PRACTICAL GUIDANCE FOR COMMISSIONING AND MAINTENANCE TESTING OF MULTIFUNCTION DIGITAL RELAYS A MANUFACTURERS PERSPECTIVE

Charles J. Mozina Beckwith Electric Company, Inc.

ABSTRACT
Protective relay technology over the past twenty-five years has evolved from single-function electromechanical (E-M) relays to static (electronic) relays and finally to digital multifunction relays. A significant number of these multifunction digital relays are being installed on electric power systems within utilities. As was required in earlier E-M and static relay technologies, digital relays also require commissioning and relay setting verification. This paper discusses the unique challenges the user faces in testing and commissioning digital multifunction relays. It also explores the impact on maintenance testing of self-diagnosticsthe digital relays internal capability to check itself for failuresand how it plays a role in the development of NERC PRC-005-2.

I.

INTRODUCTION

Abnormal electrical conditions that require automatic protective relay operation can occur at any time, without warning. To ensure proper relay operation, all protective relay technologies (E-M, static and digital) need to be commissioned and maintained properly. While methods and practices for older E-M and static relay technologies are well defined within the industry, maintenance/commissioning practices for new digital multifunction relays are not yet firmly established. Solid-state electronic protective (static) relays, using discrete components, were developed in the 1960s. These relays used many discrete components with associated interconnections and therefore were not as reliable as equivalent electromechanical relays. Continued developments in the semiconductor industry led to the introduction of integrated circuits that combined complex electronic circuits into single chips. This use of integrated circuits reduced the number of components and enhanced the reliability of static protective relays. These static relays were essentially single-function devices and could be tested and commissioned in the same way as older E-M relays. The advent of microprocessors and high-speed digital signal processors in the 1980s brought a new generation of relay designs. These digital relay designs contained less hardware but required considerable software development. As microprocessor capability increased, multiple tripping functions were put into a single hardware platform. The testing and commissioning of these relays is substantially different than either E-M or solid-state relays. Commissioning multifunction digital relays offers some unique challenges to the user. Multifunction relays have protective functions that interact with each other, making testing more complicated. They can also be programmed to do control logic, which must be verified. In addition, digital relays can have multiple setting groups that may be switched to address varying system conditions. This flexibility increases the commissioning complexity. This paper presents methods and techniques to address the challenges cited above. These relays also have significant input monitoring capability that can greatly assist the user in determining whether these relays are properly connected to their CT and VT inputs, helping to verify that the relay is functioning properly. Digital relays also have self-diagnostics that check the health of the relay that can immediately detect internal failures. This is perhaps the most important single feature in digital relays. The ability to detect a

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failure before the protection system has to operate contrasts with traditional protection where a failed or defective relay remains undetected until it does not operate correctly during a fault or until the next maintenance test. It is important that the completeness of self-diagnostics be considered in developing maintenance/testing programs for multifunction digital relays.

II.

TESTING TRADITIONAL ELECTROMECHANICAL AND STATIC RELAYS

a) Commission Testing
Commission testing for E-M and static relays includes calibration or acceptance testing to verify that relay performance is within the manufacturers published tolerances. Also, field testing is done to test the individual relays at their setpoints and to establish a baseline reference point for periodic maintenance testing. E-M and some static relays are provided in a draw-out case, with built-in test plugs or test switches. The test set current leads can be connected to a test plug to provide an easy method of injecting secondary current into the relay for testing. Additional test plug inputs can be used to monitor the output contact of the relay and stop the test set timer when the relay operates. When static relays are used which do not include these built-in facilities, it is helpful to provide them separately on the relay panel. Commission testing typically includes the use of a phase angle meter, ammeter and voltmeters to verify that correct voltage and currents are correctly applied to a relay by their instrument transformers, and that polarized relays are looking in the right direction. Today, these features are incorporated in modern, computer-driven test sets. Verification of the wiring between the electromechanical relays and the associated equipment that must isolate faulted areas requires both time and knowledge of the equipment, relays and intended system performance under various system operating conditions.

b) Periodic Maintenance Testing

Periodic calibration of both electromechanical and static relays at their setpoint is necessaryespecially as they age and their settings drift over time. Also in E-M relays, foreign particles from the environment such as dirt, dust, iron filings, sawdust, sunflower seeds or tobacco could restrict movement of disks or rotating cup elements. These contaminants can prevent the elements from turning at all or at a much slower rate than originally designed. The manufacturer provides dials and variable resistors and other adjustments to accomplish the necessary calibration and tweaking by the tester. Because of cost pressures, maintenance intervals of protective relays on utility systems are being extended to intervals of six to twelve years. NERC has addressed test intervals in PRC- 005-2 [1]. In some cases, periodic tests do not address the entire protection system but only functionally test the circuit breaker tripping circuitry.

