THIS DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE FOR THE USE OF ANYONE AND EVERYONE WHO UNDERSTANDS THAT FREEDOM IS THE ABSOLUTE

GREATEST GIFT THAT ONE CAN RECEIVE ON EARTH.

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES NORTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA ATLANTA DIVISION JON DOEAssignor, for the use of Jon: DoeAssignee, at arm's length, Claimant in personam, $s. S%A%E OF )EO&)'A 'NC., et al, &es+on ent!s). CO.ES NO" Jon: ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) CASE NO.: ______________________. File On Deman !Claimant "ai#es Fee). IN ADMIRALTY, IN COMMON LAW, CON%&AC%, AN%'%&(S%, F&A(D, AFF'DA$'% OF *E%'%'ON FO& DEC,A&A%O&- J(D).EN%. e/+ressl0 not '' pro se,''

Doe in propria persona an

a real +art0 in interest a++earing ''nunc pro tunc'' 10 2a0 of s+e3ial #isitation an e/+ressl0 not via general a++earan3e, also hereinafter ''Affiant,'' stan ing in 3ommer3ial lia1ilit0 as a so#ereign Ameri3an Citi4en, Se3ure *art0

unlimite

Cre itor, see5ing a ''Common-Law Reme !'' 2ithin the A miralt0 via the ''Sa#ing %o Suitors Clause'' at (SC 6789::: !9), here10 an here2ith formall0 +etitioning an

Arti3le8''' Court em+lo0ing an Arti3le8''' Justi3e 10 2a0 of AFF'DA$'% OF *E%'%'ON FO& DEC,A&A%O&- J(D).EN% on an 2ith enun3iation of +rin3i+les state 2herein the 3ourt has ire3te for the public re3or ,

in Haines v Kerner, at ;<; (. S. =9>, eeme ''in8

that regar less if Affiant's +etition 1e

artfull0 +lea ,'' those 2ho are uns3hoole

in la2 2ill ha#e the 3ourt loo5 to the

substance of the ''+lea ings'' rather than in the form? therefore Affiant's +etition is not re@uire an to meet the same stri3t stan ar s as that of a ''li3ense '' attorne0, ismisse for failure to state a 3laim if Affiant 3an su1stantiate Page 1 of 14.

3an onl0 1e

no set of fa3ts in su++ort of his 3laim 2hi3h 2oul

entitle him to relief. on their fa3e

Affiant's fa3tual allegations 2ithin this te/t are therefore a33e+te as true, 3orre3t, 3om+lete an not mislea ing, an

are, to the 1est of Affiant's sai ''+lea ings''

a1ilit0, the truth, the 2hole truth an are here10 +resente ra2n therefrom.

nothing 1ut the truth? an

along 2ith an0 an

all reasona1le inferen3es that ma0 1e not 1e 3onstrue all su3h

Su1se@uentl0, Affiant's +etition shoul

narro2l0, 1ut rather inter+rete +lausi1le im+li3ations gathere .

li1erall0 so as to a33ommo ate an0 an

*ursuant to %itle 67 (SC !also see the (niform e3larator0 Au gment is +ro#i e un er

De3larator0 Ju gment A3t), +etition for fe eral an state la2.

De3larator0 Au gments +ermit +arties to a 3ontro#ers0 to

etermine rights,

uties, o1ligations or status. %he o+eration of the De3larator0 &elief un er the A3t is a#aila1le onl0 if the

Ju gment A3t is +ro3e ural onl0.

re@uisite of Auris i3tion, in the sense of a fe eral right or i#ersit0, +ro#i e foun ation for resort to the fe eral 3ourts. " # $ Not e/3lu ing Affiant's inherent

status esta1lishing foreign Auris i3tion se+arate from that to 2hi3h the &es+on ent a heres, i#ersit0 in this 3ase also esta1lishes u+on the fa3t that Affiant is a real the &es+on ent is a 3or+orate fi3tion. " % $ Furthermore,

+art0 in interest an

3ontro#ersies are raise

+ursuant to &es+on ent's escheat via 3olle3tion in rem an an

2illful a1rogation of Affiant's inherent rights B status 2hi3h are +rote3te guarantee

via the Constitution an Amen ments, i.e., the Cill of &ights via the Page 2 of 14.

&es+on ent le#0ing

uties, o1ligations, arrest, 3harges, +rose3ution, 3on#i3tion,

senten3ing, in3ar3eration B 1o 0 atta3hment, u+on Affiant. %he (. S. Constitution, Arti3le8''', Se3tion8'', limits the e/er3ise of the Au i3ial +o2er to 3ases of 3ontro#ers0. %he De3larator0 Ju gment A3t, in its limitation to 3ases of 3ontro#ers0, refers to the Constitutional +ro#ision an is o+erati#e onl0 in res+e3t

to 3ontro#ersies 2hi3h are su3h in the Constitutional sense. A Austi3ia1le 3ontro#ers0 is thus istinguishe from a ifferen3e or is+ute of h0+otheti3al or

a1stra3t 3hara3ter from one that is a3a emi3 or moot. %he 3ontro#ers0 must 1e efinite an 3on3rete, tou3hing the legal relations of +arties ha#ing a #erse legal su1stantial 3ontro#ers0 in meaning of istinguishe from an

interests. %here must 1e a real an s+e3ifi3 relief through

e3ree of a 3on3lusi#e 3hara3ter as

o+inion a1i ing 2hat la2 2oul

1e u+on a h0+otheti3al state of e#ents. %he

De3larator0 Ju gment A3t allo2s relief to 1e gi#en in re3ognition of the Claimant's rights e#en though no imme iate enfor3ement of it nee %herefore ', the li#ing, 1reathing, flesh8an 81loo o here10 an here2ith solemnl0 state: 1e as5e . Doe,

man a++earing as Jon:

" & $ that Affiant is o#er the age

of t2ent08one !69) 0ears? han fa3ts an

" && $ that Affiant is 3om+etent for stating the first8 herein? " &&& $ that Affiant grants original

5no2le ge 3ontaine

Auris i3tion to this 3ourt?

" &' $ that Affiant has the right to +etition for " ' $ that Au gment on this +etition

e3larator0 Au gment relating to this matter?

Page 3 of 14.

2ill not harm the +u1li3? ''JON DOE?'' !see atta3he

" '& $ that the 3ourt is in emnifie 1irth 3ertifi3ate)

10 the 1on

of

" '&& $ that Affiant has an

inherent, +ro+rietar0 right to the 3ertifie see atta3he

title 5no2n as ''JON DOE?'' !also " '&&& $ that

3o+0right noti3e 2ith affi a#it of +u1li3ation atta3he )

Affiant is the onl0 real +art0 in interest a3ting as 3ontri1uting 1enefi3iar0 2ho has +ut an0 #alue into ''JON DOE?'' legitimate 3laimant to an0 an atta3he " &( $ that Affiant is the onl0 inherent, DOE?'' !also see to an0 an all

all e@uit0 atta3hing to ''JON

(CC89 Finan3ing Statement)

" ( $ that Affiant is entitle

'' interpleaded funds'' relating to ''JON re3or

DOE?'' " (& $ that Affiant has no

nor e#i en3e the &es+on ent has +ut an0 #alue into ''JON DOE?'' enies the &es+on ent has +ut an0 #alue into ''JON DOE?'' enies &es+on ent has a +ro+rietar0 right to ''JON DOE?'' nor e#i en3e the &es+on ent has any right to nor e#i en3e e/ists?

" (&& $ that Affiant " (&&& $ that Affiant

" (&' $ that Affiant has no re3or ''JON DOE?''

" (' $ that Affiant 1elie#es no su3h re3or oes formall0 eman

" ('& $ that Affiant 2hi3h is 1eing use

an0 ''original '' 3ontra3t, not a 3o+0, " ('&& $ that a 3ourt at " ('&&& $ that un er the " (&( $ that

against Affiant, 1e 1rought for2ar ? as e#i en3e?

la2 re@uires the original 3ontra3t 1e entere Erie

o3trine "here there is no 3ontra3t, there is no 3ase? all assume

not2ithstan ing an0 an

3ontra3ts signe , unsigne , 3onstru3te , all

im+lie , a here , in#isi1le, an

the li5e, &es+on ent is in 1ree3h of an0 an Page 4 of 14.

su3h allege

3ontra3ts for failure of full

is3losure an Bor e@uita1le 3onsi eration? is

" (( $ that if a +art0 tries to #oi +re#ente

a 3ontra3t 1e3ause of a missing element an

from oing so, su3h instrument 1e3omes a frau ulent 3ontra3t? " ((&& $ that the

" ((& $ that there is no statute of limitations on frau ? &es+on ent has 1een, an , is 3urrentl0, #enue of this 3ourt? 3learl0 an e3lare an " ((&&& $ that elineate the

oing 1usiness 2ithin the Auris i3tion an

es+ite Affiant's numerous filings 2hi3h istin3t an inherent i#ision 1et2een Affiant i#erts

the 3ertifie

title 5no2n as ''JON

DOE,'' the &es+on ent 2antonl0 i#ersifies its harmful

its 3laim against ''JON DOE?'' i.e., the &es+on ent a3tions against the 3ertifie title 5no2n as ''JON

DOE'' 10 intentionall0

1ringing su3h harmful a3tions to 1ear u+on the real +art0 in interest 5no2n as ''Jon: Doe,'' i.e., the li#ing, 1reathing, flesh8an 81loo man, via State Court amages to

A33usation Num1er 6<9<D896:;=89, there10 3ausing the follo2ing o33ur as ire3t result of the &es+on ent's 2illful u+on AffiantJon:

i#ersit0 in su3h ultra vires

infringements #isite an 81loo

Doethe li#ing, 1reathing, flesh8

manthe real +art0 in interest: I ")$ !see a en um for further etails)

Affiant's Constitutionall08+rote3te

;th8Amen ment &ight, 2hi3h states '' no 10 the &es+on ent

Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,'' is a1rogate on <DB69B6<9< !see arrest 2arrant). Page 5 of 14.

II ")$ !see a Affiant's Constitutionall08+rote3te is a1rogate trans3ri+t). III ")$ !see a

en um) 10 the 3ourt

9st8Amen ment &ight to 1e hear

10 the &es+on ent on 96B9=B6<9< !see atta3he

state83ertifie

en um) 10 the &es+on ent, an o3ument is ate

On 96B9=B6<9<, Affiant's arraignment is o1stru3te e/+ressl0 not 2ai#e 10 Affiant as is elu e

to in &es+on ent's

<:B66B6<99 !see atta3he ).

Su1se@uentl0, the &es+on ent's erroneous B false &ight to arraignment, erogation to the

assertion that Affiant 2ai#es his =th8Amen ment +rote3te an B or any other Constitutionall08+rote3te &ights, is in

Constitution +ursuant to the =th8Amen ment &ight to IV ")$ !see a en um)

ue +ro3ess of la2.

%he &es+on ent's o1stru3tion of Affiant's arraignment is in su1se@uent to the Eth Amen ment, unlimite Constitutionall08+rote3te to &es+on ent's a1rogation of Affiant's the a33usation an

erogation

&ights to full0 un erstan

efine B

3hallenge Auris i3tion B #enue. V ")$ !see a en um)

%he &es+on ent's +ra3ti3e of la2 from the 1en3h, 10 entering a +lea of ''Not Guilty'' for Affiant !see S%A%E'S as ! a ) 1eing in o3ument), is re@uire at la2 to 1e 3onstrue

erogation of O.C.).A. 9D8D8>9, an , 9D8D8>:? O&, Page 6 of 14.

! 1 ) a Au i3ial

etermination of Affiant's non8guilt !see in the 3ourt, ate <6B<;B6<99). en um)

o3ument ''Praecipe of

Judgment'' file

VI ")$ !see a

%he &es+on ent's non8res+onse to Affiant's %ruth Affi a#it is an a1rogation of Affiant's ''declaratory decree'' an ''declaratory relief '' +ursuant to %itle ;6, Cha+ter 69, su183ha+ter 9, se3tion 9>7:, (. S. Ci#il &ights, 2herein it states ''Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custo , or usage, of any !tate or "erritory or the #istrict of $olu %ia, su%&ects, or causes to %e su%&ected, any '( erican $iti)en, or* citi en of the !nited "tates... to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or i unities secured %y the

$onstitution and laws, shall %e lia%le to the party in&ured in an action at law, suit in e+uity, or other proper proceeding for redress, e,cept that in any action %rought against a &udicial officer for an act or o ission ta-en in such officer.s &udicial capacity, in&unctive relief shall not %e granted 'unless' a declaratory decree was violated or declaratory relief was unavaila%le.'' Fem+hasis a e G A itionall0, un er Common ,a2, E@uit0 ,a2, Ci#il ,a2, A miralt0 (niform Commer3ial Co e, the (N8re1utte a1o#e, stan e3larations asserte in the

,a2 an

Affiant's truth affi a#its, as es3ri1e final Au gment in an0 an

as the a1solute truth an

e#er0 3ourt.

Page / of 14.

