Spring Materials

SM - Spring Materials
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Fundamentals of Spring Design SM - Spring Materials

Spring Materials
Chemical and Physical Characteristics
While certain materials have come to be regarded as spring materials, they are not specially designed alloys. Spring materials are high strength alloys which often exhibit the greatest strength in the alloy system. For example: In steels, medium and high-carbon steels are regarded as spring materials. Beryllium copper is frequently specified when a copper base alloy is required. For titanium, cold-worked and aged Ti-13V-11Cr-3A1 is used. The energy storage capacity of a spring is proportional to the square of the maximum operating stress level divided by the modulus. An ideal spring material has high strength, a high elastic limit and a low modulus. Because springs are resilient structures designed to undergo large deflections, spring materials must have an extensive elastic range. Other factors such as fatigue strength, cost, availability, formability, corrosion resistance, magnetic permeability and electrical conductivity can also be important and must be considered in light of cost/benefit. Consequently, careful selections must be made to obtain the best compromise. Table SM-1, page 2, lists some commonly used alloys along with data for material selection purposes. Data on mechanical properties are presented in the Spring Wire and Spring Strip subsections (Pages 11 and 13 respectively). Specifications have been written by many national and international organizations. These specifications are cross-referenced to specifications in Table SM-2, page 4. However, correlation between the specifications is only approximate. These specifications were developed exclusively for high quality material for spring applications and are generally more detailed and stringent than other specifications. Surface quality has a major influence on fatigue strength and is often not clearly delineated on national specifications. It is important to use only those materials with the best surface integrity for fatigue applications, particularly those in the high cycle region. In steel alloys, for which processing costs are a large fraction of product cost, surface quality can vary over an appreciable range. Depth of surface imperfections, such as seams, pits and die marks, can be up to 3.5% of diameter for commercial spring wire grades (ASTM A-227 and A-229). Various intermediate qualities can be obtained. Highest levels are represented by music and valve spring quality grades which are virtually free of surface imperfections. Decarburization, which can also adversely affect fatigue performance, follows a similar pattern. Surface quality of spring materials is a function of the care exercised in their production and processes employed. Materials produced with a high level of surface integrity are more costly than commercial grades. Young's Maximum Service Temperature Typical (4) Surface C F
Common Name
Modulus E Modulus of Density Electrical Sizes Normally (1) Rigidity G (1) Available (2) (1) ConductMpa (psi) Mpa (psi) Min. ivity (1) Max. g/cm3 Quality 103 106 103 106 (lb/in3) % IACS mm (in.) mm (in.) (3)
Carbon Steel Wires: Music (5) Hard Drawn (5) Oil Tempered 207 207 207 (30) (30) (30) 7.86 (0.284) 7.86 79.3 (11.5) (0.284) 79.3 (11.5) 79.3 (11.5) 7.86 7 7 7 0.10 (0.004) 0.13 (0.005) 0.50 6.35 (0.250) 16 (0.625) 16 (0.625) a c c 120 150 150 250 250 300
mk:@MSITStore:C:\Program%20Files\UTS\Advanced%20Spring%20Design\Help\ASD....
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Valve Spring Alloy Steel Wires: Chrome Vanadium Chrome Silicon Stainless Steel Wires: Austenitic Type 302 Precipitation Hardening 177 PH NiCr A286 Copper Base Alloy Wires: Phosphor Bronze (A) Silicon Bronze (A) Silicon Bronze (B) Beryllium Copper Spring Brass, CA260 Nickel Base Alloys: Inconel Alloy 600 Inconel Alloy X750 Ni-Span-C Monel Alloy 400 Monel Alloy K500 Carbon Steel Strip: AISI 1050 1065 1074, 1075 1095 Bartex
207
(30)
(0.284) 7.86 79.3 (11.5) (0.284) 7.86 (0.284) 7.86 79.3 (11.5) (0.284) 79.3 (11.5)
(0.020) 1.3 (0.050) 0.50 (0.020) 0.50 (0.020)
6.35 (0.250) 11 (0.435) 9.5 (0.375)
150
300
207 207
(30) (30)
7 5
a,b a,b
220 245
425 475
193 203 200
(28)
69.0
(10) (11)
7.92 (0.286) 7.81 (0.282) 8.03 (0.290)
2 2 2
0.13 (0.005) 0.08 (0.002)
9.5 (0.375) 12.5 (0.500)
b b b
260 315 510
500 600 950
(29.5) 75.8 (29)
71.7 (10.4)
0.40 (0.016) 5 (0.200)
103 103 117 128 110
(15) (15) (17)
43.4 38.6 44.1
(63) (5.6) (6.4) (7.0) (6.0)
(18.5) 48.3 (16) 42.0
8.86 (0.320) 8.53 (0.308) 8.75 (0.316) 8.26 (0.298) 8.53 (0.308)
15 7 12 21 17
0.10 (0.004) 0.10 (0.004) 0.10 (0.004) 0.08 (0.003) 0.10 (0.004)
12.5 (0.500) 12.5 (0.500) 12.5 (0.500) 12.5 (0.500) 12.5 (0.500)
b b b b b
95 95 95 205 95
200 200 200 400 200
214 214 186 179 179
(31) (31) (27) (26) (26)
75.8
(11)
8.43 (0.304) 8.25 (0.298) 8.14 (0.294) 8.83 (0.319) 8.46 (0.306)
1.5 1 1.6 3.5 3
0.10 (0.004) 0.10 (0.004) 0.10 (0.004) 0.05 (0.002) 0.05 (0.002)
12.5 (0.500) 12.5 (0.500) 12.5 (0.500) 9.5 (0.375) 9.5 (0.375)
b b b b b
320 595 95 230 260
700 1100 200 450 500
79.3 (11.5) 62.9 66.2 66.2 (9.7) (9.6) (9.6)
207 207 207 207 207
(30) (30) (30) (30) (30)
79.3 (11.5) 79.3 (11.5) 79.3 (11.5) 79.3 (11.5) 79.3 (11.5)
7.86 (0.284) 7.86 (0.284) 7.86 (0.284) 7.86 (0.284) 7.86 (0.284)
7 7 7 7 7
0.25 (0.010) 0.08 (0.003) 0.08 (0.003) 0.08 (0.003) 0.10 (0.004)
3 (0.125) 3 (0.125) 3 (0.125) 3 (0.125) 1 (0.040)
b b b b a
95 95 120 120 95
200 200 250 250 200
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Stainless Steel Strip: Austenitic 7.92 0.08 1.5 Types 301, 193 (28) 69.0 (10) 2 600 b 315 (0.286) (0.003) (0.063) 302 Precipitation 7.81 0.08 Hardening 17- 203 (29.5) 75.8 (11) 2 700 b 370 (0.282) (0.003) 3 (0.125) 7 PH Copper Base Alloy Strip: Phosphor 8.86 0.08 103 (15) 43 (6.3) 15 200 b 95 Bronze (A) (0.320) (0.003) 5 (0.188) Beryllium 8.26 0.08 9.5 128 (18.5) 48 (7.0) 21 400 b 205 Copper (0.298) (0.003) (0.375) (1) Elastic moduli, density and electrical (4) Maximum service temperatures are guidelines conductivity can vary with cold work, heat and may vary due to operating stress and allowable treatment and operating stress. These variations relaxation. are usually minor but should be considered if one (5) Music and hard drawn are commercial terms for or more of these properties is critical. patented and cold-drawn carbon steel spring wire. (2) Diameters for wire; thicknesses for strip. (3) Typical surface quality ratings. (For most INCONEL, MONEL and NI-SPAN-C are registered materials, special processes can be specified to trademarks of International Nickel Company, Inc. upgrade typical values.) BARTEX is a registered trademark of Theis of America, a. Maximum defect depth: 0 to 0.5% of d or t. Inc. Maximum defect depth: 1.0% of d or t. b. c. Defect depth: less than 3.5% of d or t.
Table SM-1. Typical Properties of Common Spring Materials.
Elastic Modulus
The modulus of elasticity in tension and shear is vital to spring design. Table SM-1, page 2, lists recommended values for commonly used spring alloys. For most steels and age-hardenable alloys, the modulus varies as a function of chemical composition, cold work and degree of aging. Usually variations are small and can be compensated for by adjustment of reference parameters of the spring design, (e.g. number of active coils, and coil diameter). For most materials, moduli are temperature-dependent and vary inversely with temperature by approximately 2% per 55C (100F). Since nonambient temperature testing is costly, design criteria should be specified at room temperature after having made appropriate compensation for the application temperature. Certain nickelchromium-iron alloys are designed to have a constant modulus over the temperature range from -5 to 65C (-50 to 150F) and are exceptions to the above rule. For true isotropic materials, the elastic moduli in tension (E) and shear (G) are related through Poisson's ratio by the expression:
so that, for common spring materials, any one of the parameters may be approximated using the other two.
Magnetic Characteristics
For most applications, the question of "magnetic or not" is adequately answered with the use of a permanent
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magnet. For some applications, even very low levels of magnetic behavior can be detrimental. Then, it is desirable to know the magnetic permeability of candidate materials and reach agreement between parties on a maximum allowable value. Table SM-2, page 4, lists approximate values for a number of low permeability materials along with other frequently used alloys. Since permeability can be altered by cold work, some variation can be expected. In general, low permeability materials are more expensive so designers should specify low levels only when absolutely necessary. Often, nitrogen strengthened manganese stainless steels are good choices because they have good strength at moderate cost.
Heat Treatment of Springs

