BW Mddatamodeling

Multi-Dimensional Modeling with BW
ASAP FOR BW ACCELERATOR

BUSINESS INFORMATION W AREHOUSE
A background of the techniques used to create SAP BW InfoCubes Document Version 2.0
SAP (SAP America, Inc. and SAP AG) assumes n res! nsi"i#i$% & r err rs r missi ns in $'ese ma$eria#s. T'ese ma$eria#s are !r (ided )as is* +i$' u$ a +arran$% & an% ,ind, ei$'er e-!ress r im!#ied, inc#udin. "u$ n $ #imi$ed $ , $'e im!#ied +arran$ies & merc'an$a"i#i$%, &i$ness & r a !ar$icu#ar !ur! se, r n n/in&rin.emen$. SAP s'a## n $ "e #ia"#e & r dama.es & an% ,ind inc#udin. +i$' u$ #imi$a$i n direc$, s!ecia#, indirec$, r c nse0uen$ia# dama.es $'a$ ma% resu#$ &r m $'e use & $'ese ma$eria#s. SAP d es n $ +arran$ $'e accurac% r c m!#e$eness & $'e in& rma$i n, $e-$, .ra!'ics, #in,s r $'er i$ems c n$ained +i$'in $'ese ma$eria#s. SAP 'as n c n$r # (er $'e in& rma$i n $'a$ % u ma% access $'r u.' $'e use & ' $ #in,s c n$ained in $'ese ma$eria#s and d es n $ end rse % ur use & $'ird !ar$% +e" !a.es n r !r (ide an% +arran$% +'a$s e(er re#a$in. $ $'ird !ar$% +e" !a.es.
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MODELING WITH BW
TH BW ASAP FOR BW ACCELERATOR
Table of Contents
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MODELING WITH BW.................................................................................1 ASAP FOR BW ACCELERATOR.............................................................................................................. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS..............................................................................................................................2 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................1 1.1 SOFTWARE VERSION SUPPORTED...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 OVERVIEW....................................................................................................................................... 2 3 FROM MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MODEL TO INFOCUBE FIRST APPROACH.......................6 3.2 THE GOALS OF MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DATA MODELS...........................................................................7 3.3 SUBJECT AREA................................................................................................................................. 7 3.4 THE ROLE OF THE BW BUSINESS CONTENT.......................................................................................7 3.5 BASIC MODELING STEPS ................................................................................................................. 8 3. RESUME......................................................................................................................................... 2! 4 STAR SCHEMA BASICS AND MODELING ISSUES........................................................................22 4.1 HOW THE STAR SCHEMA WOR"S....................................................................................................22 4.2 STAR SCHEMA ISSUES..................................................................................................................... 23 5 MULTI-DIMENSIONAL SCHEMAS IN BW.......................................................................................25 5.1 OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................................... 2 5.2 CONNECTING MASTER TABLES TO INFOCUBES................................................................................28 5.3 DIMENSIONS IN A BW SCHEMA ...................................................................................................... 31 5.4 FACT TABLE................................................................................................................................... 54 5.5 BW TERMINOLOG# ....................................................................................................................... 58 6 MODELING ISSUES ANDOF THE BW SCHEMA............................................................................60 .1 GRANULARIT# ............................................................................................................................... 1 .2 LOCATION OF DEPENDENT ATTRIBUTES IN THE BW SCHEMA.......................................................... 4 .3 TRAC"ING HISTOR# IN THE BW SCHEMA........................................................................................ 8 .4 M$N RELATIONSHIPS...................................................................................................................... %3 .7 FRE&UENTL# CHANGING ATTRIBUTES 'STATUS ATTRIBUTES(.........................................................%7 .8 INFLATION OF DIMENSIONS............................................................................................................. %8 .% MULTIPLE PROCESS REPORTING SCENARIOS....................................................................................%% .1! ATTRIBUTE OR FACT '"E# FIGURE(............................................................................................1! .11 ................................................................................................................................................. 1!7 .13 SAME CHARACTERISTIC SEVERAL TIMES IN THE MODEL...............................................................1!8 .14 ARTIFICIAL "E# FIGURES........................................................................................................... 1!8 .15 BIG DIMENSIONS........................................................................................................................ 1!8 .1 HIERARCHIES IN THE BW SCHEMA..............................................................................................111
SAP AMERICA! INC"
AND
SAP AG
T ABLE OF CONTENTS
DATA MODELING WITH BW
ASAP FOR BW ACCELERATOR
# Int$o%&'t(on
T'is d cumen$ !r (ides "ac,.r und n $'e $ec'ni0ues used $ crea$e mu#$i/dimensi na# s$ruc$ures +i$'in SAP BW +'ic' are ca##ed In& 1u"es and su..es$i ns $ 'e#! $'e cus$ mer $ unders$and +'en $ a!!#% $'e (ari us $ec'ni0ues a(ai#a"#e.
#"#
Soft)a$e *e$s(on S&++o$te%
T'is d cumen$ a!!#ies $ BW 2ersi n 3.4B r 'i.'er.
#"2
Refe$en'es
n $'e SAP BW Arc'i$ec$ure !#ease re&er $ The BW ODS
F r m re de$ai#ed in& rma$i n Whitepaper and $ $'e !a!er Hierachies in BW.
SAP AMERICA! INC" AND SAP AG
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DATA MODELING WITH BWI
#",
O-e$-(e)
2
T'e BW (ersi n 3.4 +as a ma% r s$e! in $'e e( #u$i n & $'e BW arc'i$ec$ure and &unc$i na#i$%. Fr m $'e arc'i$ec$ure ! in$ & (ie+ $'e in$r duc$i n & $'e ne+ BW O!era$i na# 5a$a S$ re (BW O5S) is m s$ im! r$an$. N $e6 T'e ne+ BW O5S in$r duced +i$' (ersi n 3.4B ma% n $ "e c n&used +i$' #a%er in (ersi n 7.3B +'ic' +as ca##ed O5S. T'is #a%er is renamed in 2ersi n 3.4B $ Persis$en$ S$a.in. Area (PSA). T'e BW O5S is a mu#$i/#e(e# #a%er in $'e BW da$a +are' use +'ic' &&ers $'e &unc$i na#i$% $ s$ re $'e resu#$ & $'e da$a c#eansin. and da$a $rans& rma$i n !r cess in $rans!aren$ $a"#es +'ic' are ca##ed O5S O"8ec$s. 5 in. s $'e BW O5S & rms $'e 'is$ rica# & unda$i n & $'e da$a +are' use. T ena"#e !r cess in$e.ra$i n mu#$i!#e BW O5S O"8ec$s can &eed $'er O5S O"8ec$s r In& 1u"es. Business ru#es can "e a!!#ied in $'e in$e.ra$i n !r cess. T'e #en.'$ & $'is in$e.ra$i n c'ain & O5S O"8ec$s is n $ #imi$ed "% BW.
SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC"
BW Info$.at(on Inte/$at(on A$'0(te't&$e

Source Systems PSA
Persistent Staging Area
B! ODS
#n$oCu%es
B! O"erational Data Store
End&'ser Data Access
Meta Data
Cleans(n/ 2 T$ansfo$.at(on
B&s(ness R&les
B&s(ness R&les
SAP R/3 APO CRM BBP Legacy

E1t$a't(on E L ools
PSA
#n$oCu%es
Ad Hoc Queries Reporting Applications Models
Inte/$at(on G$an&la$(t3
External Provider
Master Data
Scheduling Monitoring Change Management Service Management
T'e BW Arc'i$ec$ure .ra!'ics i##us$ra$e $'a$ $'e In& 1u"es s' u#d "e & unded n $'e in$e.ra$i n #a%er & r $ransac$i na# da$a $'e BW O5S, "u$ $'is is & c urse an !$i n. Fur$'erm re $'e In& 1u"es are #in,ed $ c mm n mas$er re&erence da$a # ca$ed in mas$er da$a $a"#es, $e-$ $a"#es, and (e-$erna#) 'ierarc'% $a"#es. T'us $'e BW in&ras$ruc$ure !r (ides $'e s$ruc$ure & r "ui#din. In& 1u"es & unded n a c mm n in$e.ra$ed "asis. T'is a!!r ac' a## +s & r !ar$ia# s #u$i ns "ased n a "#ue!rin$ & r an en$er!rise/+ide da$a +are' use.
Wi$' $'e re! r$in. ca!a"i#i$% n $'e mem"ers & $'e BW O5S O"8ec$s, a#s in $'e c n$e-$ !a!er addi$i na# &unc$i na#i$% is &&ered. BW O5S O"8ec$s can ei$'er "e accessed direc$#% ! in$ & (ie+.
& $'is
r ser(e as 5ri## T'ru $ar.e$ &r m $'e In& 1u"e
BW Info$.at(on A''ess A$'0(te't&$e

Source Systems PSA
Persistent Staging Area
B! ODS
#n$oCu%es
End&'ser Data Access
Meta Data
SAP R/3 APO CRM BBP

E L ools
PSA
#n$oCu%es
BW
9B&s(ness E1+lo$e$ 9Web 9G$a+0('al Use$ Inte$f
Legacy
SAP-Mo%els
9A%-an'e% Plann(n/ 9Ente$+$(se Man/e. 9CRM
External Provider
T0($% Pa$t3 Tools

4ODBC5 ODBO6
Master Data
Scheduling Monitoring Change Management Service Management
H +e(er +'en $ use +'a$ BW s$ruc$ure (In& 1u"es r O5S/O"8ec$s) as & unda$i n & r re! r$in. and ana#%sis is n $ discussed in $'is !a!er. T'is is d ne in The BW ODS Whitepaper. T'e & cus & $'is !a!er is $'e su!! r$ & On#ine Ana#%$ica# Pr cessin. (O:AP) in BW. O:AP &unc$i na#i$% is ne & $'e ma% r re0uiremen$s in da$a +are' usin.. R u.'#% s!ea,in. O:AP &&ers e(en $ une-!erienced end/users $'e ca!a"i#i$% $ ana#%se "usiness !r cess da$a (;PIs) +i$' res!ec$ $ $'e $erms & $'e in( #(ed "usiness #ines. T'is is n rma##% d ne s$e! "% s$e! s$ar$in. +i$' "usiness $erms s' +in. $'e ;PIs n an a..re.a$e #e(e# and &ur$'er "% !r ceedin. $ "usiness $erms n a m re de$ai#ed #e(e#.
A sim!#e e-am!#e6 Salesorganisation Sa#es 5e!ar$men$ Sa#es Pers n Productorganisation Ma$eria# Gr u! Ma$eria# T%!e Ma$eria# An mu#$i/s$e! mu#$idimensi na# ana#%sis c u#d # Time <ear M n$' 5a% , #i,e $'is6 KPIs Sa#es Am un$ Sa#es =uan$i$%
7. S' + me $'e Sa#es Am un$ "% Sa#es 5e!ar$men$ "% Ma$eria# Gr u! "% M n$' 3. S' + me $'e Sa#es Am un$ & r a s!eci&ic Sa#es 5e!ar$men$ >?@ "% Ma$eria# "% M n$' A. ...... Suc' ,ind & ana#%$ica# !r cessin. is n rma##% s #(ed usin. In& 1u"es. An O5S/O"8ec$ ma% ser(e $ re! r$ n sin.#e rec rd (e(en$) #e(e# #i,e 6 S' + $'e %es$erda%s Sa#es Orders & r Sa#es Pers n ><@. W'a$ d es n $ mean $'a$ sa#es rder #e(e# da$a ma% n $ reside in an In& 1u"e $'is is a#+a%s a 0ues$i n & in& rma$i n needs and na(i.a$i n. O5S O"8ec$ s' u#d n $ "e misused & r mu#$i/dimensi na# ana#%sis.
T'e arc'i$ec$ure & an en$er!rise da$a +are' use is 0ui$e a c n$r (ersia# issue and n &ur$'er de$ai# +i## "e discussed 'ere. Bus$ ,ee! in mind $'a$ $'is d cumen$ de$ai#s "ui#din. n#% a !ar$ & a da$a +are' use +i$' reusa"#e "8ec$s, name#% In& 1u"es +i$' mas$er da$a and (e-$erna#) 'ierarc'ies. T'is d cumen$ ini$ia##% !r (ides in 1'a!$er 3 in& rma$i n c ncernin. $'e $ransi$i n &r m an in& rma$i n need $ $'e c mm n $'e mu#$i/dimensi na# da$a m de# C S$ar Sc'ema. As $'e BW Sc'ema is "ased n $'e S$ar Sc'ema +e +i## .i(e an in$r duc$i n $ $'e S$ar Sc'ema and e-!#ain s me .enera# as!ec$s in 1'a!$er A. T'e BW Sc'ema is e-!#ained in de$ai# in 1'a!$er D, +e a#s e-!#ain 'ere s me m de#in. as!ec$s +'ic' direc$#% deri(e &r m $'e BW Sc'ema. In 1'a!$er E dea#s +i$' $ime as!ec$s in $'e BW Sc'ema and &ur$'er demands +'ic' mi.'$ 'a(e $ "e desi.ned +i$' BW.
, F$o. M&lt(-D(.ens(onal Mo%el to InfoC&be 9 F($st A++$oa'0

T'is c'a!$er dea#s +i$' $'e &undamen$a# s$e!s & mu#$i/dimensi na# da$a m de#in. $ &&er a m $i(a$i n and unders$andin. & r $'e & ## +in. m re de$ai#ed m de#in. discussi ns. T'e e-!erienced reader ma% $'ere& re s,i! $'is c'a!$er.
,"# ,"2
T0e /oals of .&lt(-%(.ens(onal %ata .o%els

O&&er $'e in& rma$i n $ $'e end/user in a +a% $'a$ c rres! nds $ 'is n rma# 'is "usiness i.e. s' + $'e ;PIs r ,e% &i.ures r &ac$s &r m $'e di&&eren$ ! in&#uence $'em #i,e sa#es r.aniFa$i n, $'e !r duc$C ma$eria# !ers!ec$i(e r $'er + rds de#i(er s$ruc$ured in& rma$i n a## +in. $'e end/user eas% na(i.a$i ! ssi"#e c m"ina$i n & "usiness $erms $ i##us$ra$e $'e "e'a(i r & $'e ;PIs. unders$andin. & in$s & (ie+ $'a$ & c urse $ime. In n n i$ usin. an%
T'e (era## . a#s & mu#$i/dimensi na# m de#s are 6
Beside $'is $'e m de# s' u#d &&er $'e "asis & r a !'%sica# im!#emen$a$i n +'ic' is unders$anda"#e & r s &$+are ($'e s ca##ed O:AP en.ine) $'us a## +s a !r .ram $ access easi#% $'e re0uired da$a
T c (er $'e &irs$ ! in$ +e in$r duce $'e Mu#$i/5imensi na# M de# (M5M).T'e m s$ ! !u#ar !'%sica# im!#emen$a$i n & mu#$i/dimensi na# m de#s n re#a$i na# da$a "ase s%s$em "ased da$a +are' uses is $'e S$ar Sc'ema im!#emen$a$i n. SAP BW uses $'e STAR S1HEMA a!!r ac' and e-$ends i$ $ su!! r$ in$e.ra$i n +i$'in $'e da$a +are' use, $ &&er eas% 'and#in. and a## + 'i.' !er& rmance s #u$i ns.
,",
S&b;e't A$ea
As $'is !a!er descri"es $'e !r ceedin. $ m de# BW In& 1u"es +e assume $'a$ $'e su"8ec$ area +e +an$ $ crea$e a s #u$i n & r is +e## de&ined. 5urin. $'e m de#in. s$e!s $'e a+areness ma% c me u! $'a$ $'e "es$ s #u$i n + u#d mean m re $'an ne In& 1u"e. T'e cri$eria $'a$ in&#uence $'is decisi n +i## "e discussed in a s!ecia# c'a!$er.
,"7
T0e $ole of t0e BW B&s(ness Content
T'e SAP BW is n $ de#i(ered as an em!$% " - "u$ +i$' a +ide ran.e & B&s(ness Content i.e. +i$' read% & r # ad In& 1u"e sc'emas n $'e s #u$i n #e(e# and e(en 0ueries "ased n $'ese In& 1u"es. T'ere& re $'e 0ues$i n ma% arise +'e$'er i$ is necessar% $ discuss da$a m de#in. +i$' res!ec$ $ BW in a .enera# and &undamen$a# manner. In si$ua$i ns +i$' s urce da$a &r m RCA a!!#ica$i ns $'ere is s me$'in. $ "e said & r $'is "8ec$i n. Bu$ a#s in $'is case +e &irs$ 'a(e $ unders$and $'e in& rma$i n needs & $'e end/user "e& re +e are a"#e $ c m!are $'ese +i$' $'e "usiness c n$en$. Ne(er$'e#ess B&s(ness Content InfoC&bes and e(en m re $'e B&s(ness Content InfoSo&$'es (da$a s$ruc$ures &&ered "% RCA a!!#ica$i ns) 'e#!s a$ #eas$ $ a""re(ia$e $'e m de#in. !r cess. We +i## n $ discuss $'e Business 1 n$en$ and ' + $ .e$ "ene&i$ durin. $'e m de#in. !r cess as $'is is d ne in s!ecia# !a!ers. I& ' +e(er +e are in $'e si$ua$i n $ crea$e an In& 1u"e "ased !ar$#% r e(en en$ire#% n n n/RCA a!!#ica$i ns (s ca##ed #e.ac% s%s$ems) $'e .enera# !r ceedin. &&er a !r &ed a!!r ac'.
<
,"8
Bas(' Mo%el(n/ Ste+s
The steps should be understood as a general approach. Up to what e tend the! ha"e to be carried out depends "er! much on the concrete situation and the e perience o# the in"ol"ed pro$ect members. A&$er decidin. a" u$ $'e su"8ec$ area $ "e $rea$ed $'e "asic s$e!s $'a$ #eads $ a SAP BW "ased s #u$i n are6
#" Fo'&s on t0e st$&'t&$e of (nfo$.at(on

5e(e# !e a c m!#e$e unders$andin. & $'e under#%in. "usiness !r cesses (e... crea$e an En$i$% Re#a$i ns'i! M de# (5ia.ram) & $'e "usiness m de#) T'e ERM as a &unc$i n & $'e in& rma$i n
2" Fo'&s on anal3t('al nee%s - O-e$'o.e .o%el 'o.+le1(t3

1rea$e a (a#id sc'ema Trans#a$e $'e ERM $ $'e M5M C S$ar Sc'ema T'e M5M as a &unc$i n & $'e ana#%$ica# !r cessin.
," B&(l% t0e sol&t(on as a +a$t of an (nte/$ate% %ata )a$e0o&se

T'e sc'ema n $'e BW s$a.e G $'e In& 1u"es Trans#a$e $'e M5M C S$ar Sc'ema $ ne r m re In& 1u"e Sc'emas
Focus on the structure of information

$%M
Sales Re+ ID :as$Name Sa#es5e! Sales Org Dimension
Focus on analytical needs Overcome model complexity

MDM! Star Schema
Mate$(al ID Ma$eria# Name Ma$eria# T%!e Ma$eria# Gr u! Material Dimension Ma$eria# I5 Sa#es Re! I5 Time 1 de I5 1us$ mer I5 T(.e Co%e ID <ear Fisca# <ear =ua$er M un$' 5a% & $'e Wee, Time Dimension
C&sto.e$ ID 1us$ mer Name 1i$% Re.i n O&&ice Name
Sa#esRe! I5 :as$ Name ... O$/St$" DIM ID Sa#esRe! Sa#es5e! SalesDe+ ID Address ...
Sa#es Am un$ =uan$i$% Uni$ Price FACT Mate$(al ID DIM ID Customer Mate$(al Dimension Ma$.descri!$i n Ma$eria# I5 Ma$T%!e Ma$T%!e ...
SA" B#
Ma$eria# 5IM I5 Or.S$r 5IM I5 Time 1 de I5 .... =uan$i$% .....
Build the solution as a part of an integrated data arehouse
,"8"#
Ste+ #> De-elo+ a 'o.+lete &n%e$stan%(n/ of t0e &n%e$l3(n/ b&s(ness +$o'esses
In $'is s$e! +e & cus n $'e structure & in& rma$i n 6 t0e ent(t(es an% t0e $elat(ons bet)een t0e.
,"8"#"# T'ere is n s$ric$ ru#e n ' + $ de(e# ! a c m!#e$e unders$andin. & $'e under#%in. "usiness !r cess. Ne(er$'e#ess usin. an Ent(t3 Relat(ons0(+ Mo%el (ERM) is a . d +a% & seein. $'e re#e(an$ "usiness "8ec$s and $'eir re#a$i ns'i!s. Bu$ de!endin. n $'e si$ua$i n and $'e e-!erience s me$imes i$ +i## "e su&&icien$ 8us$ $ !ain$ a dia.ram s' +in. $'e en$i$ies and $'eir re#a$i ns. T #s #i,e 2ISIO r Er+in r an% $'er m de#in. $ # c u#d "e (er% 'e#!&u# in $'is s$e!.
An e-am!#e ma% "e $'e m s$ e&&icien$ means $ !r (ide $'e unders$andin. & ' + $ a!!r ac' $ a Mu#$i/5imensi na# M de# C S$ar Sc'ema and &ina##% $ a (a#id BW im!#emen$a$i n and $ in$r duce $'e "asic $erms.
I& $'e end/user descri"es 'is in& rma$i n needs and $'us $'e su"8ec$ area as & ## +s6 >Trac, $'e !er& rmance & ma$eria#s +i$' res!ec$ $ cus$ mers and sa#es !ers ns@ . T'e & ## +in. n uns $e## ' + $'e end/user # Ma$eria# 1us$ mer Sa#es Pers n ,s a$ $'e + r#d6
T'e n uns are "asic "usiness $erms and are usua##% ca##ed St$on/ Ent(t(es >
C&sto.e$ Mate$(al Sales Pe$son
%s& the end'user about the relationship between his basic business terms (strong entities). N rma##% $'e re#a$i ns'i! "e$+een s$r n. en$i$ies are N>M Relat(ons0(+s i.e. a cus$ mer can !urc'ase mu#$i!#e ma$eria#s and ma$eria#s can "e !urc'ased "% mu#$i!#e cus$ mers6
C&sto.e$
Mate$(al
Sales Pe$son
%s& the end'user how he measures per#ormance. T'is +i## .i(e % u $'e "asic Fa'ts. Fac$s are n rma##% & addi$i(e na$ure and descri"e $'e n6m re#a$i ns'i!s. In a "usiness scenari +i$' a + r,in. d cumen$ $'is d cumen$ & rms an Inte$se't(on Ent(t3 +'ic' &$en res #(es $'e n6m re#a$i ns'i!s $ 76n re#a$i ns'i!s. Bu$ in a &irs$ a!!r ac' i$ is u! $ $'e end/user +'e$'er 'e +an$s $ ma,e ana#%sis n e... sa#es $ransac$i n #e(e# i.e. +'e$'er 'e +an$s $'e + r,in. d cumen$ $ "e in $'e m de#6
Mate$(al /$o&+
Sales De+a$t.ent
C&sto.e$
Mate$(al
Sales Pe$son
Sales T$ansa't(on
In$ersec$i n En$i$%
*ow the customer is as&ed to be more precise. The customer determines that additional details #or material+ customer and sales person are also re,uired. T'is .i(es % u addi$i na# en$i$ies and a$$ri"u$es +'ere a$$ri"u$es are $'e *descri"in. &ie#ds* & an en$i$% In ERM dia.rams a$$ri"u$es s' + $'e *&ie#ds* in re#a$i na# $a"#es. T'e a$$ri"u$es dem ns$ra$e $ +'ic' e-$en$ i$ is ! ssi"#e $ s$ re da$a c ncernin. $'is en$i$%.
Mate$(al /$o&+
/aterial group no /aterial group name ....
Sales De+a$t.ent
C&sto.e$
Sales dep. no Sales dep. location .......
-ustomer no -ustomer name -it! .egion
Mate$(al
/aterial no /aterial name /aterial t!pe color price
Sales Pe$son
Sales pers. no Sales pers. name .......
Sales T$ansa't(on
Date -ustomer no /aterial no Sales pers no %mount 0uantit! -urrenc!
It is use#ul #or the #ollowing steps to as& the end'user #or details concerning relationships between entities and relationships between entities and their attributes.
##
I$ .i(es % u an idea & >a"n rma#@ si$ua$i ns #i,e n6m re#a$i ns'i!s "e$+een an en$i$% and an a$$ri"u$e (s. ma$eria# and c # r). T'is re#a$i ns'i!s 'a(e $ "e $rea$ed care&u##%6
Mate$(al G$o&+ Re/(on Sales De+t" Lo'"
C(t3
Colo$
Mate$(al T3+e
Sales De+t"
C&sto.e$ P$('e
Mate$(al
Sales Pe$son
Sales o$%e$
A&$er $'ese s$e!s % u +i## 'a(e an . d idea a" u$ $'e "usiness $erms and ' + are $'e re#a$i ns'i!s "e$+een $'em. I$ .i(es % u a . d "asis & r a mu#$idimensi na# m de#. ,"8"#"2 Rea+(n/ benef(ts of BW@s B&s(ness Content
In SAP !r duc$ "ased scenari s $'e Business 1 n$en$ In& S urces .i(e % u a . d & unda$i n $ iden$i&% en$i$ies, a$$ri"u$es and &ac$s (,e% &i.ures) & $'e under#%in. su"8ec$ area. As BW &&ers $'e In& S urces rdered "% a!!#ica$i ns i$ is eas% $ iden$i&% $'e In& S urce(s) +'ic' c (er(s) % ur su"8ec$ area. I& $'e su"8ec$ area is "ased n cus$ mer .enera$ed s$ruc$ures #i,e :IS and 1O/PA % u 'a(e $ c n$ac$ $'ese s$ruc$ures. T'e resu#$ is n rma##% a c m!#e$e se$ & en$i$ies and a$$ri"u$es. T'e re#a$i ns'i!s can "e deri(ed &r m $'e SAP !r duc$ da$a m de# i& $'e% are n $ "(i us. E(en i& $'e s #u$i n is n $ en$ire#% SAP !r duc$ "ased r % u !#an $ mi.ra$e a s urce #e.ac% s%s$em e... $ RCA in $'e &u$ure $'e res!ec$i(e In& S urces s' u#d "e re.arded.
#2
#,
,"8"2
Ste+ 2> C$eate a -al(% S'0e.a (erc me m de# c m!#e-i$%
T'is decisi(e s$e! 'as $'e . a# $ "% & cusin. n ana#%$ica# needs.
Focus on analytical needs Overcome model complexity