VII ")$ !see a &es+on ent's failure to res+on

en um)

to Affiant's 3hallenge to Auris i3tion, as e3lare

in Affiant's %ruth Affi a#its an Affiant's nunc#pro#tunc filing of o1Ae3tions an eman for +ro1a1le 3ause via fa3t8fin ing ! 1oth +re#iousl0 referen3e in arti3le

$' ), is an a1rogation of Affiant's ;th8Amen ment &ight to esta1lish +ro1a1le 3ause, Eth8Amen ment &ight to Amen ment &ight to efine an 3hallenge Auris i3tion, an , =th8 ''0nce &urisdiction is challenged it

ue +ro3ess of la2.

ust %e proven %y the plaintiff.'' !Hagans # ,a#ine, ;9= (. S. =::? etc.) ''"he ere good1faith assertions of power and authority '&urisdiction* have

%een a%olished.'' !O2ens # C'%- OF 'NDE*ENDENCE, ;;= (. S. E66? etc.) VIII ")$ !see a *ursuant to, an , in en um) States' a1olition of

ire3t 3ontra#ention of, the (nite

''$ebtors' Prison'' in the 0ear 97::, an0 an

all )eorgia +enal 3o es, rules,

regulations, statutes, +ro3e ures, arrests, +rose3utions, 3on#i3tions, senten3ing an in3ar3eration, +re i3ate u+on Affiant's failure to +a0 a fine, fee, ta/ or

ut0, 2ithout +ro#i ing a caveat re@uiring a +laintiff +ro#i e une@ui#o3al +roof that Affiant +ossesses su3h enumerate 3om+ort to fe erall0 man ate la2s an amount an refuses to +a0, o not

+ro3e ures, an

unla2full0 1e3ome a

'thro281a35' to nothing short of +la3ing Affiant, an ''$ebtors' Prison.''

all others li5e him, into

) No*e that 2hen the &es+on ent lo35s a Citi4en a2a0 for Page 2 of 14.

his ina1ilit0 to +a0 a ''fine, fee, ta% or duty,'' this merit8less a3t is in to the Constitution, an

erogation

is completely analogous to a most +erni3ious form of ut0 to re3ogni4e, honor rights B status

t0rann0? i.e., the &es+on ent's forsa5ing of its s2orn

an +rote3t the unaliena1le, )o 8gi#en, Constitutionall08guarantee

inherent to the Ameri3an Citi4enr0. "hen ta5en into a33ount the multi81illion ''#ollar'' 1o 08atta3hment81on in ustr0 3on u3te 10 the 3or+orate de facto

S%A%E, 1etter 5no2n as ''crime prevention,'' 2here10 the ''&arehousing'' of +eo+le 2ho 10 2a0 of #i3tim8less 3harges ha#e 3ommitte no 3rimes un er

the Common + Constitutional ,a2 su3h as the to+8three re#enue generators, i.e., ''#rug #ealers,'' ''#eadbeat #ads,'' an , 0ou guesse it, ''#run' #rivers,'' ( is

generating 1illions of ''#ollars'' in '' re#venues'' 10 2a0 of the S%A%E'S 2anton ''+ur"uit'' of +e3uniar0 am1ition, it's not iffi3ult to see, 2ithin su3h +rete/t, that,

the &es+on ent's true moti#ating fa3tor is not for the 2ell81eing of the Citi4enr0. I, ")$ !see a en um) a3@uies3en3e of 3or+orate o3uments), *2&/ ma**e- o.

*ursuant to Se3retar0 of State Iem+'s silen3e an offi3e -e A..&an*'/ U.C.C. F&0&n1/ !see atta3he 3450&6 -e6o- , *en e-e

5! wa! o. Se6-e*a-! o. S*a*e 7em3, -a*&.&e/ *2e an! an a00

/e'e-an6e o. an! ne(4/ o- -e0a*&on/2&3 5e*ween A..&an* an

de facto, 6o-3o-a*e-6omme-6&a0 o..&6e/ o. STATE. %here10, in manifest of the )oo Faith O/for Do3trine, Affiant's aforesai Page 3 of 14. (.C.C. Filings, 3ou+le 2ith

Affiant's reser#ation an

e/er3ise of all &ights an

&eme 0, as +ro#i e

for

Affiant 10 2a0 of su3h that are unlimite

to the Sa#ing %o Suitors Clause?

9:th Arti3le of Amen ment to the Constitution? 9= Statutes At ,arge? House Joint &esolution 9>6? %he Foreign So#ereign 'mmunities A3t of 9>DE? an , (niform Commer3ial Co e in Coo5 9 at Se3tions 6<D an :<7? 2here10 Affiant reser#es to +erform un er

his Common ,a2 B Constitutional &ight not to 1e 3om+elle

an0 3ontra3t, an B or, agreement, an B or the li5e thereof, that Affiant has not entere into 5no2ingl0, #oluntaril0, an , intentionall0, an , that reser#ation ser#es

noti3e u+on all a ministrati#e agen3ies of go#ernment, i.e., fe eral, state, an , lo3al, that, Affiant ''3om+elle oes not, an , 2ill not, a33e+t the lia1ilit0 asso3iate 2ith the

1enefit '' of an0 unre#eale

3ommer3ial agreement? there10 relie#ing

Affiant from an0 an

e#er0 +resum+tion, +resentment, a33usation, in i3tment,

trust, an B or the li5e, 3harging Affiant as a 9;th8amen ment ''3iti4en B +erson,'' ''su1Ae3t,'' ''resi ent,'' ''resi ent of the 3ommon2ealth,'' ''+erson of inheren3e an B or in3i en3e,'' 3or+orate offi3er B agent B re+resentati#e B mem1er B +artner B em+lo0ee B fi3tion B transmitting utilit0 B fran3hisee B ens legis B stramineus homo !stra28man) B umm0 B Auristi3 +erson B li1ellee B e1tor B o1ligor B a33ommo ation +art0 B suret0 B trustee B an Bor the li5e une@ui#o3all0 e/+atriate Affiant from the de facto go#ernment's Auris i3tion, entitling Affiant reme 0 10 trial a33or ing to the rules, regulations an +ro3e ures of an Arti3le8''' 3ourt, em+lo0ing an Arti3le8''' Au ge, Page 14 of 14.

1oun

10 the 3ourse an

usage of CO..ON ,A"? therefore releasing Affiant 3ontra3tBagreement, an all the li5e thereof,

from an0 an e#er0 unre#eale B+resume su3h as that 2hi3h is foun atta3he ) 2herein sai

2ithin the &es+on ent's '' )e*uest to +harge,'' !see

3harge erroneousl0 attem+ts to ma5e 3laim against Affiant

to the effe3t that '' . . . privilege to operate a motor vehicle in the "tate of Georgia has been "!"P-N$-$ . . . '' %his +resume 3ontra3t is nothing more

than the &es+on ent's erroneous attem+t to (N8Constitutionall0 infli3t its 3or+orate 3o e B +oli30 u+on Affiant. Affiant a free man, not a sla#e. 3ontra3t oes not 2or5 for the &es+on ent. Affiant is ue to the fa3t that the &es+on ent's

Furthermore,

oes not 3om+ort to '' the supreme .a& of the .and,'' aB5Ba Common B

Constitutional ,a2, E@uit0 ,a2, Ci#il ,a2, A miralt0 ,a2, nor the (niform Commer3ial Co e, it is sim+l0 unla2ful, an 2ith the aforementione 3annot a++l0 to Affiant. 'n a33or

la2 B 3o e, 10 star5 3ontrast, a la2ful 3ontra3t has

#$ '' /ffer, not e%cluding full disclosure.'' &es+on ent's 3ontra3t is not offere insomu3h as Affiant is 3oer3e 2hile un er uress, an it oes not +ro#i e full

is3losure. "hile it is true the Constitution +ro#i es go#ernment the right to legislate la2s, statutes an 3o es, et cetera, the Constitution for these (nite

States of Ameri3a, Amen ment 'J, sa0s '' 0he enumeration in the +onstitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.'' Sin3e Affiant is a1solutel0 es3en e from the so#ereign

Page 11 of 14.

Ameri3an *eo+le of *osterit0 !see atta3he me

o3umentation), &es+on ent's

ling into Affiant's affairs, 2ithout Affiant's +ermission, 3ontra3t, li3ense, nor oing so, enies an is+arages Affiant's inherent, )o 8gi#en, rights B status. Se3tion 98Arti3le 67 of the

Auris i3tion for

unaliena1le, Constitutionall08+rote3te

Constitution for the State of )eorgia sa0s #irtuall0 the same as oes the >th Amen ment, i.e., '' 0he enumeration of rights herein contained... shall not be construed to deny to the people any inherent rights &hich they may have hitherto en1oyed.'' Hale v Hen'el, at 6<9 (. S. ;:, e3lares '' "here is clear

distinction %etween an individual and a corporation, and that the latter has no right of refusal to submit its papers, boo's, inventory, etc., for audit at the suit of the state. Ho&ever, the sovereign individual ay stand upon his

$onstitutional rights as a $iti)en. business in his o&n &ay.

He is entitled to carry on his private 5e owes no

His po&er to contract is unlimited.

duty to the state, or to his neighbors, to divulge his business, or to open his doors to an investigation so far as it may tend to incriminate him. 5e owes

no such duty to the state, since he receives nothing therefrom, beyond the protection of his life and property. of the land 2co 5is rights are such as e,isted %y the law

on law3, long antecedent to the organi)ation of the state, hi %y due process of $o on 6aw

and can only %e ta-en fro

2$onstitutional 6aw3, and in accordance with the $onstitution. ( ong his Page 12 of 14.

rights are a refusal to incriminate himself, and the 'sovereign* i hi self and his property fro $o on 6aw.

unity of

arrest or sei)ure, e,cept under a warrant of

He o&es nothing to the public so long as he does not trespass

upon their rights.'' %he se3on element of a la2ful 3ontra3t is

%$ '' +onsideration for all parties for the contract.'' %he &es+on ent's +resume 3ontra3t oes not +romise Affiant an0thing that Affiant shoul not alrea 0

+ossess? i.e., Affiant's inherent, )o 8gi#en, unaliena1le, Constitutionall08+rote3te rights B status. On the 3ontrar0, the &es+on ent 3onten s that it +ro#i es Affiant

his rights B status in e/3hange for, or, in 3onsi eration of, Affiant's uties an o1ligations to a here? i.e., Affiant, a33or ing to the &es+on ent, is o1ligate , 10 the &es+on ent's +resume 3ontra3t, to a here to 3ertain 3o es? 2herein the 3ontra3t sti+ulates that sin3e Affiant oes not 3om+l0 2ith that 3o e im+ose u+on him,

a33or ing to the &es+on ent's +resume

3ontra3t, the &es+on ent fore3loses u+on

Affiant's inherent, )o 8gi#en, unaliena1le, Constitutionall08+rote3te rightsBstatus. %his is a5in to 3ommunism, an is, in fa3t, fascis . '' 4ou don't 'no& the country you Nelson .an ela. %he thir element of a la2ful 3ontra3t is

live in until you've been through its criminal 1ustice system.''

8$ ''5cceptance, i.e., '' a meeting of the minds,'' by all parties involved &ith the contract.'' Affiant has ne#er a33e+te , nor oes Affiant a33e+t, any +art of the

Page 13 of 14.

&es+on ent's +resume

3ontra3t. 'n fa3t, Affiant goes to great lengths to e/+ress %he ;th element of a la2ful 3ontra3t is

reAe3tion for the &es+on ent's 3ontra3t.

9$ '' 0he signatures by all parties involved &ith the contract.'' Affiant re+eate l0 as5s the &es+on ent to +ro u3e an0 an an all 3ontra3tual agreements, 1oth signe all o3uments #erif0ing an0

an B or unsigne , an B or the li5e

thereof, 2hi3h 3om+ort to an0 reasona1le sem1lan3e of a la2ful 3ontra3t or agreement ma e 1et2een Affiant an is in the &es+on ent. %o ate, the &es+on ent 1ills

efault for non8res+onse to Affiant's

eman s to +ro u3e the aforesai

of #erifi3ation !see atta3he Affi a#it of S+e3ifi3 Negati#e A#erment, O++ortunit0 to Cure, an Counter3laim 2ith 3ertifi3ation of non8res+onse atta3he ). 3ontra3t oes not 3om+ort to the oes it

'n 3on3lusion, the &es+on ent's +resume

ma/ims of Common ,a2, E@uit0 ,a2, Ci#il ,a2, la2s of A miralt0, nor a here to the ne3essar0 elements in 3onstituting a la2ful 3ontra3t un er the (niform Commer3ial Co e. %o this, the &es+on ent remains silent.

A itionall0, &es+on ent fails to ans2er an0 of Affiant's numerous affi a#its e3laring rights, status, an , &es+on ent's numerous state, fe eral an Constitutional infringements u+on Affiant's rights B status, not e/3lu ing &es+on ent's 0a6: o. ;4-&/ &6*&on. Conse@uentl0, the &es+on ent's 3or+orate

silen3e B non8res+onse to Affiant's (.C.C.89 Finan3ing Statement, an , numerous e3larations, is tantamount to esto++le 10 2a0 of a3@uies3en3e. Page 14 of 14.

A..&-ma*&on< ', Jon: Doe, un er m0 +ersonal 3ommer3ial lia1ilit0, o solemnl0 affirm hereto, is here10 the foregoing

that the a an

en um, as 2ell as an0 B e#er0 atta3hment 3ou+le

here2ith ma e a +art of this +etition, an o 5no2 for fa3t that sai

that ' ha#e rea

+etition an

+etition's 3ontent is true, 3orre3t, nothing 1ut the truth.

3om+lete, not mislea ing? is the truth, the 2hole truth an

No*&6e *o a1en*"/$ &/ no*&6e *o 3-&n6&3a0"/$= an , no*&6e *o 3-&n6&3a0"/$ &/ no*&6e *o a1en*"/$.

