J.Aqua.Biol.

Vol 26(1), 2011: 41-55 COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN THREE LAKES IN MYSORE DISTRICT, KARNATAKA STATE, INDIA Savitha N and Sadanand M. Yamakanamardi* Aquatic Microbial Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570006, Karnataka State. India. * Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570006, Karnataka Key words: Physico-chemical parameter, seasonal variation, statistical analysis, lakes. Abstract: A two year study of the seasonal variation in Physico-chemical variables was carried out from June 2008 to May 2010, in the surface waters of Kalale, Alanahalli and Dalvoy lakes. Mean values of physicochemical variables with different superscript (p<0.05) as shown by one way ANOVA post hoc nonparametric test Student- Newman- Keuls test showed that, out of 21 physico-chemical variables, 19 physico-chemical variables were significant and different in all the three lakes studied. Physico-chemical variables such as pH, Temperature, DO, BOD, COD, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate and Calcium were well within the permissible limits of standards prescribed by ISI, USPH and WHO, whereas Conductivity, Turbidity, Hardness, Alkalinity, Phosphate and Total Suspended Solids values were above the permissible limits. Nutrients such as Nitrate and Sulphate were in favorable levels for the sustenance of aquatic life in these lakes. In Dalvoy and Alanahalli lake, Conductivity, Turbidity, Hardness, Alkalinity and TSS were in higher concentration throughout the study period i.e. above the permissible limits. The Pearsons correlation coefficient revealed highest number of correlation in Kalale lake (32) and Dalvoy lake (32) followed by Alanahalli lake (27). Concentration of some of the physico-chemical parameters could be minimized, if the indiscriminate entry of domestic sewage, agricultural runoff and effluents into these running water courses is prevented. The probable causes for all such variations in water quality variables in these lentic ecosystems are discussed. Introduction: Water is bounty of nature to the mankind and plays a pivotal role for the survival of all living organisms. Water occupies about 71% of our planet Earths surface, whereas, the land part is only 29%. Of the 71% of water covering the Earths surface, 97% is marine water and only 3% constitute freshwater, which is present in ice caps, glaciers, rivers, lakes, ponds and streams. A lake is a body of water surrounded by land. The quality of water of the lake varies from time to time due to interaction of local factors. The lake has been used for drinking, agricultural and fishing. Recently in India increase in population, urbanization and rapid growth of industrialization have all caused pollution of rivers and lakes, by indiscriminate disposal of sewage, domestic waste, industrial effluent and plethera of other human activities. Thus, the water which is regarded as the soul of nature, its pollution will mainly affect entire biotic community. Pollution of lakes first affects its physico-chemical quality and then systematically destroys the microbial and plankton communities. Thus, imbalancing the delicate microbial food wed which in turn affect the food chain of ecosystem. Several investigative research studies have examined and reported about Physico-chemical parameters in different regions of the world. For example, studies on seasonal changes in physico-chemical parameters and nutrient load of river sediments in Ibadan city, Nigeria by Adeyemo et al., (2008) reported that the productivity in terms of plankton biomass in freshwater bodies was regulated by various physiological factors like Temperature, Transperency, pH, Hardness, Nitrate and Phosphate. Steffii Fried et al .,(2003) on his studies on the Nitrate and Phosphate levels showed that positively affect on the growth of algae species found in Perry

Savita and Sadananad 42 pond and thus, concluded that, Nitrate and Phosphate concentration are effective limiting nutrients that can be reduced to control algal proliferation. Presence of high concentration of Carbon-di-oxide in water body can lead to depletion of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and low concentration of DO value indicates the high polluted nature and this will affect the life of aquatic animals was found by Olajire and Imeokparia (2001) on the study of water quality assessment of Osun river in Nigeria.According to Surendra et al., (2005) there is no direct effect of pH on health of an aquatic ecosystem, but at the same time the pH alters the taste of water as well as algal diversity in fresh water bodies of Rajasthan. Status of water quality based on Electric Conductivity for irrigation purpose was put forth by Mayur et al., (2007) on their study of water quality in Prantiya pond, Gujarat. Pullie & Khan (2003) made some investigative studies on dissolved nutrients of Isapur Dam, India and found that sources of phosphorous concentration dependent on geo-chemical conditions, surface runoff from surrounding field and cow dung. Detectable odour, yellowish green and slight green colour in Salim Ali lake, Aurangabad was due to high population of algae (Throat and Sultana, 2000). Comparative observation of lotic and lentic systems of Mavalekera taluk in Kerala by Mathew Koshey (2005) showed influences of river water on ground water may be the reason for the proximity of physico-chemical parameters of both lentic and lotic systems. High concentration of Chloride was said to be a reason for heavy pollution due to discharge of domestic sewage in the investigative studies on physico-chemical studies in Lake Jaismand and lake Pichola by Premalatha Vikal and Sandhya Tyagi (2007).Purandara et al., (2003) who studied the impact of sewage on ground water quality in Belgaum and reported that there was a higher concentration of anions like Sulphates in areas having industries. Suresh and Kottureshwara (2009) found that the Flouride was dominant ion and was also responsible for the contamination of the ground water and excess fluoride was not suitable for drinking in his study of groundwater quality in selected areas of Sandur taluk in Karnataka. Mullar et al ., (2010) worked on seasonal variation in physico-chemical parameters of Hiralla reservoir, Koppal district in Karnataka investigated that all the physico-chemical parameters are within the permissible limits and reservoir is productive. Sachidananda Murthy and Yajurvedi (2006) studied on physicochemical parameters of a aquacultural body in Mysore city and reported that mesotrophic status of Bilikere lake has great aquaculral potential.The excess of Hardness with Sulphate, Calcium, Magnesium will causes scaling of material used and the water was very difficult to manage according to Meenakumari (2007) in her hydrochemistry study of Ground water Quality in Mysore city. As far as I know, my literature survey revealed that, there are no reports on comparative seasonal study of physico-chemical parameters of the lakes of Mysore, except few studies and reports on the plankton and fish culture in the lakes of Mysore. These investigations covers only certain period and /or season Thus, I felt that there is a gap in the knowledge especially, on the comparative seasonal study of Physico-chemical parameters in the lakes of Mysore. Hence, the present investigation was carried out to make a comparative seasonal study of physico-chemical parameters in Kalale, Alanahalli and Dalvoy lakes of Mysore district, Karnataka State, India. Materials and Methods: The study area covers three lakes namely Kalale, Alanahalli and Dalvoy lakes in Mysore district as shown in Fig.1. For the determination of Physico-chemical parameters, the surface water samples were collected in 5 plastic cans, early morning (5:30AM to 9AM) from each lake, every month from June 2008 to May 2010. Temperature and pH were recorded on the sampling sites itself and other Physico-chemical parameters were determined separately for all the samples in the laboratory by following standard methods given in APHA (1992) & Trivedi and Goel (1986).