Heat-treating temperatures for springs can be divided into two ranges. Low temperature heat treatments in the 175 to 510C (347 to 950F) range are applied to springs after forming to reduce residual stresses and stabilize parts dimensionally. For carbon steels, stainless steels and some age-hardenable alloys, low temperature heat treatments are used to increase or restore the set point. Electroplated carbon steel parts are heat-treated at low temperatures prior to plating, and baked afterward to reduce the susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. Most low temperature stress relieving and age-hardening of springs are done in air and a moderate amount of oxide may be formed on the part. No detrimental effects of this oxide have been noted. Permeability at 200 Oersted, Room Temperature 1 Nonmagnetic > 500 1.000035 1.01 1.0006 1.0035 > 30 > 12 > 40 1.011 1.004
Materials Air Brasses, Bronzes Carbon Steels Elgiloy Inconel Alloys: 600 625 X-750 Stainless Steels: Type 301, spring temper Type 302, spring temper 631 (17-7 PH) XM-28: Nitronic 50* Nitronic 32*
Titanium Alloys Nonmagnetic *Nitrogen-strengthened manganese stainless steels. ELGILOY is a registered trademark of Katy Industries, Inc. NITRONIC is a registered trademark of Armco., Inc. Table SM-2. Magnetic Characteristics of Some Materials. High temperature heat treatments are used to strengthen annealed material after spring forming. High-carbon steels are strengthened by austenitizing in the temperature range 760 to 900C (1480 to 1652F), quenching to form martensite and then tempering. Some nickel base alloys are strengthened by high temperature aging treatments. Because substantial oxidation occurs at these elevated temperatures, it is advisable to prevent excessive oxidation by using an appropriate protective atmosphere. Heat treatments suitable for many commonly used materials are listed in Table SM-3, page 5. Selection of a
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temperature within a given range can only be made after considering the material, size, strength level, application conditions and desired characteristics. Unless otherwise noted, 20 to 30 minutes exposure at the specified temperature range is sufficient to obtain the bulk of the stress-relieving effect. Many spring-like parts involve forms which preclude the use of prehardened material. In these cases, soft or annealed material must be used and heat-treated to attain spring properties after forming. Thin high-carbon and alloy steel parts become distorted when hardened by quenching. Distortion may be reduced by fixture tempering; however, this process is costly and should be avoided if at all possible by using pretempered materials. Tempering is an effective stress-relieving treatment and results in negligible levels of residual stress. Some spring materials, such as beryllium copper and 17-7 PH are strengthened after forming by age hardening. This provides a good stress relief, but may also cause distortion unless special techniques are used. Heat Treatment Materials C F Patented and Cold-Drawn Steel Wire 190 - 230 375 - 450 Tempered Steel Wire: Carbon 260 - 400 500 - 750 Alloy 315 - 425 600 - 800 Austenitic Stainless Steel Wire 230 - 510 450 - 950 Precipitation Hardening Stainless Wire (17-7 PH): Condition C 480 / 1 hour 900 / 1 hour Condition A to TH 1050 760 / 1 hour cool to 1400 / 1 hour, cool to 60F followed by 15C followed by 565 / 1 hour 1050 / 1 hour Monel: Alloy 400 300 - 315 575 - 600 Alloy K500, Spring Temper 525 / 4 hours 980 / 4 hours Inconel: Alloy 600 400 - 510 750 - 950 Alloy X-750: #1 Temper 730 / 16 hours 1350 / 16 hours Spring Temper 650 / 4 hours 1200 / 4 hours Copper Base, Cold Worked (Brass, Phosphor Bronze, etc.) Beryllium Copper: 175 - 205 350 - 400 Pretempered (Mill Hardened) 205 400 Solution Annealed, Temper Rolled 315 / 2 - 3 hours 600 / 2 - 3 hours or Drawn Annealed Steels: Carbon (AISI 1050 to 1095) 800 - 830* 1475 - 1525* Alloy (AISI 5160H 6150, 9254) 830 - 885* 1525 - 1625* *Time depends on heating equipment and section size. Parts are austenized then quenched and tempered to the desired hardness. Table SM-3. Typical Heat Treatments for Springs After Forming
Environmental Considerations
Frequently, operating environment is the single most important consideration for proper spring material selection.
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For successful application, material must be compatible with the environment and withstand effects of temperature and corrosion without an excessive loss in spring performance. Corrosion and elevated temperatures decrease spring reliability. The effect of temperature on spring materials is predictable and discussed below. Compatibility of spring materials and spring coating systems with corrosive environments is discussed in general terms.
Stress Relaxation
Primary concern for elevated temperature applications of springs is stress relaxation. Stress relaxation is the loss of load or available deflection that occurs when a spring is held or cycled under load. Temperature also affects modulus, tensile and fatigue strength. For a given spring, variables which affect stress relaxation are: stress, time and temperature, with increases in any parameter tending to increase the amount of relaxation. Stress and temperature are related exponentially to relaxation. Curves of relaxation versus these parameters are concave upward as is shown in Figures SM-1 and SM-2, page 7. Other controllable factors affecting relaxation include: 1. Alloy Type - more highly alloyed materials are generally more resistant at a given temperature or can be used at higher temperatures. 2. Residual Stress - residual stresses remaining from forming operations are detrimental to relaxation resistance. Therefore, use of the highest practical stress-relief temperatures is beneficial. Shot peening is also detrimental to stress relaxation resistance. 3. Heat Setting - various procedures can be employed to expose springs to stress and heat for varying times to prepare for subsequent exposures. Depending on the method used, the effect is to remove a usually large first-stage relaxation and/or to establish a residual stress system which will lessen relaxation influences. In some cases, the latter approach can be so effective that in application, compression springs may "grow" or exhibit negative relaxation. Increase in free length does not usually exceed one to two percent. 4. Grain Size - coarse grain size promotes relaxation resistance. This phenomenon is used only in very high temperature applications. Because so many variables are involved, it is impossible to cite comprehensive data in a publication of this type, but Table SM-1, page 2, does show approximate maximum service temperatures for many commonly used materials. It should be remembered that, if a material is used at its maximum temperature, a substantial reduction must be made in applied stress from that used at room temperature.
Corrosion
The effect of a corrosive environment on spring performance is difficult to predict with certainty. General corrosion, galvanic corrosion, stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue reduce life and load-carrying ability of springs. The two most common methods employed to combat effects of corrosion are to specify materials that are inert to the environment and to use protective coatings. Use of inert materials affords the most reliable protection against deleterious effects of all types of corrosion; however, this is often costly and sometimes impractical. Protective coatings are often the most cost-effective method to prolong spring life in corrosive environments. In special situations, shot peening can be used to prevent stress corrosion and cathodic protection systems can be used to prevent general corrosion.
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Figure SM-1. Relaxation versus Initial Stress for Spring Materials
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Figure SM-2. Relaxation versus Temperature for Spring Materials Coatings may be classified as galvanically sacrificial or simple barrier coatings. Sacrificial coatings for high carbon steel substrates include zinc, cadmium (and alloys thereof) and, to a lesser degree, aluminum. Due to its toxicity, cadmium coating should only be specified when absolutely necessary. Because sacrificial coatings are chemically less noble than steel, the substrate is protected in two ways. First, the coating acts as a barrier between substrate and environment. Second, galvanic action between coating and substrate cathodically protects the substrate. This characteristic allows sacrificial coatings to continue their protective role even after the coating is scratched, nicked or cracked. The amount of damage a sacrificial coating can sustain and still protect the substrate is a function of the size of the damaged area and the efficiency of the electrolyte involved. The salt spray life criteria for three thicknesses of sacrificial coatings are shown in Table SM-4, page 8. Use of conversion coatings, such as chromates, lengthens the time of protection by protecting sacrificial coatings. Salt spray (fog) is an accelerated test and results may, or may not, correlate with corrosive activity in the actual environment. The test is useful as a control to ensure the coating was applied properly.
Zinc on Iron and Steel Cadmium on Iron and Steel Parts per QQ-Z-325 (1) Parts per QQ-P-416 (2) Minimum Salt Spray Salt Spray Test, Test, Hours to Recommended Hours to Minimum Finish White Thickness Corrosion Thickness mm Finish Type Type Corrosion mm (in.) White Red (in.)
0.025 (0.0010) 0.013 (0.00050) 0.005 (0.00020)
(1) Requirements for zinc coating (electrodeposited). (2) Requirements for cadmium plating (electrodeposited). Finish Type: A. Without supplementary chromate or phosphate treatment. B. With supplementary chromate treatment. C. With supplementary phosphate treatment. (0.00020) Table SM-4. Guide for Selecting Minimum Thicknesses for Zinc and Cadmium Coatings. Metallic coatings are normally applied by electroplating. Since most high hardness steels are inherently very susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement, plating must be carried out with great care to minimize embrittlement and subsequent delayed fracture. A baking operation after plating is also essential. The designer should observe these points during design and specification: 1. Minimize sharp corners and similar stress-concentration points in design. 2. Keep hardness as low as possible. 3. Keep operating stress down, in accordance with lowered hardness value. 4. Specify plating thickness, depending upon requirements. 5. Specify that parts be baked after plating. 6. Consider use of HEP strips to monitor the plating operation.
A B C A B C A B C
96 96 96
192 192 36 36
0.013 B (0.00050) 0.008 B (0.00030) 0.005 B 96 96 96
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7. Residual stress from forming operations must be reduced by stress relief at the highest practical temperature. Otherwise the combined effect of residual tension and hydrogen absorbed during plating can induce cracking even before plating is completed. Similar cautions apply if acid cleaning procedures are contemplated. Mechanical plating provides an effective means of zinc or cadmium protection with minimum hydrogen embrittlement. It is particularly recommended where parts have high residual stress, have been hardened above HRC48 and are used with high static loads. The process can only be applied to parts that do not tangle and have a clean, fully accessible surface. Hydrogen embrittlement, although unlikely, is still possible if parts are cleaned by pickling. When appropriate, coatings of zinc, tin, cadmium, or an alloy of cadmium can be applied by mechanical plating processes. Cadmium, zinc or, more commonly, alloys of the two can be applied to steel spring wire during its production, and under some circumstances this alternative is highly desirable. It is best suited to small diameter wire and, in general, for the production of springs not requiring grinding. Springs are almost always in contact with other metal parts. In a corrosive environment, it is important that the spring material be more noble than components in contact with it. Table SM-5, below, shows a partial list of alloys in increasing order of nobility. When any two alloys are placed in contact in the presence of an electrolyte, the less noble alloy (higher on the list) will be attacked. The attack will be significantly more vigorous than that of the electrolyte acting by itself. Galvanic Series with electrolyte such as seawater Least noble (+), Magnesium Anodic Zinc Aluminum Cadmium Steel or Iron Cast Iron Stainless Steel, series 300 (active) Hastelloy C Nickel (active) Inconel (active) Hastelloy B Brasses, Bronzes Monel Nickel (passive) Inconel (passive) Stainless Steel, series 300 (passive) Titanium
Most noble (-), Cathodic HASTELLOY is a registered trademark of Cabot Corporation. Table SM-5. Order of Nobility. The list of coatings which protect the base material by acting as a barrier to the environment is extensive and increases as new finishes and techniques are developed. Table SM-6, below, shows protection available from
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some of the common barrier finishes. This information is not for selection purposes; it simply shows the range of protection afforded. In fact, the hours of salt spray protection may only be valid for the specimen and test conditions employed in this series of tests. The tests were conducted on springs which had undergone 4 million cycles in a fatigue test prior to salt spray exposure. Protective Material Paints: Japan Lacquer Enamel Paint Oils, waxes Standard Salt Spray Test Resistance, hours 15 - 20 30 - 100 50 - 400 25 - 300 1 - 300
Description Dark colored, usually dipped, cured by baking. Usually applied by spraying. Air dried. Hard finish; applied by spray, brush or dip; cured by air or baking.
Lubricating, rust-inhibiting, hard drying and nondrying oils. Phosphates with 24 - 600 Chemical treatment converting steel supplemental surface to iron phosphate crystalline oils, waxes, etc. surface. Affords a bond for oils and paints. Cadmium, zinc 24 - 100 Electroplated or mechanically plated. This information is based on laboratory-controlled applications and test. The protective material selected, cleanliness of parts, method of application, subsequent operations and part usage affect performance. The choice of a spring finish must also consider shipping, assembly, end use and total cost. Table SM-6. Salt Spray Resistance of Common Barrier Finishes. While coatings frequently increase in effectiveness as their thicknesses are increased, cautions are in order. Tendencies to crack increase as coating thickness increases, and the coating increases the size of the spring. For example, coatings increase the solid height and diametral clearances required for compression springs. Brittle coatings such as epoxy can chip under impact, leaving unprotected spots. Tough coatings such as vinyl resist chipping, but bruises, tears or abrasions can expose the base material and trap corrosive agents. This allows corrosion to continue after exposure, and in these circumstances coated springs occasionally exhibit shorter lives than uncoated springs. Frequently oils, waxes or greases provide adequate protection. Effectiveness of these coatings is often dependent on the nature of the surface to be protected. In general, lustrous or smooth parts will not retain oils, and waxes, paraffin-based oils or greases are recommended. Steels can be phosphate coated by a conversion process. Phosphate coatings have a high retention for oils, greases or paints. The combination of a phosphate and oil coating becomes a corrosion inhibitor more effective than either of the components. A similar effect is obtained by retaining or deliberately forming oxides on metal surfaces to hold corrosion inhibitors or lubricants. Oil tempered spring wire is a notable example of this technique.
Spring Wire
Tensile properties of spring wire vary with size (Figure SM-3, below). Common spring wires with the highest strength are ASTM 228 and ASTM 401 materials. ASTM A313 Type 302, A232 and A230 materials have slightly lower tensile strength with surface qualities suitable for fatigue applications. Hard-drawn (ASTM 227) and oil tempered (ASTM 229) are also supplied at lower strength levels and are most suitable for static applications.
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Figure SM-3. Minimum Tensile Strengths of Spring Wire. Most spring wires can be wrapped on their own diameter (bent around a pin with a diameter equal to the wire diameter). Exceptions include some copper-based alloys and large diameter and/or high strength alloys. Because stress relieving increases yield strength of cold drawn spring wire, all sharp bends of this grade material should be made prior to stress relief.
Cost and Availability

