Morphology

Martos Alfitri PBI V D

MORPHOLOGY

MARTOS ALFITRI PBI V D 10714000764

Morphology Morphology

Martos Alfitri PBI V D

Morphology is the stu y o! the "o#stru"tio# o! $or s out o! %orphe%es Morphe%e The %orphe%e is the s%&llest %e&#i#g!ul u#it o! l&#gu&ge' (le)i"&l &# gr&%%&ti"&l %e&#i#g* A %orphe%e %ust h&+e & %e&#i#g, &# it is the s%&llest u#it o! %e&#i#g (the s%&llest sou# -%e&#i#g u#io# $hi"h "&##ot .e !urther &#&ly/e i#to s%&ller u#its*' The $or lady "&# .e i+i e i#to t$o syll&.les (l&' y*, .ut it "o#sists o! 0ust o#e %orphe%e, .e"&use & syll&.le h&s #othi#g to o $ith %e&#i#g' The $or un forgettable "&# .e i+i e three %orphe%es ( is1&gree1&.le*' The $or books "o#t&i#s o#ly o#e syll&.le, .ut it "o#sists o! t$o %orphe%es (.oo21s* (3oti"e4 the %orphe%e 5s h&s & gr&%%&ti"&l %e&#i#g 6Plur&l7* The i#ter#&l stru"ture o! $or s 8or s "&# h&+e &# i#ter#&l stru"ture, i'e' they &re e"o%pos&.le i#to s%&ller %e&#i#g!ul (le)i"&l or gr&%%&ti"&l* p&rts' These s%&llest %e&#i#g!ul u#its $e "&ll %orphe%es' re& 1er M&ry19s re1re& pri#t1e e#1&.le "&t1s &r21e# go1es

:l&ssi!i"&tio# o! Morphe%es 1. According to their position in the word:

re& root

re1re& pre!i) 1 root

re& 1i#g root 1 su!!i)

rere& i#g pre!i) 1 root 1 su!!i)

Morphology 2. Types of affixes: Deri ational

Martos Alfitri PBI V D

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Deri+&tio#&l &!!i)es ("re&te #e$ %e&#i#g* %&2e #e$ $or s .y & %e&#i#gs to ol $or s4 -er, -ess -hood, -ive, -ness, re-, un- etc !xa"ples of Deri ational Affixes Prefix i#u#u#isisree)e#&%ffix -hoo -ship -!y -i" -less -!ul -&l -er

i#g "o#"rete

#ra""atical category of #ra""atical category of $ase A 0 A 0 V V A 0 V 3 3 A 0 A 0 V V A 0 V 3 V o%tp%t

!xa"ple i#&""ur&te u#2i# u#tie is-li2e isho#est re$rite e)-$i!e e#"our&ge !xa"ple "hil -hoo le& er-ship .e&uti-!y poet-i" po$er-less "&re-!ul re!us-&l re& -er

#ra""atical category of #ra""atical category of $ase 3 3 3 3 3 3 V V 3 3 V A 0 A 0 A 0 3 3 o%tp%t

V-3 V - A 04 V-V 3-V 35A 3-3

4 pri#t 4 4 4 4

(to* pri#t pri#t !le& %il2 %other

pri#ter pri#t&.le re-pri#t e-!le& %il2y %otherhoo

Morphology

Martos Alfitri PBI V D 4 4 4 h&ppy thi"2 h&ppy h&ppi#ess thi"2e# u#h&ppy

A 0-3 A 0-V A 0-A 0

Deri+&tio# typi"&lly & (7*

s & #e$ le)i"&l %e&#i#g "o%po#e#t4

pri#t&.le4 =su"h th&t "&# .e pri#te 9

%otherhoo 4 =property o! .ei#g & %other9 thi"2e#4 =.e"o%e or "&use to .e"o%e thi"2er9 Deri+&tio# is re"ursi+e (!ee s i#to itsel!*4 (>* i#- e-"ipher-&.il-ity