")$ ADDENDUM TO AFFIDAVIT OF >ETITION FOR DECLARATORY ?UDGMENT< %he +ur+ose of this a en um is to further 3larif0 3ertain enumerate arti3les of

the forgoing affi a#it of +etition for #arious +oints raise therein.

e3larator0 Au gment 10 e/+oun ing u+on

S*a*emen* O. Fa6*< #. %he issue is 2hether this so#ereign .an is re@uire the .otor $ehi3le Co e B Statutes of the =< unite un erstan this 3ontro#ers0, let us first loo5 to ol to o1e0 the +ro#isions in

states of Ameri3a. %o 1etter Englan . (n er English la2, to himself

the Iing 2as the So#ereign. !Note here that 2hen the Iing referre as 'So#ereign', he use a 3a+ital 'S' for the 2or

'So#ereign', 1e3ause he 1elie#e to themsel#es

himself to 1e su+reme to all. "hen our foun ing fathers referre Page 1 of 132.

as 'so#ereign', the0 use

a lo2er83ase 's', 1e3ause the0 1elie#e

that the Creator to the to

2as the Su+reme So#ereign.) An

as the ''So#ereign,'' all roa s 1elonge

Iing. %hus, outsi e the monar3h0 or the Iings 3ourt, an0one 2ho 2ante tra#el the Iing's roa s ha o so. All those 2ho i

to o1tain +ermission, or +a0 for a +ermit in or er to not o1tain +ermission 2ere relegate to tra#el #ia

''shee+ +aths'' or some other +rimiti#e trail forge the e/+ression ''-ou ta5e the lo2 roa an

a3ross the 3ountr0si e? hen3e

''ll ta5e the high !Iing's) roa .''

Ho2e#er, it is the 3ontention of this so#ereign .an that 1e3ause he is a Free an Natural .an an not an artifi3ial 3reation of go#ernment, an one 2ho has

gi#en u+ NONE of his &')H%S, that the .otor $ehi3le Co e B Statutes o not a++l0 to him. 't is also the 3ontention of this so#ereign .an, 1eing it is not

su1Ae3t to regulation or legislation 10 the states' legislati#e 1o ies, that tra#eling u+on the streets, high2a0s an 102a0s 2ithin the =< unite states of Ameri3a 10

this so#ereign .an is an unaliena1le &')H%. %. ,et us first 3onsi er the 3ontention of this so#ereign .an? that tra#eling u+on the streets or high2a0s in Ameri3a is a &')H%. %he (. S. Su+reme Court rule : %.# %he &')H% to tra#el is a +art of the li1ert0 of 2hi3h the Citi4en 3annot 1e e+ri#e 2ithout ue +ro3ess of Common ,a2 !Constitutional ,a2) un er the See: Ient # Dulles, :=D (. S. 99E, 96=. in 9><>:

=th Amen ment.

8. %he Su+reme Court of "is3onsin state

Page 2 of 132.

8.# %he term K+u1li3 high2a0,K in its 1roa an0 roa

+o+ular sense, in3lu es toll roa s

2hi3h the +u1li3 ha#e a &')H% to use e#en 3on itionall0, though in a to roa s 2hi3h are 2holl0 +u1li3. See: "eiri3h

stri3t legal sense it is restri3te # State, 9;< "is. >7.

9. %he Su+reme Court of the State of 'llinois rule : 9.# E#en the legislature has no +o2er to u+on the high2a0 an en0 to a Citi4en the &')H% to tra#el

trans+ort his +ro+ert0 in the or inar0 3ourse of his in a33or an3e 2ith

1usiness or +leasure, though this &')H% might 1e regulate the +u1li3 interest an N. E. 66. 3on#enien3e.

See: Chi3ago .otor Coa3h # Chi3ago, 9E>

@. K&egulate K here 3an onl0 mean traffi3 safet0 enfor3ement, sto+ lights, signs, etc. NO% a +ri#ilege that re@uires +ermission, i.e., li3ensing, man ator0

insuran3e, #ehi3le registration, etc. >RIVILEGE OR RIGHTA B. %he use of the high2a0 for the +ur+ose of tra#el an trans+ortation is NO% a

mere *&'$',E)E, 1ut a CO..ON AND F(NDA.EN%A, &')H% of 2hi3h the +u1li3 an in i#i uals 3annot rightfull0 1e e+ri#e . See: Chi3ago .otor

Coa3h # Chi3ago, su+ra?

,igare # Chi3ago, 67 N. E. >:;? Coone # Clar5, 69;

S. ". E<D? Ameri3an Juris+ru en3e 9st E ., High2a0s C 9E:. B.# Citi4ens' &')H% to tra#el u+on +u1li3 high2a0s in3lu es &')H% to use Page 3 of 132.

usual 3on#e0an3es of the

a0, in3lu ing horse8 ra2n 3arriage, or automo1ile, for 1usiness. See: %hom+son # Smith !Chief of *oli3e),

or inar0 +ur+oses of life an 9=; S. E. =D>, =7<.

B.% %he &')H% of the Citi4en to tra#el u+on the +u1li3 high2a0s an

to

trans+ort his +ro+ert0 thereon, either 10 3arriage or 10 automo1ile, is not a mere +ri#ilege 2hi3h a 3it0 ma0 +rohi1it or +ermit at 2ill, 1ut a CO..ON &')H% 2hi3h he has un er the &')H% to life, li1ert0, an !+ro+ert0). D. 't 3oul unite See: %hom+son # Smith, su+ra. not 1e state more 3on3lusi#el0 that a so#ereign .an, in the =< the +ursuit of ha++iness

states of Ameri3a, has a &')H% to tra#el 2ithout a++ro#al or restri3tion that this &')H% is +rote3te un er the (. S. Constitution. After 2ater2a0s 1elong to, if not the the fe eral

!li3ense), an all, 2ho

o the streets, roa 2a0s, high2a0s, an

mem1ers 1orn of the so#ereign8*eo+le8At8,argeL %he =< states an go#ernment are onl0 ste2ar s of the *eo+le's *ro+ert0. e3isions that e/+oun D.# . . . F%Ghe streets an in the or inar0 an 9E7 *. =9E. D.% %his in3lu es all those 2ho tra#el an the same fa3ts:

Here are other 3ourt

high2a0s 1elong to the +u1li3, for the use of the +u1li3 See: Ha fiel # ,un in, >7 "n. E=D?

3ustomar0 manner.

trans+ort their +ro+ert0 u+on the a0, an oing so in the

+u1li3 high2a0s, using the or inar0 3on#e0an3e of the Page 4 of 132.

usual an

or inar0 3ourse of life an

1usiness.

See: Ha fiel , su+ra? State #

Cit0 of S+o5ane, 9<> "n. :E<? 97E *. 7E;. D.8 %he &')H% of the Citi4en to tra#el u+on the high2a0s an +ro+ert0 thereon, in the or inar0 3ourse of life an 1usiness, to trans+ort his iffers ra i3all0 an

o1#iousl0 from that of one 2ho ma5es the high2a0s his +la3e of 1usiness an uses it for +ri#ate gain. See: State # Cit0 of S+o5ane, su+ra.

D.9 . . . FFGor 2hile a Citi4en has the &')H% to tra#el u+on the +u1li3 high2a0s an to trans+ort his +ro+ert0 thereon, that &')H% oes not e/ten to the use of

the high2a0s, either in 2hole or in +art, as a +la3e of 1usiness for +ri#ate gain. For the latter +ur+oses, no +erson has a #este right to use the high2a0s of the

state, 1ut is a .E&E *&'$',E)E or li3ense 2hi3h the legislature ma0 grant or 2ithhol at its is3retion. See: Ha fiel , su+ra? *a35ar State # Johnson, 6;: *. 9<D:?

Cummins # Jones, 9== *. 9D9? an

# Canton, ;; S. Ct. 6=D, 6E; (. S. 9;<?

other 3ases too numerous to mention.

E. %he "ashington State Su+reme Court state : E.# ' am not +arti3ularl0 intereste other2ise, 1ut ' am ee+l0 intereste a1out the rights of haulers 10 3ontra3t, or in the &')H%S of the +u1li3 to use the See: &o1ertson # De+artment of

+u1li3 high2a0s freel0 for all la2ful +ur+oses. *u1li3 "or5s, 97< "ash. 9:: at 9:>.

F. %he Su+reme Court of the State of 'n iana rule : Page 5 of 132.

F.# 't is not the amount of tra#el, the e/tent of the use of a high2a0 10 the +u1li3 that istinguishes it from a +ri#ate 2a0 or roa . 't is the &')H%

to so use or tra#el u+on it, not its e/er3ise.

See: 'n . ;==, ;E9.

#G. Ameri3an Juris+ru en3e 9st, has this to sa0: #G.# %he &')H% of the Citi4en to tra#el u+on the +u1li3 high2a0s an to

trans+ort his +ro+ert0 thereon, 10 horse8 ra2n 3arriage, 2agon, or automo1ile, is NO% a mere *&'$',E)E 2hi3h ma0 1e +ermitte or +rohi1ite at 2ill, 1ut a the +ursuit

CO..ON &')H% 2hi3h he has un er his right to life, li1ert0, an of ha++iness !+ro+ert0).

(n er this 3onstitutional guarantee, one ma0, therefore,

un er normal 3on itions, tra#el at his in3lination along the +u1li3 high2a0s or in +u1li3 +la3es, an 2hile 3on u3ting himself in an or erl0 an e3ent manner,

neither interfering 2ith, nor

istur1ing another's &')H%S, he 2ill 1e +rote3te , See: 99 Ameri3an Juris+ru en3e

not onl0 in his +erson, 1ut in his safe 3on u3t. 9st., Constitutional ,a2, C :6>, +age 996:.

##. %he Su+reme Court of the State of )eorgia rule : ##.# 'n this 3onne3tion, it is 2ell to 5ee+ in min that, 2hile the +u1li3 has an

a1solute &')H% to the use of the streets for their +rimar0 +ur+ose, 2hi3h is for tra#el, the use of the streets for the +ur+ose of +ar5ing automo1iles is a +ri#ilege, an not a &')H%? an the +ri#ilege must 1e a33e+te 2ith su3h

reasona1le 1ur ens as the 3it0 ma0 +la3e as 3on itions to the e/er3ise of the +ri#ilege. See: )ar ner # Cit0 of Cruns2i35, 67 S. E. 6D 9:=. Page 6 of 132.

#%. 'n 9>E9, the Su+reme Court of the State of Colora o the follo2ing 2a0 H

is3usse

the issue in

#%.# %he Constitution of the State of Colora o, Arti3le '', C : +ro#i es that: All +ersons ha#e 3ertain natural, essential, an ma0 1e re35one unaliena1le &')H%S, among 2hi3h +rote3ting +ro+ert0? of +ro+ert0 ue

the &')H%. . . of a3@uiring, +ossessing, an a +erson 3annot 1e

#%.% A motor #ehi3le is +ro+ert0, an 2ithout

e+ri#e

ue +ro3ess of la2. %he term +ro+ert0, 2ithin the meaning of the

+ro3ess 3lause, in3lu es the &')H% to ma5e full use of the +ro+ert0 2hi3h one has the unaliena1le &')H% to a3@uire. #%.8 E#er0 Citi4en has an unaliena1le &')H% to ma5e use of the +u1li3 high2a0s of the state? e#er0 Citi4en has full free om to tra#el from +la3e to +la3e in the enAo0ment of life an 69<. #8. %he Constitution of the State of ' aho 3ontains these 2or s #8.# All men are 10 nature free an e@ual, an ha#e 3ertain unaliena1le +rote3ting +ro+ert0. +ur+oses i enti3al li1ert0. See: *eo+le # Nothaus, 9;D Colo.

&')H%S, among 2hi3h are . . . a3@uiring, +ossessing, an

#9. %he 2or s of the ' aho Constitution are to all intents an

2ith those of the North Carolina Constitution. %he Constitution of the State of North Carolina, Arti3le ', C 9, states as follo2s H #9.# %he e@ualit0 an +ersons are 3reate rights of +ersons. "e hol it to 1e self8e#i ent that all 10 the Creator 2ith 3ertain

e@ual? that the0 are en o2e Page / of 132.

inaliena1le rights? that among these are life, li1ert0, the enAo0ment of the fruits of their o2n la1or !+ro+ert0), an the +ursuit of ha++iness. %he onl0 +ersons 2omen, an not

2hi3h 3an 1e the meaning of the Arti3le a1o#e are men an 3or+orations, sin3e 3or+orations are 3reate an not unaliena1le )OD8)'$EN &')H%S. #9.% %o 1e that statutes 2hi3h 2oul

via +ri#ileges grante

10 go#ernment

e+ri#e a 3iti4en of the &')H%S of +erson usage of

or +ro+ert0 2ithout a regular trial, a33or ing to the 3ourse an Common ,a2, 2oul not 1e the la2 of the lan .

See: Ho5e # Hen erson, 9=

N. C. 9=, 6= A.. De3. EDD. #@. Sin3e 3ourts ten to 1e 3onsistent in their rulings, it 2oul 1e e/+e3te that

the )eorgia Su+reme Court 2oul Carolina Su+reme Court, et cetera. #B. Other authorities ha#e arri#e

rule in the same manner as the North

at similar 3on3lusions H States of Ameri3a, Amen ment I,< %he to en0

#B.# %he Constitution for the (nite

enumeration in the Constitution of 3ertain rights shall not 1e 3onstrue or is+arage others retaine 10 the +eo+le.