Statistical Analysis

Physico-Chemical parameters in three lakes in Mysore 43 All the Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS for windows release 10.0. The season wise grouped data were used to calculate Student Newman Keuls test (this is the one way ANOVA post hoc non parametric test, for making multiple comparisons among the means of three different seasons). Interrelationships between Physico-chemical parameters were calculated using Pearsons correlation co-efficient (r).

Fig.1 : Map showing sampling sites on the Kalale, Dalvoy and Alanahalli lakes District,Karnataka State, India

of Mysore

3 2

Results and Discussion: The result of the two year seasonal study of Physico-chemical variables is shown in Table 1.This seasonal study revealed that only 6 Physico-chemical parameters showed significant differences between the 3 lakes studied, which are shown in Fig 3 and are described and discussed in detail. Interrelationships between Physico-chemical variables are shown in the Table 2. The season wise grouped data of Physico-chemical parameters were subjected to ANOVA test and the results are shown in Table 3. Turbidity is an expression of light scattering and light absorbing property of water and is caused

by the presence of suspended particles such as clay, silt; colloidal organic particles, plankton, soil particles, discharged effluents, decomposed organic matter and total dissolved solids as well as the microscopic organisms. Higher turbidity affects the life indirectly by cutting the light to be utilized by the phytoplankton growth. The mean Turbidity were significantly different from each other in all the three lakes studied (Table 1) (Fig 2). In the present study, the turbidity value were found to be high in all the lakes which is probably due to inflow of rain water carrying suspended particles and surface runoff from surrounding areas of lake. These results agree with the observation of Banakar et.al (2010) on their study on Physico-chemical analysis of kathralu pond water near chitradurga, Karnataka.

