Material Science Unit 5 Mechanical properties of materials

Terminology outline
Stress Strain Yield strength Tensile strength Tensile toughness Ductility

This cartoon character is clearly under stress! If you put a person under stress, it produces a strain. The same is true in Physics too. We can apply both tensile (stretching) and compressive stresses to objects by putting them under stress. We can define stress as the force per unit area.
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You will sometimes see the symbol (lower case sigma) used to represent stress. Its units are............. Tensile, Compressive and shear stress

As suggested earlier, stress produces strain. Strain is defined as the change in dimension (length) divided by the original dimension. This makes it the change in length per unit length. What are the units of strain? It has no units. The two units cancel out. It is said to be dimensionless.

Elastic Strain Plastic Strain The symbol for strain is .

l l
0
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Stress Strain Curve Youngs Modulus Strain Rate Viscous material

Stress Strain Curve

Tensile and compressive stresses are normal stresses. A normal stress arises when the applied force acts perpendicular to the area of interest. A shear stress arises when the applied force acts in a direction parallel to the area of interest

Stress Strain Curve for elastic materials

In many materials, elastic stress and elastic strain are linearly related. The slope of a tensile stressstrain curve in the linear regime defines the Youngs modulus or modulus of elasticity (E) of a material

Stress Strain Curve for non linear materials

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ultimate tensile strength

Stress-Strain Diagram
3 necking

UTS

yield strength

Strain Hardening 2 Plastic Region

Fracture 5

E
E
1

Elastic Region 4 L/Lo) ) (D11

Elastic region slope =Youngs (elastic) modulus yield strength Plastic region ultimate tensile strength strain hardening fracture

y 2 1

Strain (

Stress-Strain Diagram (cont)

Elastic Region (Point 1 2) - The material will return to its original
shape after the material is unloaded( like a rubber band). - The stress is linearly proportional to the strain in this region.

or

: Stress(psi) E : Elastic modulus (Youngs Modulus) (psi) : Strain (in/in) - Point 2 : Yield Strength : a point where permanent

deformation occurs. ( If it is passed, the material will no longer return to its original length.) 12

Stress-Strain Diagram (cont)

Strain Hardening If the material is loaded again from Point 4, the curve will follow back to Point 3 with the same Elastic Modulus (slope). - The material now has a higher yield strength of Point 4. - Raising the yield strength by permanently straining the material is called Strain Hardening.

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Stress-Strain Diagram (cont)

Tensile Strength (Point 3) - The largest value of stress on the diagram is called
Tensile Strength(TS) or Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) - It is the maximum stress which the material can support without breaking.

Fracture (Point 5) - If the material is stretched beyond Point 3, the stress

decreases as necking and non-uniform deformation occur. - Fracture will finally occur at Point 5.

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The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress Strain Diagram

The tensile test measures the resistance of a material to a static or slowly applied force.

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Stress-Strain Test
specimen

machine
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Tensile Test

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Important Mechanical Properties from a Tensile Test

Young's Modulus: This is the slope of the
linear portion of the stress-strain curve, it is usually specific to each material; a constant, known value. Yield Strength: This is the value of stress at the yield point, calculated by plotting young's modulus at a specified percent of offset (usually offset = 0.2%). Ultimate Tensile Strength: This is the highest value of stress on the stress-strain curve. Percent Elongation: This is the change in gauge length divided by the original gauge length.
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Ductility, %EL
Ductility is a measure of the plastic deformation that has been sustained at fracture:

% EL

l f lo lo
Ao

x100

Engineering tensile stress,

A material that suffers very little plastic deformation is brittle.

smaller %EL (brittle if %EL<5%) larger %EL (ductile if %EL>5%) Engineering tensile strain,

Lo

Af

Lf

% AR

Ao A f Ao

x100

Another ductility measure:

Ductility may be expressed as either percent elongation (% plastic strain at fracture) or percent reduction in area. %AR > %EL is possible if internal voids form in neck.

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Toughness
Toughness is the ability to absorb energy up to fracture (energy per unit volume of material). A tough material has strength and ductility. Approximated by the area under the stress-strain curve.

Lower toughness: ceramics Higher toughness: metals

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For an aluminum alloy rode of 5cm , if uniform force is applied, Before breaking the length extend up to 5.488 cm and the initial diameter 1.263 cm convert in to final diameter of 0.995 cm calculate ductility of the alloy

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% elongation=9.7% % reduction in area=37.9%

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Elastic Deformation
1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload

bonds stretch return to initial

F
Elastic means reversible.

Linearelastic Non-Linearelastic

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Plastic Deformation (Metals)

1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload

bonds stretch & planes shear

planes still sheared

elastic + plastic

plastic

F
Plastic means permanent.

linear elastic

linear elastic

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plastic

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Temperature Effects
As temperature increases: Ductility and toughness increase. Yield stress and the modulus of elasticity decrease. Temperature also affects the strain-hardening exponent of most metals.

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Strain Rate Effects and Impact Behavior

When a material is subjected to a sudden, intense blow, in which the strain rate ( or ) is extremely rapid, it may behave in much more brittle a manner than is observed in the tensile test. The ability of a material to withstand an impact blow is often referred to as the impact toughness of the material. The difference is that, in tensile tests, the strain rates are much smaller compared to those used in an impact test.
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 Impact energy The energy required to fracture a standard specimen when the load is applied suddenly. Impact loading Application of stress at a very high strain rate . Impact test Measures the ability of a material to absorb the sudden application of a load without breaking. The Charpy and Izod tests are commonly used impact tests. Impact toughness Energy absorbed by a material, usually notched, during fracture, under the conditions of the impact test.
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Properties Obtained from the Impact Test

Ductile to Brittle Transition Temperature (DBTT):- The ductile to brittle transition temperature is the temperature at which the failure mode of a material changes from ductile to brittle fracture. A material subjected to an impact blow during service should have a transition temperature.

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Impact
Testing consists of placing a notched specimen in an impact tester and breaking it with a swinging pendulum. Impact or Dynamic Loading CharpyTest -- Specimen supported at both ends. Izod Test -- Specimen supported at one end.

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Impact
Impact Toughness -- The energy dissipated in breaking the specimen may be obtained from the amount of swing in the pendulum.
Useful in determining the ductile-brittle transition temperature of materials. High Impact Resistance High Strength High Ductility High Toughness

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Viscous material
A viscous material is one in which the strain develops over a period of time and the material does not return to its original shape after the stress is removed

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