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Sales Re+ ID :as$Name Sa#es5e! Sales Org Dimension Material Dimension C&sto.e$ ID 1us$ mer Name 1i$% Re.i n O&&ice Name Customer Dimension Time Dimension Ma$eria# I5 Sa#es Re! I5 Time 1 de I5 1us$ mer I5 Sa#es Am un$ =uan$i$% Uni$ Price FACT T(.e Co%e ID <ear Fisca# <ear =ua$er M un$' 5a% & $'e Wee,
MDM! Star Schema
Mate$(al ID Ma$eria# Name Ma$eria# T%!e Ma$eria# Gr u!
O(erc me m de# c m!#e-i$% means $'e crea$i n & a sc'ema $'a$ is 'o.+$e0ens(ble fo$ t0e en%&se$ an% fo$ soft)a$e" ,"8"2"# (Re&erences $ m de#.) T0e M&lt(-D(.ens(onal Mo%el 4MDM6 !u"#ica$i ns "% Ra#!' ;im"a## !r (ide $'e de$ai#s & r $'e mu#$i/dimensi na# da$a
Co.+$e0ens(b(l(t3 fo$ en%-&se$ is reac'ed "% r.aniFin. en$i$ies and a$$ri"u$es &r m s$e! 7 $'a$ are re#a$ed in !aren$/c'i#d re#a$i ns'i! (76N) in$ .r u!s. We ca## suc' .r u!s D(.ens(ons and $'e mem"ers & $'e dimensi ns D(.ens(on Att$(b&tes r 8us$ Att$(b&tes" One c u#d sa% $'a$ $'e s$r n. en$i$ies de&ine $'e dimensi ns. F r $'e end/user $'e a$$ri"u$es & a dimensi n re!resen$ a s!eci&ic "usiness (ie+ n $'e &ac$s ( r ,e% &i.ures r ;PIs) +'ic' are deri(ed &r m $'e in$ersec$i n en$i$ies. Acc rdin. $ 'is usua# unders$andin. $'e a$$ri"u$es & a dimensi n are r.aniFed in a 'ierarc'ica# +a% and $'e m s$ a$ mic a$$ri"u$e $'a$ & rms $'e #ea(es & $'e 'ierarc'% de&ines $'e G$an&la$(t3 & $'e dimensi n. Granu#ari$% de$ermines $'e de$ai# & in& rma$i n. T'is m de# is ca##ed M&lt(D(.ens(onal Mo%el 4MDM6" T'e Mu#$i/5imensi na# M de# +i$' $'e &ac$s "ased in $'e cen$er and $'e dimensi ns surr undin. $'em is a sim!#e "u$ mi.'$% c nce!$ and is unders$ d "% $ec'nica# res urces as +e## as "% $'e end/user. ,"8"2"2 T0e Sta$ S'0e.a
T'e Sta$ S'0e.a &&ers 'o.+$e0ens(b(l(t3 fo$ soft)a$e" T'e S$ar Sc'ema is $'e m s$ ! !u#ar +a% $ im!#emen$ a Mu#$i/5imensi na# M de# in a re#a$i na# da$a"ase. O$'er s #u$i ns in $'is area are Sn +&#a,e Sc'emas. T'e BW In& 1u"es are "ased n a S$ar Sc'ema $'ere& re +e .i(e a s' r$ in$r duc$i n $ $'e main $erms and ca!a"i#i$ies & $'e S$ar Sc'ema. 2 SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC" #7
In a S$ar Sc'ema, ne dimensi n re!resen$s ne $a"#e. T'ese D(.ens(on Tables surr und $'e Fa't Table, +'ic' c n$ains $'e &ac$s (,e% &i.ures), and are #in,ed $ $'a$ Fac$ Ta"#e (ia uni0ue ,e%s, ne !er 5imensi n Ta"#e. Eac' dimensi n ,e% uni0ue#% iden$i&ies a r + in $'e ass cia$ed 5imensi n Ta"#e. T .e$'er $'ese dimensi n ,e%s uni0ue#% iden$i&% a s!eci&ic r + in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e.
Star Schema
Sales Re+ ID :as$Name Sa#es5e! Sales Org Dimension (Table) C&sto.e$ ID 1us$ mer Name 1i$% Re.i n O&&ice Name Customer Dimension (Table) Mate$(al ID Sales Re+ ID T(.e Co%e ID C&sto.e$ ID Sa#es Am un$ =uan$i$% FACT (Table) Mate$(al ID Ma$eria# Name Ma$eria# T%!e Ma$eria# Gr u! Material Dimension (Table) T(.e Co%e ID <ear Fisca# <ear =ua$er M un$' 5a% & $'e Wee, Time Dimension (Table)
T0e Ae3 ele.ents of a Sta$ S'0e.a a$e> 1en$ra# Fa't Table +i$' D(.ens(on Tables s' $in. && &r m i$ Fac$ Ta"#es $%!ica##% s$ re a$ mic and a..re.a$e $ransac$i n in& rma$i n, suc' as 0uan$i$a$i(e am un$s & . ds s #d. T'e% are ca##ed Fa'ts Fa'ts are numeric (a#ues & n rma##% addi$i(e na$ure Fac$ Ta"#es c n$ain & rei.n ,e%s $ $'e m s$ a$ mic D(.ens(on Att$(b&te & eac' 5imensi n Ta"#e F rei.n ,e%s $ie $'e &ac$ Ta"#e r +s $ s!eci&ic r +s in eac' & $'e ass cia$ed dimensi n Ta"#es P in$s & $'e s$ar are 5imensi n Ta"#es 5imensi n Ta"#es s$ re a$$ri"u$es a" u$ $'e da$a s$ red in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e, and a#s $e-$ua# da$a 5imensi n Ta"#es are den rma#iFed T'e m s$ a$ mic dimensi n a$$ri"u$es in $'e dimensi ns de&ine $'e G$an&la$(t3 & $'e in& rma$i n, i.e. $'e num"er & rec rds in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e T0e Fa't Table >
#8

C&sto.e$ St$eet SalesPe$s SalesRe/(on Mate$(al Un(t Date Date
Ides 1mbh
/eier
/onitor
234443
-ustomer SalesPers /aterial Date

Ides 1mbh /eier /onitor 234443
%mount 0uantit!
4555 6
#:
T'e "asic !r ceedin. ma!!in. an ERM $ $'e M5MC S$ar Sc'ema is s' +n n $'e & ## +in. .ra!'ic6
Mate$(al G$o&+ Re/(on C(t3 C&sto.e$ P$('e Colo$ Mate$(al Mate$(al T3+e Sales De+t" Lo'" Sales De+t" Sales Pe$son
Sales o$%e$
Sales Re+ ID :as$Name Sa#es5e! Sales Org Dimension Ma$eria# I5 Sa#es Re! I5 Time 1 de I5 1us$ mer I5 Sa#es Am un$ =uan$i$% Uni$ Price Mate$(al ID Ma$eria# Name Ma$eria# T%!e Ma$eria# Gr u! Material Dimension T(.e Co%e ID <ear Fisca# <ear =ua$er M un$' 5a% & $'e Wee,
C&sto.e$ ID 1us$ mer Name 1i$% Re.i n O&&ice Name Customer Dimension
FACT
Time Dimension
Gene$al Ma++(n/ G&(%el(nes Fac$ Ta"#e6 A 1en$ra# in$ersec$i n en$i$ies de&ines a Fac$ Ta"#e. An in$ersec$i n en$i$% #i,e d cumen$ num"er is n rma##% descri"ed "% &ac$s (Sa#es Am un$, =uan$i$%) +'ic' & rm $'e n n/,e% c #umns & $'e Fac$ Ta"#e. One c u#d sa% $'e M6N re#a$i ns'i!s "e$+een s$r n. en$i$ies mee$ eac' $'er in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e $'us de&inin. $'e cu$ "e$+een dimensi ns 5imensi ns (Ta"#es)6 A$$ri"u$es +i$' 76N c ndi$i na# re#a$i ns'i!s s' u#d "e s$ red in $'e same dimensi n, suc' as ma$eria# .r u! and ma$eria#. T'e & rei.n /H !rimar% ,e% re#a$i ns de&ine $'e dimensi ns Time 6 A s!ecia# case is $'e $ime dimensi n "ecause $'ere is n c rres! ndence in $'e ERM $'ere& re +e 'a(e $ in$r duce $ime a$$ri"u$es (#i,e da%, +ee,, %ear,..) in $'e M5M !r cess $ c (er $'e ana#%sis needs 2 SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC" #<
T'ese c nsidera$i ns !r (ide a s$ar$in. ! in$ & r dimensi n ana#%sis, "u$ addi$i na# c nsidera$i ns +i## im!ac$ $'e .r u!in. & $'e a$$ri"u$es and +i## "e discussed in de$ai# #a$er.
#=
,"8",
Ste+ , > C$eate an InfoC&be Des'$(+t(on
Bui#d $'e s #u$i n +i$'in BW +i$' res!ec$ $ $'e ana#%$ica# needs and as a !ar$ & an in$e.ra$ed da$a +are' use.
,"8"7 Trans#a$in. $'e M5MC S$ar Sc'ema i.e. $'e resu#$s & S$e! 7 and S$e! 3 $ an In& 1u"e 5escri!$i n is & c urse $'e $ !ic & $'is !a!er and +i## "e in(es$i.a$ed in $'e & ## +in. c'a!$ers in de!$'. A &irs$ im!ressi n is .i(en "% $'e & ## +in. .ra!'ic6 T$anslate t0e MDM5 Sta$ S'0e.a to an In& 1u"e 5escri!$i n >
Sales Re+ ID :as$Name Sa#es5e! Sales Org Dimension Ma$eria# I5 Sa#es Re! I5 Time 1 de I5 1us$ mer I5 Sa#es Am un$ =uan$i$% Uni$ Price FACT
Mate$(al ID Ma$eria# Name Ma$eria# T%!e Ma$eria# Gr u! Material Dimension T(.e Co%e ID <ear Fisca# <ear =ua$er Sa#esRe! I5M un$' 5a% & $'e Wee, :as$ Name O$/St$" DIM ID ... Time Dimension Sa#esRe! Sa#es5e! SalesDe+ ID Address ... Ma$eria# 5IM I5 Or.S$r 5IM I5 Time 1 de I5 .... =uan$i$% .....
C&sto.e$ ID 1us$ mer Name 1i$% Re.i n O&&ice Name Customer Dimension
SA" B#
Mate$(al DIM ID Ma$eria# I5 Ma$T%!e Mate$(al ID Ma$.descri!$i n Ma$T%!e ...
MDM! Star Schema
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,":"#"#
Res&.e
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Ra#!' ;im"a## +ri$es in 'is " , > T'e 5a$a Ware' use T #,i$@ 6 T0e n(ne %atabase %es(/n %e'(s(on +o(nts fo$ a %(.ens(onal %ata )a$e0o&se 'ons(st of %e'(%(n/ on t0e follo)(n/> 7. 3. A. D. E. I. J. K. L. T'e !r cesses, and 'ence $'e iden$i$% & $'e Fac$ Ta"#es ( (one 7act Table ' one In#o-ube...) '8 intersection entities) T'e dimensi ns & eac' Fac$ Ta"#e ('8 strong entities) T'e dimensi n a$$ri"u$es +i$' c m!#e$e descri!$i ns and !r !er $ermin # .% ( '8 attributes and entities) T'e .rain & eac' Fac$ Ta"#e T'e &ac$s, inc#udin. !re/ca#cu#a$ed &ac$s H + $ $rac, s# +#% c'an.in. dimensi ns T'e a..re.a$i ns, 'e$er .ene us dimensi ns, mini/dimensi ns, 0uer% m des and !'%sica# s$ ra.e decisi ns T'e 'is$ rica# dura$i n & $'e da$a"ase (arc'i(in. as!ec$s) T'e ur.enc% +i$' +'ic' $'e da$a is e-$rac$ed and # aded in$ $'e da$a +are' use ($ime &rame & r # adin.) $'er
2#
7 Sta$ S'0e.a Bas('s an% Mo%el(n/ Iss&es

In $'e !re(i us c'a!$er +e in$r duced $'e S$ar Sc'ema. As m s$ & $'e re#e(an$ !r !er$ies & r m de#in. deri(e direc$#% &r m $'e sc'emas +e +i## n + 'a(e a c# ser # , $ $'em. We s$ar$ +i$' $'e S$ar Sc'ema as i$ is $'e & rce "e'ind $'e BW Sc'ema and is easier $ unders$and as +e##. 1 min. $ $'e BW Sc'ema in $'e ne-$ c'a!$er $'is "asics +i## 'e#! % u $ de(e# ! a &undamen$a# unders$andin. & $'e m de#in. !r !er$ies & $'e BW Sc'ema. We em!'asiFe $'a$ $'is c'a!$er discusses $'e S$ar Sc'ema and n $ $'e BW Sc'ema
7"#
Ho) t0e Sta$ S'0e.a Wo$As
H + $'e resu#$ & 0uer% is e(a#ua$ed usin. a S$ar Sc'ema can "e "es$ s' +n "% an e-am!#e. I& +e need $'e & ## +in. in& rma$i n 6 S0o) .e t0e Sales A.o&nt fo$ C&sto.e$s lo'ate% (n CNe) Do$AC )(t0 Mate$(al /$o&+ CEEEC (n t0e Dea$ F C#??<C
Star Schema
Sales Re+ ID :as$Name Sa#es5e! Sales Org Dimension (Table) C&sto.e$ ID 1us$ mer Name 1i$% Re.i n O&&ice Name Customer Dimension (Table) Mate$(al ID Sales Re+ ID T(.e Co%e ID C&sto.e$ ID Sa#es Am un$ =uan$i$% FACT (Table) Mate$(al ID Ma$eria# Name Ma$eria# T%!e Ma$eria# Gr u! Material Dimension (Table) T(.e Co%e ID <ear Fisca# <ear =ua$er M un$' 5a% & $'e Wee, Time Dimension (Table)
T'en $'e resu#$ is de$ermined in $+ s$e!s6 B$o)s(n/ t0e D(.ens(on Tables Access $'e -ustomer Dimension Table and se#ec$ a## rec rds +i$' -it! M NNe+ < r,N Access $'e /aterial Dimension Table and se#ec$ a## rec rds +i$' /aterial group M N???N Access $'e Time Dimension Table and se#ec$ a## rec rds +i$' 9ear M N7LLJN
22
As a resu#$ & $'ese $'ree "r +sin. ac$i(i$ies, $'ere are a num"er & ,e% (a#ues (-ustomer IDs+ /aterial IDs+ Time -ode ID), ne &r m eac' 5imensi n Ta"#e a&&ec$ed. A''ess(n/ t0e Fa't Table Usin. $'e ,e% (a#ues e(a#ua$ed durin. Br +sin., se#ec$ a## rec rds in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e +'ic' 'a(e $'ese (a#ues in c mm n in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e rec rd ,e%.
7"2
Sta$ S'0e.a Iss&es
Wi$' res!ec$ $ $'e !r cessin. & a 0uer% and desi.n & $'e S$ar Sc'ema +e rea#iFe 6 Refle't(n/ G$eal )o$l%@ '0an/es (n t0e Sta$ S'0e.a H + $'e c'an.es in $'e rea# + r#d are $rea$ed i.e. ' + $'e di&&eren$ $ime as!ec$s are 'and#ed is $'e m s$ im! r$an$ $ !ic +i$' da$a +are' uses. Star-I. T0e $ole of t0e Fa't Table T'e S$ar Sc'ema re&#ec$s $'e c'an.es in $'e >rea# + r#d@ n rma##% "% addin. r +s $ $'e Fac$ Ta"#e. M re !recise c'an.es in $'e + r#d #i,e -ustomer >DJ77@ !urc'ase /aterial >BBB@ a$ Da! >7LLK4K43@ & r 744O crea$e a ne+ rec rd in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e +'ic' is iden$i&ied "% $'e c m"ina$i n & $'e ,e% a$$ri"u$es & $'e 5imensi n Ta"#es. In $'is case $'e 1us$ mer num"er, $'e Ma$eria# Id and $'e 5a% 6
C0an/es (n t0e $eal )o$l% -H ne) $o)s (n t0e fa't table

Mate$(al D(.ens(on Table
Mate$(al/$o&+ Mate$(al/$o&+ Mate$(al Mate$(al ? AAA ? AAA ? BBB ? BBB < < < < 111 111 555 555
C&sto.e$ D(.ens(on Table

C&sto.e$ C&sto.e$ C&st/$o&+ C&st/$o&+ DJ77........................... DJ77........................... DJ73........................... DJ73...........................
T(.e D(.ens(on Table

Da3 Mont0 Da3 Mont0 Dea$ Dea$ 7LLK4L47 ..................... 7LLK4L47 ..................... 7LLK4L43 7LLK4L43 ..................... .....................
Mate$(al Mate$(al C&sto.e$ C&sto.e$
Da3 Da3
Re-en&e Re-en&e
Fa't Table
A''ess(n/ ne) $e'o$% (n fa't table
AAA AAA BBB BBB 111 111 555 555 BBB BBB A%% ne) $e'o$% to fa't table
DJ77 DJ77 7LLK4L47 7LLK4L47 DJ73 DJ73 7LLK4L47 7LLK4L47 DJ73 7LLK4L47 DJ73 7LLK4L47 DJ73 DJ73 7LLK4L47 7LLK4L47 7<## 7<## #??= #??= ?? 22
744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 ##
BBB 7<## #??= ? 2
#
T$ansa't(on $e'o$%
2,
Star-II. T0e $ole of t0e D(.ens(on Tables Bu$ $'ere are a#s c'an.es "e$+een a$$ri"u$e (a#ues & a$$ri"u$es +i$'in $'e same dimensi n (e... $'e ma$eria# ? "e# n.s n # n.er $ ma$eria# .r u! < "u$ $ ma$eria# .r u! P). Usua##% $'ese c'an.es ccur m re r #ess &re0uen$ and in $'e $'e r% $'e% are $'ere& re ca##ed >s# +#% c'an.in. dimensi ns@. H + $ dea# +i$' $'ese c'an.es 'as a "i. im!ac$ n re! r$in. ! ssi"i#i$ies and $'e da$a +are' use mana.emen$. T'e di&&eren$ $ime scenari s $'a$ are ! ssi"#e and ' + % u can s #(e $'ese +i$' BW are discussed in de$ai# in $'e ne-$ sec$i ns. Re+o$t(n/ Star-III. Man% re! r$s can "e crea$ed "% accessin. re! r$in.). n#% $'e 5imensi n Ta"#es (Mas$er da$a
Star-IV. T'e S$ar Sc'ema sa(es in& rma$i n a" u$ $'in.s $'a$ did 'a!!en and not $'in.s $'a$ did n $ 'a!!en (e... re! r$ $'e re(enue & r $'e cus$ mers in Ne+ < r, +i$'in a cer$ain $ime s!an + u#d s' + $'e cus$ mers $'a$ 'a(e an% re(enue "u$ n $ $'e cus$ mers $'a$ 'a(e n re(enue) A//$e/at(on Star-V. On#% $'e in& rma$i n a$ $'e .ranu#ari$% & $'e 5imensi n Ta"#e ,e%s (Ma$eria# I5, 1us$ mer I5, Time 1 de I5, Sa#esRe! I5) need $ "e s$ red $ ma,e an% desired a..re.a$ed #e(e# & in& rma$i n a(ai#a"#e. Star-VI. M re !recise6 an% summariFed in& rma$i n can "e re$rie(ed a$ run $ime i.e. &r m a &unc$i na#i$% ! in$ & (ie+ $'ere is n need $ s$ re !reca#cu#a$ed a..re.a$ed da$a "u$ Star-VII. Wi$' #ar.e ( num"er & r +s) Fac$ Ta"#es and C r #ar.e 5imensi n Ta"#es !reca#cu#a$ed a..re.a$es mus$ "e in$r duced & r !er& rmance reas ns. Att$(b&te Relat(ons0(+s 4H(e$a$'0(es6 In $'e S$ar Sc'ema $'ere is ne (rea#) a$$ri"u$e (m s$ .ranu#ar) as uni0ue iden$i&ier & eac' 5imensi n Ta"#e r + 8 inin. $'e Fac$ Ta"#e. T'e $'er a$$ri"u$es & a 5imensi n Ta"#e n rma##% are !aren$s & suc' an iden$i&%in. a$$ri"u$e. T'is #eads $ $'e $erm Hierarc'%. Wi$' 'ierarc'ies $'ere e-is$ a # $ & c'a##en.es 6 Star-VIII. N6M re#a$i ns'i! +i$'in a dimensi n T'ere is n sim!#e +a% $ 'and#e an N6M re#a$i ns'i! "e$+een $+ a$$ri"u$es +i$'in a 5imensi n Ta"#e, suc' as 'a(in. ma$eria#s +i$' di&&eren$ c # rs. I& ma$eria# is $'e # +es$ #e(e#, i$ is n $ ! ssi"#e $ !u$ " $' ma$eria# and ma$eria# c # r in$ ne n rma# s$ar 5imensi n Ta"#e as +e + u#d 'a(e $'e ne ma$eria# (a#ue +i$' mu#$i!#e c # rs ass cia$ed +i$' $'a$ ne ma$eria#. I& $'is +ere $'e case, ma$eria# is n # n.er a uni0ue ,e%.
27
Star-IX. (s. I.7.I).N #ea& a$$ri"u$e (a#ues A.ain $'ere is n eas% +a% $ 'and#e $ransac$i na# in!u$ $ a S$ar Sc'ema +'ere $'e &ac$s are &&ered a$ di&&eren$ a$$ri"u$e #e(e#s +'ere"% $'e a$$ri"u$es "e# n. $ $'e same dimensi n. F r e-am!#e, assume $'ere are $'e a$$ri"u$es ma$eria# and ma$eria# .r u! in $'e same dimensi n. S me su"sidiaries can &&er $ransac$i na# da$a a$ ma$eria# #e(e# +'ereas $'ers can n#% &&er da$a a$ ma$eria# .r u! #e(e#. T'e resu#$ in $'e #a$$er case is 5imensi n Ta"#e r +s +i$' "#an, r nu## (a#ues & r $'e ma$eria#, +'ic' des$r %s $'e uni0ue ,e% ma$eria#. Star-X. Un"a#anced Hierarc'ies 2er% &$en +e 'a(e a$$ri"u$es in a dimensi n +'ere $'ere e-is$s a re#a$i ns'i! "e$+een s me a$$ri"u$e (a#ues +'ereas +i$' $'ers $'ere is n ne. As $'e re#a$i ns "e$+een a$$ri"u$e (a#ues & di&&eren$ a$$ri"u$es +i$'in a dimensi n & rm a $ree $'a$ +i## resu#$ in !a$'s &r m $'e r $ $ $'e #ea(es & di&&eren$ #en.$'. T'is un"a#anced 'ierarc'ies +i## !r duce re! r$s +i$' dumm% 'ierarc'% $ree n des. Table S(Ies an% Pe$fo$.an'e Star-XI. 5 nN$ des$r % "r +sin. !er& rmance. 5imensi n Ta"#es s' u#d 'a(e a Nre#a$i(e#%N sma## num"er & r +s (in c m!aris n $ $'e Fac$ Ta"#eQ &ac$ r a$ #eas$ 7674 un$i# 7634). S'0e.a Ma(ntenan'e Star-XII. T'ere are n #imi$a$i ns $ $'e S$ar Sc'ema +i$' res!ec$ $ $'e num"er & a$$ri"u$es in $'e dimensi n and Fac$ Ta"#es e-ce!$ $'e #imi$a$i ns caused "% $'e under#%in. re#a$i na# da$a "ase. Star-XIII. F#e-i"i#i$% re.ardin. $'e addi$i n & c'arac$eris$ics and ,e% &i.ures $ caused "% !r !er$ies & re#a$i na# da$a "ases. $'e sc'ema
8 M&lt(-D(.ens(onal S'0e.as (n BW
28
BW >5e(e# !ed@ S$ar Sc'emaBased n e-!erience +i$' $'e S$ar Sc'ema, $'e SAP BW Sc'ema uses a m re s !'is$ica$ed a!!r ac' $ .uaran$ee c nsis$enc% in $'e da$a +are' use and $ &&er sc'ema "ased &unc$i na#i$% $ c (er $'e end/users ana#%sis needs. 1rea$in. a (a#id a mu#$i/dimensi na# Sc'ema in BW means a#+a%s $'a$ % u 'a(e $ "ear in mind $'e (era## en$er!rise da$a +are' use re0uiremen$s and $'e s #u$i n s!eci&ic ana#%sis and re! r$in. needs. Wr n. decisi ns in $'is area +i## 'a(e a dee! im!ac$ $ $'e s #u$i n. T'e resu#$ can mean "ad !er& rmance r e(en an in(a#id sc'ema.
8"#
O-e$-(e)
T'e !ic$ure s' +s % u a mu#$i/dimensi na# BW Sc'ema usin. $'e e-am!#e &r m $'e !re(i us c'a!$ers. On#% $' se !ar$s are inc#uded +'ic' are im! r$an$ &r m $'e m de#in. ! in$ & (ie+.
SalesOrg Dimension SalesRe+ Maste$ Table