Savita and Sadananad 44 However, the Turbidity recorded in the present investigation in all the three lakes studied was above the permissible limit (5 NTU) as suggested by WHO. Calcium is an important element influencing flora and fauna, which play important role in metabolism and growth. It is the one of the most important nutrient required by the organism. Calcium can also aid in maintaining the structure of plant cells and soils. The main sources of Calcium in the solid waste are food , vegetable waste, animal waste, fine earth and organic waste etc. This element is an important component of the carbonic system and also cycles through biotic and abiotic component of the ecosystem. The mean Calcium was significantly different from each other in all three lakes studied (Table 1) (Fig 2). Normally these ions are not problematic but at higher concentration increases total hardness of water as reported by Ravi kumar et al., (2005) on their study on Hydrochemistry of Ayyankere tank in Harapanahalli town, Davanagere district, Karnataka. The Calcium content of all the three lakes in present investigation was below the desirable limit of 75 mg 1-1 stipulate by ISI (1991). The Alkalinity of natural water is due to the salts of carbonate, bicarbonate, silicates and phosphates along with hydroxyl ions; whereas acidity of the water means that quantitative capacity to react with strong base to a designed pH. Strong mineral acids, week acids and hydrolyzing salts such as iron or aluminum sulphate may give acidity to water. The mean alkalinity was significantly different from each other in all three lakes studied (Table 1) (Fig 2). The higher Alkalinity in rainy season might be due to the availability of high amount of CO2 and organic matter which is reported by (Paliwal & Sati. 2007) who studied on Evaluation of water quality of two natural springs at almora city of kamaun himalya.. However, the mean Alkalinity in all three lakes during present investigation was more than the permissible limit (200 mg 1-1) of WHO. Chlorophyll a is a measure of phytoplankton biomass and is an index of productivity, which may further increase by the addition of nutrients such as phosphate and nitrate. The mean chl- a was significantly different from each other in all the three lakes studied (Table 1) (Fig 2). Increase in Chlorophyll-a concentration might be due to Physiological response of lake and phytoplankton to a great availability of light. Higher concentration Chlorophyll a in Dalvoy lake may be due to high level of domestic and sewage accumulation which might have increased nutrient contents in this lakes, which might have further affected the growth of algae number and therefore increase in the chlorophyll-a concentration Total Suspended Solids (TSS) includes the solids that are suspended in water bodies in the form of inorganic and organic particles of immiscible liquid. Inorganic substances such as clay silt and other soil constituents and organic materials like plant fibers and biological solids (algal cells, plankton and bacteria) are common. The mean TSS was significantly different from each other in all three lakes studied (Table1) (Fig 2). Suspended solids influence the turbidity of water which inturn affect light penetration resulting in reduced photosynthesis as studied by (Patel et.al.,1983) in their study on sewage polluted water body as evidenced by chemical and biological indicators of pollution. Levels of TSS increases, a water body begins to lose its ability to support a diversity of aquatic life. Suspended solids absorb heat from sunlight, which increases water temperature and subsequently decreases levels of DO. The TSS of all the three lakes studied in the present investigation was above the permissible limit of 25 mg 1-1 as described by the ISI (1991). POM in the water is important for the growth of microorganisms, which fluctuates due to the plankton and other littoral organic substances. The mean POM was significantly different from each other in all three lakes studied (Table 1) (Fig 2). High concentration of POM causes the development of microalgae communities. Generally, the greater the amount of particulate matter present, the more severe is the water

Physico-Chemical parameters in three lakes in Mysore 45 pollution problem. Besides the natural sources, there are human inputs that contribute to the organic matter in water. The following 10 physico-chemical parameters showed significant which only two lakes (Alanahalli and Dalvoy) with that of Kalale lake. Temperature is also one of the important factors in aquatic environment since it regulates the various physico-chemical as well as biological activities. The temperature of surface waters is also influenced by latitude, altitude, season, air circulation, cloud cover, flow and depth of water body (WQA, 1992).The mean water temperature was similar in Alanahalli lake (24.1oC) and Dalvoy lake (23.9oC), but was significantly less and different in Kalale lake (22.6oC) (Table 1). The variation in the water temperature in present investigation may be due to the different timings of collection and the influence of season as reported by Tiwari et al., (2004) on their study on evaluation of various physico-chemical parameters in surface waters of Shahpur lake. Conductivity is a measure of the ability of water to conduct an electric current. It is sensitive to variations in dissolved solids, mostly mineral salts. The mean Conductivity was similar in Alanahalli lake (1837.5 s-cm) and Dalvoy lake (2023.4 s-cm), but Conductivity was significantly less and different in Kalale lake (1344.1 s-cm). Decrease in Conductivity may be due to dilution by rain water and high conductivity value have been reported to be indicative of an increase in the amount of polluting particles. Higher levels of Conductivity reflects on the pollution status as well as trophic levels of aquatic body which is reported by Anitha et al., (2005) on their study on Limnological studies in Mir Alam lake,Hyderbad. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the quantity of Oxygen required for the metabolic activities of microorganism for the biological degradation of organic matter present in water. The mean BOD was similar in Alanahalli lake (5.01 mg 1-1) and Dalvoy lake (5.67 mg 1-1), but was significantly less and different in Kalale lake (3.61 mg 1-1) (Table 1). In most of the cases, the BOD was more during summer and winter season which might be due to reduced rate of water flow and the accumulation of waste from anthropogenic activities. Comparatively, lower values of BOD during rainy season can be attributed mainly to dilution of water as reported in their study on hydrobiological studied on a lotic ecosystem vamanapuram river, thiruvananthapuram, kerala, south india (Mini et al., 2003). However, the BOD content in all three lakes during present study was well within the permissible limit of 6 mg 1-1 (WHO, 1993). Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a method to determine the organic load of water body i.e, susceptible to oxidation. The mean COD was similar in Alanahalli lake (5.26 mg 1-1) and Dalvoy lake (5.53 mg 1-1), but was significantly less and different in Kalale lake (3.73 mg 1-1) (Table.1). Enhanced level of COD observed during present investigation may be due to high temperature and increased evaporation of water. These results agree with the observation of Gyananath et al., (2000) studied on water quality analysis of river Godavari during holimela at Nanden. High COD values are indicative of the presence of chemically oxidisable carbonaceous matter as well as inorganic matter such as Nitrate and Sulphates as reported by (Chandra et al., 2000) on their study on Monitoring water quality of river Ramamganga water at Bareilly. However, the COD content in all three lakes during present study were well within the permissible limit of 10 mg 1-1 (WHO, 1993). Hardness often employed as indicator of water quality depends on the concentration of carbonates and bicarbonates salts of calcium and magnesium or sulphate chloride or other anions of minerals acids. Alkalinity and hardness are closely related to each other the mean hardness was similar in Alanahalli lake (295.8 mg 1-1) and Dalvoy lake (331.9 mg 1-1), but was significantly less and different in Kalale lake (132.3 mg 1-1) (Table 1). Hardness of water is due to presence of major cations like Calcium and Magnesium that are imparting hardness along with anions like Sulphate, Chloride, Bicarbonates and Carbonates as reported in their