Cost and availability of spring wire have an important bearing on custom-made springs. Frequently the designer can minimize cost and improve delivery by selecting preferred sizes of wire (Table SM-7, below). Since absolute costs change very quickly, material costs are presented on a relative basis. Changes in ranking with the passage of time are possible. Other factors such as wire size, surface quality and quantity also affect price per pound. Metric Sizes (mm) First Second Third Preference Preference Preference 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 English Sizes (in.) First Second Preference Preference 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.011 Metric Sizes (mm) First Second Third Preference Preference Preference 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.5 English Sizes (in.) First Second Preference Preference 0.067 0.072 0.076 0.081 0.085 0.092 0.098
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0.22 0.25 0.28 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.8
0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.030 0.031 0.033 0.035 0.038 0.040 0.042 0.045 0.047 0.048 0.051 0.055 0.059 0.063 16.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 9.0 8.0 6.0 6.5 7.0 5.0 5.5
4.8 0.105 0.112
0.102
0.120 0.125 0.130 7.5 8.5 9.5 0.135 0.140 0.148 0.156 0.162 0.170 0.177 0.192 0.200 0.207 0.218 0.225 0.250 0.262 0.281 0.306 0.312 0.343 0.362 0.375 0.406 0.437 0.469 0.500
Table SM-7. Preferred Diameters for Spring Steel Wire. Table SM-8, page 13, shows data for quantities large enough to avoid extra costs for 2 mm (0.079") wire. For all materials, processing to small sizes adds significantly to basic alloy cost. Production of high quality surfaces may carry a cost premium. As the base alloy value increases, these factors, though still important, represent a smaller fraction of the total raw material cost. Patented and cold-drawn wire (ASTM A227) is used as a base with an assigned value of 1.0. When the amount of material required is large, choice of material is very important, for it will usually be the major element in the spring cost. If the amount of material is small and particularly if quick delivery is important, immediate availability rather than cost often dictates the material choice. Relative Cost of 2 mm (0.079") Diameter Mill Quantities Warehouse Lots 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 2.6 1.4 3.1 1.9 4.0 3.9
Wire Patented and Cold Drawn Oil Tempered Music Carbon Valve Spring Chrome Silicon Valve
Specification ASTM A227 ASTM A229 ASTM A228 ASTM A230 ASTM A401
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Stainless Steel (Type 302) Phosphor Bronze Stainless Steel (Type 631) (17-7 PH) Beryllium Copper Inconel Alloy X-750
ASTM A313 (302) ASTM ASTM A 313 (631) ASTM B197
7.6 8.0 11 27 44
4.7 6.7 8.7 17 31
Table SM-8. Ranking of Relative Costs of Common Spring Wires. Springmaking operations rarely change the diameter of the material. Since spring properties are often dependent upon diameter to the fourth power or thickness to the third power, tolerances on spring wire are critical. Standard tolerances are shown in Table SM-9, below. Closer tolerances are available on request. Diameter: mm (in.) 0.51 - 0.71 0.71 - 2.00 2.00 - 3.00 3.00 - 6.00 6.00 - 9.00 (0.020 - 0.028) (0.028 - 0.078) (0.078 - 0.118) (0.118 - 0.240) (0.240 - 0.354) Tolerance: mm (in.) 0.010 (0.0004) 0.015 (0.0006) 0.020 (0.0008) 0.030 (0.00118) 0.050 (0.00197) Maximum Out-ofroundness: mm (in.) 0.010 (0.0004) 0.015 (0.0006) 0.020 (0.0008) 0.030 (0.0012) 0.050 (0.002)
0.070 (0.0028) 0.070 (0.00276) Most spring wires can be purchased to tighter tolerances. Music wire and most nonferrous materials are regularly made to closer tolerances. 9.50 - 16.00 (0.375 - 0.625) Table SM-9. Standard Tolerances for Spring Wire.
Spring Strip
Most flat springs are made from AISI grades 1050, 1065, 1074 and 1095 steel strip. These compositions are listed in ASTM specifications A682 and A684. Tensile strength and formability characteristics are shown in Figure SM-4, page 14. The vertical inclined bands delineate three strength levels as functions of stock thickness and hardness. Horizontal curves indicate minimum bending radii required for the strength levels they intersect. Interpolations can be made between any two bands or lines for intermediate levels. Formability criteria are given for relatively smooth bends made at reasonable bending rates. Operations which apply forming forces other than smooth bending, or have impact characteristics, may require larger radii to prevent fracture. Four-slide part manufacture, progressive die work and secondary forming are examples of operations that often produce less than ideal bending.
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Figure SM-4. Minimum Transverse Bending Radii for Various Tempers and Thicknesses of Tempered Spring Steel. Direction of bending with respect to rolling direction is an important consideration. Formability of strip is greater in transverse than in longitudinal directions (Figure SM-5, below). If a part is designed with two identical bends at 90 to each other, it is common practice to orient the part so that both bends are made at 45 to rolling direction. Dimensionless parameter 2r/t, often referred to as bend factor, is frequently used as a measure of formability. Materials with low values are more formable than materials with high values. This measure is only a guide since it does not allow for tooling considerations and complex strains associated with forming operations.
Figure SM-5. Orientation of Bend Axis to Rolling Direction for Transverse and Longitudinal Bends. Spring steels are normally produced to specified hardness levels which are related to tensile strength (Figure SM6, below). Composition is not shown in Figure SM-4, page 14, because the lowest carbon level (AISI 1050) can be used at high strength levels and the highest carbon level (AISI 1095) can be tempered to the lowest strength levels. In general, higher carbon levels are used when strength is critical and lower carbon levels when formability is critical. Hardness levels above HRC 50 result in high strength but are not generally recommended due to notch sensitivity. Surface and edge smoothness become critical and plated parts become highly susceptible to static fracture due to trapped hydrogen.
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Figure SM-6. Tensile Strength versus Hardness of Quenched and Tempered Spring Steel. Parts which cannot be made within formability limits of pretempered strip are made from annealed strip and hardened and tempered after forming. To maintain critical dimensions, it is often necessary to fixture temper these parts. Sharp bends are not only difficult to fabricate but are also undesirable in service because of stress concentration. The formability limits of annealed spring steels are presented in Table SM-10, page 16. AISI 1050 Nt/t AISI 1065 Nt/t AISI 1074, 1075 Nt/t AISI 1095 Nt/t
Thickness (t) Direction Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed Annealed mm (in.) of Bend (standard (special (standard (special (standard (special (standard (special lowest lowest lowest lowest lowest lowest lowest lowest max.) max.)* max.) max.)* max.)* max.) max.)* max.) 1.9 mm 2 0 2 0 1 2 0 3 (0.076)-over 4 3 4 3 4 3 5 4 0.9-1.89 mm (0.0360.075") 0.37-0.89 mm (0.0150.035") 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 2 3 1 2 0 2 0 1
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0.SM-0.36 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 mm (0.0080 0 0 0 1 0 1 0.014") Formability is determined by slowly bending a sample over 180 until its ends are parallel. The measured distance between the ends is Nt. For example, if Nt = 4 and t = 2, then Nt/t = 2 *Available as Barco-Form from Wallace Barnes Steel subsidiary of Theis of America, Inc. Table SM-10. Formability of Annealed Spring Steels. In flat spring designs where the edge of the strip becomes an edge of the part, the type of edge is important, particularly for cyclic applications. Common types of edges available are shown in Figure SM-7, below. Slit edge (No. 3) and deburred (No. 5) are preferred for blanked parts and static applications. No. 1 round edge is recommended for cyclic applications to reduce the stress concentration and eliminate the edge flaws due to slitting. Configurations shown in Figure SM-7 are approximate, and it is advisable to use both the numerical designation and a description when specifying edge condition.
Figure SM-7. Edges Available on Steel Strip. Commercial thickness tolerances for spring steel strip are presented in Table SM-11, below. Many flat springs and spring washer designs can tolerate this variation. Since the load varies as the cube of the thickness, critical designs may require closer tolerances. Thickness Tolerance: mm (in.) Strip Width: mm (in.) 12.7 - 76.1 76.2 - 304.8 (0.50 - 2.99) (3.00 - 12.00)
Thickness: mm (in.)
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0.10 - 0.25 (0.004 - 0.010) 0.005 (0.00020) 0.006 (0.00025) 0.25 - 0.51 (0.010 - 0.020) 0.006 (0.00025) 0.009 (0.00035) 0.51 - 0.76 (0.020 - 0.030) 0.009 (0.00035) 0.013 (0.00050) 0.76 - 1.02 (0.030 - 0.040) 0.010 (0.00040) 0.013 (0.00050) 1.02 - 1.52 (0.040 - 0.060) 0.013 (0.00050) 0.019 (0.00075) 1.52 - 2.03 (0.060 - 0.080) 0.025 (0.00100) 0.038 (0.00150) 2.03 - 2.54 (0.080 - 0.100) 0.038 (0.00150) 0.051 (0.00200) 2.54 - 3.18 (0.100 - 0.125) 0.051 (0.00200) 0.063 (0.00250) Precision rolled high-carbon steel strip is available commercially at tolerances considerably less than the values stated above. Table SM-11. Typical High-Carbon Strip Thickness Tolerances.
Other Spring Materials

A variety of materials other than carbon steel strip is used for flat springs (Table SM-12, page 19). When high conductivity is required, copper base alloys are usually specified. Stainless steels are used in applications requiring heat or corrosion resistance. Typical tensile strength levels for these alloys after heat treatment are shown in Table SM-13, page 18. Bend factors and tensile elongations are for alloys in "as received" condition prior to final heat treatment.
Bend Factor(1) (2r/t trans. bends) Modulus of elasticity 104 Mpa (106 psi)
Material
Tensile Strength MPa (103 psi)
Rockwell Hardness
Elongation(1) Percent
Poisson's Ratio
Steel, spring temper 1700 (246) Stainless 301 1300 (189) Stainless 302 1300 (189) Monel 400 690 (100) Monel K500 1200 (174) Inconel 600 1040 (151) Inconel X-750 1050 (152) Copper-Beryllium 1300 (189) Ni-Span-C 1400 (203) Brass CA 260 620 (90) Phosphor Bronze 690 (100) 17-7 PH RH950 1450 (210) 17-7 PH Condition 1650 (239) C (1) Before heat treatment.
C50 C40 C40 B95 C34 C30 C35 C40 C42 B90 B90 C44 C46
2 8 5 2 40 2 20 2 6 3 3 6 1
5 3 4 5 5 2 3 5 2 3 2.5 Flat 2.5
20.7 (30) 19.3 (28) 19.3 (28) 17.9 (26) 17.9 (26) 21.4 (31) 21.4 (31) 12.8 (18.5) 18.6 (27) 11 (16) 10.3 (15) 20.3 (29.5) 20.3 (29.5)
0.30 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.33 0.33 0.20 0.34 0.34
Table SM-12. Typical Properties of Spring Temper Alloy Strip.
Specifying Hardness
Hardness tests are used extensively to inspect strip and flat springs and it is necessary to specify the correct scale. Recommended hardness scales for steels are presented in Table SM-13, below. To obtain accurate readings free from the effect of the anvil, it is important to limit the thickness of the material for each hardness scale as shown in Figure SM-8, page 19, for hard materials and Figure SM-9, page 19, for soft materials. Annealed Steel and Nonferrous Alloys
Thickness: mm (in.)
Tempered Steel
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0.89 (0.035) and over 0.64-0.86 (0.025 - 0.034) 0.35-0.61 (0.015 - 0.024) 0.20-0.36 (0.008 - 0.014) Under 0.20 (0.008)
C A 30N 15N DPH
B 45T 30T 15T DPH
Table SM-13. Recommended Hardness Scales for Hard and Soft Spring Alloys.
Figure SM-8. Minimum Safe Thicknesses for Hardness Testing Hard Materials.
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Figure SM-9. Minimum Safe Thicknesses for Hardness Testing Soft Materials.
Spring Materials Cross Reference

Springmakers today are engaged in a world market and are called upon to cross reference a variety of material specifications. The Spring Materials Cross Reference has been designed to ease that task. It includes: A list of spring industry materials and the specification numbers that apply to each. A brief indication of differences between specifications. A resource list of sources for specifications. The Spring Materials Cross Reference is intended to be a living document. This is the first revision in a series of changes to make the guide more useful and complete. Note: This publication contains advisory information only and SMI disclaims any and all liability of any kind for the use, application, or adaptation of material published here. If you wish to certify to specification, please verify your information with the actual specification. The specifications referenced here are: UNS Unified Numbering System is a joint publication of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). "A UNS designation is not, in itself, a specification, since it establishes no requirements for form, condition, property or quality. It is a unified identifier of a metal or alloy for which controlling limits have been established in specifications published elsewhere." For additional details, see ASTM E527/SAE J1086, "Recommended Practice for Numbering Metals and Alloys. ASTM standards are issued by: American Society for Testing and Materials 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103-1187 USA Stands for American Iron and Steel Institute. AISI and SAE developed a system of designation for standard steels. For a description, see SAE J403. SAE/Aerospace Materials Standards are issued by the Society of Automotive Engineers (see below). SAE standards have been issued by the Society of Automotive Engineers. Although no longer available, the SAE standards are noted in this book to reflect notations on existing documents and blueprints. Federal and Military Specifications are issued by the United States Government and are available from: Standardization Documents Order Desk Bldg. 4 Section D 700 Robbins Avenue Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111-5094 Attn: NPODS JIS standards are issued by the Japanese Standards Association. DIN standards are issued by the Deutsches Institut fr Normunge e. V. English
ASTM
AISI AMS SAE
Federal, Mil. Sp.
JIS DIN
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translations can be obtained from: Global Engineering Documents 15 Inverness Way Englewood CO 80112 USA (800) 854-7179 British standards are issued by the British Standards Institute (BSI).
BS
Glossary of Spring Wire Terms

Tensile Strength ASTM E6, Section 37 - Terminology - The maximum tensile stress which a material is capable of sustaining. Tensile strength is calculated from the maximum load during a tension test carried to rupture and the original cross sectional area of the specimen. Procedural specifications - ASTM A370, ASTM E8 Size Tolerance Allowed maximum deviation from a nominal diameter. Usually expressed as both plus and minus and in the same units with the same precision as the nominal diameter. Most ASTM standards specify the tolerance as "absolute" as defined in ASTM E29. Roundness Tolerance The allowed maximum range in size readings at any given point in the wire. The roundness tolerance is usually specified as one half of the size tolerance. Wrap Test A wire sample is coiled in a closely spaced helix around a mandrel of specified diameter. After wrapping, the specimen is examined for cracks. The sample shall be considered to have failed if any cracks occur in the wire after the first complete turn. Procedural Specification - ASTM A370 (Annex A4.7) Coiling Test This test is used to determine if imperfections are present to the extent that they may cause cracking or splitting during spring coiling and spring extension. A coil of specified length is closed wound on an arbor of a specified diameter. The closed coil is then stretched to a specified permanent increase in length and examined for uniformity of pitch with no splits or fractures. Procedural Specification - ASTM A370 (Annex A4.8) Bend Test A test piece is bent through a specified angle around a specified mandrel. When complete fracture does not occur, the convex side of the sample is examined for cracks. Procedural Specification - ASTM E290 Torsion Test
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A straight length of wire is twisted in a fixture until fracture occurs. The fracture surface should be perpendicular to the axis of the wire and free from cracks or other injurious flaws. Procedural Specification - ASTM E558 Decarburization The loss of carbon from a ferrous alloy as a result of heating in a medium that reacts with carbon. Procedural Specification - ASTM E1077 Cast & Helix Cast is the diameter of the circle formed by a length of wire thrown loosely on the floor or a similar flat surface large enough in area to support the sample. Diameter of cast to be agreed upon by purchaser and seller. Helix or pitch is the amount of separation between two overlapping cut ends of a wire loop when held vertically by a finger or a similar support. Distance of separation to be agreed upon between purchaser and seller. Reduction of Area ASTM E6, Section 33 - Terminology - The difference between the original cross sectional area of a tension test specimen and the area of its smallest cross section. The reduction of area is usually expressed as a percentage of the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. Procedural specifications - ASTM A370, ASTM E8
Summary Cross Reference of Spring Materials - Wire