Sales%ep 'um&er Sales%ep 'um&er Sales DEP SalesO$/JD(.ens(onJID SalesRe+ Te1t Table Sales%ep 'um&er Sales%ep 'um&er :an.ua.e 1 de :an.ua.e 1 de SalesRe+ Na.e Sales %ep 'um&er SalesOrg Dimension Ta&le
Material Dimension
Mate$(alJD(.ens(onJID Material 'um&er Material Dimension Ta&le
Mate$(al Maste$ Table Material 'um&er Material 'um&er Mate$(al T3+e Mate$(al Te1t Table Material 'um&er Material 'um&er :an.ua.e 1 de :an.ua.e 1 de Mate$(al Na.e Mate$(al H(e$a$'03 Table
2 e r$ri e " s r. a n i s a $i n R e. i n 7 B e F ir, 7 Re.i n 3 Re.i n A
InfoCube
C&sto.e$ Maste$ Table Customer 'um&er Customer 'um&er C(t3 Re/(on C&sto.e$ Te1t Table Customer 'um&er Customer 'um&er :an.ua.e 1 de :an.ua.e 1 de C&sto.e$ Na.e
Ma$eria#R5imensi nRI5 Sa#esOr.R5imensi nRI5 TimeR5imensi nRI5 1us$ merR5imensi nRI5 Sa#es Am un$ =uan$i$%
Mate$(al B e F ir , 3 B e F G$o&+ ir , A B e F ir , D B e F ir , E
G e " ie $ A G e " ie $ A a G e " ie $ D G e " ie $ E G e " ie $ I G e " ie $ J G e " ie $ K
G e " ie $ 7
G e " ie $ 3
C&sto.e$JD(.ens(onJID Customer 'um&er Customer Dimension Ta&le
FACT Ta&le
T(.eJD(.ens(onJID <ear =ua$er M un$' 5a% Time Dimension Ta&le
Customer Dimension
Time Dimension
O"ser(a$i ns6 T'e cen$er & a mu#$idimensi na# Sc'ema in BW & rms $'e Fa't Table T'e &ac$s & $'e Fac$ Ta"#e are ca##ed in BW Ke3 F(/&$es (e... Sa#es Am un$). SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC" 2:
T'e Fac$ Ta"#e is surr unded "% D(.ens(ons A D(.ens(on c nsis$ & di&&eren$ $a"#e $%!es6 D(.ens(on Table T'e a$$ri"u$es & $'e 5imensi n Ta"#es are ca##ed in BW C0a$a'te$(st('s (e... Ma$eria#). T'e me$a da$a "8ec$ in BW $ descri"e 1'arac$eris$ics and a#s ;e% Fi.ures (&ac$s) is ca##ed InfoOb;e't Maste$ Tables > Maste$ Data Table 5e!enden$ a$$ri"u$es & a c'arac$eris$ic can "e s$ red in a se!ara$e $a"#e ca##ed $'e Maste$ Data Table & $'e c'arac$eris$ic. T'e% are ca##ed in BW $ermin # .% Att$(b&tes (e... Ma$eria# T%!e). Te1t Tables Te-$ua# descri!$i ns & a c'arac$eris$ic are s$ red in a se!ara$e Te1t Table . T'e s%s$em runs c nsis$en$#% in di&&eren$ #an.ua.es a$ a $ime. E1te$nal H(e$a$'03 Tables Hierarc'ies & c'arac$eris$ics r a$$ri"u$es ma! "e s$ red in se!ara$e H(e$a$'03 Tables. F r $'is reas n $'ese 'ierarc'ies are named E1te$nal H(e$a$'0(es (e... S$andard 1 s$ 1en$er Hierarc'% &r m RCA/1O & r $'e c'arac$eris$ic 1 s$ 1en$er).
Important
% possible point o# con#usion is the use o# the term hierarch! in BW. The normal understanding o# hierarch! is de#ined as a se,uence o# parent'child relationships between characteristics. 7rom this perspecti"e+ there are hierarchies in the Dimension Tables+ /aster Tables+ and in Hierarch! Tables.
T'e mu#$i/dimensi na# Sc'ema in BW is se!ara$ed in$ $+ !ar$s6 T'e InfoC&be +'ic' descri"es $'e !r cess rien$ed !ar$ & $'e s #u$i n. An In& 1u"e c nsis$ & One Fac$ Ta"#e and Se(era# 5imensi n Ta"#es
T0e InfoC&be 9 t0e sol&t(on %e+en%ent +a$t of t0e s'0e.a
2<
T'e s #u$i n/inde!enden$ s'ared Mas$er $a"#es (a#id & r use +i$' an% In& 1u"e and BW O5S O"8ec$ in $'e da$a +are' use. T'ese Mas$er $a"#es are $'e .#ue & $'e da$a +are' use and are discussed in de!$' in $'e ne-$ c'a!$er.
8"2
Conne't(n/ Maste$ Tables to InfoC&bes

In& 1u"es
T c (er a## $'e re0uiremen$s Mas$er Ta"#es & a BW Sc'ema are n $ #in,ed direc$#% $ as $'e & ## +in. sim!#i&ied !ic$ure i##us$ra$es 6 M&lt(-D(.ens(onal S'0e.a (n BW
2=

Maste$ Maste$ SID Tables Te1t H(e$a$'0(es SID Tables Te1t H(e$a$'0(es Maste$ SID Tables Te1t H(e$a$'0(es Maste$ SID Tables Te1t H(e$a$'0(es
D(.ens(on Table
Maste$ SID Tables Te1t H(e$a$'0(es
SID Tables Maste$
H(e$a$'0(es Te1t
D(.ens(on Table
FACT
D(.ens(on Table
SID Tables
H(e$a$'0(es Te1t
SID Tables Maste$
H(e$a$'0(es Te1t
D(.ens(on Table
D(.ens(on Table
SID Tables Maste$
Maste$
H(e$a$'0(es Te1t
SID Tables Maste$
H(e$a$'0(es Te1t
SID Tables Maste$
H(e$a$'0(es Te1t
As % u can "ser(e in $'e BW Sc'ema ! in$er r $rans#a$i n $a"#es ca##ed SID (Surr .a$e/I5) Tables are used $ #in, $'e s #u$i n inde!enden$ Mas$er $a"#es & $'e BW Sc'ema $ In& 1u"es. T'e .ra!'ic s' +s a sim!#i&ied (ersi n & $'e rea#i$% +'a$ ,ind & SI5 $a"#es e-is$ and $'eir $as,s is discussed in de$ai# in $'e SI5 $a"#e sec$i n.
2?
8",
D(.ens(ons (n a BW S'0e.a
Ear#ier +e in$r duced s me "asic ru#es $ de&ine $'e dimensi ns n $'e resu#$s & $'e !ri r ana#%sis. Ru#es & $'um" $ 6 A$$ri"u$es +i$' 76N c ndi$i na# re#a$i ns'i!s s' u#d "e s$ red in $'e same D(.ens(on , suc' as ma$eria# .r u! and ma$eria#. T'e & rei.n /H !rimar% ,e% re#a$i ns de&ine $'e dimensi ns. I& +e 'a(e made $'e decisi n a" u$ $'e mem"ers & a dimensi n +e 'a(e $ c nsider $'a$ a D(.ens(on in $'e BW Sc'ema mi.'$ c nsis$s & di&&eren$ !ar$s 6
Mate rial Dim e ns ion Dime

Mate$(alJD(.ens(onJID Material 'um&er Material Dimension Ta&le
Mate$(al Maste$ Table Material 'um&er Material 'um&er Mate$(al T3+e Mate$(al Te1t Table Material 'um&er Material 'um&er :an.ua.e 1 de :an.ua.e 1 de Mate$(al Na.e Mate$(al H(e$a$'03 Table
2 e r$rie " s r . a n is a $i n Re.i n 7 B e F ir, 7 G e " ie $ 7 Re.i n 3 Re.i n A
Mate$(al B e F ir , 3 B e F G$o&+ ir , A B e F ir , D B e F ir, E

G e " i e $ A G e " i e $ A a G e " ie $ D G e " ie $ E G e " ie $ I G e " ie $ J G e " ie $ K
G e " ie $ 3
We em!'asiFe $'e & ## +in.6 D(.ens(ons (n a BW S'0e.a T'e de!enden$ a$$ri"u$es & $'e c'arac$eris$ics can reside in di&&eren$ # ca$i ns & a BW Sc'ema 5imensi n. One & $'e !rimar% . a#s & $'is !a!er is $ s' + $'e di&&eren$ m de#in. as!ec$s +'ic' resu#$ in a di&&eren$ # ca$i n & an a$$ri"u$e in a dimensi n & a mu$i/dimensi na# BW sc'ema. 2 SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC" ,#
/aterial Dimension
Mate$(al D(.ens(on table
Mate$(al
As a Characteristic (
Mate$(al Maste$ table
Mate$(al/$o&+
As a 'avigational ! Display Attri&ute ( As a )ierarchy
Mate$(al H(e$a$'03 table
as $'e .ra!'ic s' +s $'e Ma$eria# / Ma$eria# .r u! re#a$i n can "e desi.ned de&inin. Ma$eria# .r u! ei$'er as a 1'arac$eris$ic i.e. mem"er & a Mate$(al D(.ens(on Table r as an a$$ri"u$e i.e. mem"er & $'e Mate$(al Maste$ Table r as a n de descri"in. a$$ri"u$e & $'e Mate$(al H(e$a$'03 Table r as an3 'o.b(nat(on & $'e a" (e !$i ns. n $'e desired $ime as!ec$s in % ur 0ueries and is
W'ic' c' ice &i$s "es$ !rimari#% de!ends discussed in c'a!$er E.
Important
To a"oid con#usion we emphasi:e; In BW the terms characteristic and attribute shall onl! show the di##erent locations in the Schema. %s shown abo"e the /aterial group can occur e"en in the same schema as a Characteristic in the /aterial Dimension table and as an %ttri&ute o# /aterial in the /aterial /aster Data Table. Without regard to a speci#ic schema location as with the meta data de#inition we $ust tal& about In#oOb$ects o# t!pe characteristic.
,2
8","#
8","2
Maste$ Data Table
5e&inin. an InfoOb;e't of t3+e C0a$a'te$(st(' % u 'a(e $'e & ## +in. m de#in. re#e(an$ !$i ns +i$' res!ec$ $ $'e de&in$i n & $'e Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#e. 8","2"# Refe$en'e C0a$a'te$(st(' Ass(/n.ent
W'en de&inin. an In& O"8ec$ & $%!e c'arac$eris$ic % u are as,ed +'e$'er % u +an$ $ re&er $ an e-is$in. $'er c'arac$eris$ic. I& % u d s "eside $'ers $'e ne+ c'arac$eris$ic +i## 'a(e $'e mas$er $a"#e & $'e re&erred c'arac$eris$ic. F r e-am!#e6 $'e c'arac$eris$ics >sendin. c s$cen$er@ and >recei(in. c s$cen$er@ re&er $ c'arac$eris$ic 41OST1ENTER and $'us $'e same Mas$er Ta"#es 8","2"2 Maste$ Table E1(sten'e $'e same
5 es a Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#e e-is$ a$ a## S ($a" s$ri!6 Mas$er 5a$a /H 1'ec, " -) T'is a## +s % u d add In& "8ec$s as a$$ri"u$es in $'e a$$ri"u$e $a" s$ri! sec$i n. & a d cumen$ num"er ma% "e assi.ned $ $'er F r e-am!#e in % ur sc'ema a## a$$ri"u$es c'arac$eris$ics #i,e cus$ mer r ma$eria#.
,,
8","2",
Ass(/n(n/ Att$(b&tes
A resu#$ & $'e m de#in. !'ase are $'e a$$ri"u$es & a c'arac$eris$ic +'ic' s'a## reside in i$@s Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#e. T'e a$$ri"u$es are added usin. $'e >A$$ri"u$es@ $a" s$ri! in $'e In& O"8ec$ main$enance.

T'ese a$$ri"u$es & rm $'e c mmunica$i n s$ruc$ure & r $'e In& S urce $ # ad $'e mas$er da$a. 8","2"7 Att$(b&tes an% L&e$3(n/
W'e$'er an a$$ri"u$e can ! $en$ia##% "e used & r 0uer% na(i.a$i n (suc' as dri##/d +n, u!, acr ss, r +i$'in) n an In& 1u"e r O5S O"8ec$ can "e indi(idua##% de&ined (A$$ri"u$e $a" s$ri!/H Na(i.a$i na# c'ec, " -es). I& % u mar, $'e na(i.a$i n c'ec, " - & an a$$ri"u$e $'is a$$ri"u$e is ca##ed a Na-(/at(onal Att$(b&te" N $e6 % u 'a(e $ ac$i(a$e $'e Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$es in $'e In& 1u"e de&ini$i n $ a## + na(i.a$i n +i$' res!ec$ $ $'is In& 1u"e. Fr m na(i.a$i na# ! in$ & (ie+ na(i.a$i na# a$$ri"u$es "e'a(e #i,e c'arac$eris$ics in an In& 1u"e. Bu$ $'e re! r$in. "e'a(i r & $'e Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$es in Mas$er Ta"#es di&&er &r m $'e c'arac$eris$ics "e'a(i r. A$$ri"u$es n $ used & r na(i.a$i n are ca##ed D(s+la3 Att$(b&tes" I& an In& O"8ec$ & $%!e c'arac$eris$ic is an a$$ri"u$e and n $ mar,ed as na(i.a$i na# a$$ri"u$e $'en i$ is n#% ! ssi"#e $ re! r$ $'is a$$ri"u$e in c n8unc$i n +i$' a c'arac$eris$ic r +i$' a na(i.a$i na# a$$ri"u$e. F r a$$ri"u$es & $%!e ,e% &i.ure $'e & ## +in. a!!#ies6 In& O"8ec$s & $%!e ,e% &i.ure are a#+a%s 5is!#a% A$$ri"u$es. I& % u +an$ $ ca#cu#a$e in a 0uer% +i$' an a$$ri"u$e i$ 'as $ "e an In& O"8ec$ & $%!e ,e% &i.ure. InfoOb;e't Na.es an% Na.es of Att$(b&tes
8","2"8
I$ is ! ssi"#e $ crea$e sc'emas 'a(in. $'e same In& O"8ec$ as c'arac$eris$ic in a 5imensi n Ta"#e & an In& 1u"e and as Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$e & an $'er c'arac$eris$ic +'ic' is in $'e In& 1u"e as +e##. T a( id c n&usi n % u s' u#d .i(e a name $ $'e Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$e $'a$ di&&ers &r m i$s c'arac$eris$ic name. T'e name is de&ined in $'e a$$ri"u$e $a"s$ri! & r eac' na(i.a$i na# a$$ri"u$e. F r e-am!#e6 T'e In& O"8ec$ MMATERIA: is in $'e In& 1u"e and MMATGR is a Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$e &r m MMATERIA:. :e$@s assume MMATGR is as a resu#$ & $'e m de# a#s a c'arac$eris$ic in $'e In& 1u"e. >Ma$eria# .r u!@ is $'e name & $'e In& O"8ec$ MMATGR i& n + % u + u#d use $'e same name >Ma$eria# .r u!@ & r $'e Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$e $'is name + u#d ccur $+ice in $'e In& 1u"e descri!$i n & $'e 0uer% "ui#der. T'is + u#d cer$ain#% c n&use $'e end user.
,7
8","2":
T(.e De+en%ent Att$(b&tes
Eac' A$$ri"u$e can "e de&ined indi(idua##% as T(.e De+en%ent . An e-am!#e +i## ma,e c#ear $'e di&&eren$ "e'a(i r & Not T(.e De+en%ent an% T(.e De+en%ent Att$(b&tes " E-am!#e Not T(.e De+en%ent Att$(b&tes 6 T'e In& O"8ec$ Ma$eria# 'as $'e a$$ri"u$e Ma$T%!e and +e are n#% in$eres$ed $ use $'e #a$es$ Ma$eria#s / Ma$T%!es c ns$e##a$i ns +i$'in re! r$s. Ma$T%!e is de&ined as a n $ $ime de!enden$ a$$ri"u$e (n c'ec, in $ime de!enden$ c'ec, " -). :e$s assume $'a$ Ma$eria# >BBB@ 'as Ma$T%!e >A44@ in 4L 7LLK. T'en a ne+ assi.nmen$ & Ma$T%!e >344@ $ Ma$eria# >BBB@ in 74 7LLK + u#d (er+ri$e $'e #d c ns$e##a$i n. T'e Ma$eria# G Ma$T%!e assi.nmen$s are s$ red in $'e Not T(.e De+en%ent Att$(b&te Maste$ Data Table 6
Ma$eria# AAA BBB 111 555
Ma$T%!e 744 344 744 744
N $ Time 5e!enden$ A$$ri"u$e Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#e ($a"#e name6 CBI1CPMa$eria#)

E-am!#e T(.e De+en%ent Att$(b&tes6 T'e In& O"8ec$ Ma$eria# 'as $'e a$$ri"u$e Ma$Gr u!.We are a#s in$eres$ed in & rmer Ma$eria#s G Ma$Gr u! c ns$e##a$i ns. Ma$Gr u! is de&ined as a $ime de!enden$ a$$ri"u$e (c'ec, in $ime de!enden$ c'ec, " -). :e$s assume $'a$ Ma$eria# >BBB@ 'as Ma$Gr u! >?@. T'en &r m Oc$ "er, 7 s$ 7LLK a ne+ assi.nmen$ & Ma$Gr u! ><@ $ Ma$eria# >BBB@ is (a#id. T'e resu#$ is a ne+ rec rd in $'e T(.e De+en%ent Att$(b&te Maste$ Data Table +i$' $'e res!ec$i(e (a#idi$%. T'e #d c ns$e##a$i n .e$s n#% a ne+ >5a$e T @ (a#ue6
,8
Ma$eria# 5a$eFr m AAA BBB BBB 111 555 47C7444 47C7444 74C7LLK 47C7444 47C7444
5a$eT 73CLLLL 4LC7LLK 73CLLLL 73CLLLL 73CLLLL
Ma$Gr u! ? ? < < <
Time 5e!enden$ A$$ri"u$e Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#e ($a"#e name6 CBI1C=Ma$eria#)