I#!le"tio# (i#!le"tio#&l %orphology* :re&tes $or !or%s o! & le)e%e (?* :AT4 "&t (Si#gul&r* "&ts (Plur&l* (10* &' SI3@4 si#g B&se !or% si#gs <sg Prese#t Te#se si#gi#gPrese#t P&rti"iple s&#g su#g .' P&st Te#se P&st P&rti"iple (Per!e"tAP&ssi+e P&rti"iple*

8ALB4 $&l2 B&se !or% Prese#t P&rti"iple $&l2s <sg Prese#t Te#se $&l2i#g $&l2e P&st Te#se $&l2e P&st P&rti"iple (Per!e"tAP&ssi+e P&rti"iple*

Morphology (1;* &' :OLD4 "ol Positi+e "ol er :o%p&r&ti+e "ol est Superl&ti+e .' @OOD4 goo .est Positi+e Superl&ti+e .etter :o%p&r&ti+e Morphologi"&l oper&tio#s

Martos Alfitri PBI V D

Morphologi"&l oper&tio# C e! ="o#"rete "h&#ge %& e to & $or !or% i# or er to sig#&l & eri+&tio#&l or i#!le"tio#&l pro"ess9 Other oper&tio#s i# D#glish4 Vo$el "h&#ge4 %&# E %e# si#g E s&#g E su#g So%eti%es this &""o%p&#ies &!!i)&tio#s4 .re&2 E .ro2e E .ro2e# (C .ro2e 1 e#* $rite ( E $rote* E $ritte# :o#so#&#t "h&#ge4 house 6h&us7 E (to* house 6hou/7 2#i!e 6#&i!7 E 2#i+es 6#&i+/7 Stress shi!t4 (&* "F#tr&st E (to* "o#trGst 3EV (L&#gu&ges $ith to#es %&y use to#e &lter#&tio#s to re&li/e gr&%%&ti"&l pro"esses* :o#+ersio#4 $or o! o#e "l&ss tre&te &s .elo#gi#g to & i!!ere#t "l&ss $ithout &#y o+ert %orphologi"&l oper&tio#4 3 V4p&per E to p&per (the $&ll* s2i# E to s2i# & r&..it

Morphology he& E to he& & ep&rt%e#t, &# i#Iuiry, & phr&se poli"e E to poli"e & to$#, & regul&tio# V 34$&l2 E go !or & $&l2 !&ll E t&2e & !&ll sleep E get & goo #ight9s sleep Also phr&s&l +er.s4 t&2e o!! E & s%ooth t&2e o!! put o$# E & "ruel put o$# ru# through E & Iui"2 ru# through (o#e9s le"ture* A 3 A 34the goo , the .& &# the ugly A4or&#ge (.&lloo#*, pri%rose ($&llp&per* V $et (the p&per*, ry (the ishes*

Martos Alfitri PBI V D

Types o! i#!le"tio#&l pro"esses All D#glish pre!i)es &# %ost su!!i)es &re eri+&tio#&l' Inflectional A!!i)es "&# .e i+i e i#to i#!le"tio#&l %orphe%es &# eri+&tio#&l

%orphe%es' This re!le"ts t$o %&0or %orphologi"&l ($or .uil i#g* pro"esses4 Inflectional Morphe"es
I#!le"tio#&l

%orphe%es o #ot "h&#ge gr&%%&ti"&l "&tegory o! the .&se to $hi"h

they &re &tt&"he ' They o #ot "h&#ge the %e&#i#g o! the .&se' They o#ly "&rry rele+&#t gr&%%&ti"&l i#!or%&tio#, e'g' plur&l' Thus, book &# books &re .oth #ou#s re!erri#g to the s&%e 2i# o! e#tity'
The

#u%.er o! i#!le"tio#&l &!!i)es is s%&ll &# !i)e ' 3O #e$ o#es h&+e .ee# &

si#"e 1H00' &%ffix -s -s -e &te" 3 V V '%nction Plur&l <r si#gul&r prese#t te#se p&st te#se !xa"ple .oo2-s sleep-s $&l2-e

Morphology -i#g -er -est V A 0 A 0 Progressi+e :o%p&r&ti+e Superl&ti+e

Martos Alfitri PBI V D $&l2-i#g t&ll-er t&ll-est

I#!le"tio#&l &!!i)es %&2e i!!ere#t gr&%%&ti"&l !or%s o! the s&%e $or ' D#glish h&s o#ly > pro u"ti+e i#!le"tio#s4