Savita and Sadananad 46 study on seasonal variations of abiotic factors of manjara project eater reservoir in dist. Beed, Maharastra, India (Chavan et al., 2005). Increase in hardness in water may be due to leaching of rocks and dissolution by flood waters as reported by (Reshma Bhalla et al., 2007) on their study on investigation on physico-chemical parameters of Godavari river in Nashik city,Maharastra.. However, the mean Hardness in all three lakes during present investigation was more than the permissible limit (300 mg 1-1) of WHO. Chloride is one of the most important parameter in assessing the water quality. It is of the opinion that higher concentration of Chloride indicates higher degree of organic pollution. The mean Chloride was similar in Alanahalli lake (139.4 mg 1-1) and Dalvoy lake (148.5 mg 1-1) , but was significantly less and different in Kalale lake (36.8 mg 1-1) (Table 1). Higher Chloride content during summer may be due to the heavy temperature and consequent evaporation and this could be explained by the fact that the presence of Chloride salts may interfere with other nutrients, which are being utilized in the process of photosynthesis. Lower quantity of chloride in winter season may be due to dilution effect of water. However, the Chloride content in all three lakes studied during present study was well within the permissible limit of 200 mg 1-1 (WHO, 1993). Phosphate is an essential metabolic element, which normally occurs in low concentration in natural aquatic ecosystem and hence, often acts as a limiting factor for primary production. It is generally the limiting nutrient for algal growth and therefore controls the primary productivity. The mean Phosphate concentration was similar in Alanahalli lake (0.18 mg 1-1) and Dalvoy lake (2.11 mg 1-1), but was significantly less and different in Kalale lake (0.06 mg 1-1). High values of phosphate in the Dalvoy lake may be due to the influx of sewage, agricultural runoff probably contaminated with phosphate (applied as fertilizer) and effluent from industries. High Phosphate enter to a water body, these nutrient can create a large proliferation of algae which is harmful to water quality. The blooms deplete oxygen levels in aquatic ecosystem and thus have a detrimental effect on the organism within the system. The concentration of Phosphate above normal range is found to be causes of Eutrophication. The phosphate concentration in the present investigation in all three lakes studied was more than permissible limit of 0.1 mg 1-1 (USPH, 1980). Nitrate ion is the common form of combined nitrogen found in natural waters. It may be biochemically reduced to nitrite by denitrification processes under anerobic conditions. Nitrate that is present in aquatic ecosystem will either be assimilated by algae and aquatic macrophytes or transferred to underlying sediments where it undergoes denitrification (Drusilla et al., 2005). The mean nitrate concentration was similar in Alanahalli (0.54 mg 1-1) and Dalvoy lakes (0.67 mg 1-1), but was significantly less and different in Kalale lake (0.32 mg 1-1) (Table 1). The source of Nitrate concentration may be sewage, decaying of organic matter and chemical fertilizers as reported in their study on wastewater quality status of amanishah nullah in Jaipur city, India (Rakesh Kumar and Singh, 2007).The Nitrate level in the present investigation is well below the highest desirable limit of 45 mg 1-1 as prescribed by ISI (1991) and WHO (1993). Sulphate is one of the major anions occurring in natural waters. It may enter natural water through weathering of sulphate bearing deposits. Sulphate can be produced by bacterial or oxidizing action as in the oxidation of organicsulphur compounds. The source of Sulphate content may be industrial waste, soil , rocks containing gypsum, iron sulphide and other sulpher compounds. The mean Sulphate content was similar in Alanahalli (96.8 mg 1-1) and Dalvoy lakes (86.6 mg 1-1), but was significantly less and different in Kalale lake (22.9 mg 1-1) (Table 1). Elevated values of sulphate in Alanahalli lake may be because of the discharge of sewage and industrial waste. However, the Sulphate content in the present study is well within the permissible limit of 250 mg 1-1as described by ISI (1991) and WHO (1993).