UNS Oil Tempered Carbon M.B. K07001 ASTM A229 Class I/ Class II A401 SAE/AISI 1065 AMS --SAE J316 Class I/ Class II J157
Chrome Silicon Commercial Chrome Vanadium Commercial Chrome Vanadium Modified Carbon Valve
K15590
9254
6451A
K15048
A231
6150
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
K06701
A230
1070
5115G
J351
Chrome Silicon Valve
G92540
A877
9254
---
---
Chrome Vanadium Valve
K15047
A232
6150
6450F
J132
Chrome Vanadium Valve Modified Piano Valve
---
A878
---
---
---
K08500
---
---
---
---
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Hard Drawn Carbon
K06501
A227/ A764
---
---
J113
High Tensile/Hard Drawn Carbon Music
K08200
A679
---
---
J271
K08500
A228
---
---
J178
Stainless Wire 302 304 305 316 321 347 631 XM-16 XM-28
S30200 S30400 S30500 S31600 S32100 S34700 S17700 S45500 S24100 MIL. SP
A313 A313 A313 A313 A313 A313 A313 A313 A313 FED.
302 304 305 316 321 347 17 - 7 PH ----JIS
------------5678B ----DIN 2076 17223 Pt2 FD 2076 17223 Pt2 FD SiCr ---
J230 ----------J217 ----BS 2803 095A65 NS 2803 685A55 HS 2803 735A50 HS 2803 730A65 HD 2803 093A65 HD 2803 685A55 HD 2803 735A50 HD 2803 730A65 HD --5216 Types NS/HS Grade 2/ Grade 3 ---
Oil Tempered Carbon M.B.
W-21425B Type I ---
Chrome Silicon Commercial Chrome Vanadium Commercial Chrome Vanadium Modified Carbon Valve
QQ-W 428B G3560 SWO-A Type I, ClassI/ SWO-B Class II -----
---
---
---
---
---
---
W-21081B
---
G3561 SWO-V G3566 SWOSC-V G3565 SWOCV-V ---
Chrome Silicon Valve
---
---
Chrome Vanadium Valve
W-22826B
---
2076 17223 Pt2 FD CrV 2076 17223 Pt2 VD 2076 17223 Pt2 VDSiCr ---
Chrome Vanadium Valve Modified Piano Valve Hard Drawn Carbon
---
---
--W-21425B Type II
--QQ-W-428B Type II
G3522 SWP-V G3521 SWB
2076 17223 Pt2 VD CrV --2076 17223 Pt2 Grade A/ Grade B 2076 17223 Pt1 Grade C
High Tensile/Hard Drawn Carbon
---
---
---
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Music
W-6714
---
G3522 SWP-A/ SWP-B G4314 G4314 --G4314 G4314 G4314 G4314 -----
2076 17223 Pt1 Grade D -------------------
5216 Type M
Stainless Wire 302 304 305 316 321 347 631 XM-16 XM-28
-------------------
QQ-S-763E QQ-S-763E QQ-S-763E QQ-S-763E QQ-S-763E QQ-S-763E -------
-------------------
Cross Reference of Similar Specifications

Oil Tempered Commercial Carbon and Alloy Spring Wires Material: Material Grade OT Class 1 Oil Tempered Commercial Carbon and Alloy Spring Wires UNS K07001 ASTM A229 Class I SAE/AISI 1065A AMS No Spec. SAE J316 Class I
OT Class 2
K07001
A229 Class II
1065A
No Spec.
J316 Class II
Chrome Silicon
K15590
A401
9254B
6451A
J157
Chrome Vanadium
K15048
A231
No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Modified Chrome Vanadium (A) SAE J403 this is the SAE classification in which the AISI standard is listed. (B) SAE J1249 this is the SAE classification in which the AISI standard is listed. (C) SAE J404 this is the SAE classification in which the AIS standard is listed.
6150C No Spec.
No Spec.
No Spec. No Spec.
(D) The specifications do not match tensile classes exactly, at small wire diameters, but as size increases, the tensile class begins to overlap into class II.
Cross Reference of Similar Specifications Material: Material Grade OT Class 1 Oil Tempered Commercial Carbon and Alloy Spring Wires MIL. SP. Federal W-21425B Type I QQ-W-428B Type I Class 1 No Spec. QQ-W-428B Type I Class 2 JIS G3560 SWO-A G3560 DIN 2076D 17223 BS Pt.2 FD 2803D 095A65 NS No Spec.
OT Class 2
No Spec.
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Chrome Silicon
No Spec.
No Spec.
SWO-B No Spec.
No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Chrome Vanadium No Spec. No Spec. 2076 17223 Pt.2 FD 2803 730A65 HS Modified Chrome No Spec. CrV Vanadium (A) SAE J403 this is the SAE classification in which the AISI standard is listed. (B) SAE J1249 this is the SAE classification in which the AISI standard is listed. (C) SAE J404 this is the SAE classification in which the AIS standard is listed. (D) The specifications do not match tensile classes exactly, at small wire diameters, but as size increases, the tensile class begins to overlap into class II.
2076 17223 Pt.2 FD 2803 685A55 HS SiCr No Spec. 2803 735A50 HS
Table of Specification Equivalents

Material: Grade: Temper: Commercial Spring Wire Carbon Oil Tempered ASTM A229-93 Class I .55 - .85 .30 - 1.20A .040 max. .050 max. .15 - .35 N/R R R R R(d 8.0 mm) N/R N/R N/R N/R R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test Decarburization Restricted Surface Defects Cast & Helix Reduction of Area Inclusion Content Fatigue Test Etch Test
UNS K07001 .55 - .85 .30 - 1.20 .040 max. .050 max. .15 - .35 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
SAE/ AISI 1065 .59 - .70 .60 - 1.20B .030 max. .035 max. .10 - .25D N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
AMS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
SAE J316 Class I .60 - .85B .60 - 1.20F .040 max. .050 max. .15 - .30 N/R R R R R(d .312 in.) N/R N/R N/R R R N/R R N/R N/R R
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N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Other N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required. (A) - 0.3 - 0.9 for diameter < 0.192 in., 0.8 - 1.2 for diameter 0.192 in. (B) - 0.6 - 0.75 for diameter < 0.192 in., 0.60 - 0.85 for diameter 0.192 in. (C) - 0.6 - 0.9 for diameter < 0.192 in., 0.8 - 1.2 for diameter 0.192 in. (D) - or 0.15 - 0.35
N/R
(E) - For larger diameters (> 8.5 mm) a chromium content up to 0.30 % can be added for proper through hardening. (F) - 0.6 - 0.9 for diameter < 0.192 in., 0.9 - 1.2 for diameter 0.192 in. (*) - Can also be 0.030 max.

Material: Grade: Temper: Commercial Spring Wire Carbon Oil Tempered MIL. SP. W-21425B Type I .55 - .75 .60 - 1.20 .040 max. .050 max. .10 - .35 N/R R R R R(d .312 in.) N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R Federal QQ-W-428B Type I Class I .55 - .85 .60 - 1.20C .040 max. .050 max. .10 - .35 N/R R R R R(d .312 in.) N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R R N/R N/R DIN 2076 17223 Pt. 2 FD .60 - .75 > 0.50 .030 max. .025 max. .10 - .35 Cu .12 maxE R R R R(d < 7 mm) N/R N/R BS 2803 095A65 NS .55 - .75 .60 - 1.20 .050 max. .030 max. .30 max. N/R R R R R1 < d 3 mm) N/R
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test Decarburization Restricted Surface Defects Cast & Helix Reduction of Area Inclusion Content
JIS G3560 SWO-A .54 - .76 .30 - .90 .040 max.* .040 max.* .15 - .35 N/R R R R R(d 6 mm) N/R R(d > 6 mm) N/R R R N/R R N/R
R(d 3 mm) R(.7 < d 7 mm) R(1.5 < d < 10 mm) R R R R R R R N/R N/R N/R
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N/R N/R N/R N/R Fatigue Test N/R N/R R R Etch Test N/R N/R N/R N/R Other N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required. (A) - 0.3 - 0.9 for diameter < 0.192 in., 0.8 - 1.2 for diameter 0.192 in. (B) - 0.6 - 0.75 for diameter < 0.192 in., 0.60 - 0.85 for diameter 0.192 in. (C) - 0.6 - 0.9 for diameter < 0.192 in., 0.8 - 1.2 for diameter 0.192 in. (D) - or 0.15 - 0.35
N/R R Magnetic Particle Test
(E) - For larger diameters (> 8.5 mm) a chromium content up to 0.30 % can be added for proper through hardening. (F) - 0.6 - 0.9 for diameter < 0.192 in., 0.9 - 1.2 for diameter 0.192 in. (*) - Can also be 0.030 max.

Material: Grade: Temper: Commercial Spring Wire Carbon Oil Tempered ASTM A229-93 Class 2 .55 - .85 .30 - 1.20A .040 max. .050 max. .15 - .35 N/R R R R R(d 8.0 mm) N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test Decarburization Restricted Surface Defects Cast & Helix
UNS K07001 .55 - .85 .30 - 1.20 .040 max. .050 max. .15 - .35 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
SAE/AISI 1065 AMS .59 - .70 No Spec. .60 - .90 No Spec. .030 max. .035 max. .10 - .25 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
SAE J316 Class 2 .60 - .85 .60 - 1.20B .040 max. .050 max. .15 - .30 N/R R R R R(d .312 in.) N/R N/R N/R R R N/R
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N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Reduction of Area N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Inclusion Content N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Fatigue Test N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Etch Test N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Other N/A = not applicable; R = required see specification for details; N/R = not required. (A) - 0.3 - 0.9 for diameter < 0.192 in. 0.8 - 1.2 for diameter 0.192 in. (B) - 0.6 - 0.9 for diameter < 0.192 in. 0.8 - 1.2 for diameter 0.192 in.
R N/R N/R R N/R

Material: Grade: Temper: Commercial Spring Wire Carbon Oil Tempered Federal QQ-W-428B JIS G3560 Type I Class 2 SWO-B .55 - .85 .64 - .81 B .30 - .90 .60 - 1.20 .040 max. .050 max. .10 - .35 N/R R R R R(d .312 in.) N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R .030 max. .030 max. .15 - .35 N/R R R R R(d 6 mm) N/R R(d > 6 mm) N/R R R
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test
MIL. SP. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
DIN No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
BS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
No Spec. Coiling Test No Spec. Bend Test No Spec. Torsion Test No Spec. Decarburization No Spec. Restricted Surface Defects No Spec. R N/R No Spec. Cast & Helix No Spec. N/R R No Spec. Reduction of Area No Spec. N/R N/R No Spec. Inclusion Content No Spec. N/R N/R No Spec. Fatigue Test No Spec. N/R R No Spec. Etch Test No Spec. N/R N/R No Spec. Other N/A = not applicable; R = required see specification for details; N/R = not required. (A) - 0.3 - 0.9 for diameter < 0.192 in. 0.8 - 1.2 for diameter 0.192 in.
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(B) - 0.6 - 0.9 for diameter < 0.192 in. 0.8 - 1.2 for diameter 0.192 in.

Material: Grade: Temper: Commercial Alloy Chrome Silicon Oil Tempered
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test
UNS K15590 .51 - .59 .60 - .80 .035 max. .040 max. 1.20 - 1.60 .60 - .80 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
ASTM A401-93 .51 - .59 .60 - .80 .035 max. .040 max. 1.20 - 1.60 .60 - .80 N/R R R R R(d 8.0 mm) N/R N/R N/R N/R R
SAE/AISI 9254 .51 - .59 .60 - .80 .035 max. .040 max. 1.20 - 1.60 .60 - .80 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
AMS 6451A .51 - .59 .60 - .80 .035 max. .040 max. 1.20 - 1.60 .60 - .80 N/R R R R R
SAE J157 .51 - .59 .60 - .80 .035 max. .040 max. 1.20 - 1.60 .60 - .80 N/R R R R R(d 0.312 in.) N/R N/R N/R R R N/R R N/R N/R R N/R
N/R N/R N/R Coiling Test N/R N/R N/R Bend Test N/R N/R N/R Torsion Test N/R N/R N/R Decarburization N/R R Restricted Surface N/R Defects N/R N/R N/R N/R Cast & Helix R N/R R Reduction of Area N/R N/R N/R N/R Inclusion Content N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R Fatigue Test N/R R N/R N/R Etch Test N/R N/R N/R N/R Other N/A = not applicable; R = required see specification for details; N/R = not required.

Material: Grade: Commercial Alloy Chrome Silicon
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Temper:
Oil Tempered DIN 2076 17223 Pt.2 FD SiCr .50 - .60 .50 - .90 .030 max. .025 max. 1.20 - 1.60 .50 - .80 Cu. 12 max. R R R R(d < .7 mm) N/R N/R BS 2803 685A55 HS .50 - .60 .50 - .80 .030 max. .025 max. 1.20 - 1.60 .50 - .80 N/R R R R R(1 < d 3 mm) N/R
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test
MIL. SP. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
Federal No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
JIS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Decarburization No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Restricted Surface Defects No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. R Cast & Helix No Spec. No Spec. R Reduction of Area No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. R Inclusion Content No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. N/R Fatigue Test No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. R Etch Test No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. N/R Other N/A = not applicable; R = required see specification for details; N/R = not required.
R(d 3 mm) R(.7 < d 7 mm) R(1.5 < d < 10 mm) R R R R N/R N/R N/R N/R R Magnetic Particle Test

Material: Grade: Temper: Commercial Alloy Chrome Vanadium Oil Tempered UNS K15048 .48 - .53 .70 - .90 .040 max. .040 max. .20 - .35 .80 - 1.10 .15 min. ASTM A231-93 .48 - .53 .70 - .90 .040 max. .040 max. .15 - .35 .80 - 1.10 .15 min. SAE/ AISI 6150 .48 - .53 .70 - .90 .035 max. .040 max. .15 - .35 .80 - 1.10 .15 min.
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Vanadium
AMS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
SAE No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
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Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test
N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
N/R R R R R(d 8 mm) N/R N/R N/R N/R R
N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
N/R N/R No Spec. No Spec. Coiling Test N/R N/R No Spec. No Spec. Bend Test N/R N/R No Spec. No Spec. Torsion Test N/R N/R No Spec. No Spec. Decarburization N/R No Spec. No Spec. Restricted Surface N/R Defects N/R R N/R No Spec. No Spec. Cast & Helix R N/R No Spec. No Spec. Reduction of Area N/R N/R N/R No Spec. No Spec. Inclusion Content N/R N/R N/R N/R No Spec. No Spec. Fatigue Test N/R R N/R No Spec. No Spec. Etch Test N/R N/R N/R No Spec. No Spec. Other N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required.

