Trecho da ASTM F2282-03

Quality Assurance Requirements for Carbon and Alloy Steel Wire, Rods, and Bars for Mechanical Fasteners1
X4. SILICON AND ALUMINUM X4.1 Silicon and aluminum act as somewhat similar elements with respect to their behavior when added during the steel making process. They both have a high affinity for oxygen and are, therefore, used to deoxidi e or !kill" the steel. #eoxidation or !killing" is a process by which a strong deoxidi ing element is added to the steel to react with the remaining oxygen in the bath to prevent any further reaction between carbon and oxygen. $hen carbon and oxygen react in the bath a violent boiling action occurs which removes carbon from the steel. $hen the bath or heat reaches the desired carbon content for the grade being produced, the carbonoxygen reaction must be stopped %uickly to prevent further elimination of carbon. This addition is accomplished by the addition of deoxidi ers such as silicon and aluminum which have a greater affinity for oxygen than does carbon. This effectively removes oxygen, eliminating the !carbon boil" and killing the heat. &lements other than silicon and aluminum can be used, but these are the most common. X4.' Silicon and aluminum can be added together or individually. This is determined by the type of steel desired. () silicon only is added, that particular batch of steel is referred to as a silicon killed coarse grain practice grade because silicon acts as a deoxidi er without the formation of fine precipitates allowing the formation of large or coarse austenitic grains. X4.' sil*cio e alum*nio podem ser adicionados em con+unto ou individualmente. (sto , determinado pelo tipo de a-o dese+ado. Se s. sil*cio , adicionado, desse lote particular de a-o , conhecido como acalmado em sil*cio para granula-/o grosseira, por%ue o sil*cio atua como um desoxidante, sem a forma-/o de precipitados finos, permitindo a forma-/o de gr/os austen*ticos grandes ou grosseiros. 0ustenitic grain si e is not usually a factor for consideration in cold forming, but has a significant effect in subse%uent fastener heat treatment. 0luminum, on the other hand, not only deoxidi es the steel, but also refines the grain si e. 1ike silicon, aluminum removes oxygen from the bath, effectively killing the heat. 0luminum also reacts with nitrogen in the steel to form aluminum nitride particles which precipitate both at the grain boundaries and within the austenitic grains thus restricting the si e of the grains2 even when the steel is reheated for carburi ing or neutral hardening, hence the term fine grain. Tamanho de 3r/o 0usten*tico n/o , geralmente um fator a considerar na conforma-/o a frio, mas tem um efeito significativo no tratamento t,rmico subse%uente do elementos de fixa-/o. 4 alum*nio, por outro lado, n/o s. de oxida o a-o, mas tamb,m refina o tamanho de gr/o. Tal como sil*cio, alum*nio remove oxig5nio a partir do banho, acalmando efica mente o calor. 4 alum*nio tamb,m reage com o nitrog5nio no a-o, para formar part*culas de nitreto de alum*nio, %ue precipitam tanto nas fronteiras de gr/o e dentro dos gr/os austen*ticos restringindo, assim, o tamanho dos gr/os, mesmo %uando o a-o , rea%uecido para a cementa-/o de endurecimento ou neutro, e da* o termo gr/o fino. $hen aluminum only is added, the steel is referred to as aluminum killed, fine grain. 0 third group of steels are referred to as silicon killed, fine grain. (n steels of this type, silicon is added as the deoxidi er followed by the addition of aluminum for grain si e control. 6uando somente o alum*nio , adicionado, o a-o , referido como acalmado em alum*nio, de gr/o fino. 7m terceiro grupo de a-os s/o referidos como acalmado em sil*cio, de gr/o fino. &m a-os deste tipo, o sil*cio , adicionado como desoxidante, seguido pela adi-/o de alum*nio para controle do tamanho de gr/o.

X4.8 (n the two types where silicon is added, the silicon content can have several ranges with the most common being 9.1: ; to 9.89 ;. $hen aluminum is added to these steels for grain si e control, the aluminum content is generally in the 9.91: ; to 9.989 ; range. The aluminum content in fully aluminum killed steels is generally 9.91: ; to 9.9:: ;, somewhat higher on average since the aluminum must both deoxidi e and control grain si e at the same time. X4.8 <os dois tipos em %ue o sil*cio , adicionado, o teor de sil*cio pode ter v=rios intervalos, sendo o mais comum, 9,1:; a 9,89;. 6uando o alum*nio , adicionado a estes a-os para controlar o tamanho de gr/os, o teor de alum*nio , geralmente na gama de 9,91:; a 9,989;. 4 teor de alum*nio em a-os acalmados integralmente de alum*nio , geralmente de 9,91:; para 9,9::;, um pouco mais elevado, em m,dia, uma ve %ue o alum*nio tem a fun-/o tanto de desoxidar como a de controlar o tamanho do gr/o, ao mesmo tempo. X4.4 (n selecting the type of deoxidation practice for a particular carbon grade of steel to be used in fastener manufacturing, a number of factors should be considered, such as, heat treated property re%uirements, heat treat conditions, fastener si e, and steel availability, to name a few. Silicon acts as a ferrite strengthener and, therefore, in the absence of aluminum, has somewhat greater hardenability. )or the same carbon grade and heat treat conditions with and without aluminum, complete transformation of the fastener core during heat treatment can take place in a larger section using a coarse grain steel. The disadvantage of silicon killed steels can be reflected in reduced ductility and tool life during cold heading because of its ferrite strengthening characteristic. 0luminum killed steels are usually more formable and hence provide somewhat improved tool life but reduced heat treatment response during heading, particularly in larger si e fasteners. )or this reason, the recommended maximum diameter for oil %uenched aluminum killed carbon grades is typically 9.1>9 in. X4.4 <a sele-/o do tipo de desoxida-/o de uma grade espec*fica de a-o carbono para ser utili ado na fabrica-/o de elementos de fixa-/o, um certo n?mero de fatores %ue devem ser considerados, tais como, tratamento t,rmico re%uisitos de propriedades, das condi-@es de tratamento t,rmico, tamanho do elemento de fixa-/o, e disponibilidade do a-o , para nomear apenas alguns. Sil*cio atua como um fortalecedor da ferrita e, por conseguinte, na aus5ncia de alum*nio, tem um pouco maior de temperabilidade. Aara o mesmo grau de carbono e as condi-@es de tratamento t,rmico com ou sem alum*nio, a transforma-/o completa do n?cleo do item de fixa-/o durante o tratamento t,rmico pode ter lugar numa se-/o maior usando um a-o de gr/o grosseiro. 0 desvantagem de a-os acalmados em sil*cio pode ser refletido na ductilidade redu ida e vida ?til da ferramenta durante o trabalho a frio por causa de sua caracter*stica de fortalecimento da ferrita. 0-os mortos alum*nio s/o geralmente mais mold=vel e, conse%uentemente, proporcionar um pouco melhor a vida da ferramenta, mas redu ida resposta a tratamento t,rmico durante dirigindo, especialmente em grandes elementos de fixa-/o. Aor esta ra /o, o diBmetro m=ximo recomendado para a-os carbono acalmados em alum*nio e temperados em .leo , tipicamente 9,1>9 polegadas.