Physico-Chemical parameters in three lakes in Mysore 47 The sum total of Chloride, Sulphate and Nitrate gave the Total Anions of Strong Acids (TASA). The mean TASA was similar in Alanahalli lake (232.9 mg 1-1) and Dalvoy lake (235.3 mg 1-1), but was significantly less and different in Kalale lake (61.9 mg 1-1) (Table 1.) It was interesting to note that TASA in the Dalvoy lake was always high throughout the study period. The following physico-chemical parameter showed significant which only two lakes (Kalale and Dalvoy) with that of Alanahalli lake. The pH is the measurement of free acidity or alkalinity of water solution; hence it is an important factor for water analysis. The pH is one of the most important factors that influences the aquatic production. The variation in the pH is an important parameter in water body since most of the aquatic organisms are adapted to an average pH and do not withstand abrupt changes (Mini et al., 2003). The mean pH was similar in Kalale (8.14) and Dalvoy (7.99) lakes, but was significantly more and different in Alanahalli (8.27) lake (Table 1). High pH might be due to the enhanced chemical interaction that led to buffering and release of alkaline ions (bicarbonates and carbonates ions) or salts in the water as stated by Bharali et al., (2008) in their studies on physico-chemical characteristic of water of the wetland in Kaziranga National park, Assam. In this study, mean values of pH were well within the permissible limit of WHO (6.58.5). The following physico-chemical parameters showed significant which only two lakes (Kalale and Alanahalli) with that of Dalvoy lake. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) play an important role in water quality determination. The introduction of Oxygen demanding materials, either organic or inorganic into water causes depletion of the DO in the water. This poses a threat to fish and other higher forms of aquatic life. The concentration of DO regulates the distribution of flora and fauna. It is also essential to all forms of aquatic life especially for those organisms responsible for self purification process in natural waters. The mean DO was similar in Kalale (3.34 mg 1-1) and Alanahalli lake (3.40 mg 1-1), but was significantly less and different in Dalvoy lake (0.58 mg 1-1) (Table.1). In the present investigation, low concentration of DO in Dalvoy lake might be the result of low input of Oxygen at the surface level and the photosynthesis activity decrease due to increased metabolic performance of the heterotrophic organisms. Kataria (2006) reported that depletion of DO in water is due to high temperature and increased microbial activity, on their study on water quality of dahod dam, india. In this study, mean values of DO were well within the permissible limit of 5 mg 1-1 (WHO). The free Carbon-di-Oxide is the indicator of the biological respiration activities of aquatic ecosystem. The mean CO2 was similar in Kalale lake (18.8 mg 1-1) and Alanahalli lake (22.6 mg 1-1), but was significantly high and different in Dalvoy lake (48.5 mg 1-1). The free CO2 concentration was found very high in Dalvoy lake due to the presence of high amount of organic matter which on microbial decomposition release CO2.Similar observation were made by Paliwal & Sati (2007) on their study on evaluation of water quality of two natural water springs at almora city of kamaun himalya.. The mean free carbon di- oxide in all three lakes studied during present investigation is more than the permissible limit (<10 mg 1-1) of WHO. However, Air temperature and Laboratory pH did not show any significant relationship in all three lakes studied. The calculation of Pearsons correlation coefficient (<0.01) between Physico-chemical parameters are given in Table 2. Kalale lake showed 32 correlations, out of which 23 were positive and 9 were negative. Alanahalli lake showed 27 correlation, out of which 21 were positive and 6 were negative and Dalvoy lake showed 32 correlation, out of which 24 were positive and 8 were negative. The high positive significant correlation was observed between Alkalinity and FpH, Conductivity, Turbidity, DO, Hardness, Cl2, Phosphate and TASA and negative correlation with COD in Kalale lake. The Alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acids. The Alkalinity in

Savita and Sadananad 48 natural water is caused by bicarbonates, carbonates and hydroxide, and can be ranked in order of their association with high pH values. The main sources of Alkalinity may be decay of organic matter and fertilizers. Similar observations were made by Mariappan and Vasudevan (2002) on their study on Correlation coefficients of some physico-chemical parameters of drinking water ponds in eastern part of Sivagangai district of Tamilnadu State. Whereas in Alanahalli lake, high positive correlation was observed between TASA and Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness, Chloride and PO4. The sum total of Chloride, Sulphate and Nitrate gave the Total Anions of Strong Acids. The main sources of Chloride, Sulphate and Nitrate may be sewage, decaying of organic matter and chemical fertilizers. Similarly in Dalvoy lake, high positive significant correlation was observed between Chloride and Field pH, Conductivity, Hardness, Calcium and Chlorophyll-a. Hardness and Chloride, pH are found to be more productive and support rich flora and fauna Similar observation were made by Narendra Singh and Kapil Nayal (2008) on their study on Correlation of physico-chemical parameters and quality assessment of Kosi river water, Uttarkhand State of India.. As the Indian climate is mainly controlled by Monsoon climate, the study year was divided into three well marked season viz. Premonsoon or Summer (February-May), Monsoon or Rainy (June-September) and Postmonsoon or Winter (October-January), and all the data for that season was merged and subjected to ANOVA test. The result obtained is given in Table 3. Interestingly, only Hardness and Carbon-diOxide showed significant seasonal changes in rainy, winter and summer in these 3 lakes studied. The Hardness varied because of presence of major cations like calcium, magnesium that are imparting hardness along with anions like Sulphate, Chloride, Bicarbonates and Carbonates . Increase in hardness in water due to leaching of rocks and dissolution by flood waters (Reshma Bhalla et al., 2007) on their study on Investigation of physico-chemical parameters of Godavari river in Nashik city, Maharastra. Carbon dioxide varied because of diffusion of air, from inflow ground water, due to decomposition of organic matters, respiration of organisms in habiting. Higher levels of free carbon di-Oxide in these three lakes might have resulted by the respiration of faunal population and decaying product of organic material as reported in their study on water quality parameters of lotic systems in and around courtalium (Drusilla et al., 2004). Analysis of Physico-chemical parameters during present investigation revealed that the physicochemical parameters such as pH, Temperature, DO, BOD, COD, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate and Calcium were well within the permissible limits of standards as prescribed by WHO, ISI and USPH. Whereas Conductivity, Turbidity, CO2, Phosphate and Total Suspended Solids values were above the permissible limits as described above agencies. Nutrients such as Nitrate and Sulphate were in favorable levels for the sustenance of aquatic life in this lentic ecosystem. But Conductivity, Turbidity, Alkalinity, Hardness and TSS were very much high in Dalvoy lake. However, content of some of the parameters could be minimized, if the indiscriminate entry of domestic sewage, waste water from houses, agricultural runoff and discharge of effluents into these lentic ecosystems is prevented. The overall picture that emerged out of the present study warrants for strict vigilance and continuous monitoring of these natural water bodies for conservation and sustainable management, these lakes water is used mainly for agriculture, fisheries and other anthropogenic activities

