax =W/(4L2+w2)1/2. Tabulate the reading and repeat the experiment for 15mm,20mm and 25mm diameter too.

UNITED ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES - FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION TRAINER

FO-LED

FO-PHOTO TRANSISITOR

A
V R 2 6 K S W COMPONENT CHARACTERSTICS

C B 3

POWER CONNECTOR

1 M EA SU RE

FO-LED CURRENT

B 5
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

PHOTO TRANSISTOR CURRENT

B 6

RS 232 TO RS232 INTERFERENCE PC

A 6 B 1 2 K 5 K 5 K 5 K 2 K

D F 1 OLI N TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING K

Mandrel Example: Width = 10mm Length = 10mm NA = Sinmax = W/(4L2+W2)1/2 = Sinmax = 10/(4*102+102)1/2

D E M
CONNEC C TOR

VR1

M U L T I P L

A 5

D 2

H 0 C H C 1 H 2 C H 3

U L T I P

= Sinmax = 10/(4*100+100)1/2 = Sinmax = 10/(400+100)1/2

= Sinmax = 10/(500)1/2 = Sinmax = 10 / 500 = 10/22.360 NA = Sin = 0.44 0.44 = Sin = Sin-1 0.447 = 26.5

VR3

L
X

E
E

X
R

E R

Step 5: In VR4 case fibre is under filled, the intensity within the spot may not be evenly distributed. To ensure even distribution of light in the fibre, first remove twists on the fibre and then wind 5 turns of the fibre on to the mandrel as shown. Use an adhesive tape to hold the windings in position. Now view the spot. The intensity will be more evenly distributed within the core.

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

VR5

38

Advance Communication Lab Table of Readings: SI No 1 2 3 4 5 Inferences: L (mm) 10 16 20 26 30 W(mm) 10 15 20 25 NA 0.447 0.423 0.447 0.432 (degrees) 26.5 25.0 26.5 25.64

2013

The numerical aperture as recorded in the manufacturers data sheet is 0.5 typically. The value measured here is 0.437. The lower reading recorded is mainly due to the fibre being under filled. The acceptance angle is given by 2max. The value of 52 degrees recorded in the experiment is close to the range of 55-60 degrees. The lower reading is again due to the fibre being under filled. Result: The experiment is performed and the value of numerical aperture is calculated for different values of width

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

39

Advance Communication Lab EXPERIMENT NO: 8 Part A: Digital Signal Transmission through the fibre optic cable Aim: To study the Digital signal transmission through the fiber optic cable. Preparatory Information:

2013

The principal components of a general optical fiber communication system for either a digital or analog transmission are shown in the system block schematic below.

Modulator/ Driver

Optical source

Fiber

Optical Detector

Amplifier

Demodulator
Information input Information output

Fiber Optic Communication system

The transmit terminal equipment consists of an information encoder or signal shaping circuit (optional) preceding a modulation or electronic driver stage which operates the optical source. Light emitted from the source is launched into an optical fiber incorporated within a cable, which constitutes the transmission medium. The light emerging from the far end of the transmission medium is converted back into an electrical signal by an optical detector positioned at the input of the receiver terminal equipment. This electrical signal is then amplified prior to decoding or demodulation in order to obtain the information originally transmitted.
Information input Digital Transmission: Information output

The modulator employs intensity modulation for conversion of electrical signals to optical signals. The operation of the LED for binary digital transmission requires the switching ON and OFF of a current in the range of several tens to several hundreds of mill amperes. This must be Fiber Optic Communication system performed at high speed in response to logic voltage levels at the driving input. A common method of achieving this current switching operation for an LED as shown in the figure below.

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

40

Advance Communication Lab

+Vcc

2013

LED

LED Drive Circuit for binary digital transmission The circuit illustrated uses a bipolar transistor switch operated in the common emitter mode. This single stage circuit provides current gain as well as giving only a small voltage drop across when the transmitter is in saturation (i.e., when the collector-base junction is forward biased, the emitter to collector voltage VCE(sat) is around 0.3 V). The maximum current flow through the LED is limited by the resistor R Digital Reception:
Vin

The Optical Detector performs the linear conversion of the received optical signal into an electrical current. A photo transistor occupies this position where it detects the light signals falling upon it from the output of the fiber optic cable and generates the current signals proportional to it. Initial amplification is performed in the preamplifier circuit where it is essential that additional noise is kept to a minimum in order to avoid coruption of the received LED Drive Circuit for binary digital transmission signal. The figure below shows the diagram of a photo transistor employed as a optical detector.
Bias Voltage Light Collector Base (not connected) Output voltage

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

41

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Although optical detectors are very linear devices and do not themselves introduce significant distortion on to the signal, other components within the optical fiber communication system may be exhibit nonlinear behavior. For instance, the received optical signal may be distorted due to the dispersive mechanisms, within the optical fiber. Hence to compensate for this distortion and to provide a suitable signal shape, a pulse shaper will be included in the receiver block.

POWER CONNECTOR

CH0

FO-PHOTO TRANSISITOR

A
VR6

SW

1
2K

B3

B4 COMPONENT CHARACTERSTICS
B5
PHOTO TRANSISTOR CURRENT

B6

CH1
FO-LED CURRENT MEASURE

B1

64 KHz

A1 CH2

B2

RS 232

32 KHz

A2

RS232 RECEIVER

A6
FO-LINK

D1

DIGITAL RECEIVER

PULSE SHAPER

RS232 T X.

TO PC Conne

8 KHz

A3 CH3

BS3

RS232 INTERFERENCE

ctor

SIGNAL SOURCE 2 DC 4 KHz A4 K

VR1

D
CH0
LEVEL SHIFTER

E
M U A5
FO-LINK

CH0
CCTOR

5 K
CH1

M
D2
I-V AMPLIFIER

U L T

CH1

L TDM
2K

5 K 250 Hz 5 K
VR3

CH2

T OUT I P

CH3

I P L E 42 X E

CH2

L E X

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T
VR4

E R

CH3

500Hz

Advance Communication Lab

Experimental procedure:

2013

1. 2. 3. 4.

Connect 4 Khz digital source (A4) FO-LED (A) Connect photo transistor output (C) to digital receiver (D1) Terminate the fiber optic cable both at source and the detector Adjust FO-LED current to maximum (extreme anti clockwise).

Observations:

1. Observe an oscilloscope signal source at A4 and digital receiver output. Digital receiver output will be inverse of signal source. Observe for distortion on the rising edge of received pulse. 2. Observe pulse shaper output (E) and source (A4). It can be observed both the signals are identical except for switching characteristics of photo transistor. 3. Repeat the experiment for other signal sources 8 KHz, 32 KHz and 64 KHz. 4. It can be observed that the source frequency in increased, the photo transmitter switching times are pronounced. 5. Observe the change in phototransistors switching times as FO-LED current is reduced

Result: The experiment has been conducted and results are verified.

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

43

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

44

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

45

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

46

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

47

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

48

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

49

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

50

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

51

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

52

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

53

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

54

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

55

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

56

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

57

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

58

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

59

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

60

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

61

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

62

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

63

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

64

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

65

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

66

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

67

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

68

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

69

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

70

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

71

Advance Communication Lab

2013

Dept of ECE,R.G.I.T

72