III. NERC PROTECTION SYSTEM MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS

The protection maintenance standard (PRC-005) [1] requires transmission and generator owners to have a documented and verifiable maintenance program in place for protection systems that are involved in the protection of the bulk power system. NERC has broadly categorized the protection system as all the components that are required to successfully clear a fault. Figure 1 show the basic components of the system. This paper concentrated on the protective relay component of the protection system. Table 1 specifies maximum allowable verification intervals and relies heavily on the self-diagnostics feature of the digital relays to extend the maintenance period. NERC audits are conducted by the regional reliability organizations to verify compliance.

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NERC-Defined Protection System Figure 1 Table 1 NERC Maximum Allowable Testing Intervals (from PRC-005-2)

* See Ref. 1 for Details

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IV. BASIC DESIGN OF MULTIFUNCTION DIGITAL RELAYS a) Design

The block diagram in Figure 2 shows the basic hardware architecture of a digital multifunction relay with both current and voltage inputs. The voltage inputs of the relay are scaled down from the nominal 120 V to a low level determined by the ADC (analog-to-digital converter) input range. The current inputs to the relay are scaled down from nominal 5 A and are converted to equivalent voltages. These scaled signals are filtered using a low-pass filter to prevent interference of the high-frequency components with the fundamental frequency component. The filtered signals are multiplexed using an analog multiplexer and amplified, if needed, using a programmable gain amplifier. The multiplexed analog signal is sampled and converted to digital data using the ADC. Digital relays use dual-processor architecture; the digital signal processor executes complex algorithm calculations while the host processor performs all other tasks. Communication between the two processors is provided by the dual-ported memory. Flash memory is used for storing the program and RAM (random-access memory) is used for temporary storage of variables. Contact inputs and outputs, user interface (keyboard and liquid crystal display) and the serial communication ports (RS-232, RS-485 and Ethernet) are interfaced to the host processor.

Typical Digital Relay Design Figure 2

The design of modern digital relays is such that all voltage and current inputs are multiplexed through common components as illustrated in Figure 2. If a component fails, generally all protective functions within the multifunction relay are affected. The protection engineer must be aware of this fact in deciding the level of redundancy for a particular application. For the protection of important transmission lines, generators, buses, and transformers, the effect on the system of removing these components from service for a relay failure may be unacceptable. In those cases, dual digital relays are used. Typical dual protection schemes are shown in Figure 3. Full input redundancy can be achieved by using separate CT and VT inputs for both primary and backup relays. Because of practical limitations, many users supply both primary and backup relays from the same CT and VT circuits. Output redundancy can be provided by the use of duplicate lockout relays, and dual trip coils can be provided on the circuit breaker. Also, some users reduce the functionality of the backup relay. An example of this is the use of overcurrent relaying as a backup for transformer protection rather than fully redundant differential relaying as illustrated in Figure 3.

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a) Typical Generator Relay with Dual Protection Relays Figure 3

b) Typical Transformer Protection with Dual Digital Typical Dual Protection Schemes Figure 3

Another result of basic digital multifunction relay design is that a number of tripping functions are supplied for common VT or CT inputs as shown in Figure 3. In relay testing, the input current or voltage is applied commonly to all functions. Thus, there is an interference effect where the more sensitive functions trip before the functions that are being tested. b) Important Digital Relay Features Multifunction digital relays have features that were not available on electromechanical or static relays. These include: 1. Oscillography and Event Recording The capability of storing analog data and sequence of events allows the user to quickly analyze tripping events. 2. Multiple Setting Groups This allows a user to select different settings for different operating conditions. 3. Multiple Output & Input Contacts This allows the user increased flexibility in designing trip/alarm output circuitry. Programmable inputs allow the user to block or alter settings based on circuit breaker open/close status or other external conditions. 4. Metering Depending on the display capability and accuracy, the protection package may displace or supplement traditional metering. The metering capability also allows easier testing of the relay and its associated wiring. 5. Monitoring Monitoring of external inputs/outputs, such as trip circuits, enhances security. Current and voltage transformer circuits can be monitored and functions can be detected. 6. Communications Local and remote communication capabilities allow easy input of settings and changes, as well as access to event data. With the proper interface/protocol conversion, the relay can be integrated with other intelligent devices into a distributed control system. 7. Self-Monitoring and Diagnostics Self-monitoring software in relays allows detection of a failure of a major piece of hardware or a software module. The relay outputs can be disabled and an alarm generated, signaling the failure. 8. Programmable Logic With all the information brought to the relay, programmable logic permits a combination of protection and control functions within the relay. This can eliminate significant wiring external to the relay, but increases the complexity of testing the relay to verify internal relay control logic.