Physico-Chemical parameters in three lakes in Mysore 49

Table 1: Summary of Physico-chemical variables in the surface waters of Kalale, Alanahalli and Dalvoy lakes in the Mysore District, Karnataka State, June 2008 to May -2010. P.c. Kalale Alanahalli Dalvoy Variables Mean SD Range CV% Mean SD Range CV% Mean SD Range CV% AT 22.8a 2.07 20-27 9.06 24.2 a 2.23 21-27 9.19 23.6 a 2.01 21-28 8.51 WT 22.6a 1.83 19-26 8.09 24.1b 2.23 20-28 9.25 23.9 b 2.26 20-28 9.45 pH(F) 8.14a 0.38 7.3-8.6 4.66 8.27 b 0.24 7.7-8.6 2.90 7.99 a 0.19 7.6-8.4 2.37 a a pH(L) 8.43 0.27 8.0-9.0 3.20 8.57 0.33 8.0-9.2 3.85 8.63 a 0.31 8.1-9.3 3.59 Cond 1344.1a370.0 900-2130 28.1 1837.5b 571.2 12003410 31.09 2023.3 b514.3 1350-3050 25.4 Turb 11.1a 3.77 5.9-19 33.9 38.8b 14.4 23-76 56.2 48.6 c 10.3 31.7-75 21.2 DO 3.34b 1.94 1.23-8.21 58.0 3.40 b 1.50 1.46-7.99 44.1 0.98 a 22.6 0.56-2.36 44.5 a a CO2 18.8 12.5 5.5-45.1 66.8 22.6 20.6 7.7-62.7 91.1 48.5b 22.6 16.5-102.3 46.6 BOD 3.61a 1.49 1.12-6.1 41.2 5.01 b 1.40 1.8-7.2 27.9 5.67 b 1.12 2.26-7.2 19.7 COD 3.73a 2.43 1.6-9.6 65.1 5.26 b2.56 1.6-9.6 48.6 5.53b 2.10 1.6-9.6 37.9 a b Hard 132.2 36.1 61-201 27.3 295.8 84.4 129-435 28.5 331.9 b 62.6 137-421 18.8 Ca 26 a 7.93 12-40.4 30.0 42.3 b13.6 26-78.1 32.1 74.9 c 10.6 56.5-93.3 14.2 a b Cl2 36.8 17.3 14.9-75.97 47.0 139.4 45.6 68.8270.3 32.7 148.5b 24.2 105.7-202.3 16.2 a b c Alk 227 82.2 98-352.5 36.5 396 137.7 65.0-652.5 39.7 542 121.4 323-902.5 22.4 Chl-a 3.66a 3.44 1.19-17.9 93.9 10.5 b 8.69 3.59-37.1 82.3 17.4 c 13.5 5.99-75.5 75.5 PO4 0.06a 0.05 0.02-0.2 83.3 0.18 b 0.39 0.02-2 216.6 2.11 b 0.92 0.3-3.6 43.6 NO3 0.32a 0.35 0.1-1.5 109.3 0.54 b 0.42 0.2-1.7 82.3 0.67 b 0.45 0.2-1.9 67.1 a b SO4 22.9 18.7 5-75 81.6 96.8 57.8 25-250 59.6 86.8b 44.9 40-215 51.7 TASA 61.9a 42.7 23.3-226.8 68.9 232.9 b 85.7 94.4-455.9 36.7 235.3 b 51.6 143.3-669.2 21.9 a b POM 1.58 0.77 1-4 48.7 2.91 1.47 1-8 50.5 4.29 c 1.08 2-6 25.1 TSS 16.6a 7.61 10-30 45.8 41.8 b 21.2 10-100 50.7 53.7c 21.2 20-90 39.4 n=24, Values are Mean SD, SD= Standard deviation, CV% = Coefficient of variation, Values obtained from ANOVA post hoc non parametric test. *Significant, P<0.05, NS = Non significant, P>0.05, Mean values with different superscript are significantly different (P<0.05), (Student Newman Keuls test). P.c. Variables = Physico-chemical Variables, AT = Air Temperature, WT = Water Temperature, pH(F) = pH measured in the Field, pH (L) = pH measured the laboratory, Cond = Conductivity, Turb = Turbidity, DO = Dissolved Oxygen, BOD = Biolgical Oxgygen Demand, COD =Chemical Oxygen Demand, CO2 = Carbon dioxide, Hard = Hardness, Alk = Alkalinity, Cl2 = Chloride, PO4 = Phosphate, NO3 = Nitrate, SO4 = Sulphate, TSS = Total Suspended Solids. POM = Particulate Organic Matter, Chl-a = Chlorophyll a, TASA = Total Anions of Strong Acid.