T'ere e-is$ ne im! r$an$ as!ec$ &r m $'e m de#in. ! in$ +'ic' +e +an$ $ em!'asiFe6 T(.e De+en%ent Att$(b&tes an% L&e$3(n/ 5urin. a sin.#e 0uer% e-ecu$i n n#% ONE c'arac$eris$c (a#ue G Time 5e!enden$ A$$ri"u$e (a#ue c ns$e##a$i n can "e addressedT Addressin. a s!eci&ic c ns$e##a$i n is d ne (ia $'e 0uer% ;e% 5a$e. T'e ;e% 5a$e is (a#id & r a## $ime de!enden$ a$$ri"u$es assi.nmen$s +'ic' are used in $'e 0uer%. We summariFe $'e & ## +in. as!ec$s6 In $'e A$$ri"u$e $a"s$ri! sec$i n e-is$s ne >$ime de!enden$@ c'ec, " - & r eac' a$$ri"u$e. Time de!endenc% & an a$$ri"u$e a## +s % u $ ,ee! $rac, n $'e c'an.es (er $ime & $'e re#a$i n & $'e c'arac$eris$ic and $'e $ime de!enden$ a$$ri"u$e (a#ues. Fr m $'e $ec'nica# im!#emen$a$i n ! in$ & (ie+ $'ere e-is$ t)o Maste$ Data Tables i& +e 'a(e n $ $ime de!enden$ and $ime de!enden$ a$$ri"u$es. One mas$er da$a $a"#e $ s$ re a## re#a$i ns $ n $ $ime de!enden$ a$$ri"u$es (name & $'e $a"#e6 CBI1C Pin#ob$ectname) and ne $a"#e & r re#a$i ns $ $ime de!enden$ a$$ri"u$es (name & $'e $a"#e6 CBI1CLin#ob$ectname). T'e $ime de!enden$ a$$ri"u$es mas$er da$a $a"#e 'as addi$i na# 5ATETO and 5ATEFROM s%s$em a$$ri"u$es. In 0ueries $'e di&&eren$ c ns$e##a$i ns are addressed usin. $'e ,e% da$e (/H =uer% !r !er$ies). T'e (a#idi$% a$$ri"u$es are n $ a(ai#a"#e & r na(i.a$i n. , a$ $'e re! r$in. ! ssi"i#i$ies & $ime de!enden$ a$$ri"u$es is .i(en in c'a!$er E.
N $e6 T'e $a"#e names & BW "usiness c n$en$ In& O"8ec$s s$ar$ +i$' CBI4C ... A c# ser # 2
,:
Important
T'ere are no +$e'al'&late% a//$e/ates a$ $ime/de!enden$ a$$ri"u$e #e(e#T
8","2"<
Co.+o&n% Att$(b&tes
1'arac$eris$ics ma% n $ "e uni0ue i.e. an $'er a$$ri"u$e is necessar% $ a## + addressin. $'e da$a. E-am!#e6 $'e In& O"8ec$ 41OST1ENTER (c s$ cen$er) &&ered &r m RCA a!!#ica$i ns is n#% uni0ue +i$' $'e In& O"8ec$ 41ORAREA (1 n$r ##in. Area) T'ese addi$i na# c'arac$eris$ics a$$ri"u$es can "e de&ined in $'e c m! und $a"s$ri!sec$ sec$i n & $'e c'arac$eris$ic In& O"8ec$ main$enance.
8",",
Te1t Tables
T'e Te-$ Ta"#e & an In& O"8ec$ & T%!e c'arac$eris$ic ,ee!s $'e descri!$i ns & $'e c'arac$eris$ic (a#ues. T'e e-is$ence & a $e-$ $a"#e and di&&eren$ descri!$i n $%!es as s' r$, midd#e and # n. $e-$ descri!$i ns and #an.ua.e de!endenc% can "e de&ined in $'e mas$er da$a $a"s$ri! sec$i n. T'e Te-$ Ta"#e r "e$$er $'e descri!$i n a$$ri"u$es ma% "e de&ined as t(.e %e+en%ent" T$ansfe$ R&les ma% "e a!!#ied durin. $e-$ da$a # ad.
,<
8","7
SID Tables
SI5 Ta"#es !#a% an im! r$an$ r #e #in,in. $'e da$a +are' use in& rma$i n s$ruc$ures $ $'e su"8ec$/ rien$ed In& 1u"es and O5S O"8ec$s. T s!eed u! $'e access $ In& 1u"es and $ a## + an In& 1u"e and O5S/O"8ec$ inde!enden$ mas$er da$a #a%er eac' c'arac$eris$ic and a$$ri"u$e is assi.ned a SI5 c #umn and $'eir (a#ues are enc ded in$ D/"%$e in$e.er (a#ues. N $e6 T'e a#. ri$'m $ de$ermine a SI5 (a#ue + r,s &as$es$ i& $'e c'arac$eris$ic d es n $ e-ceed $'e numerica# siFe & nine as in $'is case $'e c'arac$eris$ic (a#ues +i## "e $'e SI5. N $radi$i na# SI5 $a"#e 'as $ "e accessed as $'e c'arac$ereris$ic r a$$ri"u$e (a#ues c rres! nd 767 $ $'eir SI5s.
8","7"#
InfoOb;e't Def(n(t(on an% SID Tables
T &&er !$ima# !er& rmance +i$' $'e (ari us sc'emas +i$' res!ec$ $ mas$er da$a access $'ree di&&eren$ SI5 $a"#es mi.'$ "e .enera$ed. SI5 $a"#es +i$' res!ec$ $ Mas$er 5a$a6 T'e GT$a%(t(onal@ SID table +'ic' +e ,n + a#read% &r m ear#ier (ersi ns is a#+a%s .enera$ed i& an In& O"8ec$ is n $ de&ined as >A$$ri"u$e On#%@ (Ta"s$ri! .enera#). T'is $a"#e is used i& $'e access $ an In& cu"e r O5S/O"8ec$ use an na(i.a$i na# a$$ri"u$e r i& $'e access is (ia a c'arac$eris$ic +i$' u$ a$$ri"u$es. T'e Not T(.e De+en%ent Att$(b&te SID table de!enden$ a$$ri"u$es. T'e T(.e De+en%ent Att$(b&te SID table a$$ri"u$es. & a c'arac$eris$ic & r access (ia n $ $ime
& a c'arac$eris$ic & r access (ia $ime de!enden$
E-am!#e6 Su!! sed $'e In& O"8ec$ Ma$eria# 'as a$$ri"u$es & $%!e >n $ $ime de!enden$@ and >$ime de!enden$@. T'e ac$i(ia$i n & $'is In& O"8ec$ .enera$es $'e & ## +in. $a"#es (& r i##us$ra$i n !ur! ses +e use $'e e-am!#e &r m $'e Mas$er Ta"#e sec$i n) 6 6 Ma$eria# Mas$er Ta"#e & r not t(.e %e+en%ent a$$ri"u$es 6 5BIC5Pma$eria#
,=
Ma$eria# AAA BBB 111 555
Ma$T%!e 744 344 744 744
N $ Time 5e!enden$ A$$ri"u$e Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#e ($a"#e name6 CBI1CPMa$eria#)
,?
Ma$eria# Mas$er Ta"#e & r t(.e %e+en%ent a$$ri"u$es
6 5BIC5LMa$eria#
Ma$eria# 5a$eFr m AAA BBB BBB 111 555 47C7444 47C7444 74C7LLK 47C7444 47C7444
Ma$Gr u! ? ? < < <
Time 5e!enden$ A$$ri"u$e Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#e ($a"#e name6 CBI1C=Ma$eria#)
Ma$eria# SI5 Ta"#e (t$a%(t(onal SID Ta"#e)
6 5BIC5SMa$eria#
Ma$eria#/SI5 Ma$eria# 447 443 44A 44D AAA BBB 111 555
>Tradi$i na#> SI5 Ta"#e ($a"#e name6 CBI1CSMa$eria#)
Ma$eria# not t(.e %e+en%ent Att$(b&te SID Ta"#e
6 5BIC5EMa$eria#
Ma$eria#/SI5 Ma$eria# 447 443 44A 44D AAA BBB 111 555
Ma$T%!e/SI5 33333 AAAAA 33333 33333
N $ Time 5e!enden$ A$$ri"u$e SI5 Ta"#e ($a"#e name6 CBI1C?Ma$eria#)
Ma$eria# t(.e %e+en%ent Att$(b&te SID Ta"#e
6 5BIC5DMa$eria#
Ma$eria#/SI5 Ma$eria# 447 443 443 44A 44D AAA BBB BBB 111 555
5a$eFr m 47C7444 47C7444 74C7LLK 47C7444 47C7444
Ma$Gr u!/SI5 L74 L74 L34 L34 L34
Time 5e!enden$ A$$ri"u$e SI5 Ta"#e ($a"#e name6 CBI1C<Ma$eria#)
8","7"2
SID Tables Ma(netan'e
A## $'ese SI5 $a"#es are au$ ma$ica##% main$ained durin. mas$er da$a # ad. SI5 $a"#es are main$ained durin. In& 1u"e # ad i& n (In& Pac,a.e). 8","7", InfoC&be A''ess an% SID Tables re&eren$ia# in$e.ri$% c'ec, is en& rced
T .e$ an unders$andin. & $'e &unc$i n & $'ese SI5 $a"#es a sim!#e e-am!#e is .i(en ' + $'e resu#$ & 0uer% is e(a#ua$ed. I& +e need $'e & ## +in. in& rma$i n 6 S0o) .e t0e Sales A.o&nt & r 1us$ mers # ca$ed in NNe+ < r,N )(t0 Mate$(al /$o&+ CEC an% GD@ in $'e <ear M N7LLLN :e$s assume $'e Ma$eria# .r u! is an Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$e (n $ $ime de!enden$) & $'e c'arac$eris$ic Ma$eria# in $'e Ma$eria# Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#e and +e 'a(e n !rede&ined a..re.a$es a$ Ma$eria# .r u! #e(e#. H + $'e di&&eren$ $a"#es & $'e Ma$eria# 5imensi n Ta"#e s' +s $'e & ## +in. !ic$ure6 !era$e $ .e$'er $ access $'e In& 1u"e Fac$
7#
SID Tables fo$ Info'&be A''ess

Mate$(al Mate$(alMaste$ Maste$table table
Mate$(al AAA CCC DDD MatG$o&+ E D D MatG$o&+ SID MatG$o&+ E D M SID Mate$(al Mate$(al SID MatG$o&+ ,78 :<= ???
E1a.+le> S0o) .e t0e sales -al&es fo$ .ate$(al /$o&+ E an% D
(Name6 CBI1CPMATERIA:) (Name6 CBI1CPMATERIA:)
MatG$o&+ MatG$o&+SID SIDtable table
Not &se% fo$ Info'&be a''ess N
(Name6 CBI1CSMATGROUP) (Name6 CBI1CSMATGROUP)
*** +++ ,,,

D(. ID D(. ID * + , Sales # " #2" 28" * + , SID Mate$(al *** +++ ,,,
AAA CCC DDD
,-. /01 /01
Mate$(al Mate$(alnn $ $$ime $imede!enden$ de!enden$ Att$(b&tes SID Att$(b&tes SIDtable table
(Name6 CBI1C?MATERIA:) (Name6 CBI1C?MATERIA:)
D(.ens(on table Fa't table
Not &se% (n t0(s E1a.+le >> Not &se% (n t0(s E1a.+le 9T$a%(t(onal Mate$(al SID Table> 5BIC5S MATERIA: 9T$a%(t(onal Mate$(al SID Table> 5BIC5S MATERIA: 9T(.e %e+en%ent Mate$(al Maste$ Table> 5BIC5L MATERIA: 9T(.e %e+en%ent Mate$(al Maste$ Table> 5BIC5L MATERIA: 9Mate$(al T(.e %e+en%ent Att$(b&tes SID Table> 5BIC5D MATERIA: 9Mate$(al T(.e %e+en%ent Att$(b&tes SID Table> 5BIC5D MATERIA:
T'en $'e resu#$ se$ & r $'e Ma$eria# .r u!s is de$ermined in $+ s$e!s6 B$o)s(n/ t0e tables t0at fo$. t0e D(.ens(ons Ma$eria# 5imensi n Access $'e >$radi$i na#@ /aterial group SID Table and se#ec$ $'e Ma$eria# .r u! SI5s ('ere >ADE@ and >IJK@) & r /aterial group M N?N and ><@ Access $'e /aterial not time dependent %ttribute SID Table +i$' $'ese Ma$eria# .r u! SI5s and de$ermine $'e Ma$eria# SI5 (a#ues ('ere >777@, >333@ and >AAA@). Access $'e /aterial Dimension Table +i$' $'ese Ma$eria# SI5 (a#ues and de$ermine $'e Ma$eria# 5imensi n $a"#e 5im/Id (a#ues ('ere >7@, >3@ and >A@) 1us$ mer 5imensi n6 same !r ceedin. Time 5imensi n6 same !r ceedin.
As a resu#$ & $'ese $'ree "r +sin. ac$i(i$ies, $'ere are a num"er & ,e% (a#ues ( /aterial Dimension Table Dim Ids+ -ustomer Dimension Table Dim'Ids+ Time Dimension Table Dim Ids), ne &r m eac' 5imensi n Ta"#e a&&ec$ed. A''ess(n/ t0e Fa't Table Usin. $'e ,e% (a#ues (5im/Ids) de$ermined durin. Br +sin., se#ec$ a## rec rds in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e +'ic' 'a(e $'ese (a#ues in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e rec rd ,e%. 2 SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC" 72
We can summariFe $'a$ accessin. an In& 1u"e n >rea# (a#ue@ Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#es are used. T'e & ## +in. .ra!'ic i##us$ra$es $'a$6
7,
SID Tables an% InfoC&be A''ess % %
% $
% % % % % %
1
% %
(1) Fact Table ( ) Dimension Tables (!) time-in"e#en"ent-SI D ($) time-"e#en"ent-SI D (%) &tra"itional& SI D SID
! % !
! ! % ! % % %
77
8","8
E1te$nal H(e$a$'03 Table
Hierarc'ies in .enera# are essen$ia# s$ruc$ures & r na(i.a$i n and & c urse 'a(in. c'arac$eris$ics and a$$ri"u$es in $'e 5imensi n Ta"#es and Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#es $'a$ are re#a$ed in a se0uence & !aren$/c'i#d re#a$i ns'i!s means 'ierarc'ies "u$ in$erna# 'ierarc'ies. E-$erna# Hierarc'ies & a c'arac$eris$ic are de&ined se!era$#% &r m $'e $'er mas$er da$a and are as men$i ned a" (e inde!en$ &r m s!ec&ic In& 1u"es. T'e% are $'ere& re ca##ed E1te$nal H(e$a$'0(es. T'e di&&eren$ m de# !r !er$ies & >in$erna#@ and >e-$erna#@ 'ierarc'ies in $'e BW Sc'ema +i## "e discussed in c'a!$er E. 8","8"# 5urin. $'e crea$i n & an In& O"8ec$ & $%!e c'arac$eris$ic % u de&ine $'e "asic &unc$i na#i$% & E-$erna# Hierac'ies & r $'is In& O"8ec$ (Ta"s$ri!6 Hierarc'ies) and +'e$'er $'e% e-is$ a$ a##. 8","8"2 E1te$nal H(e$a$'03 T3+es
T'e & ## +in. e-$erna# 'ierarc'% $%!es are ! ssi"#e 6 7. A## + 2ersi nin. and C (5a$eT , 5a$e Fr m) r $ime de!endenc% & $'e +' #e e-$erna# 'ierarc'% s$ruc$ure
3. Or (e-c#usi(e) a## + $ime de!endenc% & r eac' e-$erna# 'ierarc'% n de ($ime de!enden$ s$ruc$ure) Wi$' " $' s$ruc$ure $%!es % u can a## + in$er(a#s & r $'e #ea(e n des +'ic' ma,e $'e de&ini$i n & an E-$erna# Hierarc'% easier.
Important
7rom the per#ormance perspecti"e it is important to &now+ that ith e ternal hierarchies o# t!pe 4 there are precalculated aggregates at each le"el e"en #or speci#ic node "alues possible. With e ternal hierarchies o# t!pe 6 there are no precalculated aggregates. 8","8", Tables fo$ E1te$nal H(e$a$'0(es
T'e ac$i(a$i n & $'e In& O"8ec$ Ma$eria# resu#$s in $'e crea$i n & $'e & ## +in. $a"#es6 Ma$eria# H(e$a$'03 Ta"#e 6 Ma$eria# H(e$a$'03 SID Ta"#e 6 Ma$eria# SID-St$&'t&$e H(e$a$'03 Ta"#e 6 6 5BIC5HMa$eria# 6 5BIC5KMa$eria# 6 5BIC5IMa$eria#
8","8"7
Loa%(n/ E1te$nal H(e$a$'03 Data
E-$erna# 'ierarc'ies can "e $rans&erred in$ $'e BW direc$#% &r m an SAP !r duc$ en(ir nmen$ (e... s$andard c s$ cen$er 'ierarc'% &r m RCA), de&ined manua##% in BW r # aded (ia &#a$ &i#e. T'e #a$es$ is discussed in a se!ara$e !a!er.
78
8","8"8
E1te$nal H(e$a$'0(es an% InfoC&be A''ess
BW a## +s % u $'e de&ini$i n & mu#$i!#e E-$erna# Hierarc'ies & r a c'arac$eris$ic. E-$erna# Hierarc'ies can "e used & r c'arac$eris$ics in $'e 5imensi n Ta"#es and & r ac$i(a$ed Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$es & r 0uer% na(i.a$i n. E-am!#e6 1 nsider a sim!#e e-$erna# 'ierarc'% & r c'arac$eris$ic 1 un$r%. 1 un$r% is a mem"er & $'e 1us$ mer 5imensi n Ta"#e "u$ i$ c u#d "e ins$ead r addi$i na##% a Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$e in $'e 1us$ mer Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#e. T'e n des are & $e-$ua# na$ure. I& >1 n$inen$@ + u#d "e an In& O"8ec$ & $%!e c'arac$eris$ic +e c u#d use $'is In& O"8ec$ $ de&ine $'e n des usin. i$s c'arac$eris$ic (a#ues #i,e >Eur !e@6
Co&nt$3 H(e$a$'03
-, -2 , 7 8 -# # 2 :P
P Set I%s onl3 s0o)n fo$ bette$ &n%e$stan%(n/
Wo$l% E&$o+e Ge$.an3 A&st$(a S)(tIe$lan% A.e$('a USA Cana%a Oa+an
H + $'e access &undamen$a##% + r,s i##us$ra$es $'e & ## +in. .ra!'ic6
7:

SID Table> Co&nt$3 Co&nt$3 Ba!an German% Aus$ria S+i$F. USA 1anada SID I A D E 7 3 In'l&s(on Table> Co&nt$3 C0(l% Pa$ent /3 /7 : , 7 8 # 2 /A /A /A /3 /3 /3 /7 /7
SID Table> No%es No%es America