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V. TESTING DIGITAL RELAYS

Digital relays do not typically include built-in test facilities to inject secondary currents and voltages. One helpful to provide test switches on the rationale for this is that secondary injection testing is not required as frequently as with E-M or static relays. However, most users need to do functional testing during periodic maintenance of associated circuit breakers or when relay settings are changed. For these reasons and the reasons cited as follows, it is relay panel to facilitate testing.

a) Calibrating Relays
Calibration of digital relays is usually not required since there are no adjustments to be made. There are no trim pots, switches, or selectors to make settings and adjustments within the relay. If the relay does not operate within tolerance, there is no way to adjust it, so calibration as we know itis not needed. However, each relay should be tested to make sure it is operating properly. Secondary injection is used for this type of test, and the output contacts should be monitored to confirm proper operation.

b) Disabling Settings for Testing

When testing multifunction relays, certain setting elements may need to be disabled to accommodate steady-state testing. For example, a simple 50/51 relay has both time (51) and instantaneous (50) elements programmed to the same output contact; it will be necessary to disable the 51 element to get an accurate pickup value on the 50 element. Making changes or temporarily disabling in-service settings after they are loaded into the relay requires that these settings be changed back. This may be risky because there may be dozens of settings that need to be changed and human error is a possibility. The preferred method is to begin by downloading a copy of the in-service settings in the relay to a computer disc and disabling elements for testing as the need arises. When the testing is complete, instead of trying to reverse all the changes, load the original copy of the in-service settings back to the relay. In applications where the same scheme will be used over and over, it may be more convenient to create a setting group used only for testing. In this setting group, the relay setpoints can be the same as the inservice group but with elements programmed to individual output contacts where needed for testing.

c) Testing Setting Group Changes

Most digital relays have four or more setting groups; however, in most applications, we only need one or two setting groups so the others could be left empty, with no settings at all. If the relay should be inadvertently switched to an unused setting group, the relay would essentially be out of service. To avoid this, copy the default in-service group settings to all other unused setting groups. If the relay is switched to one of those groups, it will still be in service with normal settings. When more than one setting group is used, copy the default setting to all of the unused groups.

d) Testing Programmable Logic

Multifunction relays have, in one device, the equivalent of several single function relays that would be found on the traditional relay panel. The functional schematic of the traditional relay is determined by the wiring from one device to the next. In the digital relay, the programmable logic takes the place of the wiring. Therefore, consider treating the programmable logic the same way we would switchboard wiring in terms of their commissioning and documentation. Figure 4 shows a typical programmable logic scheme for basic overcurrent protection. This is the level of detail required on the schematic diagrams to properly document programmable logic for functional testing and maintenance. Every feature of the logic should be tested and all inputs, outputs, relay function blocks, controls, alarms, and logic should perform as intended and not operate with unintended consequences. The sequence of events feature of digital relays can be used to help sort out the results of logic testing to confirm that the proper elements are asserted, logic has functioned correctly, and timing is proper.

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Typical Programmable Logic Scheme Figure 4 e) Testing External Inputs

Digital relays use programmable inputs (IN-1 to IN-4 in Figure 4) to allow the user flexibility in designing trips/alarm output circuitry logic. These inputs are used to monitor breaker positions or can be activated to change digital relay trip/alarm logic as shown in Figure 4. Optical isolators are used within the relay to prevent external surges from damaging the digital relay components. Two types of external programmable inputs have been used by manufacturers internally wetted and externally wetted. These are shown in Figures 5a&b where they are being used to communicate the position of a circuit breaker to the relaye.g., when IN-1 is energized, it indicates the breaker is closed. Externally-wetted programmable inputs use an external source of DC voltage while internally-wetted programmable inputs use an internal relay DC source. When using externally-wetted programmable input on ungrounded battery systems, you should confirm that the input will not operate for a full positive or negative battery ground (half voltage). After testing these inputs for proper operation at normal battery voltage, repeat the test at half battery voltage to confirm the externally-wetted contact will not operate. Some relays have internal jumpers used to set the wetted contact pickup threshold set at greater than half the battery voltage, but less than the minimum expected voltage. If settable jumpers are not available, document the results so maintenance personnel will know that the inputs may be falsely triggered for battery grounds.