Savita and Sadananad 50

Table 2:- Interrelationships between Physico-chemical parameters in the surface waters of Kalale, Alanahalli and Dalvoy lakes, June 08- May 2010. (Note: Only those parameters, which showed significant relationships, are shown in the following Table). Alanahalli lake Alk (-)*, FpH (-)* AT (+) ** WT(-)* TASA (+)*, Chl-a(+), Cl2 (+)** POM (+)**, TASA(+)*, Cl2(+)*, Ca(-), Hard (+)* Alk (-)** POM (+)** TASA(+)**, SO4 (+)**, Cl2 (+)** POM(-)* TSS (+)**, TASA (+)**, SO4 (+), PO4(+)*, Chla (+)* WT (+)* Ca (-)* Alk (-)* Alk (+), Cl2 (+)*, CO2(-)* NO3 (-)*, Alk (+)*, Cl2(+)* TSS (-)*, Ca (-)* Alk (-)* Dalvoy lake

Kalale lake

AT WT FpH LpH Cond Turb DO CO2 BOD COD Hard

WT (+)** COD (+)*, FpH (-)* Alk (+)**, Hard (+)*, COD (-)*, BOD (+)* NO3 (-) ** Alk (+)*, Hard (+)**, Alk (+)* Alk (+)*, TASA (-)*, Alk (+)*, Cl2 (-)*, BOD (-)* TASA (-)*, SO4 (-) Cl2 (+)* TASA (+)**, SO4 (+), Cl2 (+)** Alk (-)* Alk (+)*

Ca

Cl2

SO4 (+)*,PO4(+)*, Alk (+)**

TSS (+)*, POM (+)**, Alk (+)* TASA(+)*, POM(+)*, PO4(+), Alk (+)*, Cl2(+)* TSS (+)*, POM (+)*, PO4(+), Alk (+)*, Cl2(+)* TASA (+) **

Alk TASA (+)* TSS (+)*, TASA (+)**, PO4(+) * Chl-a TSS (+)** TSS (+)* Cl2 (+)** PO4 TASA (+)* Alk (+)*, TASA(+) SO4 TASA (+)* SO4 (+)**, NO3 (-)* TASA SO4 (+)* TSS POM (+)** Values are Pearson correlation coefficient, a 2-tailed test was applied and calculated after log10 transformation of all variables after scaling so that all values were >1,*p<0.05,**p<0.005. Physico-chemical parameters are AT = Air Temperature, WT = Water Temperature, pH (F) = pH measured in the Field, pH (L) = pH measured in the Laboratory, Cond = Conductivity, Turb = Turbidity, DO=Dissolved Oxygen, BOD = Biological Oxygen Demand, COD =Chemical Oxygen Demand, CO2 = Carbon di-Oxide, Hard = Hardness, Cl2 = Chloride, Ca= Calcium, Alk=Alkalinity, PO4 = Phosphate, NO3 = Nitrate, SO4 = Sulphate, Chl-a = Chlorophyll a, TSS = Total Suspended Solids, POM=Particulate Organic Matter and TASA = Total Anions of Strong Acid. The sign within parenthesis indicates positive (+) or negative (-) correlations.

Physico-Chemical parameters in three lakes in Mysore 51 Table 3: Seasonal variation in the Physico-chemical parameters, June 08-May 2010. (Note: Only those parameters, which showed significant seasonal changes, are shown in the following Table). I. Kalale lake. First year of seasonal study, June 09- May 2010. Rainy Winter Summer F P pH (F) 7.52 a 0.20 8.07 b 0.45 8.25 b 0.23 5.57 0.027* Cond 101 5 a.086.9 1177.5 b 156.4 1817.5 b 2573.3 21.9 0.000** Turb 8.40 a 1.50 10.1 a 1.39 15.4 b 2.59 14.5 0.002** b a a COD 7.60 2.01 2.80 1.53 4.80 2.26 6.05 0.022* Cl2 26.6 a 12.0 19.5 a 5.36 41.5 b 8.30 6.21 0.020* a a b Alk 125.0 10.4 163.7 82.8 291.2 28.3 11.6 0.003** TASA 22.5 b 9.57 12.5 a 5.00 10.0 a 0.001 4.50 0.044* Second year of seasonal study, June 09- May 2010. Rainy Winter Summer 7.15 a 1.65 10.2 a 1.66 15.7 b 2.63 2.41 a 1.44 5.17 b 1.92 2.02 a 0.59 b a 5.81 0.54 3.09 1.07 3.71 a 1.47 61.4 b 14.2 23.4 a 2.62 48.8 b 7.11 b a 251.2 57.7 207.5 46.9 322.5 b 21.2 129.2 b 67.2 44.3 a 20.9 68.0 b 13.6