Material: Grade: Temper: Commercial Alloy Chrome Vanadium Oil Tempered
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Vanadium Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test
Federal No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
JIS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
DIN No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
BS .46 - .54 .60 - .90 .035 max. .035 max. .10 - .35 .80 - 1.10 .15 min. N/R R R R R(1 < d 3 mm) N/R R(d 3 mm) R(1.5 < d < 10 mm)
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Decarburization Restricted Surface Defects Cast & Helix Reduction of Area Inclusion Content Fatigue Test Etch Test Other
No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
R R N/R N/R N/R N/R R Magnetic Particle Test
N/A = not applicable; R = required see specification for details; N/R = not required.

Material: Grade: Temper: Commercial Alloy Modified Chrome Vanadium Oil Tempered
UNS No Spec. Carbon No Spec. Manganese No Spec. Phosphorus No Spec. Sulfur No Spec. Silicon No Spec. Chromium No Spec. Vanadium No Spec. Other No Spec. Tensile Strength No Spec. Size Tolerance No Spec. Roundness No Spec. Wrap Test No Spec. Coiling Test No Spec. Bend Test No Spec. Torsion Test No Spec. Decarburization Restricted Surface No Spec. Defects No Spec. Cast & Helix Reduction of Area No Spec. Inclusion Content No Spec. No Spec. Etch Test
ASTM No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
SAE/ AISI No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
AMS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
SAE No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
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No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Other N/A = not acceptable; R = required see specification for details; N/R = not required.

Material: Grade: Temper: Commercial Alloy Modified Chrome Vanadium Oil Tempered DIN 2076 17223 Pt.2 FD CrV .62 - .72 .50 - .90 .030 max. .025 max. .15 - .30 .40 - .60 .15 - .25 Cu .12 max. R R R R(d < .7 mm) N/R N/R
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Vanadium Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test
MIL. SP.I No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
BS 2803 730A65 HS .57 - .72 .50 - .90 .30 max. .025 max. .15 - .30 .35 - .60 .10 - .30 N/R R R R R(1 < d 3 mm) N/R
No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Decarburization No Spec. No Spec. Restricted Surface No Spec. Defects No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. R Cast & Helix No Spec. No Spec. R Reduction of Area No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. R Inclusion Content No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. R Etch Test No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. N/R Other N/A = not acceptable; R = required see specification for details; N/R = not required.
R(d 3 mm) R(.7 < d 7 mm) R(1.5 < d < 10 mm) R R R R N/R N/R N/R R Magnetic Particle Test

Material: Oil Tempered Valve Spring Wires UNSA ASTM SAE/ AAISI AMS SAE
Material Grade
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K06701 A230 Carbon Valve G92540 A877 Chrome Silicon Wire A232 Chrome Vanadium Valve No Spec. K15047 A878 Modified Chrome Vanadium Valve (A) - These standards only specify chemical composition (B) - Cancelled - Use ASTM A230 (C) - Cancelled - Use ASTM A232
1070 9254 6150 No Spec.
5115G No Spec. 6450F No Spec.
J351 No Spec. J132 No Spec.

Material: Material Grade Carbon Valve Chrome Silicon Wire Oil Tempered Valve Spring Wires MIL. SP. W-21081BB No Spec. Federal No Spec. No Spec. JIS G3561 SWO-V G3566 SWOSCV G3565 SWOCVV No Spec. DIN 2076 17223 Pt2 VD 2076 17223 Pt2 VDSiCr No Spec. 2076 17223 Pt2 VDCrV BS 2803 093A65 HD 2803 685A55 HD 2803 735A50 HD 2803 730A65 HD
Chrome Vanadium W-22824BC No Spec. Valve No Spec. No Spec. Modified Chrome Vanadium Valve (A) - These standards only specify chemical composition (B) - Cancelled - Use ASTM A230 (C) - Cancelled - Use ASTM A232

Material: Grade: Temper: Valve Quality Wire Carbon Oil Tempered ASTM UNS K06071 A230-93 .60 - .75 .60 - .75A .60 - .90 .60 - .90A .025 max. .030 max. .15 - .35 .025 max. .030 max. .15 - .35 SAE/ AISI 1070 .65 - .76 .60 - .90 .030 max. .035 max. .10 - .25B
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon
AMS 5115G .60 - .75 .50 - .90 .025 max. .030 max. .10 - .30
SAE J351 .60 - .75A .60 - .90A .025 max. .030 max. .15 - .30
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Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test Decarburization Restricted Surface Defects Cast & Helix Reduction of Area Inclusion Content Fatigue Test Etch Test Other
N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
N/R N/R N/R N/R R(d 6.5 mm) N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R R N/R R N/R N/R R N/R N/R R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
N/R R R R
N/R R R R N/R N/R N/R R R R
N/R R R R R(d .25 in.) N/R N/R R R R N/R R N/R N/R R Electromagnetic Inspection
N/R R N/R N/R R Magnetic Particle Test N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required.
(A) - May be varied from the specified ranges by agreement between the purchaser, provided the mechanical properties specified are maintained. (B) - Or 0.15 - 0.35 (C) - For larger diameters (> 8.5 mm) a chromium content up to 0.30 % can be added for proper through hardening. (*) - Reverse Torsion Test

Material: Grade: Temper: Valve Quality Wire Carbon Oil Tempered MIL. SP. W-21081B REFER TO ASTM 230 JIS G3561 SWO-V .60 - .75 .60 - .90 .025 max. .025 max. .12 - .32 Cu .20 max R R DIN 2076 17223 Pt.2 VD .60 - .75 .50 - 1.00 .025 max. .020 max. .15 - .30 Cu .06 max.C R R
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance
Federal No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
BS 2803 093A65 HD .55 - .75 .60 - 1.20 .030 max. .030 max. .30 max. N/R R R
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Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test
R R(d 6 mm) N/R N/R R*
R R(d < .7 mm) N/R N/R
R R(1 < d 3 mm) N/R R(d 3 mm) R(1.5 < d < 10 mm) R R N/R N/R N/R N/R R Magnetic Particle Test
R(.7 < d 7 mm) No Spec. R R Decarburization No Spec. R R Restricted Surface Defects No Spec. N/R R Cast & Helix No Spec. R R Reduction of Area No Spec. N/R N/R Inclusion Content No Spec. R N/R Fatigue Test No Spec. R R Etch Test No Spec. N/R N/R Other N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required.
(A) - May be varied from the specified ranges by agreement between the purchaser, provided the mechanical properties specified are maintained. (B) - Or 0.15 - 0.35 (C) - For larger diameters (> 8.5 mm) a chromium content up to 0.30 % can be added for proper through hardening. (*) - Reverse Torsion Test

Material: Grade: Temper: Valve Quality Wire Chrome Silicon Oil Tempered
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness
UNS G92540 .51 - .59 .60 - .80 .035 max. .040 max. 1.20 - 1.60 .60 - .80 N/R N/R N/R N/R
ASTM A877-93 .51 - .59 .50 - .80 .025 max. .025 max. 1.20 - 1.60 .60 - .80 N/R R R R
SAE/AISI 9254 .51 - .59 .60 - .80 .035 max. .040 max. 1.20 - 1.60 .60 - .80 N/R N/R N/R N/R
AMS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
SAE No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
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Wrap Test
N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test Decarburization Restricted Surface Defects N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Cast & Helix N/R R N/R No Spec. Reduction of Area N/R R N/R No Spec. Inclusion Content N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Fatigue Test N/R R N/R No Spec. Etch Test N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Other Test N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N R = not required.
R(d 8.0 mm) N/R N/R N/R R R
N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
(A) - Except for chemistry, the rod is specified in the piano rod specification JIS G3502

Material: Grade: Temper: Valve Quality Wire Chrome Silicon Oil Tempered DIN 2076 17223 Pt2 VD SiCr .50 - .60 .50 - .90 .025 max. .020 max. 1.20 - 1.60 .50 - .80 Cu .06 max. R R R R(d 6 mm) R(d < .7mm) N/R N/R R(d > 6 mm) N/R JIS G3566 SWOSC-VA .50 - .60 .50 - .80 .025 max. .025 max. 1.20 - 1.60 .50 - .80 Cu .20 max. R R R
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test Decarburization Restricted Surface Defects Cast & Helix Reduction of Area
MIL. SP. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
Federal No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
BS 2803 685A55 HD .50 - .60 .50 - .80 .030 max. .025 max. 1.20 - 1.60 .50 - .80 N/R R R R R(1 < d 3 mm) N/R
R(d 3 mm) R(d 6 mm) R(.7 < d 7 mm) R(1.5 < d < 10 mm) R R R N/R R R R R R R N/R N/R
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No Spec. No Spec. N/R N/R N/R Inclusion Content No Spec. No Spec. R N/R N/R Fatigue Test No Spec. No Spec. R R R Etch Test No Spec. No Spec. N/R N/R Magnetic Particle Test Other Test N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N R = not required. (A) - Except for chemistry, the rod is specified in the piano rod specification JIS G3502

Material: Grade: Temper: Valve Quality Wire Chrome Vanadium Oil Tempered UNS K15017 .48 - .53 .70 - .90 .020 max. .035 max. .20 - .35 .80 - 1.10 N/R N/R N/R .15 min. N/R N/R N/R N/R ASTM A232-93 .48 - .53 .70 - .90 .020 max. .035 max. .15 - .35 .80 - 1.10 N/R N/R N/R .15 min. R R R SAE/AISI 6150 .48 - .53 .70 - .90 .035 max. .040 max. .15 - .35 .80 - 1.10 N/R N/R N/R .15 min. N/R N/R N/R N/R
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Copper Molybdenum Vanadium Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test
R(d 8.0 mm) N/R N/R N/R N/R Coiling Test N/R N/R N/R R Bend Test N/R N/R N/R R Torsion Test N/R R N/R R* Decarburization R N/R R Restricted Surface N/R Defects N/R R N/R N/R Cast & Helix R N/R R Reduction of Area N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R Fatigue Test N/R R N/R R Etch Test N/R N/R N/R Magnetic Particle Test Other Test N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required. (*) - Must meet requirements for Microstructure Test.
AMS 6450F .48 - .53 .70 - .90 .025 max. .025 max. .15 - .35 .80 - 1.10 .25 max. .35 max. .06 max. .15 - .30 R R R N/R
SAE J132 .48 - .53 .70 - .90 .020 max. .035 max. .20 - .35 .80 - 1.10 N/R N/R N/R .15 min. R R R R(d .312 in.) N/R N/R N/R R R R R N/R R Magnetic Particle Test
7/13/2007
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Material: Grade: Temper: Valve Quality Wire Chrome Vanadium Oil Tempered MIL. SP. W-22826 REFER TO ASTM 232 JIS G3565 SWOCV-V .45 - .55 .65 - .95 .025 max. .025 max. .15 - .35 .8 - 1.10 N/R .20 max. N/R .15 - .25 R R R R(d 6 mm) N/R R(d > 6 mm) BS 2803 735A50 HS .46 - .54 .60 - .90 .035 max. .035 max. .10 - .35 .80 - 1.10 N/R N/R N/R .15 min R R R R(1 < d 3 mm) N/R R(d 3 mm) R(1.5 < d < 10 mm)
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Copper Molybdenum Vanadium Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test
Federal No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
DIN No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
R(d 6 mm) No Spec. R No Spec. R Decarburization No Spec. R No Spec. R Restricted Surface Defects No Spec. R No Spec. N/R Cast & Helix No Spec. R No Spec. . N/R Reduction of Area No Spec. R No Spec. N/R Fatigue Test No Spec. R No Spec. R Etch Test No Spec. N/R No Spec. Magnetic Particle Test Other Test N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required.
(*) - Must meet requirements for Microstructure Test.

Material: Grade: Valve Quality Wire Modified Chrome Vanadium
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Temper:
Oil Tempered
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Copper Molybdenum Vanadium Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test
UNS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
ASTM A878-93 .60 - .75 .50 - .90 .025 max. .025 max. .15 - .30 .35 - .60 N/R N/R N/R .10 - .25 R R R R(d 8 mm) N/R N/R N/R R R
SAE/AISI No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
AMS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
SAE No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Coiling Test No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Bend Test No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Torsion Test No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Decarburization No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Restricted Surface No Spec. Defects No Spec. R No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Cast & Helix R No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Reduction of Area No Spec. No Spec. R No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Inclusion Test No Spec. R No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Etch Test No Spec. N/R No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Other Test N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required.

Material: Grade: Temper: Valve Quality Wire Modified Chrome Vanadium Oil Tempered DIN 2076 17223 Pt2 VD CrV .62 - .72 .50 - .90
Carbon Manganese
MIL. SP. No Spec. No Spec.
Federal No Spec. No Spec.
JIS No Spec. No Spec.
BS 2803 735A65 HD .57 - .72 .50 - .90
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Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Copper Molybdenum Vanadium Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test
No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
.025 max. .020 max. .15 - .30 .40 - .60 N/R .06 max. N/R .15 - .25 R R R R(d < 0.7 mm) N/R N/R
.30 max. .025 max. .15 - .30 .35 - .60 N/R N/R N/R .10 -.30 R R R R(1 < d 3 mm) N/R R(d 3 mm) R(1.5 < d < 10 mm) R R N/R N/R N/R R Magnetic Particle Test
R(0.7 < d 7 mm) No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. R Decarburization No Spec. No Spec. R Restricted Surface No Spec. Defects No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. R Cast & Helix No Spec. No Spec. R Reduction of Area No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. R Inclusion Test No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. R Etch Test No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. N/R Other Test N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required.