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a) Externally-Wetted Programmable Input Figure 5

b) Internally-Wetted Programmable Input Programmable Inputs Figure 5

For internally-wetted programmable inputs, a check should be made that the input will operate when the external contact (52a in Figure 5b) is closed. If wiring from the contact to the relay is long, there may not be enough current to pick up the input. Many manufacturers provide guidance as to wiring distance limits.

f) Testing Targets and Output Contacts

The output contacts of a digital relay are usually individually-sealed relays rated for 30 amp tripping duty. However, they will break less than 1 amp and will be damaged if opened while trip current is flowing. The output contacts are initiated by the internal trip logic of the relay and are independent of dc trip current. To avoid damaging output contacts used for trip and close duty, the manufacturer should supply a hold -up circuit that will allow output contacts to remain closed for at least 10-12 cycles regardless of what the logic is doing. Once a trip or close has been initiated, the contact should remain closed long enough to complete the circuit breaker operation. The commissioning process should confirm that outputs used for tripping and closing circuit breakers will remain closed for the duration of the trip, or, close cycle even if the initiating logic has reset.

g) Using the Digital Relay as a Commissioning Aid

Most digital relays display the measured input currents and voltages as well as calculated metering values that can be used to assist in relay testing. The display should be checked against known inputs when secondary injection quantities are applied before using the display for this purpose. If phase angle information is not available from the display, an external meter must be used. Figure 6 illustrates a typical metering display for a transformer differential relay. Since most digital relays can calculate negative sequence currents and voltages, the relay can be used to confirm phase sequence. During commissioning, read the metered value of the negative sequence current/voltage. It should be low for balanced-load conditions. If not, check the phase sequence relay setting and CT wiring. Digital transformer differential relays have the capability of internally adjusting for the phase shift of a delta-wye connected transformer. When using internal compensation, the currents going into the relay will not be 180 out of phase as expected with traditional relays. In traditional E-M and static relays, 30 phase shift compensation is done by connecting wye transformer winding CT inputs in delta as shown in Figure 7b. With digital relays, there is no physical operate winding, only a calculated value. So external inservice readings can only be taken on the restraint windings. Operating current calculated values are usually displayed by metering or software as shown in Figure 6. Figures 7a&b shows typical CT connections of digital and E-M transformer relays. Note that digital transformer relays do not require dedicated CTs, as do electromechanical relays.

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Example of Digital Transformer Relay Metering Screen Figure 6

Almost all digital relays have oscillography that can be used during commissioning to provide additional information. Relays should be set so they record an event any time there is a trip. Displaying the event after a trip can quickly reveal problems with CT polarity and phasing.

h) Checking Directional Relay Polarization

Verification of directionality of phase (67) and ground (67N) directional relays requires injection of operating current as well as to the polarizing quantity (current or voltage). The phase angle relationship between operating current and polarizing quantity determines relay directionality. The relay manufacturer must clearly identify trip direction on relay wiring diagrams so the user can establish proper relay directionality to verify the relay is connected properly [3].

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a) Typical Digital Relay with other Relays

b) Electro-Mechanical Relay (only one phase shown for simplicity)

Transformer Differential CT Connections Figure 7 I) Firmware Revisions The firmware revision level should be documented on the settings file for each individual relay. It may not be necessary to upgrade every relay on your system to implement a new feature or to fix a software problem. Many changes are bug fixes that do not adversely affect the protective or control functions of the relay. In general, firmware updates are mandatory only if a misoperation of protection or control functions may occur. By tracking the changes, a decision can be made if the new feature or bug fixes are absolutely needed. Keeping track of the firmware in each relay will help to avoid visiting every relay if a change must be made to all relays before or after a certain firmware level. When new firmware is installed in the relay, all commissioning tests must be done again. In many cases, changes to the software will be minor, but re-commissioning confirms that there were no unintended consequences of the firmware change. For this reason, firmware changes are made only when necessary.

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VI. IMPACT OF DIGITAL RELAY SELF-MONITORING AND DIAGNOSTICS ON TESTING a) Self-Monitoring and Diagnostics
Self-diagnostics was not available in either electromechanical or static relay designs and is one of the most important features of digital relays. The ability to detect a failure before the protection system is required to operate contrasts with traditional protection systems where a relay failure remains undetected until it fails to operate correctly during an event or the failure is uncovered during maintenance testing. The quality of electronic components available today is excellent, although failure of electronic components can still occur. Digital relays are designed to detect most of these failures. The following are some of the most important self-diagnostic functions implemented on digital multifunction relays.