< !or +er.s4 -ed, -s, -ing < !or #ou#s4 -s, -'s -'s ; !or & 0e"ti+es4 -er, -est

$or21e , $or21s, $or21i#g .oys, .oyJs, .oysJ s%&rt1er, s%&rt1est

There &re se+er&l u#pro u"ti+e i#!le"tio#s too, li2e the plur&l -en i# oxen, &# the p&rti"ipi&l -en i# given' ste% 1 e# i#g (i#!le"tio#&l su!!i)* reprints = Prese#t Te#se RD6PRI3T77 C =pri#t &g&i#99

pre!i) root

su!!i)

re pri#t

(. )lassification according to whether "orphe"e * word FRDD %ost roots i# D#glish .ut4 & ept, i#ept (BOK3D ROOT* BOK3D %ost pre!i)es &# su!!i)es (Deri+&tio#&l &# i#!le"tio#&l* is% (!ree su!!i)* e), pro, "o# (!ree pre!i)es*

+. )lassifying words according to "orphe"e str%ct%re Si%ple $or s is & si#gle %orphe%e4 house, I, the, o!!, s&l&%&# er

Morphology

Martos Alfitri PBI V D

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:o%ple) $or s is root 1 &t le&st 1 &!!i)4 $or2er, rere& , retelli#g

&#ti 1 is 1 est&.lish 1%e#t 1 &ri 1 &# 1is% :o%pou# $or s "&# .e isti#guishe i#to three !or%sL they &re soli , hyphe#&te &# ope# 3o' 1' ;' <' 4' H' 6' 7' SOLID Motor$&y M&# .oo2 M&r $&re Ti%e$&r% Outsi e Fee .&"2 .r&i#$or2 MNPD3ATDD Dou.le- e"2er Bo)-o!!i"e M&r -"o+er S#o$-$hite I#-l&$ :he"2-i# Frog-e&ti#g-.ir OPD3 Deep !ree/e B&#2 &""ou#t :re it "&r et"'

,ord-for"ation processes MA./0 Affixation4 pro"ess o! !or%i#g $or s .y & i#g &!!)es to %orphe%es'

1 V 1 -&.le ! A4 predict+ -able 1 V 1 -er ! 34 sing+er 1 u# 1 A ! A4 un-productive 1 A 1 e# ! V4 deep+ -en, thick+ -en )o"po%nding4 $or !or%&tio# pro"ess .y $hi"h #e$ $or s &re !or%e .y "o%.i#i#g t$o or %ore i# epe# e#t $or s' 1 A 1 A ! A4 bittersweet 1 3 1 3 ! 34 rainbow 1 V 1 V ! V4 sleepwalk 1 P 1 P ! P4 without 1 V 1 3 ! 34 pickpocket 1 3 1 V ! V4 spoonfeed 1 P 1 V ! V4 overdo

Morphology

Martos Alfitri PBI V D

0ed%plication4 pro"ess o! !or%i#g #e$ $or s either .y ou.li#g &# e#tire $or (tot&l re upli"t&tio#* or p&rt o! & $or (p&rti&l re upli"&tio#*'

1 D#glish4 humpty-dumpty, higgledy-piggeldy (p&rti&l re upli"&tio#* 1 :reole4 blak O.l&"2P, blakblak O+ery .l&"2P (tot&l re upli"&tio#*

Morphe"e-internal )hanges4 & type o! $or !or%&tio# pro"ess $herei# & $or "h&#ges i#ter#&lly to i# i"&te gr&%%&ti"&l i#!or%&tio#'

1 &.l&ut4 sing, sang, sung; swim, swam, swum 1 other "h&#ges4 man, men; mouse, mice, goose, Geese &%ppletion4 & rel&tio#ship .et$ee# !or%s o! & $or $herei# o# !or% "&##ot .e pho#ologi"&lly or %orphologi"&lly eri+e !ro% the other, this pro"ess is r&re' 1 am - was; go -went 1 good - better; bad - worse