Te-$ U Re!. A$$ri"u$es
SID /7 /3 /A
Te-$ U Re!. A$$ri"u$es
Eur !e W r#d
C&sto.e$ D(.ens(on Table DIM-ID C&st-SID 7J77 7J73 3J77 AJ77 DJ77 EJ77 IJ77 Co&nt$3-SID # # 2 , 7 8 :
Fa't Table
77 33 AA DD EE II JJ
A n de & a 'ierarc'% can "e ei$'er $e-$ua# r an In& O"8ec$ +i$' a s!eci&ied (a#ue e... In& O"8ec$ Ma$eria# .r u! +i$' (a#ue >?@. A## 5is!#a% A$$ri"u$es & $'e In& O"8ec$ Ma$eria# Gr u! are ass cia$ed +i$' $'is n de.
7<
T'e use & In& 1u"e/inde!enden$ Hierarc'% Ta"#es is an addi$i na# !rere0uisi$e & r an en$er!rise/ +ide da$a +are' use "ecause $'e Hierarc'% Ta"#e & r a c'arac$eris$ic n#% e-is$s nce. Mu#$i!#e In& 1u"es s urin. $'e same c'arac$eris$ic in a 5imensi n Ta"#e access $'e same Hierarc'% Ta"#e. T'is is an $'er arc'i$ec$ura# as!ec$ $'a$ acc mm da$es da$a in$e.ra$i n.
8",": 8",":"#
D(.ens(on Tables of an InfoC&be Def(n(n/ D(.ens(on Tables
In $'e de&ini$i n & an In& 1u"e % u se#ec$ a## $'e In& O"8ec$s & $%!e c'arac$eris$ic +'ic' s'a## "e direc$ mem"ers & $'is In& 1u"e. A&$er $'is % u de&ine % ur 5imensi ns and assi.n $'e se#ec$ed c'arac$eris$ics $ a 5imensi n.
Important
BW does not #orce !ou to assign onl! related characteristics to the same Dimension Table. This o##ers !ou additional schema potential. *e"ertheless as a rule o# thumb !ou should put onl! characteristics into the same Dimension that ha"e a parent < child relationsship. T'e ac$i(a$i n & $'e In& 1u"e resu#$s (+i$' ne e-ce!$i n +'ic' +e discuss #a$er) $'en in $'e .enera$i n & In& 1u"e 5imensi n Ta"#es ne & r eac' 5imensi n. 8",":"2 Col&.ns of a D(.ens(on Table
T'e c #umns & a 5imensi n Ta"#e are n $ $'e c'arac$eris$ics $'emse#& "u$ $'e SI5s & $'e c'arac$eris$ics % u 'a(e c' sen $ "e mem"er & $'e In& 1u"e 5imensi n (Ta"#e). T'e uni0ue ,e% & a 5imensi n Ta"#e is $'e 5imensi n I5 (5IM/I5) $'a$ is a surr .a$e ,e% ( in$e.er D).
C&sto.e$ D(.ens(on Table DIM-ID 77 33 AA DD EE II JJ C&st-SID 7J77 7J73 3J77 AJ77 DJ77 EJ77 IJ77 Co&nt$3-SID # # 2 , 7 8 :
We em!'asiFe6
7=
In $'e BW Sc'ema a surr .a$e ,e% is used as a uni0ue ,e% +i$' eac' 5imensi n Ta"#e, n $ $'e rea# m s$ .ranu#ar c'arac$eris$ic +i$'in $'e dimensi n. I.e. & r eac' uni0ue c m"ina$i n & SI5 (a#ues & $'e di&&eren$ c'arac$eris$ics +i$'in a 5imensi n Ta"#e $'ere is a uni0ue surr .a$e ,e% (a#ue assi.ned. S in $'e BW $'e 5imensi n Ta"#es are 8 ined $ $'e Fac$ Ta"#e usin. surr .a$e ,e%s.
Important
The use o# a surrogate &e! as a uni,ue &e! in a Dimension Table allows modeling patterns li&e *;/ relationships within the same dimension or li&e lea#less hierarchies and most important it allows !ou to #ollow up changes o# constellations between "alues o# di##erent characteristics within the same dimension o"er time (time rows). This will be discussed in depth in chapter =.
7?
8",":", L(.(tat(ons An In& 1u"e a## +s 7I 5imensi ns A 5imensi ns e-is$ +i$' eac' In& 1u"e (+'e$'er $'e% are used and $'us (isi"#e r n $) Time 5imensi n Uni$C 1urrenc% 5imensi n Pac,e$ 5imensi n T'us remainin. 7A 5imensi ns & r indi(idua# sc'ema desi.n Wi$'in eac' 5imensi n Ta"#e ma% "e u! $ 3DK c'arac$eris$ics
Important
It should be mentioned that in the mar&et sometimes each attribute > characteristic is called a dimension. This a potential point o# misunderstandings as $ust sa!ing with the BW Schema we ha"e 4? dimensions and three o# them are used internall! this ma! sound "er! limited. Using this de#inition o# a dimension there are 4@ A 6B3 dimensions possible with BW plus the dimensions de#ined b! the *a"igational %ttributes. 8",":"7 D(.ens(ons an% Na-(/at(on
A## c'arac$eris$ics +'ic' assi.ned $ 5imensi n Ta"#es can "e used & r na(i.a$i n (dri##in.) and &i#$erin. +i$'in 0ueries. Na(i.a$i n +i$' Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$es & In& 1u"e c'arac$eris$ics 'as $ "e e-!#ic$#% s+i$c'ed n & r eac' Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$e (Ta"s$ri!6 Na(i.a$i n). T'e ac$i(a$i n & a Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$e & r an In& 1u"e can "e d ne a&$er+ards. 5eac$i(a$i n & Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$es is n $ ! ssi"#eT 8",":"8 Loa%(n/ %ata (nto D(.ens(on Tables
5imensi n Ta"#es are main$ained durin. In& 1u"e # ad. 8",":": S+e'(al BW D(.ens(ons
Wi$' BW +e 'a(e s!ecia# !rede&ined 5imensi ns6 Time 5imensi n Uni$C 1urrenc% 5imensi n Pac,e$ 5imensi n
8",":":"#
Pa'Aet D(.ens(on
Wi$' eac' # ad in$ an In& 1u"e $'ere is a uni0ue Pac,e$/I5 assi.ned. T'is a## +s % u $ !ur.e err ne us # ads +i$' u$ recrea$in. $'e +' #e In& 1u"e a.ain. T'e Pac,e$ 5imensi n can cause an (er'ead durin. 0uer%in. i$ $'ere& re can "e e#imina$ed a&$er !r &ed c rrec$ness & $'e # ads u! $ a cer$ain !ac,e$/id usin. $'e c m!ress &ea$ure & $'e In& 1u"e.
8",":":"2
Un(t5 C&$$en'3 D(.ens(on
T'e res!ec$i(e 5imensi n Ta"#e is .enera$ed i& in $'e In& 1u"e ,e% &i.ures are se#ec$ed +'ic' are & $%!e Am un$ r =uan$i$%.
Important
I# !ou are not interested in Unit or -urrenc! calculations !ou should de#ine the &e! #igures as *umbers and then introduce the Unit in the Ke! #igure header (li&e; Sales in HC). This will reduce o"erhead.
8",":"<
D(.ens(ons )(t0 onl3 one C0a$a'te$(st(' 4L(ne Ite. D(.ens(ons6
2er% &$en +e 'a(e $'e si$ua$i n $'a$ ur m de# #e$@s us assi.n n#% ne c'arac$eris$ic $ a 5imensi n. T'is +i## !r "a"#% ccurr i& & r e-am!#e % u 'a(e $'e d cumen$ #ine i$em in % ur m de# r +i$' s!eci&ic re! r$in. re0uiremen$s (1'a!$er E6 a## scenari s e-e!$ n . A). In $'is si$ua$i ns a 5imensi n Ta"#e means n#% (er'ead. BW a## +s % u de&ine $'is ,ind & 5imensi ns as a L(ne Ite. D(.ens(on . (1'ec, " - 5imensi n de&ini$i n) 5 in. s n 5imensi n Ta"#e & r $'is 5imensi n +i## "e .enera$ed. As 5imensi n Ta"#e +i## ser(e $'e SI5 Ta"#e & $'is c'arac$eris$ic. T'e ,e% in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e +i## "e $'e SI5 & $'e SI5 Ta"#e. L(ne-Ite. D(.ens(on>
8#
L(ne-Ite. D(.ens(on % ! %
% $
% % % % % %
! % !
(1) Fact Table ( ) Dimension Tables (!) time-in"e#en"ent-SI D ($) time-"e#en"ent-SI D (%) &tra"itional& SI D
! %
! %
% %
8","< 8","=
82
8","? 8","#
8,
8"7
Fa't Table
T'e Fac$ Ta"#e is crea$ed durin. In& 1u"e ac$i(a$i n. T'e s$ruc$ure & $'e Fac$ Ta"#e in $'e BW Sc'ema is $'e same as i$ is in $'e n rma# S$ar Sc'ema. T'e ,e%s & $'e 5imensi n Ta"#es (i.e. $'e 5im/Ids) r $'e SI5s & :ine I$em 5imensi ns are $'e & rei.n ,e%s in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e. T'e n n/,e% c #umns are de&ined "% $'e se#ec$ed ,e% &i.ures durin. In& 1u"e de&ini$i n. Eac' r + in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e is uni0ue#% iden$i&ied "% a (a#ue c m"ina$i n & $'e res!ec$i(e 5IM IdsC SI5s & $'e 5imensi nC SI5 Ta"#es Since $'e BW uses s%s$em/assi.ned surr .a$e ,e%s, name#% 5IM Ids r SI5s & D B%$es in #en.$' !er dimensi n, $ #in, $'e 5imensi n C SI5 Ta"#es $ $'e Fac$ Ta"#e, $'ere +i## n rma##% "e a decrease in s!ace re0uiremen$s & r ,e%s in c m!aris n $ $'e use & rea# c'arac$eris$ic (a#ues & r ,e%s. T'e dimensi n C mas$er (SI5) $a"#es s' u#d "e re#a$i(e#% sma## +i$' res!ec$ $ $'e num"er & r +s in c m!aris n $ $'e Fac$ Ta"#e (&ac$ r 7674 C 34).
8"7"# M&lt(+le Fa't Tables
Eac' In& 1u"e 'as $+ Fac$ Ta"#es. T'e F-Fa't Table +'ic' is !$imiFed & r # adin. da$a and $'e E-Fa't Table +'ic' is !$imiFed & r re$rie(in. da$a.
87
% .&lt(+le Fa't Tables
% $ % % % % %
E
! %
! % !
(F) F-Fact Table 'e(ui" ) * (+) +-Fact Table 'e(ui" , * ( ) Dimension Tables (!) time-in"e#en"ent-SI D ($) time-"e#en"ent-SI D (%) &tra"itional& SI D
! %
! %
% %
B $' Fac$ Ta"#es 'a(e $'e same c #umns. T'e F/Ta"#e uses "/$ree indi-es $'e E/Ta"#e uses "i$ma! indi-es e-ce!$ & r :ine/I$em 5imensi ns +'ere a "/$ree inde- is used. T'e In& 1u"e c m!ressi n &ea$ure m (es $'e &ac$ rec rds & a## se#ec$ed Re0ues$s &r m $'e F/ $ $'e E/Fac$ Ta"#e. 5 in. s $'e Re0ues$/I5 & eac' &ac$ rec rd is se$ $ Fer . T'e se!ara$i n in$ $+ &ac$ $a"#es is &u##% $rans!aren$.
8"7"2
Fa't Table Pa$t(t(on(n/
BW su!! r$s $'e Par$i$i nin. & Fac$ Ta"#es. Par$i$i nin. is a da$a"ase &ea$ure and means in s' r$ + rds $ s!#i$ ne $a"#e in$erna##% in$ se(era# $a"#es $'e s ca##ed !ar$i$i ns. Par$i$i ns & a $a"#e 'a(e $'ere +n inde- areas and $'us sma##er areas as $'e en$ire $a"#e + u#d 'a(e. T .a$'er +i$' $'e ! ssi"i#i$% $ s!#i$ in$erna##% a n rma##% se0uen$ie## re0ues$ n $'e en$ire $a"#e in$ se(era# !ara##e# re0ues$ &ired n di&&eren$ Par$i$i ns $'is can s!eed u! a 0uer% si.ni&ican$#%. Par$i$i nin. is &u##% $rans!aren$.
88
T !ar$i$i n a $a"#e % u 'a(e $ de&ine a cri$eria +'ic' a## +s $'e da$a"ase en.ine $ decide +'ere a s!eci&ic rec rd 'as $ "e # aded and $ &ind 'im a&$er+ards. In BW $'e Fac$ Ta"#e can "e ei$'er !ar$i$i ned "% $'e In& O"8ec$ 41A:MONTH i.e. 1a#ender %ear and m n$' r "% 4FIS1PER i.e. &isca#%ear and !eri d.
%
T(.e D(.ens(on
% Pa$t(t(on(n/ Fa't Tables $
% % % % % %
E
! %
! % !
(F) F-Fact Table 'e(ui" ) * (+) +-Fact Table 'e(ui" , * ( ) Dimension Tables (!) time-in"e#en"ent-SI D ($) time-"e#en"ent-SI D (%) &tra"itional& SI D Pa'Aet D(.ens(on
T .a$'er +i$' $'e en$ire (a#ue ran.e & r % ur !ar$i$i nin. In& O"8ec$ $'a$ % u e-!ec$ and $'e !$i na# ma-ima# num"er & !ar$i$i ns $'e (a#ue ran.e & r eac' !ar$i$i n is de$ermined. N $e6 Par$i$i nin. is a da$a"ase &unc$i na#i$%. Ha(e a # % ur da$a"ase !r (ider su!! r$s !ar$i$i nin.T F r e-am!#e6 :e$ us assume +e +an$ $ !ar$i$i n a Fac$ Ta"#e usin. 41A:MONTH. We +an$ $ 'a(e da$a in ur Fac$ Ta"#e s$ar$in. &r m >7LLL47@. :e$ us &ur$'er assume $'a$ +e e-!ec$ a #i&e $ime & ur In&1u"e un$i# >347473@. Wi$' u$ s!eci&%in. a ma-imum (a#ue & r $'e Par$i$i ns +e + u#d 'a(e 2 SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC" 8: , $ $'e OSS u! $ +'ic' de.ree and ' +
77 %ears - 73 m n$' V 3 M 7AD Par$i$i ns T'e addi$i na# 3 Par$i$i ns are reser(ed & r da$a +'ic' 'a(e a 41A:MONTH (a#ue #ess r #ar.er ur e-!ec$ed (a#ues. T "rin. in 7 =uar$er in eac' Par$i$i n +e !r ceed as & ## +s 6 7AD Par$. C D M AA,E MH ma-imum M AD
Important
Partitioning #or a 7act Table has to be de#ined be#ore !ou acti"ate the In#o-ube. It cannot be done a#terwardsD The abo"e described 7act Table Partitioning a##ects onl! the E'7act Table. The 7'7act Table is automaticall! partitioned b! the .e,eust'ID. 7or this and other reasons do not #orget to compress !our In#o-ube on a regular baseD
8<
8"8
BW Te$.(nolo/3
T'e & ## +in. !ic$ure s' +s $'e di&&erences in $'e $ermin # .%.
/D/ > Star Schema

Fa't Fa't Table 4D(.ens(on6 Att$(b&te
BW Schema
Ke3 F(/&$e Fa't Table C0a$a'te$(st(' 5 Na-(/at(onal Att$(b&te5 D(s+la3 Att$(b&te 5 4e1te$nal6 H(e$a$'03 No%e D(.ens(on Table 5 Maste$ Table 5 Te1t Table 5 E1te$nal H(e$a$'03 Table 5 4SID Table6
D(.ens(on 4Table6
Important
It should be mentioned that in the mar&et sometimes each attribute> characteristic is called a dimension. This a potential point o# misunderstandings as $ust sa!ing with the BW Schema we ha"e 4? dimensions and three o# them are used internall! this sounds "er! limited. Using this de#inition o# a dimension there are 4@ A 6B3 dimensions possible with BW plus the dimensions de#ined b! the *a"igational %ttributes.
8=
8?
: Mo%el(n/ (ss&es an%of t0e BW S'0e.a

T'e !r ceedin. +i## "e $'a$ +e # , a$ $'e (ari us im! r$an$ m de#in. issues &r m a $ !ic/"ased ! in$ & (ie+. E-!#ainin. ' + $ im!#emen$ $'ese issues +i$' BW +i## s$e! "% s$e! im!r (e ur unders$andin. & $'e BW sc'ema. Tr%in. $ ma! rea# + r#d !r cesses $'e & ## +in. .ra!'ic i##us$ra$es $'e c m!e$i$i n & di&&eren$ in$eres$s +'ic' a#+a%s arise durin. desi.n !'ase. T'is e-!#ains $'e reas n +'% s me & $'e & ## +in. m de#in. rec mmenda$i ns e(en c n$radic$ eac' $'er. A. d desi.n +i## a#+a%s "e a c m!r mise. T'ere& re +e +i## a#s s$ri,e u$ $'e im!ac$s & m de#in. es!ecia##% $ !er& rmance (!#ease 'a(e a#s a # , $ $'e acce#era$ r >SiFin. and Per& rmance@) and (ice (ersa.
-ompetition in Data Warehousing
%nal!sis %spects
Per#ormance %spects
1lobal Data Warehouse Design %spects
:"#
G$an&la$(t3
T'e decisi n a" u$ G$an&la$(t3 $'a$ means $'e #e(e# & de$ai# & % ur da$a is ne & $'e im! r$an$ resu#$s & da$a m de#in. !'ase. Granu#ari$% dee!#% in&#uences Re! r$in. ca!a"i#i$ies Per& rmance S!ace needed : ad Time....
< u 'a(e $ decide +'e$'er % u rea##% need $'e da$a in an InfoC&be r +'e$'er i$ is meanin.&u# $ s$ re de$ai#ed da$a in an ODS ob;e't r e(en +'e$'er % u d n $ s$ re de$ai#ed da$a in % ur da$a +are' use a$ a## addressin. (ia D$(ll T0$& $'e de$ai#ed da$a in % ur S urce s%s$em direc$#%. T'ese decisi ns are decisi ns +'ic' d n $ in&#uence n#% % ur curren$ sc !e "u$ $'e en$ire da$a +are' use a!!r ac' and arc'i$ec$ure. T'is $ !ic is discussed in a s!ecia# !a!er.
:"#"#
Fa't Tables an% G$an&la$(t3 & r +s & da$a in a Fac$ Ta"#e "e
2 #ume is a c ncern & r Fac$ Ta"#es. H + can $'e num"er es$ima$edS 1 nsider $'e & ## +in.6
H + # n. s'a## $'e da$a "e s$ red in $'e Fac$ Ta"#eS H + .ranu#ar s'a## $'e da$a "eS
T'e &irs$ ! in$ is 0ui$e unders$anda"#e. H +e(er, $'e .rain & $'e in& rma$i n 'as a #ar.e im!ac$ n 0uer%in. e&&iciencies and (era## s$ ra.e re0uiremen$s. T'e .rain & $'e Fac$ Ta"#e is direc$#% im!ac$ed "% 5imensi n Ta"#e desi.n "ecause $'e m s$ a$ mic c'arac$eris$ic in eac' dimensi n de$ermines $'e .rain & $'e Fac$ Ta"#e. F r e-am!#e, assume $'e need $ ana#%Fe $'e !er& rmance & u$#e$s and ar$ic#es. A$$ri"u$es e-is$ +'ic' descri"e6 Ou$#e$ Recei!$s Ar$ic#es 1us$ mers Time :imi$ ana#%sis $ ar$ic#es and $ime, and &ur$'er assume 7,444 ar$ic#es are .r u!ed "% 74 ar$ic#e .r u!s. T $rac, $'e ar$ic#e .r u! !er& rmance n a +ee,#% "asis6 Granu#ari$%6 ar$ic#e .r u!, +ee,, and A44 sa#es da%s a %ear (DE +ee,s) 74 ? DE M DE4 rec rds in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e !er %ear due $ ar$ic#es are s #d +i$'in a +ee, Granu#ari$%6 ar$ic#e, +ee,, A44 sa#es da%s a %ear (DE +ee,s) 7,444 ? DE M DE,444 rec rds in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e !er %ear due $ ar$ic#es are s #d +i$'in a +ee, 2 SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC" n#% $'ese $+ a$$ri"u$es i& a## n#% $'ese $+ a$$ri"u$es i& a##
:#
Granu#ari$%6 ar$ic#e, da%, A44 sa#es da%s a %ear 7,444 ? A44 M A44,444 rec rds in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e !er %ear due $ a## ar$ic#es are s #d +i$'in a da% Granu#ari$%6 ar$ic#e, ' ur, A44 sa#es da%s a %ear, 73 sa#es ' urs a da% E44 ? A44 ? 73 M 7,K44,444 rec rds in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e !er %ear due $ a$$ri"u$es i& n a(era.e E44 ar$ic#es are s #d +i$'in an ' ur n#% $'ese $+ n#% $'ese $+ a$$ri"u$es i&
Fina##%, assumin. E44 u$#e$s, $'ere +i## "e L44,444,444 rec rds a %ear in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e. :"#"2 I.+a'ts on Sto$a/e
=ui$e "(i us#% .ranu#ari$% direc$#% im!ac$s $'e s$ ra.e s!ace needed. T'e Fac$ Ta"#e s$ res $'e $ransac$i n da$a s is $'e #ar.es$ $a"#e in $'e In& 1u"e. T'ere& re, re(ie+in. $'e siFe & $'e Fac$ Ta"#e !r (ides a r u.' idea & s!ace re0uired & r $'e In& 1u"e. F r eac' 5imensi n Ta"#e a & ur "%$e in$e.er 5IM I5 (5imensi n I5) is used, in c n8unc$i n +i$' $'e $'er 5IM I5s, $ ! in$ $ $'e ass cia$ed r + & da$a in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e. In addi$i n, $'e #en.$' & a## $'e ,e% &i.ures in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e mus$ "e c nsidered6 44N&.be$ Of DIM IDs6 P 7 Q 4Total Len/t0 of All Ke3 F(/&$es66 P N&.be$ of Re'o$%s
Important
.emember the three re,uired dimensions are time+ unit+ and pac&et. :"#", I.+a'ts on Pe$fo$.an'e
:ar.e Fac$ Ta"#es im!ac$ re! r$in. and ana#%sis. A!ar$ &r m 'ard+are c nsidera$i ns, $'ere are a &e+ addi$i na# c nsidera$i ns $ ,ee! in mind A..re.a$i n F r #ar.e Fac$ Ta"#es c nsider $'e use & !reca#cu#a$ed a..re.a$es. See $'e im!#ica$i ns, suc' as $'e increase in $'e s$ ra.e s!ace re0uired, in an ear#ier sec$i n & $'is d cumen$. Par$i$i nin. Par$i$i n $'e Fac$ Ta"#e. T'e !$i n e-is$s $ di(ide a $a"#e +i$' res!ec$ $ $'e (a#ues & a s!eci&ic a$$ri"u$e, in$ se(era# !'%sica# $a"#es. T'is !r cess is $rans!aren$ $ $'e user. T'is $ec'ni0ue is use&u# +i$' #ar.e Fac$ Ta"#es "ecause i$ !r (ides access (ia sma##er inde-es.
:2
:,
:"2
Lo'at(on of De+en%ent Att$(b&tes (n t0e BW S'0e.a
T'e BW Sc'ema &&ers m re $'an ne ! ssi"#e # ca$i n & r de!enden$ (!aren$) a$$ri"u$es. W'ere $ !u$ de!enden$ a$$ri"u$es in $'e BW Sc'ema is ne & $'e decisi(e resu#$s & $'e !r 8ec$s "#ue!rin$ !'ase.
Pa$ent Att$(b&tes (n BW
/aterial Dimension
Mate$(al D(.ens(on table
Mate$(al
As a Characteristic (
Mate$(al Maste$ table
Mate$(al/$o&+
As a 'avigational ! Display Attri&ute ( As a )ierarchy
Mate$(al H(e$a$'03 table
T'e &reed m $ c' se "e$+een di&&eren$ # ca$i ns & de!enden$ a$$ri"u$es means n rea# &reed m as $'e re! r$in. "e'a(i r and ! ssi"i#i$ies di&&er and de!end u! n $'e # ca$i n. T'us $'e re! r$in. needs in(es$i.a$ed durin. $'e "#ue!rin$ !'ase & $'e !r 8ec$ n rma##% de&ine e-ac$#% $'e # ca$i n & a de!enden$ a$$ri"u$e. T'is is discussed in de$ai# in $'e & ## +in. c'a!$ers.
I.3.7
Per& rmance and : ca$i n & 5e!enden$ A$$ri"u$es
T'e re! r$in. needs s' u#d .uide % u in $'e decisi n +'ere !u$ a de!enden$ a$$ri"u$e. T'ere is #i$$#e r n $'in. $ "e said &r m $'e !er& rmance ! in$ & (ie+ in &a( r & a$$ri"u$es in an In& 1u"e 5imensi n Ta"#e ins$ead in Mas$er r Hierarc'% Ta"#es.
:7
I.3.3
En$er!rise 5a$a Ware' use and : ca$i n & 5e!enden$ A$$ri"u$es
:8
I.3.A Fr m an en$er!rise da$a +are' use ! in$ & (ie+ and a!ar$ &r m ana#%sis demands and !er& rmance issues $'e & ## +in. 'in$ s' u#d "e "ser(ed6 Paren$ a$$ri"u$es s' u#d "e !#aced in mas$er $a"#es (/HNa(i.a$i na#C 5is!#a% A$$ri"u$es) r desi.ned as an e-$erna# 'ierarc'% $ minimiFe redundanc% and $ .uaran$ee in$e.ra$i n in $'e da$a +are' use.
5a$a +are' usin. s' u#d mean c n$r ##ed redundanc% $ ac'ie(e a 'i.' de.ree & in$e.ra$i n. Fr m $'is ! in$ & (ie+ a## $'e de!enden$ a$$ri"u$es s' u#d reside in mas$er $a"#es +'ic' means in $'e e-$reme case $'a$ $'ere is n#% ne c'arac$eris$ic in eac' 5imensi n Ta"#e (s. :ine/I$em 5imensi n).
I.3.D
5a$a : ad and : ca$i n & 5e!enden$ A$$ri"u$es
A!ar$ &r m ana#%sis demands $'e & ## +in. 'in$ s' u#d "e "ser(ed6 1'arac$eris$ics de#i(ered "% $ransac$i n da$a # ad are n rma##% # ca$ed in 5imensi n Ta"#es (ru#e & $'um") In& S urces & r $ransac$i n da$a # ad $'a$ &i## $'e In& 1u"es In& S urces & r mas$er da$a # ad $'a$ &i## Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#es, Te-$ Ta"#es and Hierarc'% Ta"#es
T'ere are di&&eren$ # ad !r cesses +i$'in BW c (ered "% di&&eren$ $%!es & In& S urces 6
T'us $'e 5imensi n Ta"#es are main$ained durin. $ransac$i n da$a # ad +'ic' means $ !u$ a c'arac$eris$ic in a 5imensi n Ta"#e $'a$ is n $ de#i(ered &r m $ransac$i n da$a # ad r $'a$ cann $ "e sim!#% deri(ed &r m $ransac$i n da$a (#i,e ca#endar %ear &r m da$e) means addi$i na# # ,u! & Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#es and $'us a cer$ain (er'ead durin. # ad $ime.
::
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:",
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T$a'A(n/ H(sto$3 (n t0e BW S'0e.a
:=
:","2 We n + discuss $'e m s$ im! r$an$ $erm +i$' da$a +are' uses 6 t(.e
:",",
H(sto$3 an% InfoC&be
T(.e an% Fa't Table :",","# 1'an.es (er $ime are n rma##% $rac,ed in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e "% # adin. $ransac$i n da$a. I$ is $'e $as, dimensi ns. F r e-am!#e6 i& $'e ma$eria# >EEE> is !urc'ased "% cus$ mer >73A> n da% >7LLL4IA4>, $'is sa#e +i## ccur as a ne+ r + in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e and $'us $'e e-is$ence & $'e ne+ re#a$i ns'i! "e$+een ma$eria# >AAA> and cus$ mer >73A> and da$e >7LLL4IA4> "ec me (isi"#e. T0(n/s t0at %(% 0a++en T'e Fac$ Ta"#e n rma##% re! r$s $'in.s $'a$ did 'a!!en. T'ere is n eas% +a% $ re! r$ n $'in.s $'a$ did n $ 'a!!en. D(.ens(on Tables an% $eal )o$l% '0an/es 1'an.es in $'e re#a$i ns'i! "e$+een $'e (a#ues & $+ c'arac$eris$ics +i$'in a 5imensi n Ta"#e +i## "e $rac,ed au$ ma$ica##%, i.e. i& durin. $ransac$i n da$a # ad a ne+ (a#ue c m"ina$i n & r c'arac$eris$ics +i$'in ne 5imensi n Ta"#e is de$ec$ed a ne+ 5im/I5 +i## "e assi.ned & r $'is ne+ c m"ina$i n and a r + is added $ $'e 5imensi n Ta"#e re! r$in. $'is ne+ c ns$e##a$i n. Addi$i na##% a r + is added $ $'e Fac$ Ta"#e 'a(in. "eside $'ers $'is 5im/Id. & $'e Fac$ Ta"#e $ $rac, c'an.es (e... Sa#es) "e$+een c'arac$eris$ics & di&&eren$
:?
Mate$(al/$o&+ SID
Mat Mat-SID AAA BBB 111 555 EEE 447 443 44A 44D 44E

Mat-GR-SID Mat-GR-SIDMat-SID Mat-SID Mat-DIM-ID Mat-DIM-ID L74 447 777 L74 447 777 L74 L74 L34 L34 L34 L34 L34 L34 ?2 ?2 443 443 443 443 44A 44A 44D 44D 88 333 333 III III AAA AAA DDD DDD 888 888
Fa't Table
Mat-DIM-ID T(.e-DIM-ID Mat-DIM-ID T(.e-DIM-ID Re-en&e Re-en&e
Fa't 333 Table 4LC7LLK