#D. %he Constitution of the State of North Carolina, Arti3le ', C :E< #D.# Other rights of the +eo+le. %he enumeration of rights in this Arti3le shall not 1e 3onstrue #E. ' eman to im+air or en0 others retaine 10 the +eo+le.

all of m0 other rights, in3lu ing the right to tra#el u+on the +u1li3 102a0s in the =< unite states of Ameri3a.

high2a0s an

Page 2 of 132.

#F. %he Constitution of the State of North Carolina, Arti3le ', C 6< #F.# So#ereignt0 of the +eo+le. All +oliti3al +o2er is #este in an eri#e

from the +eo+le? all go#ernment of &')H% originates from the +eo+le, is foun e u+on their 2ill onl0, an is institute solel0 for the goo of the 2hole. to use

%G. As a mem1er of the so#ereignt0 of the +eo+le, ' am not onl0 entitle the high2a0s an fe eral an 102a0s in the =< unite

states of Ameri3a, ' ha#e, at 1oth inaliena1le &')H% to use

state le#els, a Constitutionall08 *rote3te 102a0s.

the high2a0s an

%G.# High2a0s are +u1li3 roa s 2hi3h e#er0 Citi4en has a &')H% to use. See: : Angel High2a0s :. %G.% A high2a0 is a +assage, roa , or street, 2hi3h e#er0 Citi4en has a &')H% to use. See: Cou#ier's ,a2 Di3tionar0. the 2or ''&')H%'' 1e3ause it is a 3ommon +oint among

%#. ' ha#e em+hasi4e

the authorities liste . %he ' aho Co e e#en Aoins in this 3ommon +oint: %#.# ;>8:<9 !9:) Street or high2a0 %he entire 2i th 1et2een +ro+ert0 lines of e#er0 2a0 or +la3e of 2hate#er nature 2hen an0 +art thereof is o+en to the use of the +u1li3, as a matter of &')H%, for +ur+oses of #ehi3ular traffi3. See: ' aho Co e. %%. %he (nite States Su+reme Court has rule that:

%%.# (n ou1te l0 the &')H% of lo3omotion, the &')H% to remo#e from one +la3e to another a33or ing to in3lination, is an attri1ute of +ersonal li1ert0, an Page 3 of 132.

the &')H%, or inaril0, of free transit from or through the territor0 of an0 State is a &')H% se3ure the Constitution. 10 the Fourteenth Amen ment an 10 other +ro#isions of

See: "illiams # Fears, :;: (. S. 6D<, 6D;. ou1t that, 2hen this so#ereign .an tra#els u+on states of Ameri3a, that he oes so as a

%%.% %hus, there 3an 1e little

the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite matter of &')H% an

not +ri#ilege. %he authorit0 for su3h tra#el is es3ri1e

#ariousl0 as a &')H%, a CO..ON &')H%, an ACSO,(%E &')H%, an 'NA,'ENAC,E &')H%, an a &')H% +rote3te 10 the Constitution of the

(nion of the se#eral states for the (nite

States )o#ernment. efining their

%8. ,et us then e/amine the signifi3an3e of these terms 10 meaning.

%8.# &')H% H 'n la2, !a) an enfor3ea1le 3laim or title to an0 su1Ae3t matter 2hate#er? !1) one's 3laim to something out of +ossession? !3) a +o2er, +rerogati#e, or +ri#ilege as 2hen the 2or See: "e1ster (na1ri ge Di3tionar0. is a++lie to a 3or+oration.

%8.% &')H% H As relates to the +erson, &')H%S are a1solute or relati#e? a1solute &')H%S, su3h as e#er0 in i#i ual 1orn or li#ing in this 3ountr0 !an not an alien enem0) is 3onstantl0 3lothe se3urit0 of life, lim1s, 1o 0, health, an 2ith, an relate to his o2n +ersonal

re+utation? or to his +ersonal li1ert0?

&')H%S 2hi3h atta3h u+on e#er0 +erson imme iatel0 u+on his 1irth in the 5ings ominion, an e#en u+on a sla#e the instant he lan s 2ithin the same.

See: 9 Chitt0 *r. :6. Page 14 of 132.

%8.8 &')H% H A legal &')H%, a 3onstitutional &')H% means a &')H% +rote3te 10 3ommon la2, 10 the 3onstitution, 1ut go#ernment oes not 3reate See: Cou#ier's

the i ea of &')H% or original &')H%S? it a35no2le ges them. ,a2 Di3tionar0, +. 6>E9.

%8.9 A1solute &')H% H "ithout an0 3on ition or en3um1ran3e as an a1solute 1on , sim+le/ o1ligatio, in istin3tion from a 3on itional 1on ? an a1solute

estate, one that is free from all manner of 3on itions or en3um1ran3e. A rule is sai to 1e a1solute 2hen, on the hearing, it is 3onfirme . See: Cou#ier's ,a2

Di3tionar0. %8.@ 'naliena1le H A 2or enoting the 3on ition of those things, the +ro+ert0 in, from one +erson to another.

2hi3h 3annot 1e la2full0 transferre See: Cou#ier's ,a2 Di3tionar0. %9. 't sho2s from these

efinitions that the States ha#e an o1ligation to

a35no2le ge the &')H% of this so#ereign .an to tra#el on the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite states of Ameri3a. Further, the States ha#e the ut0

to refrain from interfering 2ith this &')H% an , rather, to +rote3t this &')H% an to enfor3e the 3laim of this so#ereign .an to it.

%@. No2 if this so#ereign .an has the a1solute &')H% to mo#e a1out on the streets or high2a0s, oes that &')H% in3lu e the &')H% to tra#el in a #ehi3le

u+on the streets or high2a0sL %he Su+reme Court of the State of %e/as has ma e 3omments that are an a++ro+riate res+onse to this @uestion. Page 11 of 132.

%@.# *ro+ert0 in a thing 3onsists not merel0 in its o2nershi+ an in the unrestri3te &')H% of use, enAo0ment an

+ossession, 1ut

is+osal. An0thing 2hi3h estro0s the +ro+ert0 'f the &')H% of use o2nershi+ is ren ere of a

estro0s an0 of these elements of +ro+ert0, to that e/tent, itself. %he su1stantial #alue of +ro+ert0 lies in its use. 1e enie , the #alue of the +ro+ert0 is annihilate an

1arren &')H%. %herefore, a la2 2hi3h for1i s the use of a 3ertain 5in +ro+ert0, stri+s it of an essential attri1ute an o2nershi+.

in a3tual result +ros3ri1es its

See: S+ann # Cit0 of Dallas, 6:= S. ". =9:.

%@.% %hese 2or s of the Su+reme Court of %e/as are of +arti3ular im+ortan3e in ' aho, 1e3ause the ' aho Su+reme Court @uote use these e/a3t 2or s in ren ering its the Su+reme Court of %e/as an

e3ision in the 3ase of O'Conner # Cit0

of .os3o2, E> ' aho :D. %B. %he Su+reme Court of %e/as 2ent further to sa0: %B.# %o se3ure their +ro+ert0 2as one of the great en s for 2hi3h men entere into so3iet0. %he &')H% to a3@uire an o2n +ro+ert0, an to eal 2ith it an

use it as the o2ner 3hooses, so long as the use harms no1o 0, is a natural &')H%. 't oes not o2e its origin to 3onstitutions. 't e/iste 1efore them.

't is a +art of the Citi4ens' natural li1ert0 H an e/+ression of his free om, guarantee as in#iolate 10 e#er0 Ameri3an Cill of &')H%S. See: S+ann su+ra.

Page 12 of 132.

>RO>ERTY< %D. Cou#ier's ,a2 Di3tionar0 efines:

%D.# *ro+ert0 %he o2nershi+ of +ro+ert0 im+lies its use in the +rose3ution of an0 legitimate 1usiness 2hi3h is not a nuisan3e in itself. 76 Fe . E6:. %E. %he (nite States Su+reme Court states< la2s +asse 2ithin its authorit0 are 10 the See: 'n re Hong "ah,

%E.# %he Fe eral Constitution an

e/+ress terms of that instrument ma e the su+reme la2 of the lan . %he Fifth Amen ment +rote3ts life, li1ert0, an 2ithout ue +ro3ess of la2. 't is +ro+ert0 from in#asion 10 the States

%E.% *ro+ert0 is more than the mere thing 2hi3h a +erson o2ns. elementar0 that it in3lu es the K&')H%K to a3@uire, use an See: Cu3hanan # "arle0, 6;= (. S. E<, D;.

is+ose of it.

%F. %hese authorities +oint out that the &')H% to o2n +ro+ert0 in3lu es the &')H% to use it. %he reasona1le use of an automo1ile is to tra#el u+on the streets or high2a0s on 2hi3h this so#ereign .an has an a1solute &')H% to use for the +ur+oses of tra#el. %he Co e +ositi#el0 efinitions in %itle ;> Cha+ter : of the ' aho

e3lare the &')H% of this so#ereign .an to tra#el in a #ehi3le

u+on the streets or high2a0s in ' aho.

Page 13 of 132.

MOTOR VEHICLE OR VEHICLEA 8G. .otor $ehi3le .otor #ehi3le means a #ehi3le 2hi3h is self8+ro+elle 2hi3h is +ro+elle not o+erate 10 ele3tri3 +o2er o1taine from o#erhea or

trolle0 2ires, 1ut

u+on rails.

See: ' aho Co e ;>8:<9 !E) e#i3e in, u+on, or 10 2hi3h an0 +erson or or ra2n u+on a +u1li3 high2a0, e/3e+ting ra2n or use e/3lusi#el0 u+on

8G.# $ehi3le $ehi3le means a +ro+ert0 is or ma0 1e trans+orte e#i3es mo#e

10 human +o2er or horse

stationar0 rails or tra35s.

See: ' aho Co e ;>8:<9 !9;)

8G.% Street or High2a0 Street or High2a0 means the entire 2i th 1et2een +ro+ert0 lines of e#er0 2a0 or +la3e of 2hate#er nature 2hen an0 +art thereof is o+en to the use of the +u1li3, as a matter of &')H%, for +ur+oses of #ehi3ular traffi3. See: ' aho Co e ;>8:<9 !9:). as to in3lu e onl0 those self8

8G.8 %he term K.otor $ehi3leK ma0 1e so use +ro+elle #ehi3les 2hi3h are use

on high2a0s +rimaril0 for +ur+oses of See: E< Cor+us Juris

Ktrans+ortingK +ersons an

+ro+ert0 from +la3e to +la3e.

Se3un um C 9, *age 9;7? Ferrante E@ui+ment Co. # Fole0 .a3hiner0 Co., N.J., 6:9 A. 6 6<7, 699, ;> N. J. ;:6. the

8G.9 't seems o1#ious that the entire .otor %rans+ortation Co e an efinition of motor #ehi3le are not inten e

to 1e a++li3a1le to all motor

#ehi3les, 1ut onl0 to those ha#ing a 3onne3tion 2ith the Ktrans+ortationK of +ersons or +ro+ert0. 666, 6:= Or. :=6. Page 14 of 132. See: &ogers Constru3tion Co. # Hill, Or., :7; *. 6 69>,

8G.@ K.otor #ehi3leK means a #ehi3le, ma3hine, tra3tor, trailer, or semitrailer +ro+elle or ra2n 10 me3hani3al +o2er an etermine use on a high2a0 in oes not

Ktrans+ortation,K or a 3om1ination

10 the Commission, 1ut

in3lu e a #ehi3le, lo3omoti#e, or 3ar o+erate o+erate 10 ele3tri3 +o2er from a fi/e

onl0 on a rail, or a trolle0 1us 2ire, an +ro#i ing lo3al See: %rans+ortation,

o#erhea

+assenger Ktrans+ortationK similar to street8rail2a0 ser#i3e. %itle ;>, (. S. C. A. M 9<9<6 !9D). 8G.B %he Constitutions of the (nite States an

the States guarantees this

so#ereign .an the &')H% to o2n +ro+ert0. %he Su+reme Courts of North Carolina an %e/as ha#e affirme that the &')H% to o2n +ro+ert0 in3lu es the 'f that +ro+ert0 is an automo1ile, motor #ehi3le in the ' aho Co e

&')H% to use it 2hile its use harms no1o 0. it is in3lu e in the efinitions of #ehi3le an

%itle ;>, Cha+ter :. An are efine

in the same ' aho Co e Cha+ter, streets or high2a0s 10 the +u1li3 as a matter of

as the +la3e 2here #ehi3les are use

&')H%. %hus it sho2s that this so#ereign .an has the &')H% to use a #ehi3le on the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite states of Ameri3a.

8#. No2 if this So#ereign .an has the &')H% to use a #ehi3le on the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite regulate or states of Ameri3a, to 2hat e/tent 3an the States

iminish that &')H%L %here are some 2ho maintain that s+e3ifi3 of e#er0 so#ereign .an 2ho uses a #ehi3le u+on the states of Ameri3a. ,et us e/amine this

+erforman3e is re@uire

streets or high2a0s in the =< unite 3ontention !CON%&AC%) in etail.

Page 15 of 132.