MI2/0 ; 2i# A)0/23M&: o! the%4 Q&lph&.etisis%sR-S:D, D3A-pro#u#"i&tio# "o#sist o! the set o!

e)tre%e !or% o! re u"tio#L -&re !or%e !ro% the i#iti&l letters o! & set o! other $or s lettersL -se"o# &re pro#ou#"e &s & si#gle $or -S 3ATO, 3ASA, K3DS:O, PI3 so%e &"ro#y%s lose their "&pit&ls to .e"o%e e+ery &y ter%s -S l&ser BA)4'/0MATI/2:

& $or o! o#e type(usu & #ou#* is re u"e to !or% &#other $or o! & i!!ere#t type(usu & +er.*L -$or2er-S$or2, o#&tio#-S o#&teThypo"oris%s-& lo#ger $or is

Morphology re u"e to & si#gle syll&.le, the# 5y or 5ie is & e

Martos Alfitri 10 PBI V D to the e# 4 %o+ie, telly-

Stele+isio# Sy#"hro#i" perspe"ti+e o# l&#gu&ge-togetherL &t the s&%e poi#t o! ti%e Di&"hro#i" perspe"ti+e o# l&#gu&ge-#ot togetherL i# i!!ere#t poi#ts o! ti%eL sho$i#g "h&#ges, ho$ the l&#gu&ge e+ol+e i# ti%e' "lippe B5!2DI2#: &# the# "o%pou# e $or eg' s%og (s%o2e 1!og*, %otel, .it, .ru#"h,

t&2i#g o#ly the .egi##i#g o! o#e $or &# 0oi#i#g it to the e# o! the other $or L tele"&st, :hu##el' B/00/,I2#:

+ery "o%%o# $or 5!or%&tio# pro"essL it9s so"i&l phe#o%e#o# %e&#s, the t&2i#g o+er o! $or s !ro% other l&#gu&gesL -it t&2es pl&"e $he# & spe&2er o! o#e "ulture "o%e to "o#t&"t $ith &#other o#eL -the .orro$i#g $ill .e t&2e# !ro% the %ost i#!lue#ti&l "ulture Lo&#-$or s 5 $or s & &pte !ro% other l&#gu&ges Lo&#-tr&#sl&tio# ("&lIue* 5 it9s & ire"t tr&#sl&tio# o! the ele%e#ts o! & $or i#to the .orro$i#g l&#gu&ge' There9s &l$&ys "h&#ge i# pho#ologi"&l stru"ture' )5IPPI2#:

"lipCto "utL -%&2i#g $or s shorter, re u"i#g the%L & $or o! %ore the# o#e syll&.le is re u"e to & shorter !or%L -esp i# "&su&l spee"hL -g&s, .us, pi&#o, .r& )/I2A#!:

The i#+e#tio# o! tot&lly #e$ ter%s Proper #&%es or tr& e #&%es !or o#e "o%p&#y9s pro u"t .e"o%e ge#er&l ter%s !or &#y +ersio# o! th&t pro u"t'(eg' 2lee#e), @uy Fo)-Sguy(&#y hu%&# .ei#g*L -%e&#i#g o! the $or s is .ro& e# &# .ro& e#'

)/2V!0&I/2:

Morphology

Martos Alfitri 11 PBI V D

& "h&#ge i# the !u#"tio# o! & $or (eg' $he# the #ou# "o%es to .e use &s & +er. $ithout &#y re u"tio#*other #&%es &re4 Q"&tegory "h&#geR I Q!u#"tio#&l shi!tRL +ery pro u"ti+e i# D#glish, o #ot e)ist i# Polish eg' "ut,p&per, .utter, .ottle, +e"&tio#, spy' so%e "o#+erte !or%s shi!t i# %e&#i#g $he# they "h&#ge the "&tegory'

P&!6D/ A)0/23M

Re u"e se#te#"e i#to so%e letters e'g' I : U 4 I See2 Nou, : K 4 See you, SUR 4 se"ure, et"' /2/M/T/P!/IA

8or s "re&te !ro% sou# e'g' Me&u$ S :&t, et"'