Material: Hard Drawn Carbon Commercial Quality Wires ASTM Precoated A764
Material Grade HD Class 1
UNS K06501
ASTM A227
AISI No Spec.
AMS No Spec.
HD Class 2
K06501
A227
A764
No. Spec.
No Spec.
High Tensile HD K08200
A679
No Spec.
No Spec.
No Spec.
Music Wire
K08500
A228
No Spec.
No. Spec.
5112J
7/13/2007
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Material: Hard Drawn Carbon Commercial Quality Wires
Material Grade HD Class 1
SAE J113 Type II
MIL. SP. W-21425B Type II
Federal QQ-W-428B SWB
JIS G3521 17223Pt1 Grade A G3521 17223Pt1 Grade B No Spec. 17223 Pt1 Grade C G3522 17223 Pt1 Grade D
HD Class 2
J113
No Spec. Type II No Spec.
QQ-W-428B SWC No Spec.
High Tensile HD J271
DIN 2076 Types NS/HS Grade 2 2076 Type HS Grade 3 2076
BS 5216
5216
No Spec
Music Wire
J178
W6714
No Spec. SWP-A/ SWP-B/ SWP-V
2076 Type M
5216

Material: Grade: Temper: Carbon Spring Wire Mechanical Spring Class I Hard Drawn ASTM Precoated A764-93 CLASS 1 .45 - .85 .30 - 1.30 .040 max. .050 max. .10 - .35 N/R R R R R N/R N/R N/R N/R
UNS K06501 Carbon Manganese Phosphorus (max.) Sulfur (max.) Silicon Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test Decarburization .45 - .85 .30 - 1.30 .040 max. .050 max. .10 - .35 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
ASTM A227-93 CLASS 1 A .45 - .85 .30 - 1.30 .040 max. .050 max. .15 - .35 N/R R R R R N/R N/R N/R N/R
SAE J 113 CLASS 1 .45 - .75 .60 - 1.30 .040 max. .050 max. .10 - .30 N/R R R R R N/R N/R N/R N/R
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Restricted Surface N/R N/R N/R No Spec. R Defects N/R R N/R No Spec. R Cast & Helix N/R N/R N/R No Spec. N/R Reduction of Area N/R N/R N/R No Spec. N/R Etching Test N/R N/R N/R No Spec. N/R Other Test No Spec. = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required. (*) - For JIS - rod spec. G3506 is also required. (A) - Carbon in any one lot may not vary more than 0.13%. (B) - Manganese in any one lot may not vary more than 0.30%. (C) - Carbon in any one lot may not vary more than 0.20% (D) - If the wire is used for purposes in which a tendency to set is not significant, a lower carbon content may be agreed. (E) - Test for freedom from corkscrew set.

Material: Grade: Temper: Carbon Spring Wire Mechanical Spring Class I Hard Drawn Federal QQ-W-428B Type 11 CLASS 1 .45 - .85 .60 - 1.30 .040 max. .050 max. .10 - .30 N/R R R R R (d .312 in.) N/R N/R N/R N/R R
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus (max.) Sulfur (max.) Silicon Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test Decarburization Restricted Surface
MIL. SP. W-21425B Type ll 45 - .75 .60 - 1.20 .040 max. .050 max. .10 - .30 N/R R R R R (d .312 in.) N/R N/R N/R N/R R
JIS G 3521 SWB * R R* R* R* .15 - .35 N/R R R R R(d 6 mm) N/R R(d > 6 mm) R N/R N/R
DIN 17223Pt1 Grade A .40 - .85 .30 - 1.00 .040 max .040 max. .35 max. Cu .20 max. R R R N/R N/R N/R R(.7 < d < 10 mm) N/R N/R
BS 5216 Typ.NS/HS .45 - .85 .40 - 1.00 .050 max. .050 max .35 max. N/R R R R R(d < 3 mm) N/R R(d 3 mm) R(.4 < d < 10 mm) R R
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Defects R R N/R Cast & Helix N/R R R Reduction of Area N/R N/R N/R N/R R Etching Test N/R N/R N/R N/R Other Test No Spec. = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required. (*) - For JIS - rod spec. G3506 is also required. (A) - Carbon in any one lot may not vary more than 0.13%. (B) - Manganese in any one lot may not vary more than 0.30%. (C) - Carbon in any one lot may not vary more than 0.20%
N/R N/R R Eddy Current
(D) - If the wire is used for purposes in which a tendency to set is not significant, a lower carbon content may be agreed. (E) - Test for freedom from corkscrew set.

Material: Grade: Temper: Carbon Spring Wire Mechanical Spring Class 2 Hard Drawn ASTM Precoated A764-93 Class 2 .45 .85A 1.30B .30 .040 max. .050 max. .15 - .35 N/R R R R R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus (max.) Sulfur (max.) Silicon Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test Decarburization Restricted Surface Defects
UNS K06501 .45 - .85 .30 - 1.30 .040 max. .050 max. .10 - .35 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
ASTM A227-93 Class 2 .45 .85A 1.30B .30 .040 max. .050 max. .15 - .35 NR R R R R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
AMS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
SAE J113 Class 2 .50 .85C .60 - 1.30B .040 max. .050 max. .10 - .30 N/R R R R R N/R N/R N/R N/R R
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N/R R N/R No Spec. R Cast & Helix N/R N/R No Spec. N/R Reduction of Area N/R N/R N/R N/R No Spec. N/R Etching Test N/R N/R N/R No Spec. N/R Other Test No Spec. = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required. (*) - For JIS - rod spec. G3506 is also required. (A) - Carbon in any one lot may not vary more than 0.13%. (B) - Manganese in any one lot may not vary more than 0.30%. (C) - Carbon in any one lot may not vary more than 0.20% (D) - Test for freedom from corkscrew set.
No Spec. No Spcc. No Spec. No Spec.

Material: Grade: Temper: Carbon Spring Wire Mechanical Spring Class 2 Hard Drawn Federal QQ-W-428B Type II Class 2 Carbon Manganese .45 - .85A .60 - 1.30B Phosphorus (max.) .040 max. .050 max. Sulfur (max.) .10 - .30 Silicon N/R Other R Tensile Strength R Size Tolerance R Roundness Wrap Test R(d .312 in) N/R Coiling Test N/R Bend Test N/R Torsion Test DIN 17223 Pt1 Grade B 0.3-6 mm .55 - .85 .30 - 1.00 DIN 17223 Pt1 Grade B 6.3-14 mm .40 - .85 .30 - 1.00 .040 max. .040 max. .35 max. Cu .20 max. R R R N/R DIN 17223 Pt1 Grade B 15-20 mm .40 - .85 .30 - 1.50 .040 max. .040 max. .35 max. Cu .20 max. R R R N/R BS 5216 Type HS Grade 3 .46 - .54 .40 - 1.00 .05 max. .05 max. .35 max. N/R R R R R(d < 3 mm) N/R R(d > 3 mm) R(.4 < d < 10 mm) R R N/R N/R R
JIS C3521* SWC R* R* R* R* .15 - .35 N/R R R R
.040 max. .040 max. .35 max. Cu .20 max. R R R R(d 6 mm) R(d < .7 mm) N/R N/R R(d > 6 mm) N/R R R(d > .7 mm) N/R N/R N/R R N/R N/R N/R RD R R
N/R N/R N/R N/R R(d < 10 mm) N/R N/R N/R RD R R N/R N/R RD R R
N/R Decarburization Restricted Surface R Defects R Cast & Helix Reduction of Area N/R N/R Etching Test
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N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R Other Test No Spec. = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required. (*) - For JIS - rod spec. G3506 is also required. (A) - Carbon in any one lot may not vary more than 0.13%. (B) - Manganese in any one lot may not vary more than 0.30%. (C) - Carbon in any one lot may not vary more than 0.20% (D) - Test for freedom from corkscrew set.
Eddy Current

Material: Grade: Temper: Carbon Spring Wire High Tensile Hard Drawn
Carbon Manganese
UNS K08200 .45 - .85 .30 - 1.30
ASTM A679-93 .65 1.00A 1.30B .20 .040 max. .050 max. .15 - .35 N/R R R R R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
AISI No Spec. No Spec.
AMS No Spec. No Spec.
SAE J271 .70 1.00C .20 - 1.30C .040 max. .040 max. .10 - .30 N/R R R R R N/R N/R N/R N/R R
MIL. SP. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
No Spec. No Spec. Phosphorus (max.) .040 max. .050 max. No Spec. No Spec. Sulfur (max.) .10 - .40 No Spec. No Spec. Silicon N/R No Spec. No Spec. Other N/R No Spec. No Spec. Tensile Strength N/R No Spec. No Spec. Size Tolerance N/R No Spec. No Spec. Roundness N/R No Spec. No Spec. Wrap Test N/R No Spec. No Spec. Coiling Test N/R No Spec. No Spec. Bend Test N/R No Spec. No Spec. Torsion Test N/R No Spec. No Spec. Decarburization No Spec. No Spec. Restricted Surface N/R Defects N/R R No Spec. No Spec. R Cast & Helix N/R No Spec. No Spec. N/R Reduction of Area N/R N/R N/R No Spec. No Spec. N/R Etching Test N/R N/R No Spec. No Spec. N/R Other Test No Spec. = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required.
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(*) - For JIS - rod spec. G3506 is also required. (A) - Carbon in any one lot may not vary more than 0.13%. (B) - Manganese in any one lot may not vary more than 0.30%. (C) - Carbon in any one lot may not vary more than 0.20% and Manganese not more than 0.30%. Normally, lower Mn is used for smaller size wire, and higher Mn is used for larger sizes. (D) - Test for freedom from corkscrew set.

Material: Grade: Temper: Carbon Spring Wire High Tensile Hard Drawn DIN 17223 Pt. 1 Grade C 2 - 6 mm .70 - 1.00 .30 - 1.50 max. .030 max. .030 max. .35 max. Cu. 12 max. R R R N/R N/R N/R R(.7 < d < 10 mm) N/R N/R DIN 17223 Pt. 1 Grade C 6.3 - 20 mm .50 - 1.00 .30 - 1.50 max. .030 max. .030 max. .35 max. Cu. 12 max. R R R N/R N/R N/R R(.7 < d < 10 mm) N/R N/R
RD RD No Spec. R R Reduction of Area No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. R R Etching Test No Spec. No Spec. N/R N/R Other Test No Spec. = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required. No Spec. No Spec. (*) - For JIS - rod spec. G3506 is also required. (A) - Carbon in any one lot may not vary more than 0.13%.
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus (max.) Sulfur (max.) Silicon Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test Decarburization Restricted Surface Defects Cast & Helix
BS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
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(B) - Manganese in any one lot may not vary more than 0.30%. (C) - Carbon in any one lot may not vary more than 0.20% and Manganese not more than 0.30%. Normally, lower Mn is used for smaller size wire, and higher Mn is used for larger sizes. (D) - Test for freedom from corkscrew set.

Material: Grade: Temper: Carbon Spring Wire Music or Piano Hard Drawn
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus (max.) Sulfur (max.) Silicon Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test
UNS K08500 .70 - 1.00 .20 - .60 .025 max. .030 max. .12 - .30 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
ASTM A228-93 .70 - 1.00 .20 - .60 .025 max. .030 max. .10 - .30 N/R R R R N/R
AMS 5112G .70 - 1.00 .20 - .60 .025 max. .030 max. .10 - .30 N/R R R R N/R
SAE J178 .80 - 1.00B .20 - .60B .025 max. .030 max. .10 - .30 N/R R R R R R(d .105 in.) N/R
MIL. SP. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
Federal QQ-W-470 REFER TO ASTM A228
N/R N/R No Spec. Torsion Test N/R R No Spec. Decarburization R No Spec. Restricted Surface N/R Defects N/R R R R No Spec. Cast & Helix N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Reduction of Area N/R N/R N/R R N/R No Spec. Etching Test N/R N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Other Test No Spec. = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required. (*) - For JIS - rod spec G3502 is also required. (A) - d < 1.63 mm a Kink Test shall be performed. (B) - May be varied from the above specified ranges by the manufacturer, by agreement with the purchaser,
R(d 2.6 mm) R(d 2.67 mm) N/R R(d 1.63 mm) N/R R N/R N/R N/R R
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provided the mechanical properties specified are maintained. (C) - Test for freedom from corkscrew set.