8%. S+e3ifi3 +erforman3e is a term use

to

esignate an a3tion in e@uit0, in

2hi3h a +art0 to a 3ontra3t as5s the 3ourt to or er the other +art0 to 3arr0 out the 3ontra3t 2hi3h he has faile or refuse to +erform. %hus, if s+e3ifi3

+erforman3e is e/+e3te , a 3ontra3t must e/ist. %he @uestion then 1e3omes: "hat are the terms of the 3ontra3t? 2hen 2as it e/e3ute , an Sin3e s+e3ifi3 +erforman3e seems e/+e3te streets or high2a0s in the =< unite 10 2homL

of e#er0 user of a #ehi3le on the

states of Ameri3a, the user of a #ehi3le 3ontra3t. An sin3e the State seems to

seems one of the +arties to the su++ose 1e the +art0

eman ing s+e3ifi3 +erforman3e, the State is the other +art0 to the 3ontra3t e/ists 1et2een the user of a #ehi3le an 2hat are its termsL Some

3ontra3t. %herefore, the su++ose an

the State. "hen 2as this 3ontra3t e/e3ute

3onten

that 2hen a user of a #ehi3le a#ails himself of the K+ri#ilegeK of ri#ing

on +u1li3 thoroughfares, that he enters a 3ontra3t 2ith the State that re@uires him to a1i e 2ith all the la2s in the union of states' statutes. the 3ontra3t is e/e3ute Others 3onten that

2hen a ri#er's li3ense is o1taine . "e nee

no2 to

figure out 2hat 3onstitutes a 3ontra3t. 88. A 3ontra3t ma0 1e efine as an agreement, enfor3ea1le in 3ourt, 1et2een o or not to o some

t2o or more +arties, for a suffi3ient 3onsi eration to s+e3ifie

thing or things. %hus, a 3ontra3t has four essential features:

88.# 't must 1e an agreement. 88.% %here must 1e at least t2o +arties to the 3ontra3t. Page 16 of 132.

88.8 %here must 1e a 3onsi eration. 88.9 %here must 1e an o1ligation or thing to 1e one.

89. Se#eral t0+es of 3ontra3ts e/ist, 1ut all must 3ontain the essential features liste . 89.# E/+ress? 89.% 'm+lie ? 89.8 Nuasi. 8@. Nuasi 3ontra3ts, 2hile 1eing 3alle 2ill not 1e 3onsi ere se+aration se3tion later. UNILATERAL I BILATERAL CONTRACTS< 8B. %here 3an also 1e unilateral an 1ilateral 3ontra3ts, 2hi3h are +resume to in this 3ontra3ts, are not reall0 3ontra3ts, an in a Contra3ts 3an 1e 3lassifie un er three +rin3i+al 3ategories<

is3ussion of 3ontra3ts, 1ut 2ill 1e 3onsi ere

e/ist un er some or all the a1o#e hea ings. t0+es of 3ontra3ts to see if the

,et us e/amine ea3h of the a1o#e 10 this so#ereign .an

ri#er's li3ense o1taine

falls un er an0 3ategor0 of a la2ful 3ontra3t. 8B.# An e/+ress 3ontra3t is one in 2hi3h the agreement of the +arties is full0 state an in 2or s, an it ma0 1e either 2ritten or oral, or +artl0 2ritten

+artl0 oral.

See: Cergh Cusiness ,a2 :<. 3ontra3t is an agreement of the +arties, arri#e at from their not from

8B.% A true im+lie a3ts an

3on u3t, #ie2e

in the light of surroun ing 3ir3umstan3es, an Page 1/ of 132.

their 2or s either s+o5en or 2ritten.

,i5e an e/+ress 3ontra3t, it gro2s out of there must 1e a meeting of 9<DD

the intention of the +arties to the transa3tion, an the min s. !9>;6). 8B.8 ,i3ense Authorit0 to its nature la2ful 1ut +rohi1ite authorit0 or 2hi3h 2oul 8D. "ith these

See: .3Ie#itt, et al, # )ol en Age Cre2eries, 'n3., 96E *. 6

o some a3t or 3arr0 on some tra e or 1usiness, in statute, e/3e+t 2ith the +ermission of the 3i#il See: Cou#ier's ,a2 Di3tionar0.

other2ise 1e unla2ful.

efinitions in min , let us e/amine a ri#er's li3ense in or er to ri#er's li3ense itself is a small +lasti3 3ar , 't 3ontains the 2or s +h0si3al the

see if it is a 3ontra3t. %he

a++ro/imatel0 == millimeters 10 7E millimeters in si4e. !State) .otor $ehi3le Dri#er's li3ense? the name, a

ress, signature, an

es3ri+tion of the user? a +air of i entif0ing num1ers? a +hotogra+h? an signature of the

ire3tor of the De+artment of .otor $ehi3les B ,a2 Enfor3ement.

O1#iousl0, this 3annot 1e an e/+ress agreement, 1e3ause there are no statements to 3onstitute an agreement. Are there t2o +arties to the K3ontra3tKL %here are

t2o signatures, 1ut 1oth are 3o+ies, thus in#ali ating the K3ontra3t,K so there are no +arties to the K3ontra3t.K 's there Consi erationL "hat has the State gi#en Some ma0

this so#ereign .an in return for this so#ereign .an's o1ligationL

suggest that the State has gi#en this so#ereign .an the +ri#ilege of ri#ing on the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite states of Ameri3a, 1ut this so#ereign

Page 12 of 132.

.an alrea 0 has the &')H% to ri#e on the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite states of Ameri3a, an the State 3annot re@uire this so#ereign .an to gi#e

u+ a &')H% to o1tain a +ri#ilege. 8E. An 'o2a statute that re@uires that e#er0 foreign 3or+oration name in it shall,

as a 3on ition for o1taining a +ermit to transa3t 1usiness in 'o2a, sti+ulate that it 2ill not remo#e into the fe eral 3ourt 3ertain suits that it 2oul of the (nite States ha#e a &')H% to a +ermit 10 the la2s

e+en ent u+on the surren er 10 la2s

the foreign 3or+oration of a +ri#ilege se3ure of the (nite (. S. 97E. States.

to it 10 the Constitution an

Cou#ier's ,a2 Di3tionar0? @uoting Carron # Curnsi e, 969

8E.# %he full signifi3an3e of the 3lause ''la& of the land'' is sai to 1e that statutes that 2oul

10 &uffin, C. J.

e+ri#e a Citi4en of the &')H%S of +erson or usage of the

+ro+ert0 2ithout a regular trial a33or ing to the 3ourse an Common ,a2 2oul not 1e the la2 of the lan .

See: Cou#ier's ,a2

Di3tionar0? @uoting Ho5e # Hen erson, 9= N. C. 9=, 6= A. De3 EDD. 8F. 't 2oul 1e foolish for this So#ereign .an to e/3hange a &')H% for a mean gi#ing u+ #alua1le +ro+ert0 in e/3hange for 's it e#en +ossi1le for this so#ereign .an to o

+ri#ilege, sin3e it 2oul

something ha#ing less #alue. su3h a thingL

8F.# Consent 'n 3riminal ,a2.

No a3t shall 1e Page 13 of 132.

eeme

a 3rime if

one 2ith

the 3onsent of the +art0 inAure , unless it 1e 3ommitte

in +u1li3, an

is li5el0

to +ro#o5e a 1rea3h of the +ea3e, or ten s to the inAur0 of a thir +ro#i e no 3onsent 3an 1e gi#en 2hi3h 2ill

+art0?

e+ri#e the 3onsentor of an0

inaliena1le &')H%.

See: Cou#ier's ,a2 Di3tionar0. to o so, he 3oul not gi#e u+ his

9G. %hus, e#en if this so#ereign .an 2ante

&')H% to tra#el on the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite or e/3hange it for the +ri#ilege of ha#ing a for the su++ose

states of Ameri3a

ri#er's li3ense. %hus, in e/3hange

o1ligation of this so#ereign .an, the State has gi#en nothing.

%hus, there is no ''Consi eration.'' 9#. 't ma0 1e 3onten e that the ''State Seal'' on the ri#er's li3ense is suffi3ient 't is true that un er the 3ommon la2, the @uestion 3on3erning a 3ontra3t un er seal. %he seal Still, States ha#e a1olishe , this statute is

Consi eration 10 the State. of Consi eration 3oul +ro#i e

not 1e raise

3on3lusi#e +resum+tion of Consi eration.

10 statute, the Common ,a2 +resum+tion of Consi eration, an 1in ing u+on all offi3ers an em+lo0ees of the State.

So, though a seal ma0 1e states of Ameri3a. o3ument, an

+resent, it is not e#i en3e of Consi eration in the =< unite Of 3ourse, the o3ument in @uestion is a 3ontri#e an

3o+ie

la35s #ali it0 in an0 3ase as a 3ontra3t. 9%. As to an O1ligation, sin3e the li3ense 3ontains no Statement of Agreement, sin3e there are no *arties to an0 Agreement, an Page 24 of 132. sin3e there is no Consi eration,

there 3an 1e no O1ligation. %he ri#er's li3ense, therefore, is not a 3ontra3t, sin3e it fails to 3ontain an0 of the four essential elements of a 3ontra3t. 98. Can the ri#er's li3ense 1e an im+lie 3ontra3tL %he same elements must ifferen3e

e/ist in an im+lie is that an im+lie

3ontra3t as e/ist in an e/+ress 3ontra3t. %he onl0 3ontra3t is not 2ritten or s+o5en, an

the elements of the

3ontra3t are sho2n 10 the a3ts an

3on u3t of the +arties in#ol#e . "ith

res+e3t to this so#ereign .an, there 2as 3ertainl0 no meeting of the min s, or else this 1rief 2oul not result. 't 2as ne#er the intention of this so#ereign &')H%S in or er to a33e+t 1e ri i3ulous. %his 3oul agreement in a 3ontra3t,

.an to gi#e u+ 3onstitutionall08+rote3te , guarantee a +ri#ilege from the State. onl0 1e Su3h an a3tion 2oul

one in a so3ialisti3 state. %here 3annot 1e an im+lie

free so3iet0.

's it +ossi1le that there 2ere t2o +arties to the su++ose

i.e., the State an im+lie

this so#ereign .anL %here 2as no Consi eration in the

3ontra3t for the same reasons that there 2as no Consi eration in the

e/+ress 3ontra3t. 99. An o1ligation is the thing to 1e 2or5, or to one. 't ma0 1e to +a0 mone0, to o

eli#er goo s? or it ma0 1e to refrain from oing something that the a &')H% to o. Some ma0 sa0 that the State 2as

+erson 3ontra3ting ha o1ligate unite

to allo2 this so#ereign .an to ri#e on the streets or high2a0s in the that this so#ereign .an 2as O1ligate Page 21 of 132. to o1e0 all

states of Ameri3a, an

the statutes 3ontaine that the State 3oul

in the States' Statutes. not 1e o1ligate

't 2oul

1e Aust as eas0 to sa0

to allo2 this so#ereign .an to tra#el on states of Ameri3a 1e3ause the0 i not

the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite

ha#e the &')H% or the +o2er to +re#ent him from oing so. 9@. 'f the State 3annot +re#ent this so#ereign .an from tra#eling on the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite is3retion in the matter, an states of Ameri3a, then the0 o not ha#e an0

o not ha#e the 3hoi3e of 2hether to o1ligate

themsel#es or not. %hus, the O1ligation of the State 3annot 1e to grant this so#ereign .an the +ri#ilege of tra#eling on the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite states of Ameri3a. %he O1ligation of the State 3annot 1e to refrain from

+rohi1iting this so#ereign .an from tra#eling on the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite initiall0. 9B. 't is the 3ontention of this so#ereign .an that the onl0 o1ligation that this so#ereign .an in3urs 2hen using a #ehi3le u+on the streets or high2a0s in the unite states of Ameri3a is the Common8,a2 O1ligation to refrain from an0 a3t 'n 3om+l0ing 2ith states of Ameri3a, sin3e the State i not ha#e the &')H% to o so

that 3auses another +erson to lose life, li1ert0, or +ro+ert0. this o1ligation, this so#ereign .an

oes 3om+l0 2ith man0 statutes in the union

of States' Statutes, sin3e the0 are, for the most +art, onl0 3ommon sense rules 10 2hi3h this so#ereign .an a#oi s oing amage to others.

Page 22 of 132.

9D. Still, this a3@uies3en3e to some statutes shoul of a Contra3tual O1ligation 10 this so#ereign .an. 3onstrue

not 1e 3onstrue Neither shoul

as e#i en3e it 1e 'nstea , to o

as a3@uies3en3e to all the statutes or to an0 of them al2a0s.

it is merel0 e#i en3e of a 2ant of this so#ereign .an to tra#el safel0 an harm to no one. 9E. %hus, the a3tions of this so#ereign .an of a 3ontra3t 2ith the State.

o not su++l0 unam1iguous e#i en3e

'nstea , the a3tions 3an, 2ith e@ual 2eight, 1e sai

to 1e e#i en3e of the fa3t that this so#ereign .an 2as 3om+l0ing 2ith Common ,a2 re@uirement that he im+lie oes harm to no one. %he ri#er's li3ense is not an

3ontra3t 1e3ause there is no Consi eration. %here ma0 +ossi1l0 1e there is not 3lear e#i en3e

t2o +arties, 1ut still, there is no Consi eration, an

of an O1ligation. %herefore, three of the four ne3essar0 elements for a 3ontra3t are missing. 9F. %he @uestion no2 1e3omes 2hether the 3ontra3t. an ri#er's li3ense a++li3ation is a

'n 3om+leting this o3ument, the a++li3ant ma5es se#eral statements

signs the +a+er u+on 2hi3h these statements are 2ritten un er oath. %he es3ri+tion, a ress, a1ilit0 an

statements 3on3ern the i entit0, +h0si3al e/+erien3e in ri#ing a #ehi3le, an the a++li3ant.

one statement on the +h0si3al 3on ition of

None of the statements are as an agreement. the signature

@G. %he a++li3ation form 3ontains the signature of the a++li3ant an Page 23 of 132.

of the +erson ta5ing the oath of the a++li3ant. %he re#erse si e of the a++li3ation 3ontains the results of a #ision test an ru imentar0 +h0si3al 10 the

e/amination 2ith the results of a ri#ing test. %hese results are signe e/aminer an not 10 the a++li3ant.