Turb DO BOD Cl2 Alk TASA

F 18.3 5.77 6.72 17.2 6.75 4.48

P 0.001** 0.024* 0.016* 0.001** 0.016* 0.045*

II. Alanahalli lake. First year of seasonal study, June 09- May 2010. pH (F) Cond Turb CO2 Hard Cl2 Alkalinity SO4 TASA Rainy 8.00 a 0.24 1390.0 a 84.0 30.0 a 3.74 45.1 a 5.38 193.0 a 65.6 90.0 a 16.2 258.7 a 24.6 60.0 a 23.4 150.3 a 38.4 Winter 8.45 b 0.12 1697.0 b 485.1 41.2 a 9.06 44.5 b 13.2 285.5 b 2.77 112.8 b 12.8 292.5 a 62.5 88.7 a 29.5 199.5 a 28.2 Summer 8.17 b 0.22 2380.0 b 690.6 60.1 b 16.4 3.57 b 7.15 390.5 c 31.4 210.0 b 49.4 411.2 b 68.1 183.7 b 74.9 387.9 b 60.1 F 4.90 4.28 7.60 26.6 16.7 16.9 8.40 7.14 31.9 P 0.036* 0.049* 0.012* 0.000** 0.001** 0.001** 0.009* 0.014* 0.000**

Savita and Sadananad 52

. Cond BOD Cl2 NO 2 TASA

Second year of seasonal study, June 09- May 2010. Rainy Winter Summer 1405.0 a 117.3 1602.0 a 201.2 2550.0 b 05.5 5.68 b 1.10 3.76 a 0.96 5.68 b 0.38 b a 149.6 16.5 114.8 10.9 159.0 b 20.7 0.37 a 0.35 1.20 b 0.61 0.50 a 0.008 b a 267.4 39.35 183.5 9.20 208.5 a 24.4

F 46.5 6.38 7.88 4.66 9.92

P 0.000** 0.019* 0.011* 0.041* 0.005**

Values are Mean SD, Mean values different superscripts are significantly different (p< 0.05, student- Newman-Keuls test) value obtained from ANOVA post hoc nonparametric test. * = Significant, p<0.05. Values are Pearson correlation coefficient, a 2-tailed test was applied and calculated after log10 transformation of all variables after scaling so that all values were >1,*p<0.05,**p<0.005. Physico-chemical parameters are AT = Air Temperature, pH(F) = pH measured in the Field, Cond = Conductivity, Turb = Turbidity,DO=Dissolved Oxygen, BOD = Biolgical Oxygen Demand, COD =Chemical Oxygen Demand, CO2 = Carbon di-Oxide, Hard = Hardness, Cl2 = Chloride, Alk=Alkalinity,PO4 = Phosphate, NO3 = Nitrate, SO4 = Sulphate, TASA = Total Anions of Strong Acid.

III. Dalvoy lake. First year of seasonal study,June 09- May 2010. Rainy Winter Summer CO2 53.9 b 16.3 88.5 c 15.2 28.3 a 8.42 Hard 297.5 a 38.9 315.0 a 44.8 383.2 b 33.3 a a Cl2 212.5 18.7 131.6 8.92 165.0 b 25.0 a a TASA 179.2 30.8 213.2 28.5 282.3 59.9 Second year of seasonal study- June 09- May 2010. Rainy Winter Summer 22.7 a 0.50 22.0 a 1.41 25.0 b 1.41 1567.5 a 1870.0 a 151.6 2787.5 b 135.7 234.5 a b 0.40 0.001 1.40 0.61 8.25 b 0.009

F 19.1 5.30 5.89 6.17

P 0.001** 0.030* 0.023** 0.020*

AT Cond Nitrate

F 6.88 48.3 7.76

P 0.015* 0.000** 0.011*

Values are Mean SD, Mean values different superscripts are significantly different (p< 0.05, student- Newman-Keuls test) value obtained from ANOVA post hoc nonparametric test. * = Significant, p<0.05. Values are Pearson correlation coefficient, a 2-tailed test was applied and calculated after log10 transformation of all variables after scaling so that all values were >1,*p<0.05,**p<0.005. Physico-chemical parameters are AT = Air Temperature, Cond = Conductivity, CO2 = Carbon di-Oxide, Hard = Hardness, Cl2 = Chloride, , NO3 = Nitrate, TASA = Total Anions of Strong Acid.

Physico-Chemical parameters in three lakes in Mysore 53

Kalale Alanahalli Dalvoy

Figure 2: Monthly changes in Turbidity, Calcium, POM, Alkalinity,TSS and Chlorophyll- a in the surface water of Kalale, Alanahalli and Dalvoy lakes. (Only those parameters showed significantly different from each other).

Acknowledgement: Authors express their sincere gratitude to Chairman, Department of Studies in

Zoology, Manasagangothri, University of Mysore, Mysore for the facilities provided for carrying out this research work. The first

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