1. Data acquisition system testing

Power supply voltages and ground are connected to the analog input channels of the multiplexer and checked against warning and failure thresholds. This also verifies the analog data acquisition system including: multiplexer, programmable gain amplifier and analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The ADCs conversion time is also checked to see if it is within the specification.

2. Memory Testing
The flash ROM contents are checked by calculating the checksum and comparing it to the pre-computed and stored checksum. The RAM is tested by writing and reading a test pattern.

3. Setpoint Testing
Setpoints are stored in the serial EEPROM (See Figure 2) and a copy of these setpoints is also stored in the RAM for executing relay logic. Whenever any setpoint is changed, the checksum of the setpoints is calculated from the contents of the EEPROM. This checksum is then compared with the calculated checksum of the setpoints stored in the RAM every time a setpoint task is executed. Settings are stored in non-volatile memory so if DC power is lost, the setting values within the relay will be retained when DC power is re-applied.

4. Watchdog Timer
Should the program get lost due to hardware/software glitches, the relay hardware design includes a watchdog timer reset circuit to take the processor through an orderly reset.

5. Summary
It is generally accepted in the industry that digital relay self-diagnostics do an excellent job in detection of internal electronic component failures.

b) Self-Testing of Relay Input and Outputs

The internal check of electronic components described above is very comprehensive. The ability to check the relay input and outputs is less comprehensive with not all relay manufacturers providing the same level of self-checking.

1. Input Circuitry
Most digital relays measure three-phase and the neutral current from the CT inputs. The input diagnostic logic in the relay calculates the vector sum of the phase currents and compares it to the measured value of CT neutral current. Evaluation of this current symmetry is used to check for valid current measurement. If a symmetry threshold is exceeded, then an alarm is generated. When this alarm occurs, the abnormality can be from a broken CT connection, compromised CT, or possible A/D converter error within the relay. Open VT circuit monitoring is a common feature in digital relays and is used to detect a loss of voltage signal. In many cases, VT open circuits are caused by a VT fuse blowing or fuses not being replaced after maintenance. Open circuit VT monitoring is achieved using both voltage and current measurements. The basic logic used by most manufacturers is that if an unbalanced voltage is detected in the absence of unbalanced current, then there is a possible open circuit or other problem in the voltage input circuitry. If
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both current and voltage are substantially unbalanced at the same time, the assumption is that this event is a short circuit and no VT failure alarm is initiated. In addition to alarming for a VT failure, protection functions that could falsely operate on loss of voltage are typically blocked from operating to prevent false tripping. Typically, this is not automatically done and must be programmed as part of the setup of the relay. Programmable inputs can be used to check basic logic external to the relay. An example of this type of logic check is the monitoring of the 52a and 52b contacts together with current measurements. An open circuit breaker with current flowing can be alarmed. Programmable inputs are also used to monitor the continuity of the trip circuit to detect an open trip coil or loss of trip circuit control voltage. Digital relays can also measure their DC supply voltage and issue an alarm when the value is above or below a programmable setpoint. In addition to the external DC power source, most digital relays have an internal battery. This battery is used to power the back-up data stored in RAM (e.g., waveform capture records and internal relay clock). An alarm here does not normally block any protective function. The DC/DC converter supervision is achieved by monitoring the electronic board component supply voltages (typically 5, 15, and 24VDC). An alarm here ensures that the relay does not issue a trip command should the voltage vary beyond the tolerances of the electric components.

2. Output Circuitry
Outputs have no monitoring. The trip, close and alarm contacts are not monitored. The health of the individual contacts can be checked through functional testing. Most relays have built-in functional testing through the software, to activate all input contacts, outputs contacts, and LEDs to prove functionality. These tests are not automatically performed and are generally done during periodic maintenance. Communication interfaces may have monitoring depending on the type of protocol used. Some have an internal redundancy check that will indicate loss of communication. Displays, keypads and LEDs are typically not monitored. Almost all the internal self-check failures described in this section of the paper are alarmed through the self-check failure output contact. A relay self-test failure contact (normally closed) is generally available on all digital relays. When the relay is healthy, this contact is held open. On relay self check failure (including a loss of power supply), the relay coil is released and the contact will close. The self-test failure alarm contact should be wired to alarm at a manned location to alert personnel that the relay has failed. The relay cannot self-test for human error such as application of the wrong voltage for input coil wetting or DC power connected at the wrong voltage level outside the rating of the relay. Relay monitoring does not monitor the circuit breakers ability to trip, although trip coil circuit continuity can be monitored. There is still a need to periodically operate the circuit breaker to ensure the correct mechanical operation.