@#. %hus, the a++li3ation ta5es the form of an affi a#it instea

of a 3ontra3t.

,et us see if the elements of a 3ontra3t are +resent in the a++li3ation. @#.# %here is no agreement. @#.% %here are not t2o +arties. @#.8 %here is no 3onsi eration. @#.9 %here is no o1ligation. @#.@ A itionall0, if the initial a++li3ant 2as un er the age of 97 at the time of a++l0ing, an0 allege 3ontra3t is not legall0 1in ing, an sim+l0 null an #oi .

@%. Sin3e none of the ne3essar0 elements of a 3ontra3t are +resent, the a++li3ation oes not 3onstitute a 3ontra3t. o3ument in#ol#e in o1taining a ri#er's li3ense is the ri#er's li3ense. o3ument,

@8. %he onl0

+art of 2hi3h is 3o+ie

to ma5e the a3tual in ma5ing the

't 3ontains, 1esi es

the information that is use test 3on u3te 10 the

ri#er's li3ense, the results of a #ision

ri#er's li3ense e/aminer. 10

@9. %he a++li3ant +la3es his signature u+on this form that is then 3o+ie some +hotogra+hi3 +ro3ess. Other material is a Page 24 of 132.

e , in3lu ing a +hotogra+h,

signature of the Dire3tor of the De+artment of .otor $ehi3les B ,a2 Enfor3ement, an the ri#er's li3ense is ma e of this 3om+osite.

@@. %herefore, the li3ense itself 3annot 1e a 3ontra3t, 1e3ause it is a 3ontri#e o3ument. %he form from 2hi3h the ri#er's li3ense is ma e 3annot 1e a So if

3ontra3t, 1e3ause, again, none of the elements of a 3ontra3t are +resent. none of the o3uments e/e3ute 10 the

ri#er 2hen o1taining a li3ense is a the State as a result

3ontra3t, then no 3ontra3t 3an e/ist 1et2een the ri#er an of o1taining a ri#er's li3ense.

@B. Cut still, the i ea that the +er#asi#e.

ri#er's li3ense is a 3ontra3t 2ith the State is

't is a 1elief that is strongl0 hel , e#en 10 +eo+le in high +la3es. ri#er's li3ense, as if it 2ere a 3ontra3t, an a33e+te see if it 3an 10 the

So let us e/amine the 2ithstan s3rutin0.

Not e#er0 offer ma e 10 one +art0 an 3ontra3t. %he out2ar

other 3reates a #ali

form of a 3ontra3t, either oral or

2ritten, ma0 e/ist, an in realit0, 3reate . #ali

0et the 3ir3umstan3es ma0 1e su3h that no 3ontra3t 2as,

Some 3ir3umstan3es that 2ill 3ause an other2ise a++arentl0 are:

3ontra3t to 1e #oi

MISTA7E H MUTUAL OR UNILATERAL< @D. .ista5e, either mutual or unilateral.

Page 25 of 132.

@D.# Frau ? @D.% Duress? @D.8 Alteration. @E. %his so#ereign .an o1taine a ri#er's li3ense u+on the erroneous

re+resentation 10 the State that tra#eling u+on the streets or high2a0s of the unite states of Ameri3a 2as a +ri#ilege. %his so#ereign .an a33e+te i o1tain a ri#er's li3ense. not a +ri#ilege. See: Dei1el this

re+resentation as true an

@E.# 't has 1een sho2n, still, that tra#eling is a K&')H%K an %hus, a mutual mista5e has 1een ma e, an # Ireiss, =< N. E. 6D 9<<< !9>;:). @F. Cut the legislati#e 1o ies of the States 2ho +asse

the K3ontra3tK is #oi .

the statutes 3ontaine

in

the union of States' Statutes are 5no2le gea1le +eo+le, man0 of 2hom are la20ers, an the0 un ou1te l0 5ne2, at the time su3h statutor0 la2 2as +asse , states 2as a ''&')H%'' an not a ''+ri#ilege.''

that, tra#eling 2ithin the unite

'f this 2ere the 3ase, then the mista5e 2oul

1e unilateral. A unilateral mista5e a 3ontra3t.

5no2n to the other +art0 is suffi3ient groun s to #oi

FRAUD< BG. Frau ma0 3onsist in 3on u3t an ma0 e/ist 2here there are no +ositi#e

Page 26 of 132.

re+resentations, i.e., silen3e 2here honest0 re@uires s+ee3h ma0 sometimes 3onstitute frau . %he rule that a man ma0 1e silent an safe is 10 no means a

uni#ersal one. "here one 3ontra3ting +art0 5no2s that the other is 1argaining for one thing 2hile re3ei#ing another, has no &')H% 10 silen3e to an suffer him to ta5e an altogether e3ei#e him

ifferent thing from that for 2hi3h he

1argains.

See: *arish # %hurston, 7D 'n . ;:D !9776).

B#. 'f the ri#er's li3ense is a 3ontra3t, a 3ase 3an 1e ma e for the 3ontention that it 2as an agreement o1taine , 10 the State, 10 means of frau . B#.# Frau is a generi3 term 2hi3h em1ra3es all the multifarious means 10 e#ise an No are resorte to 10 one in i#i ual to get o2n

2hi3h human ingenuit0 3an an0 a #antage o#er another. as a general +ro+osition issem1ling, an 6:E *. ;7=.

efinite an

in#aria1le rule 3an 1e lai

efining frau , as it in3lu es all sur+rise, tri35, 3unning, e3ei#e . See: "ells # Oen4,

unfair 2a0s 10 2hi3h another is

B%. "ith res+e3t to 3ontra3ts, the follo2ing statements 3an 1e ma e: B%.# 'n the fiel of 3ontra3ts, there are 3ertain stan ar efine frau tests for a 3laim of frau

2hi3h ma5e it +ossi1le to

as in 3onne3tion 2ith a 3ontra3t or an0

tri35 or artifi3e 2here10 a +erson, 10 means of a material misre+resentation,

Page 2/ of 132.

3reates an erroneous im+ression of the su1Ae3t matter of a +ro+ose an there10 in u3es another +erson to suffer

transa3tion,

amage 3om+uta1le in mone0. %he

misre+resentation ma0 result from a false statement, a 3on3ealment, or a non is3losure. %he elements of a 3ontra3tual frau B%.% A material misre+resentation, 3reate non is3losure. B%.8 An intention to efrau . efrau e +art0. are the follo2ing:

10 a statement, a 3on3ealment, or a

B%.9 &elian3e on misre+resentation 10 the B%.@ Damage 3ause misre+resentation. to the efrau e

+art0 as the result of his a3ting u+on

See: Cergh Cusiness ,a2, +. =E. a 3ontra3t 1e3ause of a missing element an is

B%.B 'f a +art0 tries to #oi +re#ente

from oing so, su3h instrument 1e3omes a frau ulent 3ontra3t.

B%.D %here is no statute of limitations on frau . B8. 'n #ie2 of the man0 of the (nite har to efen e3isions 10 high 3ourts, in3lu ing the Su+reme Court not a +ri#ilege, it 2oul 1e

States, that tra#eling is a &')H% an

the +ro+osition that the legislati#e 1o ies of the States 2ere e3isions, +arti3ularl0 sin3e man0 legislators are an 2ere

una2are of these

la20ers, 5no2le gea1le in su3h matters.

'n fa3t, 2hen one 3onsi ers the

Page 22 of 132.

efinition of streets or high2a0s in Se3tions of the Statutes, the e#i en3e is 3on3lusi#e that the legislature 5ne2 an 5no2s that tra#eling is a K&')H%.K that

B9. %herefore, the statements in the Statutes that tra#eling is a +ri#ilege an a ri#er's li3ense is ne3essar0 1efore tra#eling, 3onstitutes a material

misre+resentation of fa3t to an0 +ossessor of a ri#er's li3ense. An legislature 2as an is a2are of the fa3t that tra#eling 2as an

sin3e the

is not a

''+ri#ilege,'' 1ut rather, is a Constitutionall08+rote3te tra#eling is a ne3essaril0 li3ense 3onstitutes a 2illful intention to B@. %his so#ereign .an i

K&')H%,K the statement that to this so#ereign .an, efrau .

+ri#ilege, 2hen a++lie e3ei#e an , therefore, to

rel0 u+on the re+resentations of the legislature that his ri#er's li3ense, else he 2oul not

tra#eling 2as a +ri#ilege 2hen he o1taine ha#e o1taine one. i suffer

BB. %his so#ereign .an

amage as a result of his a3ting u+on the

misre+resentation of the legislature, at least to the e/tent of the li3ensing fee. BD. 'nsomu3h as all the ne3essar0 elements of frau li3ense is 3onsi ere are +resent, if the #oi ri#er's

a 3ontra3t, su3h K3ontra3tK is null an

ab initio.

DURESS< BE. "ith res+e3t to uress, Cergh su+ra su++lies the follo2ing Page 23 of 132. efinition:

BE.# A +art0 must 3onsent to a 3ontra3t of his o2n free 2ill? free 3onsent is an essential element of an agreement. 3ontra3t 10 fear in u3e Conse@uentl0, if he is 3oer3e into signing a

10 a threat to 3ause +ersonal inAur0 to himself or to it 2ill 1e

some 3lose relati#e, the 3ontra3t 2ill not 1e a real agreement an

#oi a1le at his o+tion. %he threat of +ersonal inAur0 must 1e a threat to infli3t imme iate 1o il0 inAur0 or to institute a 3riminal +rose3ution against the +erson threatene or some 3lose relati#e.

BF. Sin3e it 2as essential to this so#ereign .an in +ursuing his o33u+ation of 3ommon &')H% to use a #ehi3le u+on the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite states of Ameri3a, an sin3e the States threaten to an o +rose3ute +eo+le in

3riminal a3tions for not +ossessing a ri#er's li3ense, regar less of their status, this so#ereign .an i o1tain a ri#er's li3ense un er uress. 'f, then, the in#ali 1e3ause of

ri#er's li3ense is a 3ontra3t, the 3ontra3t is unenfor3ea1le an this uress.

DG. "ith res+e3t to alterations, Cergh su+ra has the follo2ing 3omments: DG.# An0 material alteration in a 2ritten 3ontra3t 10 one +art0 2ithout the 3onsent of the other +art0 gi#es this latter the o+tion of treating the 3ontra3t as either is3harge , or enfor3ing it as it stoo 1efore the alteration.

Page 34 of 132.

D#. 'f the ri#er's li3ense is a 3ontra3t, it is a 2ritten 3ontra3t, at least to the e/tent that the Statutes are 2ritten. mo ifies or a Ea3h time that the legislature amen s or

s to an0 of the statutes of the union of States, the terms of the Sin3e this so#ereign .an then has the o+tion of o so as of the first

3ontra3t are 3hange .

3onsi ering the 3ontra3t as is3harge , he then 3hooses to

3hange in the union of States' Statutes follo2ing his a++li3ation for a ri#er's li3ense. D%. 'f it is 3onten e that the ri#er's li3ense is an im+lie 3ontra3t, the Statute

of Frau s 3omes into +la0, i.e., the States ha#e ena3te D8. %he agreement is in#ali

a Statute of Frau s.

in the follo2ing 3ases, unless the same or some su1s3ri1e 10 the +art0 3harge , or 2ithout

note or memoran um of it 1e in 2riting an 10 his agent.

E#i en3e, therefore, of the agreement 3annot 1e re3ei#e

the 2riting or se3on ar0 e#i en3e of its 3ontents: D8.# An agreement that, 10 its terms, is not to 1e +erforme the ma5ing thereof. D9. Sin3e the term of the ri#er's li3ense 3ontra3t is so man0 0ears, an 3ontra3t is not 2ritten, the Statute of Frau s unenfor3ea1le. oes a++l0, an the 2ithin a 0ear from

thus the 3ontra3t is

Page 31 of 132.

D@. %he

is3ussion u+ to this +oint has 1een 3on3erne

2ith 1ilateral 3ontra3ts in 's it +ossi1le that the as:

2hi3h ea3h +art0 +romises something to the other +art0.

ri#er's li3ense is a unilateral 3ontra3tL A unilateral 3ontra3t is es3ri1e D@.# A one8si e

3ontra3t, in the sense that onl0 one si e ma5es a +romise, an See: Cergh

the other si e +erforms an a3t for 2hi3h the +romise 2as gi#en. su+ra. Sin3e the a3t e/+e3te

10 the State is o1e ien3e to the statutes, 2hat in e/3hange for this a3tL %he onl0 +romise that

+romise has the State offere the State 3oul

ma5e a so#ereign is the +romise to allo2 him to tra#el on the states of Ameri3a. Sin3e this so#ereign

streets or high2a0s in the =< unite .an alrea 0 3an

o that as a matter of &')H%, the State 3an +romise him a unilateral 3ontra3t 3annot e/ist. the

nothing, thus there is no Consi eration an

DB. Ha#ing sho2n that no 3ontra3t e/ists 1et2een this so#ereign .an an

State, let us e/amine the +ro+osition that a @uasi83ontra3t e/ists 1et2een this so#ereign .an an the State. JUASI-CONTRACT< DD. A @uasi83ontra3t is an o1ligation s+ringing from #oluntar0 an +arties in the a1sen3e of an0 agreement. la2ful a3ts of

See: Cou#ier's ,a2 Di3tionar0.