333 AAA AAA DDD DDD 777 777 333 333 AAA AAA DDD DDD
777 777
4LC7LLK 4LC7LLK 4LC7LLK 4LC7LLK 4LC7LLK 4LC7LLK 4LC7LLK
744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 ##
Mate$(al SID
Mat-GR Mat-GR-SID E D ?# ?2
74C7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK
A%% ne) $e'o$% to %(. table
888 ## 5#??= 5#??= 888 5#??= A%% ne) $e'o$% to fa't table
T$ansa't(on $e'o$%
EEE
# 5#??=
1'an.es in $'e re#a$i ns'i! "e$+een $'e (a#ues & !aren$ / c'i#d a$$ri"u$es +i$'in a 5imensi n are discussed in de$ai# in $'e ne-$ c'a!$er.
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:","7
Slo)l3 C0an/(n/ D(.ens(ons
T Trac, c'an.es "e$+een a$$ri"u$es & di##erent dimensi ns (#i,e a sa#es $ransac$i n) is $'e >n rma#> "usiness & an In& 1u"e and is c (ered "% $'e Fac$ Ta"#e. Bu$ $'ere are a#s c'an.es "e$+een c'arac$eris$ic (a#ue and de!enden$ a$$ri"u$e (a#ue assi.nmen$s. F r e-am!#e 6 T$'e Ma$eria# >BBB@ "e# n.s n # n.er $ Ma$eria# .r u! >?@ "u$ $ Ma$eria# .r u! ><@ Usua##% $'ese c'an.es ccur rare#% and in $'e $'e r% $'e% are addressed as Gslo)l3 '0an/(n/ %(.ens(ons@ . H + $ 'and#e $'ese c'an.es 'as a "i. im!ac$ n re! r$in. ! ssi"i#i$ies and $'e da$a +are' use mana.emen$. We em!'asiFe a.ain6 T'e re! r$in. ! ssi"i#i$ies di&&er +'e$'er % u de&ine a de!enden$ a$$ri"u$e as a c'arac$eris$ic, a Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$e r a n de & an e-$erna# 'ierarc'ie. Because $'e # ac$i ns &&er di&&eren$ $ime scenari s
T e-!#ain $'e di&&eren$ $ime scenari s +e +i## use $'e e-am!#e as & ## +s 6
-onstellation 23!*331;
Mate$(al AAA BBB 111 555 Mate$(al /$o&+ ? ? < <
7act Table
Mate$(al Date AAA BBB 111 555 AAA BBB 111 555 EEE ?5#??= ?5#??= ?5#??= ?5#??= # 5#??= # 5#??= # 5#??= # 5#??= # 5#??= Re-en&e 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744
-onstellation *2!*331;
Mate$(al AAA BBB 111 555 EEE Mate$(al /$o&+ ? < 4'0an/e%6 < < < 4ne)6
T'e e-am!#e s' +s $'e Ma$eria# G Ma$eria# .r u! (a#ue c ns$e##a$i ns in 4LC7LLK and in 74C7LLK. T'e Fac$ Ta"#e s' +s $'e $ransac$i ns +'ic' ccurred durin. $'e same $ime s!an. 2
<#
<2
Wi$' $'is sim!#e e-am!#e +e are a"#e $ !r duce D re! r$s +i$' di&&eren$ resu#$s +'ic' a## can c#aim $ re! r$ $'e $ru$'. Bu$ $'e $ru$' de!ends n ' + % u $rea$ c'an.es in $'e re#a$i ns'i!s "e$+een Ma$eria#s and Ma$eria# .r u!s 6
Possible reporting demands;

Re+o$t &s(n/ to%a3Gs 'onstellat(on Mate$(al /$o&+ Re- ?5?= Re- # 5?= E D # , # 7
Re+o$t &s(n/ ?5?= 'onstellat(on Mate$(al /$o&+ Re- ?5?= Re- # 5?= E D 2 2 2 2
Re+o$t s0o)(n/ 0(sto$('al t$&t0 Mate$(al /$o&+ Re- ?5?= Re- # 5?= E D 2 2 # 7
Re+o$t s0o)(n/ 'o.+a$able $es&lts Mate$(al /$o&+ Re- ?5?= Re- # 5?= E D # 2 # 2
T'e reader is in(i$ed $ im!#emen$ $'is #i$$#e e-am!#e (8us$ L r +s in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e) n BW $ (eri&% $'e & ## +in. scenari s 6 S'ena$(o I > Re+o$t t0e %ata to to%a3Gs 'onstellat(on -Today is 4esterdayS'ena$(o II > Re+o$t t0e %ata to 3este$%a3Gs 'onstellat(on as )ell -4esterday is TodayS'ena$(o III > Re+o$t t0e %ata to t0e $es+e't(-e 'onstellat(on -Today or 4esterdayS'ena$(o I*> Re+o$t onl3 on %ata fo$ 'onstellat(ons -al(% to%a3 an% 3este$%a3 -Today and 4esterday-
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:","7"# :","7"#"#
S'ena$(o I> Re+o$t t0e %ata to to%a3Gs 'onstellat(on - To%a3 (s Deste$%a3 S'ena$(o I > Des'$(+t(on
5Today is 4esterday6 or Today5s constellation is the truth 7 Re! r$ a## &ac$ da$a acc rdin. $ a$$ri"u$e . E-am!#e & r Scenari I6 In 74 7LLK $'e assi.nmen$ & Ma$eria# >BBB@ $ Ma$eria# .r u! >?@ +as c'an.ed $ Ma$eria# >EEE@ assi.ned $ Ma$eria# .r u! ><@ a!!eared. < u are n $ in$eres$ed in $'e #d assi.nmen$s an%m re. T'us % u re! r$ Ma$eria# >BBB@ "e# n.s $ Ma$eria# .r u! ><@ &r m $'e (er% "e.innin.. ><@. A ne+ $ da%>s (a#ue c ns$e##a$i n & a c'arac$eris$ic and a de!enden$
n $'e &ac$ da$a as i&
-onstellation 23!31;
7act Table
.eporting demands;
Re+o$t &s(n/ To%a3Gs 'onstellat(on Mate$(al /$o&+ Re- ?5?= Re- # 5?= E D # , # 7
-onstellation *2!31;
E-am!#e &r m rea#i$%6 T'is $ime scenari $%!ica##% ccurs +i$' sa#es & rces. W'en $'e assi.nmen$ & sa#es !ers ns $ cus$ mers c'an.es $ a ne+ sa#es !ers n / cus$ mer c ns$e##a$i n, a## $'e sa#es da$a &r m ear#ier $imes s'a## "e re! r$ed as i& $'e +ere made "% $'e ne+ sa#es !ers n. T'is re0uiremen$ means a rea#i.nmen$ & $'e &ac$ da$a $ $'e ne+ c ns$e##a$i n.
<7
:","7"#"2
S'ena$(o I> Sol&t(ons )(t0 BW
#st Sol&t(on > 5Today is 4esterday6 or Today5s constellation is the truth 8 *st solution 7 5e&ine $'e de!enden$ a$$ri"u$e c'arac$eris$ic. & % ur mu#$i/dimensi na# m de# as Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$e & $'e
E-am!#e & r Scenari I G 7s$ S #u$i n6 Mate$(al /$o&+ as Na-(/at(onal Att$(b&te (n t0e Mate$(al Maste$ table
Ma$Gr Ma$Gr/SI5 ? L74 MatG$ GT$a%(t(onalG SID Table < L34
Re+o$t &s(n/ To%a3Gs 'onstellat(on Mate$(al /$o&+ Re- ?5?= E D # , Re- # 5?= # 7
Ma$Gr/SI5 Ma$eria# Ma$eria#/SI5 L74 L34 L34 L34 L34 AAA BBB 111 555 EEE 447 443 44A 44D 44E Fa't Table Ma$/5IM/I5 5a$e 777 333 AAA Ma$eria#/SI5 Ma$/5IM/I5 447 443 44A Mate$(al D(.ens(on Table 44D 44E 777 333 AAA DDD EEE DDD 777 333 AAA DDD EEE 4LC7LLK 4LC7LLK 4LC7LLK 4LC7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK Re(enue 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744
Mate$(al Att$(b&te SID Table
T'e !aren$ a$$ri"u$e (Ma$eria# .r u!) resides in $'e Mas$er 5a$e Ta"#e & $'e c'i#d c'arac$eris$ic (Ma$eria#) (BW Admin WB 6 In& O"8ec$ main$enance/H A$$ri"u$es)
<8
T'e !aren$ a$$ri"u$e 'as $ "e de&ined as a Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$e $ a## + dri## and &i#$er &unc$i ns (BW Admin WB 6 In& O"8ec$ main$enance/H A$$ri"u$es and In& 1u"e main$enance /H Na(i.a$i n)
<:
2n% Sol&t(on > Today is 4esterday or Today5s constellation is the truth 8 +nd solution7 5e&ine $'e de!enden$ a$$ri"u$e & % ur mu#$i/dimensi na# m de# as N de A$$ri"u$e Hierarc'% & % ur c'arac$eris$ic. & an E-$erna#
As +i$' BW 2ers. 7.3" & r a## a$$ri"u$es & Ma$eria# $'ere + u#d "e n !reca#cu#a$ed a..re.a$es ! ssi"#e e(en i& $'ere is n#% a $ime de!endenc% desired & r $'e Ma$eria# G Ma$eria# .r u! re#a$i ns'i! (/H sec$i n a" u$ a..re.a$es). E-am!#e G 3nd S #u$i n6 Mate$(al /$o&+ as no%e-att$(b&te of an E1te$nal Mate$(al H(e$a$'03"
Mate$(al SID
Mate$(al Mate$(al-SID AAA # 2 , 7 8 BBB CCC DDD
-1 'A))( -2 '*( -3 '#(
Re+o$t &s(n/ To%a3Gs 'onstallat(on Mate$(al/$o&+ Re- ?5?= Re- # 5?=
F F
E D
# ,
# 7
Mate$(al H(e$a'03 Table
EEE
Fa't Table
Mat-DIM-ID Date Re-en&e ### ?5#??= ?5#??= ?5#??= ?5#??= # 5#??= # 5#??= # 5#??= # 5#??= # 5#??= # # # # # # # # # 222 ,,, 777 ### 222 ,,, 777 888
001 002 003 004 005 'AAA( 'BBB( 'CCC( 'DDD( 'EEE(

Mate$(al-SID Mat-DIM-ID # 2 , 7 8 ### 222 ,,, 777 888
Paren$ a$$ri"u$e resides in $'e Hierarc'% Ta"#e as n de a$$ri"u$e & an E-$erna# Hierarc'% & $'e c'i#d c'arac$eris$ic N $ime de!enden$ 'ierarc'% name, s$ruc$ure Hierarc'% $ im!#emen$ $'is scenari . r (ersi ns are necessar% & r $'e E-$erna#
<<
Today is 4esterday or Today5s constellation is the truth 8 conclusion 7 I& % u +an$ $ re! r$ % ur &ac$ da$a a#+a%s +i$' res!ec$ $ #a$es$ c'arac$eris$ic G a$$ri"u$es (a#ue c ns$e##a$i ns $'e de!enden$ a$$ri"u$es 'a(e $ "e ei$'er Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$es r N des & an E-$erna# Hierarc'% & $'e c'arac$eris$ic.: adin. ne+ c ns$e##a$i ns (Mas$er r Hierarc'% da$a) $'e &ac$ da$a s$ red n c'arac$eris$ic #e(e# are au$ ma$ica##% rea#i.ned $ $'e ne+ Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$e r N de (a#ues.
Important
I# all dependent attributes o# a characteristic are *a"igational or Displa! %ttributes in the characteristicGs /aster Data Table or *odes o# an E ternal Hierarch! then remember the possibilit! to de#ine this characteristic as Cine Item DimensionD
:","7"2 :","7"2"#
Re+o$t t0e %ata to 3este$%a3Gs 'onstellat(on as )ell -Deste$%a3 (s To%a3 S'ena$(o II > Des'$(+t(on
54esterday is Today6 or 4esterday5s constellation is the truth 7 A## + $ re! r$ $'e &ac$ n $ n#% $ $ da%@s "u$ a#s c'arac$eris$ics and a$$ri"u$e (a#ue assi.nmen$s. acc rdin. $ %es$erda%>s c ns$e##a$i n &
E-am!#e & r Scenari II6 As desci"ed a" (e in 74 7LLK $'e assi.nmen$ & Ma$eria# >BBB@ $ Ma$eria# .r u! >?@ +as c'an.ed $ ><@. A ne+ Ma$eria# >EEE@ assi.ned $ Ma$eria# .r u! ><@ a!!eared. < u are in$eres$ed in $'e ne+ and $'e #d assi.nmen$s. T'us % u are a"#e re! r$ n $'e &ac$ da$a as i& Ma$eria# >BBB@ "e# n.s $ Ma$eria# .r u! ><@ r $ Ma$eria# .r u! >?@.
<=
7act Table
.eporting demands;
Re+o$t &s(n/ 3este$%a3Gs 'onstallat(on Mate$(al /$o&+ Re- ?5?= E D 2 2 Re- # 5?= 2 2
-onstellation *2!31;
Mate$(al AAA BBB 111 555 EEE Mate$(al /$o&+ ? < 4'0an/e%6 < < < 4ne)6 B
T'is scenari ma% "e & in$eres$ i& % u +an$ $ re! r$ $'e e&&ec$s & r.aniFa$i na# c'an.es E-am!#e6 W'en $'e Ma$eria#s are re r.aniFed usin. ne+ Ma$eria# .r u! assi.nmen$s $'is scenari + u#d a## + ne 0uer% $ re! r$ % ur #as$ %ear sa#es da$a +i$' $'e $ da%@s Ma$eria# assi.nmen$ and an $'er 0uer% +i$' $'e Ma$eria# assi.nmen$ +'ic' +as (a#id #as$ %ear. T'us &&erin. a &undamen$ & r c m!aris ns. T'e 0ues$i n ma% c me u! ' + $ 'and#e re(enues in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e +'ic' cann $ "e assi.ned $ a Ma$eria# "ecause i$ d es n $ e-is$ in $'e %es$erda%s mas$er da$a.
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:","7"2"2
S'ena$(o II> Sol&t(ons )(t0 BW
#st Sol&t(on > 5Today is 4esterday6 or Today5s constellation is the truth 8 *st solution 7 5esi.n $'e de!enden$ a$$ri"u$e & % ur mu#$i/dimensi na# m de# as Time 5e!enden$ Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$e & % ur c'arac$eris$ic. E-am!#e & r Scenari II G 7s$ S #u$i n6
Mate$(al /$o&+ as T(.e De+en%ent Na-(/at(onal Att$(b&te of Mate$(al

MatG$ GT$a%(t(onalG SID Table Ma$Gr Ma$Gr/SI5 ? < L74 L34 L&e$3 Ke3%ate FF ?5#??= L&e$3 Ke3%ate ?5#??= 5a$eT ?5#??= Ma$eria# Ma$eria#/SI5 AAA BBB BBB 111 555 EEE 447 2 2 44A 44D 8 Fa't Table Ma$/5IM/I5 5a$e 777 333 AAA DDD 777 333 AAA DDD EEE 4LC7LLK 4LC7LLK 4LC7LLK 4LC7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK Re(enue 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744
Re+o$t &s(n/ 3este$%a3Gs 'onstellat(on Mate$(al /$o&+ Re- ?5?= E D not ass(/ne% 2 2 Re- # 5?= 2 2 #
Ma$Gr/SI5 5a$eFr L74 ?# ?2 L34 L34 ?2 #5#
47C7444 73CLLLL # 5#??= #25???? 47C7444 73CLLLL 47C7444 73CLLLL # 5#??= #25????
Mate$(al T(.e De+en%ent Att$(b&te SID Table Ma$eria#/SI5 Ma$/5IM/I5 447 443 44A Mate$(al D(.ens(on Table 44D 44E 777 333 AAA DDD EEE
T'e Ma$eria# .r u! is a Time 5e!enden$ Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$e In& O"8ec$ main$enance/H A$$ri"u$es) Ho) to a%%$ess %(ffe$ent 'onstellat(ons 2 SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC"
& Ma$eria#. (BW Admin WB 6
As em!'asiFed a" (e $'ere + u#d "e n !reca#cu#a$ed a..re.a$es ! ssi"#e a$ Ma$eria# .r u! #e(e#.
T'e 5a$eT and 5a$eFr m A$$ri"u$es are n $ & r na(i.a$i n and d n $ a!!ear direc$#% in $'e =uer% Bui#der. D(ffe$ent mas$er da$a rec rds & $'e same c'arac$eris$ic (a#ue are addressed usin. $'e ;e% 5a$e in $'e Pr !er$ies Wind + & a 0uer%. E... a ;e% 5a$e A4.4L.7LLK means 6 se#ec$ mas$er rec rds +i$' 5a$eT HM A4.4L.7LLK and 5a$eFr m MW A4.4L.7LLK Hin$6 5e&ine a BW (aria"#e $ a## + &#e-i"#e re! r$s and ana#%sis (BE? =uer% Bui#der) +i$' di&&eren$ ;e% da$es
Important
The Ke! Date o# a 0uer! allows !ou to address di##erent master data records ha"ing the same characteristic "alue. This Ke! Date is "alid #or all master records o# characteristics ha"ing time dependent attributes. Using the time dependent #eature you are not a&le to report more than one master record 9constellation ) #or a characteristic "alue at a single ,uer! e ecution DD 2n% Sol&t(on > Today is 4esterday or Today5s constellation is the truth 8 +nd solution7 5e&ine $'e de!enden$ a$$ri"u$e & % ur mu#$i/dimensi na# m de# as N de A$$ri"u$e & an E-$erna# Hierarc'% & % ur c'arac$eris$ic +'ere $'e en$ire Hierarc'% r e(en $'e s$ruc$ure is $ime de!enden$.
E-am!#e & r Scenari
II G 3nd S #u$i n6
Ma$eria# .r u! as n de/a$$ri"u$e & an e-$erna# 'ierarc'% +i$' (ersi ns, en$ire Hierarc'% $ime/ de!enden$ r e(en $ime/de!enden$ Hierarc'% s$ruc$ures in $'e Ma$eria# Hierarc'% $a"#e. Here +e use a en$ire Hierarc'% $ime/de!enden$ e-$erna# 'ierarc'%6
=#
Ke3%ate Ke3%ateFF ?5#??= ?5#??=
Re+o$t &s(n/ 3este$%a3Gs 'onstellat(on Mate$(al /$o&+ Re- ?5?= Re- # 5?= 2 2 #
Mate$(al H(e$a'03 Table