Material: Grade: Temper: Carbon Spring Wire Music or Piano Hard Drawn DIN 17223 Pt. 1 Grade D .07 - 6 mm .70 - 1.0 .30 - 1.50 .030 max. .030 max. .35 max. Cu. .12 max. R R R R(d < .7 mm) DIN 17223 Pt. 1 Grade D 6.3 - 20 mm .50 - 1.0 .30 - 1.50 .030 max. .030 max. .35 max. Cu. .12 max. R R R R(d < .7 mm)
JIS G 3522 SWP-A* R* Carbon R* Manganese Phosphorus (max.) .025 max. .025 max. Sulfur (max.) .12 - .32 Silicon Cu. 20 max. Other R Tensile Strength R Size Tolerance R Roundness N/R Wrap Test R Coiling Test R(d > 6 mm) Bend Test Torsion Test R(d 6 mm) N/R Decarburization Restricted Surface R Defects N/R Cast & Helix
JIS G 3522 SWP-B R* R* .025 max. .025 max. .12 - .32 Cu. 20 max. R R R N/R R R(d > 6 mm) R(d 6 mm) N/R R N/R
BS 5216 Type M .70 - 1.00 .25 - .75 .030 max. .030 max. .35 max. N/R R R R R(d .20 mm) N/R R R R R N/R N/R R Eddy Current
N/R N/R N/R N/R R(.7 < d < 10 mm) R(.7 < d < 10 mm) R R R R
RC RC N/R R R Reduction of Area N/R R R R R Etching Test Fatigue Test Fatigue Test N/R N/R Other Test No Spec. = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required. (*) - For JIS - rod spec G3502 is also required. (A) - d < 1.63 mm a Kink Test shall be performed.
(B) - May be varied from the above specified ranges by the manufacturer, by agreement with the purchaser, provided the mechanical properties specified are maintained. (C) - Test for freedom from corkscrew set.
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Material: Grade: Temper: Valve Quality Wire Carbon Hard Drawn
UNS K08500 ASTM SAE/AISI AMS .70 - 1.00 No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Carbon .20 - .60 No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Manganese .025 max. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Phosphorus .030 max. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Sulfur .12 .30 No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Silicon N/R No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Other N/R No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Tensile Strength N/R No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Size Tolerance N/R No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Roundness N/R No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Wrap Test N/R No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Coiling Test N/R No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Bend Test N/R No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Torsion Test N/R No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Decarburization No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Restricted Surface N/R Defects N/R No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Cast & Helix No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Reduction of Area N/R No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Inclusion Content N/R N/R No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Fatigue Test N/R No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Figure Test N/R No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Etch Test N/R No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Other N/A not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required (*) - For JIS - rod spec G3502 is also required.
SAE J172 .60 - .75 .60 - .85 .25 .030 .15 - .3 N/R R R R N/R N/R N/R N/R R R N/R R N/R N.R N/R R R

Material: Grade: Temper: Valve Quality Wire Carbon Hard Drawn
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Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test
MIL. SP. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv.
Federal No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv.
JIS G3522 SWP-V R* R* .025 max. .025 max. .12 - .32 Cu .15 max. R R R N/R R(d 6 mm) R(d > 6 mm) R(d 6 mm) No Equiv. R
DIN No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv.
BS 5216 HD Grade 3 .55 - .85 .30 - 1.00 .030 max. .030 max. 0 - .35 N/R R R R R N/R N/R R R R R N/R N/R N/R N/R R N/R
No Equiv. R No Equiv. Decarburization No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. Restricted Surface Defects No Equiv. No Equiv. N/R No Equiv. Cast & Helix No Equiv. N/R No Equiv. Reduction of Area No Equiv. No Equiv. N/R No Equiv. Inclusion Content No Equiv. No Equiv. No Equiv. R No Equiv. Fatigue Test No Equiv. No Equiv. N/R No Equiv. Figure Test No Equiv. No Equiv. R No Equiv. Etch Test No Equiv. No Equiv. N/R No Equiv. Other N/A not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required (*) - For JIS - rod spec G3502 is also required.

Material: Material Grade 302 304 305 316 321 347 631 XM-16 XM-28 Stainless Steel Spring Wire UNS S30200 S30400 S30500 S31600 S32100 S34700 S17700 S45500 S24100 ASTM A313 Type 302 A313 Type 304 A313 Tyoe 305 A313 Type 316 A313 Type 321 A313 Type 347 A313 Type 631 A313 Type XM-16 A313 Type XM-28 AISI 302 304 305 316 321 347 17 - 7 PH No Spec. No Spec. AMS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. 5678B No Spec. No Spec. SAE J230 No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. J217 No Spec. No Spec.
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Material: Material Grade 302 304 305 316 321 347 631 XM-16 XM-28 Stainless Steel Spring Wire MIL. SP. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Federal QQ-S-763E QQ-S-763E QQ-S-763E QQ-S-763E QQ-S-763E QQ-S-763E No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. JIS G4314 SUS 302 G4314 SUS 304 No Spec. G4134 SUS 316 DIN No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. 17224 X12 CrNiMo 18 10 G4308 SUS 321 No Spec. G4308 SUS 347 No Spec. G4314 SUS 631J1 17224 X7 CrNiAl 17 7 No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. BS 2056 302S26 No Spec. No Spec. 2056 316S33 No Spec. No Spec. 2056 301S81 No Spec. No Spec.

Material: Grade: Temper: Stainless Steel Round Wire 302 Hard Drawn ASTM A313-92 Type 302 0.15 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 17 - 19 8 - 10 0.10 max. N/R N/R N/R R RA RA R R R N/R N/R R
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Nitrogen Copper Molybdenum Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test Decarburization Restricted Surface
UNS S30200 0.15 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 17 - 19 8 - 10 0.10 max. N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
SAE/AISI 302 0.15 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 17 - 19 8 - 10 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
AMS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
SAE J230 0.15 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 17 - 19 8 - 10 N/R N/R N/R N/R R R R R R N/R N/R N/R R
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Defects N/R R N/R No Spec. R Cast & Helix N/R N/R No Spec. N/R Reduction of Area N/R N/R N/R N/R No Spec. N/R Etch Test N/R N/R N/R No Spec. N/R Other N/A = not applicable; R = required see specification for details; N/R = not required. (A) A555-94 general requirements for stainless and heat resisting steel wire and wire rods.

Material: Grade: Temper: Stainless Steel Round Wire 302 Hard Drawn JIS G 4314 SUS 302 0.15 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 17 - 19 8 - 10 N/R N/R N/R N/R R R R N/R N/R N/R R(.5 d 4 mm) N/R R N/R N/R N/R N/R
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Nitrogen Copper Molybdenum Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test
Federal QQ-S-763E 0.15 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 17 - 19 8 - 10 0.10 max. 0.75 max. 0.75 max. N/R R R R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R R R R R Magnetic Test
DIN No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
BS 2056 302S26 0.12 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 17 - 19 7.5 - 10.00 N/R N/R N/R N/R R R R R N/R R(d 3 mm) N/R N/R R R N/R N/R N/R
No Spec. Decarburization Restricted Surface No Spec. Defects No Spec. Cast & Helix Reduction of Area No Spec. No Spec. Etch Test No Spec. Other
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N/A = not applicable; R = required see specification for details; N/R = not required. (A) A555-94 general requirements for stainless and heat resisting steel wire and wire rods.

Material: Grade: Temper: Stainless Steel Round Wire 304 Hard Drawn ASTM A313-92 Type 304 0.08 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 18 - 20 8 - 10.50 0.10 max. N/R N/R N/R R RA RA R R R N/R N/R R
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Nitrogen Copper Molybdenum Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness
UNS S30400 0.08 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 18 - 20 8 - 10.50 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
SAE/AISI 304 0.08 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 18 - 20 8 - 10.50 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
SAE No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
N/R N/R No Spec. Wrap Test N/R N/R No Spec. Coiling Test N/R N/R No Spec. Bend Test N/R N/R No Spec. Torsion Test N/R N/R No Spec. Decarburization N/R No Spec. Restricted Surface N/R Defects N/R R N/R No Spec. Cast & Helix N/R N/R No Spec. Reduction of Area N/R N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Etch Test N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Other N/A = not applicable; R = required see specification for details; N/R = not required.
(A) A555-94 general requirements for stainless and heat resisting steel wire and wire rods.
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Material: Grade: Temper:
Stainless Steel Round Wire 304 Hard Drawn JIS G 4314 SUS 304 0.08 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 18 - 20 8 - 10.50 N/R N/R N/R N/R R R R N/R N/R N/R
Federal QQ-S-763E 0.08 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 18 - 20 8 - 10.50 0.10 max. 0.75 max. 0.75 max. N/R R R R N/R N/R N/R N/R
No Spec. N/R Decarburization R Restricted Surface No Spec. Defects No Spec. R N/R No Spec. Cast & Helix R N/R No Spec. Reduction of Area No Spec. No Spec. R N/R No Spec. Etch Test No Spec. Magnetic Test N/R No Spec. Other N/A = not applicable; R = required see specification for details; N/R = not required.
DIN No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. R(.5 d 4 mm) N/R No Spec. R No Spec.
BS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.

Material: Grade: Temper: Stainless Steel Round Wire 305 Hard Drawn ASTM A313-92
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UNS S30500 0.12 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 17 - 19 10 - 13 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
Type 305 0.12 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 17 - 19 10.5 - 13 N/R N/R N/R N/R R RA RA R R R N/R N/R R
SAE/AISI 305 0.12 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 17 - 19 10.5 - 13 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
N/R N/R No Spec. Wrap Test N/R N/R No Spec. Coiling Test N/R N/R No Spec. Bend Test N/R N/R No Spec. Torsion Test N/R N/R No Spec. Decarburization N/R N/R No Spec. Restricted Surface Defects N/R R N/R No Spec. Cast & Helix N/R N/R No Spec. Reduction to Area N/R N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Etch Test N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Other N/A = not applicable; R = required see specification for details; N/R = not required.

Material: Grade: Temper: Stainless Steel Round Wire 305 Hard Drawn
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon
MIL. SP. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
Federal QQ-S-763E 0.12 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max.
JIS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
DIN No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
BS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
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No Spec. 17 - 19 No Spec. No Spec. Chromium No Spec. 10.5 - 13 No Spec. No Spec. Nickel No Spec. N/R No Spec. No Spec. Nitrogen No Spec. 0.75 max. No Spec. No Spec. Copper No Spec. 0.75 max. No Spec. No Spec. Molybdenum No Spec. N/R No Spec. No Spec. Other No Spec. R No Spec. No Spec. Tensile Strength No Spec. R No Spec. No Spec. Size Tolerance No Spec. R No Spec. No Spec. Roundness No Spec. N/R No Spec. No Spec. Wrap Test No Spec. N/R No Spec. No Spec. Coiling Test No Spec. N/R No Spec. No Spec. Bend Test No Spec. N/R No Spec. No Spec. Torsion Test No Spec. N/R No Spec. No Spec. Decarburization R No Spec. No Spec. Restricted Surface No Spec. Defects No Spec. R No Spec. No Spec. Cast & Helix R No Spec. No Spec. Reduction to Area No Spec. No Spec. R No Spec. No Spec. Etch Test No Spec. Magnetic Test No Spec. No Spec. Other N/A = not applicable; R = required see specification for details; N/R = not required.
No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.

Material: Grade: Temper: Stainless Steel Round Wire 316 Hard Drawn
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Nitrogen Copper Molybdenum
UNS S31600 0.08 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 16 - 18 10 - 14 N/R N/R 2-3
ASTM A313-92 Type 316 0.08 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 16 - 18 10 - 14 0.10 max. N/R 2-3
SAE/AISI 316 0.08 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 16 - 18 10 - 14 N/R N/R 2-3
AMS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
SAE No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
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Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness
N/R N/R N/R N/R
N/R R RA RA R R R N/R N/R R
N/R N/R N/R N/R
No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
N/R N/R No Spec. Wrap Test N/R N/R No Spec. Coiling Test N/R N/R No Spec. Bend Test N/R N/R No Spec. Torsion Test N/R N/R No Spec. Decarburization N/R No Spec. Restricted Surface N/R Defects N/R R N/R No Spec. Cast & Helix N/R N/R No Spec. Reduction of Area N/R N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Etch Test N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Other N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required.
(A) A555-94, general requirements for stainless and heat resisting steel wire and wire rods. (B) BS 2056 316S42 may also be used for this stainless steel round wire grade.

Material: Grade: Temper: Stainless Steel Round Wire 316 Hard Drawn DIN 17224 X12 CrNiMo 1810 0.07 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 16.5 - 18.5 10.5 - 13.5 N/R N/R 2.00 - 2.50 N/R R R R
MIL. SP. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
Federal QQ-S-763E 0.08 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 16 - 18 10 - 14 0.10 max. 0.75 max. 2.00 - 3.00 N/R R R R
JIS G 4314 SUS 316 0.08 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 16 - 18 10 - 14 N/R N/R 2.00 - 3.00 N/R R R R
BS 2056 316S33 0.07 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 16.5 - 18.5 11 - 14 N/R N/R 2.50 - 3.00 N/R R R R
7/13/2007
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No Spec. N/R N/R R Wrap Test No Spec. N/R N/R N/R Coiling Test No Spec. N/R N/R N/R Bend Test No Spec. N/R R(.5 < d < 4 mm) R Torsion Test No Spec. N/R N/R N/R Decarburization R R R Restricted Surface No Spec. Defects No Spec. R N/R N/R Cast & Helix R N/R R Reduction of Area No Spec. No Spec. R N/R N/R Etch Test No Spec. Magnetic Test N/R N/R Other N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required. (A) A555-94, general requirements for stainless and heat resisting steel wire and wire rods. (B) BS 2056 316S42 may also be used for this stainless steel round wire grade.
R N/R R N/R N/R R R N/R N/R N/R

Material: Grade: Temper: Stainless Steel Round Wire 321 Hard Drawn ASTM A313-92 Type 321 0.08 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 17 - 19 9 - 12 N/R N/R N/R Ti: 5 x (%C) min. R RA RA R R R N/R N/R
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Nitrogen Copper Molybdenum Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test Decarburization
UNS S32100 0.08 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max 1.00 max 17 - 19 9 - 12 N/R N/R N/R Ti: 5 x (%C) min N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
SAE/AISI 321 0.08 max. 2.00 max 0.045 max 0.030 max 1.00 max 17 - 19 9 - 12 N/R N/R N/R Ti: 5 x (%C) min. N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
AMS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
SAE No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
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R N/R No Spec. Restricted Surface N/R Defects N/R R N/R No Spec. Cast & Helix N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Reduction of Area N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Etch Test N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Other N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required (A) - A555-94, general requirements for stainless and heat resisting steel wire and wire rods. (B) - Stainless steel wire rod.

Material: Grade: Temper: Stainless Steel Round Wire 321 Hard Drawn JIS G 4308 SUS 321 0.08 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 17.00 - 19.00 9.00 - 13.00 N/R N/R N/R Ti: 5 x (%C) min. R R R N/R N/R N/R R(.5 d 4 mm) N/R R R N/R R
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Nitrogen Copper Molybdenum Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test Decarburization Restricted Surface Defects Cast & Helix Reduction of Area Etch Test
MIL. SP. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
Federal QQ-S-763E 0.08 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 17.00 - 19.00 9.00 - 12.00 N/R 0.75 max. 0.75 max. Ti: 5 x (%C) min. R R R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R R R R R
DIN No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
BS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
7/13/2007
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No Spec. Magnetic Test N/R No Spec. Other N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required
No Spec.
(A) - A555-94, general requirements for stainless and heat resisting steel wire and wire rods. (B) - Stainless steel wire rod.