DE. 'n or er to esta1lish the e/isten3e of a @uasi83ontra3tual o1ligation, it must 1e sho2n: Page 32 of 132.

DE.# %hat the

efen ant has re3ei#e

a 1enefit from the +laintiff. efen ant is ine@uita1le.

DE.% %hat the retention of the 1enefit 10 the See: "oo 2ar Nuasi Contra3ts >.

DF. %hus, if it is 3onten e

that this so#ereign .an must o1e0 the statutes in

the union of States' Statutes 1e3ause of a @uasi83ontra3t, it must 1e sho2n that this so#ereign .an has re3ei#e a 1enefit from the State. Ho2e#er, tra#eling on from the State.

the streets or high2a0s in the State is not a 1enefit re3ei#e 't is a &')H% that atta3he an 3annot 1e remo#e

to this so#ereign .an at the moment of his nati#it0, 'n this res+e3t, no 1enefit has 1een

10 the State.

re3ei#e

from the State, an

thus a @uasi83ontra3tual o1ligation 3annot e/ist 2ith

res+e3t to this so#ereign .an. EG. 't ma0 1e 3laime of the State, an that the statutes are ma e +ursuant to the +oli3e +o2ers to o1e0 them.

that e#er0 +erson in the State is o1ligate

E#. %he +oli3e +o2er is a grant of authorit0 from the +eo+le to their go#ernmental agents for the +rote3tion of the health, the safet0, the 3omfort an the 2elfare of the +u1li3. ne3essar0 an 't is 1roa an 3om+rehensi#e in its nature. 't is a

salutar0 +o2er, sin3e 2ithout it, so3iet0 2oul there 2oul

1e at the mer30 of

in i#i ual interest an

e/ist neither +u1li3 or er nor se3urit0. "hile

Page 33 of 132.

this is true, it is onl0 a +o2er, an

not a Constitutionall08+rote3te

K&')H%.K

E%. %he +o2ers of go#ernment, un er our s0stem, are in no 2a0 to 1e 3onstrue as a1solute. %he0 are 1ut grants of authorit0 from the +eo+le, an are limite

to their true +ur+oses. %he fun amental &')H%S of the +eo+le are inherent, an ha#e not 0iel e to go#ernmental 3ontrol. %he +eo+le are not the su1Ae3ts of Constitutional

go#ernmental authorit0. %he0 are su1Ae3ts of in i#i ual authorit0. +o2ers 3an ne#er trans3en Constitutionall08+rote3te guarantee

&')H%S. %he

+oli3e +o2er is su1Ae3t to the limitations im+ose , 10 the Constitution, u+on e#er0 +o2er of go#ernment? an it 2ill not 1e suffere to in#a e or im+air the

fun amental li1erties of the so#ereign .an? those natural &')H%S 2hi3h are the 3hief 3on3ern of the Constitution, an the +eo+le. E%.# %o se3ure their +ro+ert0 2as one of the great en s for 2hi3h men entere into so3iet0. %he &')H% to a3@uire an o2n +ro+ert0, an to eal 2ith it an for 2hose +rote3tion it 2as or aine 10

use it as the o2ner 3hooses, so long as the use harms no1o 0, is a natural &')H% 2hi3h oes not o2e its origin to 3onstitutions, as it e/iste 1efore them.

't is a +art of the Citi4ens' natural li1ert0 an e/+ression of his free om, guarantee as in#iolate 10 e#er0 Ameri3an Cill of &')H%S.

Page 34 of 132.

E%.% 't is not a &')H%, therefore, o#er 2hi3h the +oli3e +o2er is +aramount. ,i5e e#er0 other fun amental li1ert0, it is a &')H% to 2hi3h the +oli3e +o2er is su1or inate. E%.8 't is a &')H% 2hi3h ta5es into a33ount the e@ual &')H%S of others, for it is @ualifie 10 the o1ligation that the use of the +ro+ert0 shall not 1e to the Cut if su1Ae3t alone to that @ualifi3ation, that the Citi4en is his goo s as he 3hooses, it is iffi3ult to +er3ei#e

+reAu i3e of others.

not free to use his lan s an

2herein his &')H% of +ro+ert0 has an0 e/isten3e.

See: S+ann su+ra.

E8. "here inherent, unaliena1le, a1solute &')H%S are 3on3erne , the +oli3e +o2ers 3an ha#e no effe3t. %he &')H% to tra#el on the streets or high2a0s an the &')H% to o2n an use +ro+ert0 ha#e 1een es3ri1e as inherent,

unaliena1le, an

a1solute. %hus the +oli3e +o2er 3annot regulate this so#ereign states

.an's &')H% to use a #ehi3le on the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite of Ameri3a. E9. 'f the +oli3e +o2er of the State is +ermitte

to regulate the tra#eling of this states of Ameri3a,

so#ereign .an on the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite an

if through the a3tion of these regulations or statutes, this so#ereign .an is a33ess to the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite states of Ameri3a, a

enie

Page 35 of 132.

fun amental &')H% of this so#ereign .an has 1een UNCONSTITUTIONALLY ABROGATED. K,an 'f this is allo2e to ha++en in this 3ountr0, then this is not the

of the Free,K 1ut is, in fa3t, a so3ialisti3 state. 10 the Constitution are in#ol#e , there 3an 1e no a1rogate them. See: .iran a # Ari4ona,

E9.# "here &')H%S se3ure

rule8ma5ing or legislation that 2oul :7; (. S. ;:E, ;>9 !9>EE).

E@. %he a1rogation of unaliena1le &')H%S 10 legislation or rule8ma5ing is un3onstitutional. EB. 'f further +roof is nee e li3ense to sho2 that this so#ereign .an nee not 1e

to tra#el on the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite in the follo2ing e3isions:

states of Ameri3a,

it is +ro#i e

EB.# A li3ense fee is a ta/.

See: *arish of .orehouse # Crigham, E S. 6=D. 10

EB.% A state ma0 not im+ose a 3harge for the enAo0ment of a &')H% grante the Fe eral Constitution. +a+er, onl0 +ri#ileges. Ho2e#er, &')H%S are not grante 10 an0 +ie3e of

See: .ur o35 # *enns0l#ania, :9> (. S. 9<=. for a ri#er's li3ense, an sin3e tra#eling on the

ED. Sin3e a fee is 3harge

streets or high2a0s in the =< unite 10 the Fe eral Constitution, an

states of Ameri3a is a &')H% guarantee

10 the ,A" OF NA%(&E, it is not legal,

Page 36 of 132.

la2ful nor 3onstitutional for the State to re@uire this so#ereign .an to 1e li3ense to tra#el.

EE. E#en the a++li3ation for a Dri#er's ,i3ense form re3ogni4es the &')H% of some +eo+le to tra#el 2ithout a li3ense. %he union of States' Statutes re3ogni4es 3ategories of +eo+les 2ho are not re@uire it, then, that the first eman to 1e li3ense in the State. "h0 is

ma e 10 the la2 enfor3ement +ersonnel 2hen

ma5ing a traffi3 sto+ is: K,et me see 0our ri#er's li3ense, registration, an +roof of insuran3eK !an not al2a0s +olitel0), 2hen the first @uestion shoul ''Are 0ou re@uire to ha#e a ri#er's li3enseLK 1e:

K"hat is 0our statusL'', an

EF. Can it 1e that there is a 3ons+ira30 afoot 2ithin the States to re u3e all so#ereign .en an "omen to a status of 3ontra3tL "h0 else 2oul a la2

enfor3ement offi3er B Au ge automati3all0 ta5e a tra#eler to Aail 2ithout e#en tr0ing to is3o#er if that man or 2oman 2as e/em+t from the re@uirement of

ha#ing a ri#er's li3enseL FG. %he @uestion no2 1e3omes 2hether this so#ereign .an is re@uire an0 of the statutes in the union of States' Statutes. to o1e0

't has 1een sho2n that this

so#ereign .an has a &')H% to tra#el on the streets or high2a0s in the unite states of Ameri3a. %herefore, an0 statute, in3lu ing those 2hi3h es3ri1e ri#ing

Page 3/ of 132.

on the streets or high2a0s as a +ri#ilege, 3annot a++l0 to this so#ereign .an. Sin3e the &')H% of this so#ereign .an to tra#el 3annot 1e a1rogate , an0 statute 2here10 the enfor3ement of 2hi3h 2oul ha#e the effe3t of en0ing

a33ess to the streets or high2a0s to this so#ereign .an, 3annot a++l0 to this so#ereign .an. F#. Sin3e #iolation of the States' Statutes is 3lassifie as a mis emeanor 2hi3h is sin3e +rose3uting B

+unisha1le 10 a fine an B or u+ to one 0ear in Aail, an 3on#i3ting this so#ereign 2oul

ue to his non8harmful use of the streets or high2a0s

1e an a1rogation of his &')H% to tra#el an , not to mention, the ;th8 >th8Amen ment +rote3te &')H%S to

Amen ment ''+ro1a1le 3ause'' 3lause an *ri#a30, ,i1ert0, *ro+ert0 an

*ursuit of Ha++iness, etc., none of the statutes of

the union of States' Statutes 3an a++l0 to this so#ereign .an. All of these 3ontentions are une@ui#o3all0 su++orte 10 the (nite States Su+reme Court.

F#.# An 'o2a statute, 2hi3h re@uires e#er0 ''foreign'' !+ri#ate, outsi e the fe eral 4one) 3or+oration name in it shall, as a 3on ition for o1taining a +ermit to into the

transa3t 1usiness in 'o2a, sti+ulate that it 2ill not remo#e or reman fe eral 3ourt 3ertain suits that it normall0 2oul

10 the la2s of the (nite

States ha#e a &')H% to remo#e or reman , is #oi , 1e3ause it ma5es hol ing a +ermit to o 1usiness a +ri#ilege e+en ent u+on the surren er of the so#ereigns'

Page 32 of 132.

&')H% to 3on u3t unlimite 2hi3h is se3ure an

3ommer3ial a3ti#it0 !so long as it harms no one), 10 the Constitution an la2s of the (nite

guarantee

States. %his is 3ite 3ontention. F%. %his

as further 3om+ilation an

sustenan3e of the aforementione

See: Cou#ier's ,a2 Di3tionar0 Carron # Curnsi e, 969 (. S. 97E. e3ision is 3onsistent 2ith that in .iran a su+ra, in 2hi3h it 2as state

that 2here &')H%S are 3on3erne , there 3an 1e no rule8ma5ing or legislation that 2oul a1rogate them. 't is also 3onsistent 2ith the is3ussion in the

follo2ing 3ase. %his 3ase is a ta/ 3ase, 1ut the 3ontains is a++ro+riate:

is3ussion on &')H%S that it

AN INDIVIDUAL AND A COR>ORATION< F8. ''0here is a clear distinction in this particular bet&een an individual and a corporation, and that the latter has no right to refuse to submit its boo's and papers for an e%amination at the suit of the "tate. upon his constitutional rights as a +iti en. private business in his o&n &ay. 0he individual may stand

He is entitled to carry on his He o&es

His po&er to contract is unlimited.

no duty to the "tate, or to his neighbors, to divulge his business, or to open his doors to an investigation so far as it may tend to incriminate him. He o&es no

such duty to the "tate, since he receives nothing therefrom, beyond the protection

Page 33 of 132.

of his life and property.

His rights are such as e%isted by the la& of the land,

long antecedent to the organi ation of the "tate, and can only be ta'en from him by due process of +ommon .a&, and in accordance &ith the +onstitution. 5mong his rights are a refusal to incriminate himself, and the immunity of himself and his property from arrest or sei ure, e%cept under a &arrant of +ommon .a&. He o&es nothing to the public, so long as he does not trespass See: Hale # Hen5el, 6<9 (. S. ;:. statement is also 3onsistent 2ith the 3ommon la2 of

upon their rights.'' F9. %his em+hasi4e

Englan , as far as it is not re+ugnant to or in3onsistent 2ith the Constitution or la2s of the (nite an States in all 3ases not +ro#i e for in these 3om+ile la2s,

is the rule of e3ision for all 3ourts in the states.

Sin3e the statutes of the

=< unite

states of Ameri3a 3annot a++l0 to this so#ereign .an, he 1e3omes

su1Ae3t to the Common ,a2, 2hi3h maintains that he o2es nothing to the +u1li3 2hile he oes not tres+ass u+on their &')H%S.

F@. %hus, is it the 3ontention of this so#ereign .an, that 1e3ause the statutes 3ontaine in the (nion of States' Statutes o not a++l0 to him, that the statutes

are un3onstitutionalA A1solutel0 not. %here is a 3lass of ''persons'' in the =< unite states of Ameri3a to 2hom these statutes a++l0 2ithout reser#ation.

Page 44 of 132.