-1 'A))( -2 '*( 001 'AAA( 002 'BBB( -3 '#( 003 004 'CCC( 'DDD( -2 '*( -1 'A))( -3 '#(
F F
E D
2 2
not ass(/ne%
001 002 003 004 005 'AAA( 'BBB( 'CCC( 'DDD( 'EEE(
Fa't table
Mat-DIM-ID Mat-DIM-IDDate Date Re-en&e Re-en&e ### ?5?= # ### ?5?= # 222 222 ,,, ,,, 777 777 ### ### 222 222 ,,, ,,, 777 777 888 888 ?5?= ?5?= ## ?5?= ?5?= ## ?5?= ?5?= ## ## 5?= 5?= ## ## 5?= 5?= ## ## 5?= 5?= ## ## 5?= 5?= ## ## 5?= 5?= ##
$xt )ierarchy 7 Mathier :alid From 7 2*!*222 :alid To 7 23!*331
$xt )ierarchy 7 Mathier :alid From 7 *2!*331 :alid To 7 *+!3333 Mate$(al-SID Mate$(al-SID Mat-DIM-ID Mat-DIM-ID ## ### ### 22 ,, 222 222 ,,, ,,, 777 777 888 888
77 88
A## + (ersi ns andC r en$ire Hierarc'% $ime de!enden$ r e(en $ime/de!enden$ s$ruc$ures & r e-$erna# 'ierarc'ies & $'e c'i#d c'arac$eris$ic (Ma$eria#) (BW Admin WB 6 In& O"8ec$ main$enance/H Hierarc'ies) T'e !aren$ a$$ri"u$e resides as a n de a$$ri"u$e & an e-$erna# 'ierarc'% in $'e Hierarc'% Ta"#e & $'e c'i#d c'arac$eris$ic (BW Admin WB 6 In& O"8ec$ main$enance/H Hierarc'ies) Con'l&s(on - Deste$%a3 (s To%a3-> <es$erda% is $ da% a## +s % u $ c (er N$ da% is %es$erda%N si$ua$i ns $ means (er'ead. "u$ $ime de!endenc% a#+a%s
N re! r$in. a" u$ di&&eren$ c'arac$eris$ic G a$$ri"u$e (a#ue c ns$e##a$i ns +i$'in a sin.#e 0uer% e-ecu$i n (scenari III)
=2
Important
I# all dependent attributes o# a characteristic are *a"igational (time dependent or not) or Displa! %ttributes in the characteristicGs /aster Data Table or *odes (time dependent or not) o# an E ternal Hierarch! (time dependent or not) then remember the possibilit! to de#ine this characteristic as Cine Item DimensionD
=,
:","7", Deste$%a3:","7","#
S'ena$(o III> Re+o$t t0e %ata to t0e $es+e't(-e 'onstellat(on-To%a3 o$
S'ena$(o III > Des'$(+t(on
54esterday or Today6 or %eport the historical truth 7 Re! r$ $'e da$a acc rdin. $ $'e c ns$e##a$i n & c'arac$eris$ics and a$$ri"u$e (a#ues +'ic' +as (a#id +'en $'e da$a ccurred. E-am!#e & r Scenari III6 In 74 7LLK $'e assi.nmen$ & Ma$eria# >BBB@ $ Ma$eria# .r u! >?@ +as c'an.ed $ Ma$eria# >EEE@ assi.ned $ Ma$eria# .r u! ><@ a!!eared. ><@. A ne+
< u are in$eres$ed $ re! r$ $'e &ac$ da$a +i$' res!ec$ $ Ma$eria# .r u! +i$' $'e Ma$eria# assi.nmen$ +'ic' +as (a#id a$ $'e 5a$e (a#ue.
Mate$(al AAA BBB 111 555 Mate$(al/$o&+ ? ? < <
7act Table
.eporting demands;
-onstellation 45>23;
Re+o$t s0o)(n/ 0(sto$('al t$&t0 Mate$(al /$o&+ Re- ?5?= Re- # 5?= E D 2 2 # 7
T'is scenari is & in$eres$ i& % u +an$ re! r$s $'a$ $rac, $'e r.aniFa$i na# c'an.es ($ime r +s)6 e... Wi$' Human Res urces
=7
:","7","2
S'ena$(o III> Sol&t(on )(t0 BW
54esterday or Today6 or %eport the historical truth 7 Pu$ $'e de!enden$ a$$ri"u$e & % ur c'arac$eris$ic as a c'arac$eris$ic in $'e same 5imensi n. E-am!#e & r Scenari III G S #u$i n6
=8
Mate$(al /$o&+ as '0a$a'te$(st(' (n t0e Mate$(al D(.ens(on table
Re+o$t s0o)(n/ 0(sto$('al t$&t0 Mate$(al /$o&+ Re- ?5?= E D 2 2 Re- # 5?= # 7
MatG$ GT$a%(t(onalG SID Table Ma$Gr Ma$Gr/SI5 ? < L74 L34 Fa't Table Ma$/5IM/I5 5a$e 777 333 AAA Ma$Gr/SI5 Ma$eria#/SI5 Ma$/5IM/I5 L74 L74 L34 L34 Mate$(al D(.ens(on Table L34 L34 447 443 443 44A 44D 44E 777 333 III AAA DDD EEE DDD 777 III AAA DDD EEE 4LC7LLK 4LC7LLK 4LC7LLK 4LC7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK Re(enue 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744
T'e !aren$ a$$ri"u$e (Ma$eria# .r u!) resides as a c'arac$eris$ic in $'e 5imensi n Ta"#e & $'e c'i#d c'arac$eris$ic (Ma$eria#) (BW Admin WB 6 In& 1u"e main$enance /H 1'arac$eris$ics). I& $'e !aren$ c'arac$eris$ic is n $ de#i(ered (ia $ransac$i n da$a # ad an u!da$e ru#e 'as $ "e crea$ed $ de$ermine (ia au$ ma$ic # ,u! $ $'e 1'arac$eris$ic@s Mas$er $'e !aren$ c'arac$eris$ic (a#ue.
Con'l&s(on - To%a3 o$ Deste$%a3 -> T'is scenari i##us$ra$es a s$ren.$' & $'e BW Sc'ema. T'e usa.e & surr .a$e ,e%s (5IM I5s) & r $'e 5imensi n Ta"#es ma,es $'is $ime scenari ! ssi"#e. I$ a## +s % u $ $rac, a## $'e c ns$e##a$i n c'an.es and $ assi.n $'e (a#idi$% im!#ici$#% (ia $'e Time in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e. 2 SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC" & suc' c ns$e##a$i n
=:
:","7"7 S'ena$(o I*> Re+o$t onl3 on %ata fo$ 'onstellat(ons -al(% to%a3 an% 3este$%a3 -To%a3 an% Deste$%a3:","7"7"# S'ena$(o I* > Des'$(+t(on
54esterday and Today6 or %eport the compara&le truth 7 Re! r$ n#% n $'e da$a & r c ns$e##a$i ns & c'arac$eris$ic and a$$ri"u$e (a#ues $'a$ e-is$ed %es$erda% and s$i## e-is$ $ da% E-am!#e & r Scenari I26 In 74 7LLK $'e assi.nmen$ & Ma$eria# >BBB@ $ Ma$eria# .r u! >?@ +as c'an.ed $ Ma$eria# >EEE@ assi.ned $ Ma$eria# .r u! ><@ a!!eared. ><@. A ne+
< u are in$eres$ed $ re! r$ $'e &ac$ da$a +i$' res!ec$ $ Ma$eria# .r u! n#% & r Ma$eria# G Ma$eria# .r u! assi.nmen$s +'ic' e-is$ c n$in us#% durin. a cer$ain $ime s!an. < u d n@$ +an$ $ c m!are ran.es +i$' !ears. In ur e-am!#e n#% $'e +'i$e c # ured c ns$a##a$i ns e-is$ +i$' u$ c'an.e in s!an 4L 7LLK un$i# 74 7LLK. ur re! r$in. $ime
7act Table
.eporting demands;
Re+o$t s0o)(n/ 'o.+a$able $es&lts Mate$(al /$o&+ Re- ?5?= E D # 2 Re- # 5?= # 2
-onstellation 45>23;
=<
T'is scenari ma% "e & in$eres$ i& % u +an$ c m!ara"#e resu#$s.
==
:","7"7"2
S'ena$(o I*> Sol&t(on )(t0 BW
54esterday and Today6 or %eport the compara&le truth 7 Gi(en a a$$ri"u$e G c'arac$eris$ic re#a$i n. 5e&ine $'e de!enden$ a$$ri"u$e as a Time 5e!enden$ Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$e & $'e c'arac$eris$ic. 5e&ine addi$i na##% user/de&ined 5a$e T and 5a$e Fr m Time 5e!enden$ Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$es. T .a$'er +i$' $'e =uer% ;e% da$e and a Fi#$er n 5a$e T and 5a$e Fr m e-c#udin. % ur re! r$in. $ime s!an % u .e$ $'e desired resu#$. E-am!#e & r Scenari I2 G S #u$i n6
Mate$(al /$o&+ as T(.e De+en%ent Na-(/at(onal Att$(b&te (n t0e Mate$(al Maste$ table an% a%%(t(onal -al(%(t3 att$(b&tes also %ef(ne% as T(.e De+en%ent Na-(/at(onal Att$(b&tes"
MatG$ GT$a%(t(onalG SID Table Ma$Gr Ma$Gr/SI5 ? < L74 L34
F(te$> F(te$> F$o.-Use$ FF ##? F$o.-Use$ ##? - - ?#??= ?#??= To-Use$ ## #??= 99 #2???? To-Use$ FF #??= #2???? L&e$3 Ke3%ate R ?5 - # 5#??=S L&e$3 Ke3%ate R ?5 - # 5#??=S Fr m/S%s T /S%s Ma$eria# Ma$eria#/SI5 2*!*222 47C7444 74C7LLK 2*!*222 2*!*222 74C7LLK *+!3333 4LC7LLK 73CLLLL *+!3333 *+!3333 73CLLLL AAA BBB BBB CCC DDD EEE 22* 443 443 22, 2244E
Re+o$t s0o)(n/ 'o.+a$able $es&lts Mate$(al /$o&+ Re- ?5?= E D # 2 Re- # 5?= # 2
Ma$Gr/SI5 Fr m/User T /User 3*2 L74 L34 3+2 3+2 L34 2*!*222 47C7444 74C7LLK 2*!*222 2*!*222 74C7LLK *+!3333 4LC7LLK 73CLLLL *+!3333 *+!3333 73CLLLL
Fa't Table Ma$/5IM/I5 5a$e 777 333 AAA DDD 777 333 AAA DDD EEE 4LC7LLK 4LC7LLK 4LC7LLK 4LC7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK 74C7LLK Re(enue 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744 744
Mate$(al T(.e De+en%ent Att$(b&te SID Table Ma$eria#/SI5 Ma$/5IM/I5 447 443 Mate$(al D(.ens(on Table 44A 44D 44E 777 333 AAA DDD EEE
As in $'e <es$erda% is T da% scenari +e s$ re a## $'e di&&eren$ Paren$/1'i#d c ns$e##a$i ns +'ic' ccurred (er $ime. SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC" =?
T'e !aren$ a$$ri"u$e (Ma$eria# .r u!) resides in $'e mas$er $a"#e & $'e c'i#d c'arac$eris$ic (BW Admin WB 6 In& O"8ec$ main$enance/H A$$ri"u$es) T'e ,e% da$e mec'anism & r addressin. s!eci&ic mas$er da$a rec rds d es n $ a## + $ime ran.es Fur$'erm re $'e 5a$eT and 5a$eFr m (T /S%s C Fr m/S%s) a$$ri"u$es +'ic' are .enera$ed au$ ma$ica##% $ 'and#e Time 5e!enden$ A$$ri"u$es cann $ "e used & r user de&ined na(i.a$i n r &i#$ers. We 'a(e $ de&ine ur +n 5a$eT and 5a$eFr m a$$ri"u$es (T /User and Fr m/User) in $'e mas$er $a"#e. 5urin. mas$er da$a # ad $'e user 5a$e T (a#ue & $'e #d mas$er rec rd 'as $ "e u!da$ed. Hin$6 5e&ine $ime (aria"#es +i$' in$er(a#s & r 5a$e Fr m and 5a$e T $ a## + &#e-i"#e re! r$s and ana#%sis (BE- =uer% Bui#der) e... T ma,e a 0uer% +i$' c m!ara"#e da$a & r $'e !eri d LC7LLK $ 74C7LLK % u 'a(e $ de&ine $'e In$er(a#s as & ## +s6 4&se$%ef(ne%6 DateF$o. > ##? 4&se$%ef(ne%6 DateTo - ?#??= > # #??= 9 #2????
T0e L&e$3 Ke3 %ate .&st be (n ? o$ # 5#??=
:","8
Usa/e of T(.e S'ena$(os
As s' +n in $'e !re(i us c'a!$er BW su!! r$s a +ide ran.e & $ime scenari s. SummariFin. +'a$ +e #earned in $'e !re(i us sec$i ns +e em!'asiFe6 I$ is ! ssi"#e $ desi.n a## $ime scenari s +i$'in ne BW Scema. Us(n/ %(ffe$ent t(.e s'ena$(os (n a S'0e.a (n'$eases t0e +otent(al -al&e of o&$ sol&t(on T'us durin. ana#%sis i$ is 0ui$e unders$anda"#e $'a$ $'e end/user ma% +is' $ 'a(e a## $ime scenari s in $'e BW Sc'ema G 8us$ in case. I& $'is +is' c mes u! and $'ere is n &undamen$a# in& rma$i n need ne 'a(e $ +arn $'e end/user "ecause 'e +i## 'a(e $ !a% & r i$ 6 He +i## # se $'e sim!#ici$% & $'e Mu#$i/5imensi na# M de# and "eside $'is !r duce (er'ead durin. # ad and 0uer%in. $'us6 W(t0 ea'0 a%%(t(onal t(.e s'ena$(o (n a BW S'0e.a t0e 'o.+le1(t3 (n'$eases an% t0&s t0e +otent(al of e$$oneo&s an% .(slea%(n/ T&e$(es" A%%(t(onal t$a(n(n/ 0as to be %one fo$ a% 0o' &se$s an% fo$ T&e$3 a&t0o$s to e1+la(n t0e %(ffe$en'es of t0e t(.e s'ena$(os an% 0o) an% (n )0('0 'ase to &se t0e."
A direc$ c nse0uence is6
Beside $'is e-!erience s' +s $'a$ 6 T0e -al&e of 0(sto$('al st$&'t&$e %(.(n(s0es )(t0 t(.e es+e'(all3 )(t0 t0e s'ena$(o II T0e s'ena$(os I 2 III a$e t0e b3 fa$ .ost f$eT&ent s'ena$(os"
I& n $'e $'er 'and side $'e end/user 'as a rea# need $ re! r$ usin. di&&eren$ $ime scenari s $'e & ## +in. ru#es 'as $ "e "ser(ed6 Des(/n(n/ t0e sa.e +a$ent att$(b&te as a '0a$a'te$(st(' (n a D(.ens(on Table 4S'ena$(o III > H(sto$('al T$&t06 an% as an Na-(/at(onal Att$(b&te (n a Maste$ Data Table 4all ot0e$ S'ena$(os6 (n a BW S'0e.a t0e Na-(/at(onal Att$(b&te s0o&l% 0a-e a na.e %(ffe$ent f$o. t0e na.e (n t0e InfoOb;e't %ef(n(t(on to a-o(% .(s&n%e$stan%(n/s"
O$'er+ise % u + u#d 'a(e $'e same name $+ice in $'e 0uer% "ui#der (BW Admin WB 6 In& O"8ec$ main$enance/H A$$ri"u$es). Fur$'erm re +e rea#iFe !er& rmance im!ac$s +i$' cer$ain $ime scenari s6
?#
T0e$e a$e no +$e'al'&late% a//$e/ates +oss(ble on T(.e De+en%ent Att$(b&te le-el t0&s (nt$o%&'(n/ t(.e %e+en%en'3 fo$ an att$(b&te )(t0o&t an3 nee% .(/0t .aAe +e$fo$.an'e (.+$o-e.ents (.+oss(ble" T0e sa.e (s t$&e )(t0 e1te$nal 0(e$a$'0(es t0at a$e st$&'t&$et(.e-%e+en%ent"
?2
:"7
M>N Relat(ons0(+s
M6N re#a$i ns'i!s de$ec$ed durin. # .ica# m de#in. need s!ecia# "ser(a$i n.
:"8
?,
:"8"#"#
?7
:":
:":"# M>N Relat(ons0(+s an% t0e Fa't Table
N rma##% N6M re#a$i ns'i!s "e$+een $+ a$$ri"u$es disc (ered durin. ana#%sis mean $'a$ $'e% reside as c'arac$eris$ics in di&&eren$ 5imensi n Ta"#es #i,e cus$ mer and ma$eria#. And $'e Fac$ Ta"#e res #(es $'is M6N re#a$i ns'i!. T'is ,ind & re#a$i ns'i! is descri"ed "% &ac$s C ,e% &i.ures #i,e re(enue. :":"2 M>N Relat(ons0(+s )(t0(n a D(.ens(on
N6M re#a$i ns'i!s ma% a#s ccur +i$'in $'e same dimensi n #i,e Ma$eria# and 1 # r r 1us$ mer and 1 mmunica$i n/P ssi"i#i$ies. e... Ma$eria# and 1 # r
Mate$(al
Colo$
1 # r is an a$$ri"u$e & $'e c'arac$eris$ic Ma$eria#. A Ma$eria# can 'a(e mu#$i!#e c # rs and (ice (ersa. Fr m n rma# unders$andin. c # r s' u#d "e in $'e Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#e & ma$eria# #i,e ma$eria# $%!e. Bu$ $'is is n $ ! ssi"#e "ecause $'e ma$eria# is $'e uni0ue ,e% & $'e mas$er $a"#e. T'us +e cann $ 'a(e ne ma$eria# +i$' mu#$i!#e c # rs in $'e mas$er $a"#e (T'is a $%!ica# c'a##en.e +i$' S$ar Sc'emasS$ar/2III.). :":"2"# Des(/n(n/ M>N Relat(ons0(+s &s(n/ t0e D(.ens(on Table
T'e BW Sc'ema a## +s suc' N6M re#a$i ns'i!s # ca$in. $'e !aren$ a$$ri"u$e 1 # r as a c'arac$eris$ic in $'e Ma$eria# 5imensi n Ta"#e. T'is is ! ssi"#e due $ $'e usa.e & surr .a$e ,e%s (5im Ids) in $'e 5imensi n Ta"#es a## +in. $'e same Ma$eria# se(era# $imes in $'e 5imensi n Ta"#e.
Fa't table D(. ID 7 3 A D E SALES U.satI 74.444 73.444 3E.444 E4.444 D4.444
D(.ens(on table D(. ID 7 3 A D E Mate$(alP A A A B B 'olo$P .reen red %e## + "#ue .reen
X remem"er $'a$ $'ere are n#% SI5s in $'e dim $a"#eT
?8
:":"2"2
Des(/n(n/ M>N Relat(ons0(+s &s(n/ a Co.+o&n% Att$(b&te
I$ is ! ssi"#e $ ac'ie(e $'e uni0ness & a c'arac$eris$ic de&inin. ne r e(en mu#$i!#e a$$ri"u$es as a 1 m! und A$$ri"u$es (In& O"8ec$ maine$ance G Ta"s$ri! 1 m! und). Co.+o&n% Att$(b&tes I& % u can a( id 1 m! undin. / d i$ T 1 m! und A$$ri"u$es means a#+a%s an (er'ead +i$' res!ec$ $ Re! r$in. as % u +i## a#+as 'a(e $ 0ua#i&% $'e 1 m! und A$$ri"u$es +i$'in a 0uer% And &r m !er& rmance ! in$ & (ie+. Bea$ (n .(n%> 1 m! undin. means a#+a%s a 'eri$a.e & S urce S%s$ems. W'a$ ma,e sense +i$' S urce S%s$ems d es n $ necessari##% mean $'a$ i$ ma,e sense in da$a +are' usin.. Remem"er $'a$ da$a +are' usin. d es n $ mean c !% mana.emen$T
?:
:"<
F$eT&entl3 C0an/(n/ Att$(b&tes 4Stat&s Att$(b&tes6
I& % u &ind &re0uen$#% c'an.in. c'arac$eris$ic G a$$ri"u$e re#a$i ns in % ur da$a m de# $'en n rma##% $'e Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#e is n $ $'e ri.'$ !#ace $ 'and#e $'ese re#a$i n as 5e&inin. $'e a$$ri"u$e as $ime de!enden$ + u#d resu#$ in an e-!# si n & $'e mas$er da$a +'ic' is n $ e&&icien$. M re im! r$an$6 % u +an$ n rma##% $ re! r$ n $'e in&#uence & $'ese c'an.es "u$ a Time 5e!enden$ A$$ri"u$e a## +s % u n#% $ re! r$ n ne c ns$e##a$i n a$ a $ime (0uer% e-ecu$i n) Fur$'erm re (er% &$en suc' an a$$ri"u$e is n $ n#% de!enden$ n $ime and ne c'arac$eris$ic "u$ n a c m"ina$i n & c'arac$eris$ics. E-am!#e6 P$o.ot(on Stat&s T'e Pr m $i n S$a$us is an a$$ri"u$e & Ar$ic#e. T'e !r m $i n (a#ues c u#d "e T2, ne+s!a!er, r 'and u$s. As i$ is $'e na$ure & s$a$us a$$ri"u$es $'e s$a$us & an Ar$ic#e c'an.es &re0uen$#%. T'e Pr m $i n S$a$us is n rma##% n $ n#% an a$$ri"u$e & Ar$ic#e "u$ n $'e c m"ina$i n & Ar$ic#e and Ou$#e$ 6 e... an ar$ic#e ma% "e n !r m $i n in ne u$#e$ +'ereas i$ is n $ n !r m $i n & r $'ers. T'is #eads $ 6 F$eT&entl3 C0an/(n/ Att$(b&tes 4Stat&s Att$(b&tes6 Fre0uen$#% 1'an.in. A$$ri"u$es #i,e Pr m $i n S$a$us s' u#d "e desi.ned as a c'arac$eris$ic & an +n 5imensi n Ta"#e. Wi$' res!ec$ & ur e-am!#e >an +n 5imensi n Ta"#e@ means n $ $ !u$ $'e s$a$us in$ $'e same 5imensi n Ta"#e as Ar$ic#e as $'is mi.'$ resu#$ in a e-!# si n & $'e 5imensi n Ta"#e. An +n 5imensi n Ta"#e +i## 'a(e a ! si$i(e in&#uence $ 0uer% !er& rmance as $'e s$a$us is &$en used as a &i#$er. E... S' + me $'e re(enue & ar$ic#es +'ic' are n !r m $i n in re.i n ? + u#d #ea(e $'e n rma##% #ar.e ar$ic#e 5imensi n Ta"#e un$ uc'ed.
?<
:"=
Inflat(on of D(.ens(ons
I$ mi.'$ 'a!!en $'a$ % ur mu#$i/dimensi na# m de# s' +s % u a # $ & >sma##@ dimensi ns. >Sma##@ in $'is c ncern means 5imensi ns $'a$ +i## 'a(e n#% ne r $+ c'arac$eris$ics +'ere"% $'ese c'arac$eris$ics 'a(e n#% a &e+ num"er & (a#ues. < u 'a(e $ re.ard $'e & ## +in.6 T'e #imi$a$i ns +i$' res!ec$ $ $'e num"er & dimensi ns +i$'in a BW Sc'ema. T'e ! ssi"#e !r duced (er'ead durin. 0uer% e-ecu$i n due $ $'e &ac$ $'a$ % u 'a(e $ 8 in a # $ & 5imensi n Ta"#es $ a #ar.e Fac$ Ta"#e A ! ssi"#e s #u$i n $ (erc me $'ese im!ac$s 6
Co.b(n(n/ GS.all@ D(.ens(ons to o-e$'o.e D(.ens(on Inflat(on T'e BW Sc'ema d es n $ & rce % u $ "rin. n#% re#a$ed c'arac$eris$ics in$ ne 5imensi n Ta"#e. T'is a## +s % u crea$e ne 5imensi n (Ta"#e) c ##ec$in. m re r #ess unre#a$ed c'arac$eris$ics &r m >sma##@ dimensi ns. < u mus$ "ser(e $'a$ $'e num"er & e-!ec$ed c m"ina$i ns & c'arac$eris$ics (a#ues s' u#d & c urse n $ "e $'e car$esian !r duc$T An $'er as!ec$ is $'e usi"i#i$% i.e. & r 0uer% au$' rs % u 'a(e $ crea$e a meanin.&u# dimensi n name (#i,e6 Scenari 5imensi n) +'ic' a## +s 'im eas% na(i.a$i n n $'e m de# in $'e 0uer% "ui#der.
?=
:"?
M&lt(+le P$o'ess Re+o$t(n/ S'ena$(os
A n rma# da$a +are' use issue is $'e re! r$in. n in& rma$i n &&ered "% di&&eren$ !era$i na# !r cesses #i,e rder !r cess, de#i(er% !r cess and "i##in. !r cess r sa#es !r cess (ac$ua#) and !#annin. r "ud.e$in. !r cess , $ $'e & ## +in. e-am!#e6
Del(-e$3
ONUM: Order Number (C) CUS: Customer (C) PROD: Product (C) DDAT: Del $er! Date (C) D%LP: Del $er! Person (C) DQTY: Del $ered Quant t! (") DPR#: Del $er! Pr ce (")
:e$@s 'a(e a #
O$%e$

B(ll(n/
ONUM: Order Number (C) CUS: Customer (C) PROD: Product (C) &DAT: & ll n' Date (C) &#LP: & ll n' Person (C) &QTY: & ll n' Quant t! (") &PR#: & ll n' Pr ce (")
ONUM: Order Number (C) CUS: Customer (C) PROD: Product (C) ODAT: Order Date (C) SALP: Sales Person (C) OQTY: Order Quant t! (") OPR#: Order Pr ce (")
T'e $'ree sceanri s 'a(e $'e mar,ed c'arac$eris$ics in c mm n. T'e 0ues$i n $ "e ans+ered is +'e$'er $'ere are .enera# ru#es ' + $ im!#emen$ in BW re! r$in. scenari s $'a$ c nsis$ & su"/scenari s.
??
:"?"# :
M&lt(C&bes
,in. a$ $'e e-am!#e in$r duced a" (e ne mi.'$ c me $ $'e & ## +in. c nc#usi n6
As % u &re0uen$#% +an$ $ re! r$ da$a &r m $'ese !r cesses $ .a$'er $'e &irs$ a!!r ac' mi.'$ "e $ crea$e ne c mm n mu#$i/dimensi na# m de# and & ## +in. ne In& cu"e. 1rea$in. a s #u$i n usin. ne In& 1u"e +i$' u$ an% &ur$'er sc'ema im!r (emen$s +e + u#d ac'ie(e 6
Or"er - Deli-er. - /illing Cube