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VII. CONCLUSIONS
Testing and commissioning of new multifunction digital relays offer unique challenges to the user. The advantages of numerous relay functions being available in a single hardware platform are offset to some extent by the need to provide for the failure of that platform. Also, these relays have trip functions that interact with each other, making testing more difficult. Digital relays reduce external control wiring required by EM and static relay technologies by incorporating control logic within the relay itself. This, however, results in more complex relay testing to verify proper relay control logic. These shortcomings, however, are far out-weighed by the many advantages of digital relays cited in this paper. Users also have seen the many benefits of digital relays with almost all-new installation using this technology. Despite the technology changes introduced by digital relays, the testing and commissioning fundamentals remain unchanged. Both commissioning and periodic maintenance testing are still required, but digital relay features have modified the method and extent of testing. Features such as internal metering of all input analog and calculated quantities available within digital relays provide the test engineer with a valuable new tool to assist in the commissioning processes. This paper has outlined many helpful test techniques to help the test engineer utilize these features, which are available within all digital relays.

a) Commission Testing
Commission testing still requires the test engineer to verify the proper setting, internal logic and operation for a new installation or verify a setting/logic/control change at an existing installation. This typically requires: 1. Injection of current and voltage into the relay to verify relay setting and timing 2. Verifying proper relay inputs and outputs 3. Verifying proper relay logic 4. Verifying tripping and targets

b) Maintenance Testing
The frequency and testing required for periodic maintenance testing is the test area where digital technology has introduced major changes. Internal self-diagnostic testing and power supply monitoring features in all digital relays have provided the user with some assurance that the relay is functioning properly. The drifting of settings or the blocking of relay operation by foreign contaminateswhich were a major problem with E-M and static relaysare not a problem with digital relays. As pointed out in this paper, there are no trim pots, switches or slide wire resistors to tweak to bring a drifted setting back into calibration. So what type of periodic maintenance testing is required for digital relays? NERC has relied heavily on digital relay self-diagnostics to develop their testing intervals. Many users are only testing in areas where self-diagnostics cant completely verify proper relay operation. As pointed out in this paper, self diagnostics do an excellent job in detecting internal electronic component failures. It doesnt do nearly as good a job in checking the relays inputs and trip/alarm outputs. Many users are only checking the relays inputs and output on a periodic basis and forgoing periodic maintenance injection testing of digital relays. The use of internal relay metering can provide a handy tool to verify that under load conditions, the relay is measuring expected currents and voltages confirming proper relay inputs. The output contacts, however, need to be tested at the same periodic frequency used for E-M and static relays since they are not checked via self-diagnostics.

VIII. REFERENCES
[1] NERC Standard PRC-005 & PRC-005-2 Protection System Maintenance - NERC Website [2] M. Young, Commissioning Numerical Relays, Western Protective Relay Conference, 2003. [3] F.J. Nepveux, Applying the Directional Neutral, 67N Function in Microprocessor Multifunction Relays, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Applications, vol. 39, Jan./Feb. 2003. [4] C.J. Mozina, M. Yalla, Fundamental Reliability Considerations in the Design, Manufacturing and Application of Multifunction Digital Relays for Generator Protection, Canadian Electric Association Engineering and Operating Division, April 1996.
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BIOGRAPHY
Charles (Chuck) J. Mozina, IEEE Life Fellow, is a Consultant, Protection and Protection Systems, for Beckwith Electric Co. Inc., specializing in power plant and generator protection. He is an active 25-year member of the IEEE Power System Relay Committee (PSRC) and is the past chairman of the Rotating Machinery Subcommittee. He is active in the IEEE IAS committees that address industrial protection. He is a former U.S. representative to the CIGRE Study Committee 34 (now B-5) on System Protection. Chuck has a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from Purdue University and is a graduate of the eight-month GE Power System Engineering Course. He has more than 25 years of experience as a protection engineer at Centerior Energy (now part of FirstEnergy), a major investor-owned utility in Cleveland, Ohio where he was the Manager of the System Protection Section. For 10 years, Chuck was employed by Beckwith Electric as the Manager of Application Engineering for Protection and Protection Systems. He is a registered Professional Engineer in Ohio. He has authored a number of papers and magazine articles on protective relaying.

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