Material: Grade: Temper: Stainless Steel Round Wire 347 Hard Drawn ASTM A313-92 Type 347 0.08 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 17 - 19 9 - 13 N/R N/R N/R R*: 10 x (%C) min. R RA RA R R R N/R N/R R
UNS S34700 0.08 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 17 - 19 9 - 13 N/R N/R N/R R*: 10 x (%C) min. N/R N/R N/R
SAE/ AISI 347 0.08 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 17 - 19 9 - 13 N/R N/R N/R R* N/R N/R N/R
N/R N/R No Spec. Wrap Test N/R N/R No Spec. Coiling Test N/R N/R No Spec. Bend Test N/R N/R No Spec. Torsion Test N/R N/R No Spec. Decarburization N/R No Spec. Restricted Surface N/R Defects N/R R N/R No Spec. Cast & Helix N/R N/R No Spec. Reduction of Area N/R N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Etch Test N/R N/R N/R No Spec. Other N/A = not applicable; R= required, see specification for details; N/R= not required. (A) - A555-94, general requirements for stainless and heat resisting steel wire and wire rods.
7/13/2007
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(*) - Cb + Ta required.

Material: Grade: Temper: Stainless Steel Round Wire 347 Hard Drawn JIS G 4308 SUS 347 0.08 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 17.00 - 19.00 9.00 - 13.00 N/R N/R N/R Nb: 10 x (%C) min. R R R N/R N/R N/R
R(.5 d 4 mm) No Spec. N/R N/R No Spec. Decarburization R R No Spec. Restricted Surface No Spec. Defects No Spec. R R No Spec. Cast & Helix R N/R No Spec. Reduction of Area No Spec. No Spec. R R No Spec. Etch Test No Spec. Magnetic Test N/R No Spec. Other N/A = not applicable; R= required, see specification for details; N/R= not required. (A) - A555-94, general requirements for stainless and heat resisting steel wire and wire rods. (*) - Cb + Ta required.
Federal QQ-S-763E 0.15 max. 2.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 17.00 - 19.00 8.00 - 10.00 0.10 max. 0.75 max. 0.75 max. N/R R R R N/R N/R N/R N/R
DIN No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
BS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
7/13/2007
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Material: Grade: Temper:
Stainless Steel Round Wire 631 Hard Drawn ASTM A313-92 Type 631 0.09 max. 1.00 max. 0.040 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 16 - 18 6.5 - 7.75 N/R N/R N/R 0.75 - 1.50 RB RA RA
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Nitrogen Copper Molybdenum Aluminum Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness
UNS S17700 0.09 max. 1.00 max. 0.040 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 16 - 18 6.5 - 7.75 N/R N/R N/R 0.75 - 1.50 N/R N/R N/R
SAE/AISI 17-7PH 0.09 max. 1.00 max. 0.040 max. 0.040 max. 1.00 max. 16 - 18 6.5 - 7.75 N/R N/R N/R 0.75 - 1.50 N/R N/R N/R
AMS 5678B 0.09 max. 1.00 max. 0.040 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 16 - 18 6.5 - 7.75 N/R 0.50 max. 0.75 max. 0.75 - 1.50 RB R R
SAE J217 0.09 max. 1.00 max. 0.040 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 16 - 18 6.5 - 7.75 N/R N/R N/R 0.75 - 1.50 RB R R R R N/R N/R N/R R R N/R R N/R
N/R R N/R R Wrap Test N/R R N/R R(d < 3.00 mm) Coiling Test N/R R N/R N/R Bend Test N/R N/R N/R N/R Torsion Test N/R N/R N/R N/R Decarburization N/R R N/R R Restricted Surface Defects N/R R N/R R Cast & Helix N/R N/R N/R N/R Reduction N/R R N/R N/R Etch Test N/R N/R N/R N/R Other N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required. (A) - A555-94, general requirements for stainless and heat resisting steel wire and wire rods (B) - Heat treatment required for precipitation - hardened wire. (C) - DIN 2076.

Material: Grade: Stainless Steel Round Wire 631
7/13/2007
Page 63 of 68
Temper:
Hard Drawn JIS G 4314 MIL. SP. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Federal No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. SUS 631J1 0.09 max. 1.00 max. 0.040 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 16 - 18 7.00 - 8.50 N/R N/R N/R 0.75 - 1.50 RB R R N/R N/R N/R R(5 d 4 mm) N/R R
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Nitrogen Copper Molybdenum Aluminum Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness Wrap Test Coiling Test Bend Test Torsion Test
DIN 17224 X7 CrNiAl 0.09 max. 1.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 16 - 18 6.50 - 7.75 N/R N/R N/R 0.75 - 1.50 R RC RC R N/R N/R R
BS 2056 301S81 0.09 max. 1.00 max. 0.045 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 16 - 18 6.50 - 7.75 N/R N/R N/R 0.75 - 1.50 R R R R N/R R N/R N/R R R N/R N/R N/R
No Spec. No Spec. N/R Decarburization No Spec. R Restricted Surface No Spec. Defects No Spec. No Spec. N/R N/R Cast & Helix No Spec. No Spec. N/R R Reduction No Spec. No Spec. N/R N/R Etch Test No Spec. No Spec. N/R N/R Other N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required.
(A) - A555-94, general requirements for stainless and heat resisting steel wire and wire rods (B) - Heat treatment required for precipitation - hardened wire. (C) - DIN 2076.

Material: Grade: Temper: Stainless Steel Round Wire XM-16 Hard Drawn
7/13/2007
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Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Titanium Copper Molybdenum Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness
UNS S45500 0.05 max. 0.50 max. 0.040 max. 0.030 max. 0.50 max. 11 - 12.50 7.5 - 9.5 0.8 - 1.4 1.5 - 2.5 0.50 max. Cb: 0.1 - 0.5 N/R N/R N/R
ASTM A313-92 Type XM-16 0.05 max. 0.50 max. 0.040 max. 0.030 max. 0.50 max. 11 - 12.5 7.5 - 9.5 0.8 - 1.4 1.5 - 2.5 0.50 max. (Cb + Ta): 0.1 - 0.5 RB RA RA
SAE/AISI No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
N/R R No Spec. No Spec. Wrap Test N/R R No Spec. No Spec. Coiling Test N/R R No Spec. No Spec. Bend Test N/R N/R No Spec. No Spec. Torsion Test N/R N/R No Spec. No Spec. Decarburization R No Spec. No Spec. Restricted Surface N/R Defects N/R R No Spec. No Spec. Cast & Helix N/R No Spec. No Spec. Reduction of Area N/R N/R N/R No Spec. No Spec. Etch Test N/R N/R No Spec. No Spec. Other N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required
(A) - A555-94, general requirements for stainless and heat resisting steel wire and wire rods. (B) - Heat treatment required for precipitation hardened wire.

Carbon
MIL. SP. No Spec.
Federal No Spec.
JIS No Spec.
DIN No Spec.
BS No Spec.
7/13/2007
Page 65 of 68
No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Manganese No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Phosphorus No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Sulfur No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Silicon No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Chromium No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Nickel No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Titanium No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Copper No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Molybdenum No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Other No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Tensile Strength No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Size Tolerance No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Roundness No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Wrap Test No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Coiling Test No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Bend Test No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Torsion Test No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Decarburization No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Restricted Surface No Spec. Defects No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Cast & Helix No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Reduction of Area No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Etch Test No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Other N/A = not applicable; R = required, see specification for details; N/R = not required (A) - A555-94, general requirements for stainless and heat resisting steel wire and wire rods. (B) - Heat treatment required for precipitation hardened wire.

Material: Grade: Temper: Stainless Steel Round Wire XM-28 Hard Drawn ASTM A313-92 Type XM-28 0.15 max. 11 - 14 0.060 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max 16.5 - 19
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium
UNS S24100 0.15 max. 11 - 14 0.060 max. 0.030 max. 1.00 max. 16.5 - 19.5
SAE/AISI No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
AMS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
SAE No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
7/13/2007
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Nickel Nitrogen Copper Molybdenum Other Tensile Strength Size Tolerance Roundness
0.50 - 2.50 0.20 - 0.45 N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R N/R
0.50 - 2.50 0.20 - 0.45 N/R N/R N/R R RA RA R R R N/R N/R R
No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
N/R No Spec. No Spec. Wrap Test N/R No Spec. No Spec. Coiling Test N/R No Spec. No Spec. Bend Test N/R No Spec. No Spec. Torsion Test N/R No Spec. No Spec. Decarburization No Spec. No Spec. Restricted Surface N/R Defects N/R R No Spec. No Spec. Cast & Helix N/R No Spec. No Spec. Reduction of Area N/R N/R N/R No Spec. No Spec. Etch Test N/R N/R No Spec. No Spec. Other N/A = not applicable; R = required see specification for details; N/R = not required
(A) - A555-94 general requirements for stainless and heat resisting steel wire and wire rods.

Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Chromium Nickel Nitrogen Copper Molybdenum Other
MIL. SP. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
Federal No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
JIS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
DIN No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
BS No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec.
7/13/2007
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No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Tensile Strength No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Size Tolerance No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Roundness No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Wrap Test No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Coiling Test No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Bend Test No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Torsion Test No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Decarburization No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Restricted Surface No Spec. Defects No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Cast & Helix No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Reduction of Area No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Etch Test No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. No Spec. Other N/A = not applicable; R = required see specification for details; N/R = not required (A) - A555-94 general requirements for stainless and heat resisting steel wire and wire rods. The Cross Reference is published by the Spring Manufacturers Institute. No portion of the contents can be reproduced in any way without the expressed written consent of the SMI. The Spring Manufacturers Institute extends its appreciation to the members of the Technical Committee who gave considerable time, knowledge and personal involvement to this project. SMI Technical Committee Michael Limb, Chair Neil Allen Todd Brink Don Brouillard John Drabczyk John Grace John King Ed Lanke Don Melampy Alex Rankin Dan Sebastian Acknowledgements This revision is based upon the original manual funded by the Association of Spring Manufacturers. Thanks are extended to Brian A. Sanders with help from staff members at Peterson American Corporation and American Spring Wire. Spring Manufacturers Institute, Inc. 2001 Midwest Road, Suite 106 Oak Brook, Illinois 60523-1335 Phone: (630) 495-8588 Fax: (630) 495-8595 E-mail: info@SMIHQ.org
Related Topics
7/13/2007
Page 68 of 68
How to Pick a Spring Design Spring Materials Residual Stress, Fatigue and Reliability
7/13/2007

Spring Materials

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SM - Spring Materials

Fundamentals of Spring Design SM - Spring Materials

(0.020) 1.3 (0.050) 0.50 (0.020) 0.50 (0.020)

6.35 (0.250) 11 (0.435) 9.5 (0.375)

193 203 200

7.92 (0.286) 7.81 (0.282) 8.03 (0.290)

0.13 (0.005) 0.08 (0.002)

9.5 (0.375) 12.5 (0.500)

260 315 510

500 600 950

(29.5) 75.8 (29)

0.40 (0.016) 5 (0.200)

103 103 117 128 110

(15) (15) (17)

43.4 38.6 44.1

(63) (5.6) (6.4) (7.0) (6.0)

(18.5) 48.3 (16) 42.0

200 200 200 400 200

214 214 186 179 179

(31) (31) (27) (26) (26)

1.5 1 1.6 3.5 3

320 595 95 230 260

700 1100 200 450 500

79.3 (11.5) 62.9 66.2 66.2 (9.7) (9.6) (9.6)

207 207 207 207 207

(30) (30) (30) (30) (30)

3 (0.125) 3 (0.125) 3 (0.125) 3 (0.125) 1 (0.040)

200 200 250 250 200

Table SM-1. Typical Properties of Common Spring Materials.

Heat Treatment of Springs

Figure SM-1. Relaxation versus Initial Stress for Spring Materials

0.025 (0.0010) 0.013 (0.00050) 0.005 (0.00020)

0.013 B (0.00050) 0.008 B (0.00030) 0.005 B 96 96 96

Cost and Availability

4.8 0.105 0.112

ASTM A313 (302) ASTM ASTM A 313 (631) ASTM B197

4.7 6.7 8.7 17 31

Other Spring Materials

Tensile Strength MPa (103 psi)

5 3 4 5 5 2 3 5 2 3 2.5 Flat 2.5

Table SM-12. Typical Properties of Spring Temper Alloy Strip.

C A 30N 15N DPH

B 45T 30T 15T DPH

Spring Materials Cross Reference

AISI AMS SAE

Federal, Mil. Sp.

Glossary of Spring Wire Terms

Summary Cross Reference of Spring Materials - Wire

Chrome Silicon Valve

Chrome Vanadium Valve

Chrome Vanadium Valve Modified Piano Valve

Hard Drawn Carbon

High Tensile/Hard Drawn Carbon Music

302 304 305 316 321 347 17 - 7 PH ----JIS

Oil Tempered Carbon M.B.

W-21425B Type I ---

QQ-W 428B G3560 SWO-A Type I, ClassI/ SWO-B Class II -----

G3561 SWO-V G3566 SWOSC-V G3565 SWOCV-V ---

Chrome Silicon Valve

Chrome Vanadium Valve

Chrome Vanadium Valve Modified Piano Valve Hard Drawn Carbon

G3522 SWP-V G3521 SWB

High Tensile/Hard Drawn Carbon