ONUM CUS PROD ODAT SALP DDAT D%LP &DAT &#LP OQTY OPR# DQTY DPR# &QTY &PR#
1 2 3 4 4 1 2 2 3 4 1 2 3
C1 C2 C1 C2 C2 C1 C2 C2 C1 C2 C1 C2 C1
P1 P1 P2 P2 P2 P1 P1 P1 P2 P2 P1 P1 P2
1998 1998 1997 1997 1998 * * * * * * * *
S1 S2 S3 S2 S2 * * * * * * * *
* * * * * 1998 1999 1999 1998 1998 * * *
* * * * * D2 D1 D2 D1 D2 * * *
* * * * * * * * * * 1999 1999 1998
* * * * * * * * * * B1 B1 B2
5 10 4 8 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
100 200 130 150 -40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 5 7 3 2 6 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 100 120 80 60 110 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 200 130
Common C0ars
Sales C0ars
Deli-er. C0ars
/illing C0ars
Sales 1e.fs
Deli-er. 1e.fs
/illing 1e.fs
T'e cu"e #
,s #i,e a s+iss c'eese.
O& c urse i$ is ! ssi"#e $ desi.n a m re a!!r !ia$e sc'ema & r $'e sin.#e cu"e a!!r ac'. T'is is discussed in $'e ne-$ c'a!$er. Usin. $'e BW Mu#$i1u"e &unc$i na#i$% +e can use a s!ace/sa(in., m re !er& rman$ and m re $rans!aren$ a!!r ac'. A Mu#$i1u"e is a (ir$ua# cu"e +'ic' d es n $ e-is$ !'%sica##%. (& r m re de$ai#s c nsu#$ $'e BW AWB 5 cumen$a$i n)6 We de&ine $'ree s ca##ed Basic In& 1u"es. T'is $'ree Basic In& cu"es ser(e as in!u$ & r $'e Mu#$i1u"e de&ini$i n. < u 'a(e $ "ser(e $'e & ## +in. On#% c'arac$eris$ics and na(i.a$i na# a$$ri"u$es can "e dec#ared as $ "e $'e same +'ic' re&erence $'e same In& O"8ec$.
I& $'e same In& O"8ec$ & $%!e ;e% Fi.ure ccurrs mu#$i!#e $imes % u 'a(e $ decide +'e$'er $ add $'e (a#ues &r m $'e di&&eren$ cu"es r % u 'a(e $ c' se ne ;e% Fi.ure &r m ne cu"e. In s me scenari s addin. ma,es sense (& r e-am!#e6 Mu#$i1u"e n c un$r%/s!eci&ic Basic 1u"es +i$' re(enue da$a) +i$' $'er scenari s (e-am!#e6 ac$ua# and !#an) addin. is n nsense. T'e "es$ +a% $ 'and#e ;e% Fi.ures is $ use an ;e% &i.ure In& O"8ec$ not in di&&eren$ seman$ic c ns$e##a$i ns #i,e ;e% Fi.ure =T< & r rdered 0uan$i$% in $'e Order cu"e and & r in( iced 0uan$i$% in $'e In( iced .
As $'e a## +s % u $ access mu#$i!#e In& 1u"es +i$'in ne 0uer%. Wi$' $'is "ac,.r und +e can crea$e $'ree In& cu"es6
ONUM CUS PROD ODAT SALP OQTY OPR#
Or"er-Cube
1 2 3 4 4
C1 C2 C1 C2 C2
P1 P1 P2 P2 P2
1998 1998 1997 1997 1998
S1 S2 S3 S2 S2
5 10 4 8 -2
100 200 130 150 -40
Deli-er.-Cube
ONUM
CUS
PROD
DDAT
D%LP
DQTY
DPR#
1 2 2 3 4
C1 C2 C2 C1 C2
P1 P1 P1 P2 P2
1998 1999 1999 1998 1998
D2 D1 D2 D1 D2
5 7 3 2 6
100 120 80 60 110
/illing-Cube
ONUM
CUS
PROD
&DAT
&#LP
&QTY
&PR#
1 2 3
C1 C2 C1
P1 P1 P2
1999 1999 1998
B1 B1 B2
5 10 4
100 200 130
and "ased n $'ese Basic In& 1u"es a Mu#$i1u"e a 0uer% s' +in. Sa#es and 5e#i(ered =uan$i$% + u#d # , #i,e $'is6
PROD
SQTY
DQTY
P1 P2
5ri##in. $ Sa#es!ers n $'e resu#$ +e +i## .e$6
15 10
15 8
# #
PROD
SALP
SQTY
DQTY
P1
S1 S2 unassigned S2 S3 unassigned
5 10 15 6 4 10 15 15 8 8
P2
T'is resu#$s a e(a#ua$ed sendin. $+ 0ueries in !ara##e# $ $'e Order and 5e#i(er% 1u"e. A su"se0uen$ uni n crea$es $'e resu#$ $a"#e.
Multi-Cube 2ueries
/asic-Cube 2ueries
Sales Deli-er. /illing Multi-Cube
/asic-Cube 2ueries
Sales Cube Deli-er. Cube
/illing Cube
/asic-Cube 2ueries
# 2
:"?"2
Pa$t(t(on(n/ Att$(b&tes
In $'e m de#in. !'ase $'e si$ua$i n &$en a!!ears $'a$ $'ere are d Fens & ,e% &i.ures (&ac$s) #i,e Ac$ua# Sa#es C P#anned Sa#es C F recas$ Sa#es C Bud.e$ Sa#es... C P#anned Uni$s C F recas$ Uni$s ... Fur$'erm re Ac$ua# and P#an ,e% &i.ures are n rma##% de&ined n di&&eren$ .ranu#ar #e(e#s #i,e Ac$ua# da$a n Pr duc$ and 5ai#% #e(e# P#an da$a n Pr duc$ .r u! and M n$'#% #e(e# =ues$i n6 S'a## I in$r duce a## $'ese ,e% &i.ures in$ $'e Fac$ Ta"#e & a sin.#e In& 1u"e S Bearin. in mind +'a$ +e discussed +i$' res!ec$ $ Mu#$i1u"e scenari s i$ d es n $ ma,e sense $ crea$e n/cu"es ne & r eac' scenari . I$ ma,e sense $ $'in, & $+ "asic re! r$in. scenari s and $ crea$e $+ cu"es ne & r ac$ua# sa#es and ne & r !#annin.s, & recas$s and "ud.e$ T'is $a,es in$ c nsidera$i n $'e di&&eren$ .ranu#ari$% #e(e#s in $'e scenari s Ans+er6
=ues$i n6 W'a$ +i## 'a!!en i& $'e users +an$ $ in$r duce a A/m n$' & recas$, a I/m n$' & recas$ ...S Ans+er6 T'in, & !#an, "ud.e$ and & recas$ as (a#ues & a c'arac$eris$ic & r e-am!#e named >2a#ueT%!e@ # ca$ed in a se!ara$e dimensi n ($a"#e) & r e-am!#e named >Scenari @. 2a#ueT%!e re!#ica$es $'e remainin. s$ruc$ure & $'e sc'ema. We +i## $'en 'a(e n#% ne ,e% &i.ure e... Sa#es Am un$ +'ic' n#% in c n8unc$i n +i$' $'e c'arac$eris$ic 2a#ueT%!e .i(es a meanin.. T'ese a$$ri"u$es are &$en ca##ed Par$i$i nin. A$$ri"u$es and $'eir dimensi n a Par$i$i nin. 5imensi n. T'e s$ruc$ure is &#e-i"#e $ e-!and, i& & r ins$ance an $'er scenari #i,e A/m n$' & recas$ is needed $'is +i## "e 8us$ a ne+ 2a#T%!e (a#ue. E-am!#e6
CUS PROD DAT (alT!)e QTY
C1 C2 C1 C2 C1 C2 C1 C2
P1 P1 P2 P2 P1 P1 P2 P2
199801 199801 199801 199801 199801 199801 199801 199801
P P P P F6 F6 F6 F6
10 10 4 8 80 70 30 60
# ,
I$ is im! r$an$ $ remem"er $'a$ re! r$in. $'e Sa#es Am un$ is n $ meanin.&u# +i$' u$ s!eci&%in. $'e 2a#T%!e (as &i#$er, in a res$ric$ed ,e% &i.ure...) . < u + u#d summariFe & r e-am!#e !#an da$a and & recas$ da$a.
# 7
Enfo$'(n/ t0e e1(stan'e of a Pa$t(t(on Att$(b&te 1'arac$eris$ics $'a$ !ar$i$i n $'e sc'ema #i,e 2a#T%!e 'a(e $ !reca#cu#a$ed a..re.a$e T "e in e(er% 0uer% and e(er%
T'is can "e en& rced de&inin. 2a#T%!e as >Uni0ue & r eac' 1e##@ in $'e In& O"8ec$ main$enance (Ta"s$ri! E-!# rer). Fur$'er ad(an$a.es & Par$i$i nin. A$$ri"u$es6 T'ere can "e e-$erna# Hierarc'ies de&ined (er $'e !ar$i$i nin. c'arac$eris$ic T'e BW S$a.in. su!! r$s $'is &ea$ure as $'e u!da$e ru#es are de&ined & r e(er% ,e% &i.ure &r m $'e c mmunica$i n s$ruc$ure & $'e In& S urce. T'us ena"#in. $ s!#i$ ne #ar.e $ransac$i na# rec rd +i$' man% ,e% &i.ures in$ man% rec rds in $'e Fac$ Ta"#e +i$' ne ,e% &i.ure. T'us usin. " $' &ea$ures $'e Mu#$i1u"e and a Par$i$i nin. A$$ri"u$e &&er a . d im!#emen$a$i n6
Multi-Cube 2ueries
3lan 6 5ctual Multi-Cube /asic-Cube 2ueries /asic-Cube 2ueries
3lan4 Forecast.. Data Cube
5ctual Data Cube
# 8
:"#
Att$(b&te o$ Fa't 4Ke3 f(/&$e6
Usua##% i$ is 0ui$e "(i us ' + $ dis$in.uis' attributes and #acts. Bu$ $'ere +i## "e s me a$$ri"u$es $'a$ +i## "e c n&usin.. Prices are a . d e-am!#e. Fr m ne !ers!ec$i(e, !rice descri"es $'e ar$ic#e as & r e-am!#e $'e manu&ac$urer a$$ri"u$e d es, and $'ere& re i$ seems $'a$ i$ s' u#d "e in $'e Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#e Infoob;e'ts of T3+e Ke3 F(/&$e as Att$(b&te (n a Maste$ Data Table In$r ducin. a F rmu#ar 2aria"#e +'ic' addresses an A$$ri"u$e & T%!e ;e% Fi.ure #i,e Price in a Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#e a## +s ca#cu#a$i ns +i$'in 0ueries usin. $'is F rmu#ar 2aria"#e (s. 5 cumen$a$i n)
So.et(.es Ke3 F(/&$e Att$(b&tes .&st be (nte/$ate% to t0e Fa't Table Fr m an $'er !ers!ec$i(e $'e !rice is c n$inu us (er $ime $'a$ means i$ d esn@$ ma,e sense $ ca#cu#a$e disc un$s n "asis & sa#es am un$ and 0uan$i$% in a &ac$ rec rd usin. $'e ac$ua# !rice &r m $'e Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#e #i,e descri"ed a" (e +i$' &ac$ rec rds +'ic' are & r e-am!#e ne %ear #d. In $'is case $'e disc un$ 'as $ "e ca#cu#a$ed durin. # ad $ime in an u!da$e ru#e addressin. (ia # ,u! $ $'e Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#e $'e ac$ua# !rice. Fr m re! r$in. ! in$ & (ie+ i$ can a#s "e & in$eres$ $ s$ re an A$$ri"u$e ;e% Fi.ures addi$i na##% as a c'arac$eris$ic r an a$$ri"u$e & $%!e c'arac$eris$ic. T'is + u#d a## + na(i.a$i n n !rices usin. & r e-am!#e E-$erna# Hierarc'ies.
# :
:"##
# <
:"#2 :"#, Sa.e C0a$a'te$(st(' se-e$al t(.es (n t0e Mo%el
I$ ma% ccurr $'a$ % u &ind $'e same c'arac$eris$ic se(era# $imes in % ur BW Sc'ema 8us$ !#a%in. a di&&eren$ r #e. E-am!#e6 Sa#es Em!# %ee, 5e#i(er% Em!# %ee, Bi##in. Em!# %ee 1rea$e ne In& O"8ec$ Em!# %ee. T'e $'er c'arac$eris$ics as In& O"8ec$ $'a$ re&er $ Em!# %ee. I$ ma,es &$en sense $ in$r duce Em!# %ee addi$i na##% $ $'e sc'ema $ a## + sim!#e 0ues$i ns #i,e s' + me a## $ransac$i ns +'ere a s!eci&ic Em!# %ee +as in( #(ed i$ d esn@$ ma$$er in +'ic' r #e.
:"#7
:"#7"#
A$t(f('(al Ke3 F(/&$es

Fa'tless Fa't tables
T'ere mi.'$ "e a Fac$ Ta"#e +i$' u$ a )$rue* &ac$ e... +i$' a$$endance 0ues$i ns (a$$endance in$ersec$i n en$i$%). T'e same a!!#ies $ 'uman res urce s$a$is$ics. T' se si$ua$i ns c u#d "e s #(ed in$r ducin. an ar$i&icia# ,e% &i.ure +'ic' is a#+a%s >7@ 6
Mont0 #??? 8 #??? 8 Co&$se TABW# TABW# St&%ent Ha&+t B$&/na Atten%an'e # #
:"#7"2
Co&nt(n/
O&$en i$ ma,es sense $ in$r duce addi$i na##% an ar$i&icia# ,e% &i.ure $ a## + eas% c un$in.. T'is ,e% &i.ure is &i##ed "% >7@durin. # ad & r eac' rec rd.
:"#8
B(/ D(.ens(ons
T'e 0ues$i n ma% arise durin. m de#in. 6 H + d +e dea# +i$' dimensi n and mas$er $a"#es +i$' 744 $' usends r e(en mi##i ns & rec rdsS Use :ine I$em 5imensi ns T We 'a(e $'is si$ua$i n &$en +i$' #ar.e cus$ mer dimensi ns. 2er% 0uic, $'e s #u$i n ma% "e 6 use a..re.a$es & r dem .ra!'ic c'arac$eris$ics in $'e cus$ mer dimensi n, $'is im!r (es 0uer% !er& rmance si.ni&ican$#% "u$ causes ! ssi"#% #ar.e s!ace re0uiremen$s and a..re.a$es 'a(e $ "e main$ained a&$er da$a # ad and $'is ma% $a,e s me $ime
s in suc' a e-$reme si$ua$i n i$ ma,es sense $ $'in, a" u$ a#$erna$i(es 6 2 SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC" # =
crea$e a sma##er dem .ra!'ic dimensi n usin. dem .ra!'ic a$$ri"u$es & $'e cus$ mer $'is im!r (es 0uer% !er& rmance si.ni&ican$#% da$a are a(ai#a"#e immedia$e#% a&$er $ransac$i n da$a # ad "u$ 'as a cer$ain (er'ead durin. # ad $ime
B $' a!!r ac'es can "e c m"ined. As $'e BW Sc'ema d es n $ & rce % u $ !u$ a !aren$ a$$ri"u$e in$ $'e same 5imensi n Ta"#e as i$@s c'i#d a$$ri"u$e i$ is &$en + r$' $'in,in. a" u$ # ca$in. !aren$ a$$ri"u$es in an +n 5imensi n Ta"#e (e... +i$' 744 444 ar$ic#e and 3444 ar$ic#e .r u!s +'% n $ !u$$in. $'e ar$ic#e .r u! in an +n 5imensi n Ta"#e i& 0ueries &$en re! r$s a$ ar$ic#e .r u! #e(e# S) S)
# ?
##
:"#:
H(e$a$'0(es (n t0e BW S'0e.a
Hierarc'ies in .enera# are essen$ia# s$ruc$ures & r na(i.a$i n and & c urse 'a(in. c'arac$eris$ics and a$$ri"u$es in $'e 5imensi n Ta"#es and Mas$er 5a$a Ta"#es $'a$ are re#a$ed in a se0uence & !aren$/c'i#d re#a$i ns'i!s means 'ierarc'ies. Bu$ as $'e rea# + r#d is s me$imes un"a#anced r ra..ed s i$ is +i$' 'ierarc'ies. In BW, $'e are essen$ia##% $'ree ! ssi"i#i$ies $ m de# 'ierarc'ies6 as a 'ierarc'% & c'arac$eris$ics +i$'in a 5imensi n Ta"#e as a 'ierarc'% & a$$ri"u$es a$$ac'ed $ a c'arac$eris$ic as an e-$erna# 'ierarc'%7 , a$ $'e !r s and c ns & $' se di&&eren$ m de#in. $ec'ni0ues.
:e$ us s' r$#% # :"#:"#
H(e$a$'0(es )(t0(n a D(.ens(on
A $%!ica# e-am!#e & r a 'ierarc'% &i$$in. in$ $'is c n$e-$ is a $ime 'ierarc'% +i$' #e(e#s suc' as mi##enium G cen$ur% G decade G %ear G m n$' G da% G ' ur e$c. An $'er $%!ica# e-am!#e is a .e .ra!'ic 'ierarc'% +i$' #e(e#s suc' as c n$inen$ G c un$r% G s$a$e G re.i n G ci$% e$c. Hierarc'ies $'a$ can "e m de#ed +i$'in a 5imensi n Ta"#e 'a(e cer$ain !r !er$ies6 T'e num"er & #e(e#s s' u#d "e &i-ed i.e. eac' !a$' &r m $'e r #en.$'Q eac' #e(e# is re!resen$ed "% an In& O"8ec$. $ $ a #ea& s' u#d 'a(e $'e same
E-am!#e6 A .e .ra!'ic dimensi n +i$' In& O"8ec$s 41OUNTR< (c un$r%), 4REGION (re.i n) and 41IT< (ci$%). Bu$ as $'e BW d es n $ ,n + an%$'in. a" u$ !aren$/c'i#d re#a$i ns'i!s +i$'in 5imensi n Ta"#es i$ can ma,e sense $ desi.n e(en un"a#anced 'ierarc'ies in a 5imensi n Ta"#e i& $'e end/user ,n + a" u$ $'ese s$ran.e "e'a(i r and can c' se s a meanin.&u# c'i#d a$$ri"u$e. N $e $'ere are n !rede&ined dri## d +n !a$'s +i$'in a 5imensi n Ta"#e. (As ;im"a## sa%s 6 $'e $rue meanin. & dri##in. is 8us$ addin. r rem (in. r + 'eaders) 5ue $ $'e &ac$ $'a$ surr .a$e ,e%s are used in $'e 5imensi n Ta"#es i$ is ! ssi"#e $ desi.n e(en >#ea&#ess@ 'ierarc'ies. T'is si$ua$i n &$en arises +'en di&&eren$ O:TP s urce s%s$ems &&er da$a a$ di&&eren$ a$$ri"u$e (Hierarc'%) #e(e#s6
Fa't table D(. ID 7 3 A D E SALES U.satI 74.444 73.444 3E.444 E4.444 D4.444 D(.ens(on table D(. ID Mate$(alP 7 A 3 B A 1 D NRN E NRN Mate$(al/$o&+P "e(era.e s+ee$s "e(era.e "e(era.e s+ee$s
X remem"er $'a$ $'ere are n#% SI5s in $'e dim $a"#e T
T'e !er& rmance as!ec$s & $'is $ec'ni0ue are6

7
Ac$ua##%, $'is is $'e n $i n & a 'ierarc'% $'a$ is used in d cumen$s re#a$ed $ BW. SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC" ###
=ueries $ In& 1u"es $'a$ use suc' ,ind & 'ierarc'ies are .enera##% &as$er $'an $'e same 0ueries $ In& 1u"es $'a$ m de# $'e same scenari +i$' ne & $'e $+ $'er 'ierarc'% m de#in. $ec'ni0ues. T'e BW d es n $ e-!#ici$#% ,n + a" u$ $'e 'ierarc'ica# de!endencies. T'ere& re !reca#cu#a$ed a..re.a$es $'a$ summariFe da$a (er re.i ns are n $ used & r 0ueries $'a$ summariFe (er c un$ries (f t0e 'o&nt$3 (s not (n'l&%e% (n t0at +$e'al'&late% a//$e/ate as )ell T T'ere& re % u s' u#d a#+a%s inc#ude $'e 'ierarc'ica# #e(e#s $ suc' an a..re.a$e $'a$ are a" (e $'e #e(e# (er +'ic' da$a is summariFed. E-am!#e 76 I& an a..re.a$e summariFes da$a (er 4REGION $'en d inc#ude 41OUNTR< in $'a$ a..re.a$e $ . E-am!#e 36 I& an a..re.a$e summariFes da$a (er m n$'s $'en d inc#ude %ears, decades, ... $ T
T'e re! r$in. as!ec$s & $'is $ec'ni0ue are6 T'e BW d es n $ e-!#ici$#% ,n + a" u$ $'e 'ierarc'ica# de!endencies. T'ere& re $'ere is n !rede&ined dri## d +n !a$' +i$' $'is 'ierarc'% desi.n. H(e$a$'0(es )(t0(n a Maste$ Data table of a C0a$a'te$(st('
:"#:"2
T'is case is (er% simi#ar $ $'e ne discussed in sec$i n I.7I.7. T'e di&&erence is $'e increased &#e-i"i#i$% (i.e. rea#i.nmen$ &aci#i$ies) $'a$ c mes +i$' Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$es. T'e 'ierarc'% s' u#d s$i## 'a(e a &i-ed num"er & #e(e#s. H +e(er, c'an.es $ $'a$ 'ierarc'% (i.e. c'an.es $ a$$ri"u$e (a#ues) can "e easi#% a!!#ied $ &ac$s $'a$ are a#read% # aded in$ a cu"e. A $%!ica# e-am!#e is $'e 'ierarc'% & sa#es &&ice G sa#es .r u! G sa#es !ers n. T'is 'ierarc'% 'as a &i-ed num"er & #e(e#s "u$ is &re0uen$#% re r.aniFed. Fr m a !er& rmance !ers!ec$i(e $'is is $'e #eas$ a$$rac$i(e 'ierarc'% m de#in. $ec'ni0ue. :"#:", E1te$nal H(e$a$'0(es
T'is is $'e idea# $%!e i& a 'ierarc'% &re0uen$#% c'an.es, 'as n &i-ed num"er & #e(e#s (s me$imes re&erred $ as a Yra..edY r )un"a#anced* 'ierarc'%).
unbalanced hierarch!
##2
A $%!ica# e-am!#e is a c s$ cen$er 'ierarc'% in +'ic' se(era# (su"/)c s$ cen$ers "e# n. $ ne c s$ cen$er +'ic' i$se#& "e# n. $ an $'er c s$ cen$er and s n. Suc' a 'ierarc'% 'as n &i-ed num"er & #e(e#s as c s$ cen$ers usua##% c rres! nd $ de!ar$men$s r .r u!s +i$'in a c m!an% +'ic' mi.'$ "e re r.aniFed in$ ne+ su".r u!s. T'us ne+ #e(e#s mi.'$ "e in$r duced, #d nes disa!!ear, $'e 'ierarc'% mi.'$ "e dee!er a$ ne end (due $ a dee!er 'ierarc'ica# r.aniFa$i n) and s'a## + n $'e $'er end. An $'er ma8 r ad(an$a.e & e-$erna# 'ierarc'ies (s. i$s a#$erna$i(es is $'a$ an In& O"8ec$ can 'a(e se(era# suc' 'ierarc'ies and a## $'ese can "e used +i$'in $'e same cu"e. T'e same e&&ec$ c u#d n#% "e ac'ie(ed $'r u.' nas$% + r,/ar unds +'en usin. $'e a#$erna$i(e a!!r ac'es. T'e !er& rmance issues c nnec$ed $ $'is $%!e & 'ierarc'% are $'e & ## +in.6 T'ese 'ierarc'ies usua##% !er& rm + rse $'a$ $' se m de#ed +i$'in dimensi ns. T'e% usua##% !er& rm a$ #eas$ as +e## as $'e 'ierarc'ies "ased n Na(i.a$i na# A$$ri"u$es. Pr "#ems can arise & r "i. e-$erna# 'ierarc'ies +i$' man% $' usands & n des and #ea(es. In $'a$ case i$ mi.'$ "e "e$$er $ c nsider ne & $'e $+ a#$erna$i(es. We 'a(e $'e & ## +in. $%!es & e-$erna# Hierarc'ies 6 2ersi ns and C r $ime de!endenc% & $'e +' #e e-$erna# 'ierarc'% s$ruc$ure (5a$eT , 5a$eFr m) / $'ere are +$e'al'&late% a//$e/ates a$ eac' #e(e# e(en & r s!eci&ic n de (a#ues ! ssi"#e Or (e-c#usi(e) $ime de!endenc% & r eac' e-$erna# 'ierarc'% n de ($ime de!enden$ s$ruc$ure) / $'ere are no +$e'al'&late% a//$e/ates ! ssi"#e
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Multi-Dimensional Modeling with BW

ASAP FOR BW ACCELERATOR

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MODELING WITH BW

TH BW ASAP FOR BW ACCELERATOR

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DATA MODELING WITH BW

ASAP FOR BW ACCELERATOR

Soft)a$e *e$s(on S&++o$te%

T'is d cumen$ a!!#ies $ BW 2ersi n 3.4B r 'i.'er.

F r m re de$ai#ed in& rma$i n Whitepaper and $ $'e !a!er Hierachies in BW.

SAP AMERICA! INC" AND SAP AG

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DATA MODELING WITH BWI

TH BW ASAP FOR BW ACCELERATOR

SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC"

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DATA MODELING WITH BWI

TH BW ASAP FOR BW ACCELERATOR

BW Info$.at(on Inte/$at(on A$'0(te't&$e

B! O"erational Data Store

End&'ser Data Access

SAP R/3 APO CRM BBP Legacy

Ad Hoc Queries Reporting Applications Models

B! O"erational Data Store

SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC"

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DATA MODELING WITH BWI

TH BW ASAP FOR BW ACCELERATOR

r ser(e as 5ri## T'ru $ar.e$ &r m $'e In& 1u"e

BW Info$.at(on A''ess A$'0(te't&$e

B! O"erational Data Store

End&'ser Data Access

SAP R/3 APO CRM BBP

B! O"erational Data Store

T0($% Pa$t3 Tools

SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC"

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DATA MODELING WITH BWI

TH BW ASAP FOR BW ACCELERATOR

SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC"

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DATA MODELING WITH BWI

TH BW ASAP FOR BW ACCELERATOR

, F$o. M&lt(-D(.ens(onal Mo%el to InfoC&be 9 F($st A++$oa'0

SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC"

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DATA MODELING WITH BWI

TH BW ASAP FOR BW ACCELERATOR

T0e /oals of .&lt(-%(.ens(onal %ata .o%els

T'e (era## . a#s & mu#$i/dimensi na# m de#s are 6

T0e $ole of t0e BW B&s(ness Content

SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC"

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DATA MODELING WITH BWI

TH BW ASAP FOR BW ACCELERATOR

Bas(' Mo%el(n/ Ste+s

#" Fo'&s on t0e st$&'t&$e of (nfo$.at(on

2" Fo'&s on anal3t('al nee%s - O-e$'o.e .o%el 'o.+le1(t3

," B&(l% t0e sol&t(on as a +a$t of an (nte/$ate% %ata )a$e0o&se

SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC"

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DATA MODELING WITH BWI

TH BW ASAP FOR BW ACCELERATOR

Focus on the structure of information

Focus on analytical needs Overcome model complexity

C&sto.e$ ID 1us$ mer Name 1i$% Re.i n O&&ice Name

Ma$eria# 5IM I5 Or.S$r 5IM I5 Time 1 de I5 .... =uan$i$% .....

Build the solution as a part of an integrated data arehouse

Ste+ #> De-elo+ a 'o.+lete &n%e$stan%(n/ of t0e &n%e$l3(n/ b&s(ness +$o'esses

SAP AG AND SAP AMERICA! INC"

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL DATA MODELING WITH BWI