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Background: Chi-square is a statistical test that tests for the existence of a relationship between two variables. This test can be used with nominal, ordinal, or scale variables, so it is a very versatile test, but it is sensitive to sample sizes too. It is important to have at least a few cases in each of the values of both of the variables involved in this test or the results will be skewed.
1) Formulate a hypothesis about your variables What do you think is the relationship between the two variables? In this example, we want to test if men and women are significantly different in how they talk about politics. So the independent variable is gender (represented by gender in the dataset) and the dependent variable is frequency of political talk (represented by rsclaetalk in the dataset).
2) Select crosstabs Click on the Analyze tab at the top of the page Select Descriptive Statistics from the list Select Crosstabs
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1) Select the Chi-square check box from the menu. 2) Click on the Continue button.
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6) Examine the results Look at the Chi-Square Tests table to see if there is a significant relationship
1) Look at the number in the Asyp. Sig. column for Pearson Chi-Square row. In communication, it is convention that if this value is less than .05, then the statistic is considered to be significant (meaning that the researcher can be 95% confident that the relationship between the two variables is not due to chance). In this example, since the Sig. value is .576 (which is greater than .05), we can say that there is not a significant relationship between gender and the frequency of political talk.
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7) Write up the results in APA style When reporting the results of a chi-square test within the text of a paper, first write the 2 (chi-square) value with the degrees of freedom (located under the df column for Pearson Chi-Square row of the Chi-Square Tests table) and the sample size in parentheses. Then write the significance level. Note that the exact significance level should be reported unless it is less than .001 (that would be written p < .001). Also note that otherwise most statistics should be rounded to two decimal places. For example: A chi-square test was performed and no relationship was found between gender and the frequency of political talk, X2 (2, N = 170) = 1.10, p =.58.
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