.em1ers of this 3lass in3lu e 3or+orations an

those 2ho 3on u3t 3or+orate

1usiness, i.e., .otor Carriers, e.g., ta/is, 1uses, etc., on the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite states of Ameri3a. A +u1li3 3or+oration is the 'creation' of the State. F@.# A +u1li3 3or+oration is a 'creature' of the State. 't is +resume to 1e in3or+orate for the 1enefit of the +u1li3. an 't re3ei#es 3ertain s+e3ial +ri#ileges an fran3hises,

hol s them su1Ae3t to the la2s of the State an

the limitations of its 3harter. to it 2hile it

'ts ''&')H%S'' to a3t as a +u1li3 3or+oration are onl0 +reser#e o1e0s the la2s of its 3reation.

See: Cou#ier's ,a2 Di3tionar0, +. E7;. la35s

FB. 't !the +u1li3 3or+oration) is a ''+erson'' in the e0es of the la2, an 3hara3ter, morals, 3ons3ien3e, an ire3te an su+er#ise a soul.

'ts e#er0 a3ti#it0 must therefore 1e efinition of Due *ro3ess of

10 the State.

(n er the

,a2, Cou#ier's ,a2 Di3tionar0 states in +ertinent +art: FB.# %he li1ert0 guarantee is that of a natural ''+erson'' an not of artifi3ial

''+ersons''? "estern %urf Assn. # )reen1erg, 6<; (. S. :=>, 2here it 2as sai K...a 3or+oration 3annot 1e eeme

a Citi4en 2ithin the meaning of the 3lause of

the Constitution of the (nite

States, 2hi3h +rote3ts the +ri#ileges an States against 1eing a1ri ge or im+aire

immunities of Citi4ens of the (nite

10 the la2 of a state.K See also 6<: (. S. 6;:.

Page 41 of 132.

FD. %he statutes in the union of states are esigne

to ire3t the a3ti#ities of the 3lass *u1li3 3or+orations are

of ''+ersons'' of 2hi3h a +u1li3 3or+oration is a mem1er. a1solutel0 1oun not 1e allo2e Ameri3a an 10 these statutes.

't is im+erati#e that a 3ons3ien3eless entit0 states of

to freel0 roam the streets or high2a0s in the =< unite thus Aeo+ar i4e the so#ereign in i#i ual.

't is for this +ur+ose, an

this +ur+ose A,ONE, that the statutes of the =< states of Ameri3a 2ere ena3te , an NO% for 3ontrol of the free, so#ereign8Ameri3an Citi4ens' &')H%S.

ORIGINAL WRIT OF DEMAND TO SHOW JUO WARRANTO< 78y 9hat (uthority:; How Man! $lasses O. C&*&Ken/ C4--en*0! In2a5&* Ame-&6aA An/we-< %here are t2o !6) 3lasses of 3iti4ens 3urrentl0 inha1iting Ameri3a. !9) %he first 3lass of 3iti4ens are the ''Ameri3an Citi4ens'' B ''state Citi4ens'', 2ho inha1it the lan 5no2n as ''the se#eral states of the (nion'', li#ing 2ithin the 2ho li#e 2ithin

geogra+hi3 1oun aries of the 3ountr0 5no2n as ''Ameri3a'', an

the e/3lusi#e Auris i3tion of the Common ,a2? an , !6) those of 2hom the se3on 3lass is 3om+rise are 5no2n as ''fe eral 3iti4ens'' B ''3iti4ens of the (nite

States''? i.e., 3iti4ens of the fe eral go#ernment, 2ho seem to 1e su1Ae3t to the e/3lusi#e Auris i3tion of the de facto go#ernment, 2hi3h is a foreign 3or+orate fi3tion no2 o+erating as a 3olle3tion of 3or+orate entities an Page 42 of 132. su1si iaries? e.g.,

the de facto fe eral, state an

lo3al go#ernments, offi3es, agen3ies, muni3i+alities, States'', et cetera . . .

et al, using #arious names not e/3lu ing that of the ''(nite

%he first 3lass of Citi4en a++ears in the Nualifi3ations Clauses of the (. S. Constitution, 2here10 the term ''Citi4en of the (nite 9:::: an 3ases 6:9:=.) States'' is use . !See 9:6:6,

Note the (**E&8CASE ''C'' in ''Citi4en''. %he +ertinent 3ourt States'' in these Clauses to mean ''States (nite '',

efine the term ''(nite

an not the fe eral go#ernment 3urrentl0 o+erating as a foreign 3or+oration using the name ''(nite (nite States''. %herefore, the original, full term ''Citi4en of the 2ithin its inten e foun te/t means: 2ithin one of the

States'', 2hen +ro+erl0 use

'A Citi4en is the so#ereign 2ho inha1its the lan 3ommon8la2 1oun , de 1ure &e+u1li3 states, Aoine se#eral states, 2hi3h is first Confe eration, ratifie e3lare

2ithin the (nion of the

2ithin Arti3le ' of the Arti3les of '' 0he "tile of

in the 0ear 9D79? 2herein it is affirme

this +onfederacy shall be the !nited "tates of 5merica.6 guarantee ratifie

%his is further States of Ameri3a,

at Art '$, Se3 ; of the Constitution for the (nite

in the 0ear 9D7>.'

!)Note that A1raham Cal 2in an "illiam Fe2 2ere the Constitution for the (nite States of

the )eorgia

elegates 2ho signe

Ameri3a on Se+tem1er 9Dth, at the *hila el+hia Con#ention of 9D7D? 2here10 )eorgia is Aoine as a signator0 to the Constitution.) Similar terms are foun in

the Di#ersit0 Clause at Art ''', Se3 6, Clause 9, an Page 43 of 132.

in the *ri#ileges an

'mmunities Clause at Art '$, Se3 6, Clause 9, (. S. Constitution.

!Also note that:

>-&o- *o *2e C&'&0 Wa-, *2e-e wa/ on0! one "#$ 60a// o. C&*&Ken 4n eAme-&6an Law. !9>97) for %he se3on See the hol ing in *annill #. &oano5e, 6=6 F. >9<, >9;8>9=

efiniti#e authorit0 on this 5e0 +oint.) 3lass of 3iti4en originates in the 97EE Ci#il &ights A3t, 2herein the at %itle ;6

term ''3iti4en of the (nite States'' is use . %his A3t 2as later 3o ifie (.S.C. M9>7:. hol

Note the lo2er83ase ''3'' in ''3iti4en''. %he +ertinent 3ourt 3ases a municipal franchise, +rimaril0 for the +re#iousl0 attem+te to free 2ith the

that Congress there10 3reate

former sla#es 2ho *resi ent ,in3oln ha

Eman3i+ation *ro3lamation !a 2ar measure), an 1anning sla#er0 an uni@ue an in#oluntar0 ser#itu e.

later 10 the 9:th amen ment

Ho2e#er, 10 failing to use the +ro+erl0 i entif0 an0 in

a++ro+riate term ''fe eral 3iti4en,'' 2hi3h 2oul

6n 83lass of 3iti4ens no2 li#ing 2ithin the se#eral states, su3h as that foun

Cla35Ps ,a2 Di3tionar0, Fourth E ition 7''8ut a state and the federal government each has citi ens of its o&n''9, an state an sin3e it ma0 1e rightfull0 +resume that the fe eral, 2omen, man0 of

lo3al 1o 08+oliti3 no2 3onsists of intelligent men an

2hom are attorne0s, it 2oul

seem 3lear that an attem+t is 1eing ma e to

confuse these t2o 3lasses of 3iti4ens 10 attem+ting to ma5e it appear as though all 3iti4ens are ''e@ual'' un er the 9;th amen ment, an later un er the Ci#il &ights status of the

A3t of 9>E;? 2hereas rather than rightfull0 ele#ating the rights an Page 44 of 132.

6n 83lass83iti4en to that of the 9st83lass8Ameri3an Citi4en, an

+ursuant to the a1use

in +o2er of the Commer3e Clause of the (. S. Constitution, Arti3le ', Se3tion 7 !-rie ). ). +o. v. 0omp'ins, :<; (. S. E; !9>:7)), 2hi3h ultimatel0 results as im+etus to the ''-rie doctrine,'' 10 2a0 of the ''"upremacy +lause,'' 2hile o+erating un er a ''presumption of la&,'' the inferior 3ourts !a3ting un er Art. ', Se3. 7, C'. 9D an Art. '$, Se3. : C'. 6 of the (. S. Constitution) no2 ar1itraril0 're1venue' the 9st83lass8Ameri3an Citi4ens from their 1elo#e Constitutional,

Common8,a2 #enue !the Su+reme ,a2 of the ,an ), su1Ae3ting them to the inferior maritime8a miralt0 la2 !3ommer3ial la2 B la2 of the 2ater), 2here10 the 9st83lass8Ameri3an Citi4ens' inherent, )o 8gi#en, unaliena1le, Constitutionall08 +rote3te an guarantee rightsBstatus ma0 not 1e re3ogni4e 10 the lo2er 3ourts? to the t0+e of ire3t

1ut rather, the 9st83lass8Ameri3an Citi4ens are no2 1eing su1Ae3te inferior, statutor0 3o es, rules an 3ontra#ention to the guarantees an regulations es3ri1e

a1o#e, 2hi3h is in

+rote3tions the 9st83lass8Ameri3an Citi4ens the Cill of &ights !the first 9< amen ments), as ire3t result of the +e3uniar0 am1ition

enAo0 un er the (. S. Constitution an 2hi3h are no2 regularl0 3ir3um#ente

not un3hara3teristi3 of the ultra vires, 3or+orate83ommer3ial a3ts 3urrentl0 infli3te u+on #irtuall0 'all' 3iti4ens no2 inha1iting Ameri3a. Ho2e#er, as 2e no2 5no2,

neither the 9;th8amen ment nor its +ro+osal has e#er 1een la2full0 nor legall0 a o+te nor ratifie . Furthermore, the )uarantee Clause in the (. S. Constitution

guarantees the &ule of ,a2 to all Ameri3ans? i.e., Page 45 of 132.

2e are to 1e go#erne 10 ,a2 an not 10 ar1itrar0 1ureau3rats !Arti3le '$, Se3tion ;). %herefore, 2hereas an0 3riminal statute 2hi3h ma0 attem+t to 3om+el the +erforman3e of an0 ''obligation'' or ''duty'' un er 2hi3h there is no su3h ,a2 of ,ia1ilit0 is tantamount to sla#er0, in#oluntar0 ser#itu e an @uestion as to 2hether Au gment shoul 1e grante e/tortion, it is not a

to the Claimant against the

&es+on ent in this 3ase, insomu3h as it is the Common ,a2, Constitutional ,a2, the Su+reme ,a2 of the ,an , Go '/ Law, 2hi3h is inten e human rights an Affiant status of all men an to go#ern the

2omen e@uall0, that is meant to +re#ail. status un er

oes here10 an

here2ith formall0 in#o5e his rights an

su3h ,a2 2hi3h re@uires the &es+on ent no2 ans2er for its ultra vires a3tions +ursuant to Affiant's eman that &es+on ent forth2ith sho2 :uo Warranto.

I H II H III H IV !re the 9 , 6 , : Q ; arti3les of the aforesai

st n r th

affi a#it B +etition)

"hereas Constitutional man ate re@uires 2ithout @uestion that the integrit0 of the arraignment 1e +reser#e elements allo2e is erroneous. at all times, the &es+on ent's assertion that the only a +lea from Affiant

therein 1e a rea ing of the a33usation an

(+on hearing the a33usation, an

before entering a +lea, Affiant e3lare la2s B rights B status

ma0 as5 @uestions B ma5e assertions a1out, an B or,

+ertaining B raise o1Ae3tions to, the a33usation? su3h as 2hether the 3harge is 3i#il or 3riminal, there10 raising the ;th8Amen ment @uestion of +ro1a1le 3ause, an B Page 46 of 132.

or the Eth8Amen ment @uestion of +ro+er Auris i3tion B #enue, et cetera . . . Affiant ma0 e#en mo#e for this is t2o fol . is3o#er0 1efore entering a +lea. %he +ur+ose of

! i ) 't allo2s Affiant to 2eigh the issues B e#i en3e 1efore allo2s the &es+on ent to i entif0 Affiant as the +ro+er Due to the fa3t that the &es+on ent is a3ting un er uring the

entering a +lea, ! ii ) an +art0 to +ro3ee against.

Arti3le8' 3olor8of8'law' 2hen restri3ting Affiant's '' freedom of speech ''

arraignment, Affiant asserts that the &es+on ent's infli3tion of su3h 3olor8of8'law' a1ri ges his free om of s+ee3h, an therefore a1rogates the 9st Amen ment,

2herein it sa0s '' +ongress shall ma'e no 'law'... abridging the freedom of speech '' !also see: Smith # S%A%E, 9D )a. A++. E96? "ells # %errell, 969 )a. :E7). 'n 3ase R 6<9<D896:;=89, sin3e Affiant tries to s+ea5, an a3ting un er su3h Arti3le8' 3olor8of8'law', ma5e assertions or it 3an not 1e sai the &es+on ent, 2hile

oes not allo2 Affiant to as5 @uestions,

e3larations, raise o1Ae3tions, enter motions, an B or the li5e, that Affiant ''stands mute'' at his arraignment. %herefore, the

&es+on ent effe3ti#el0 o1stru3ts Affiant's arraignment 10 erroneousl0 asserting that Affiant ''&aives'' his right to it, there10 a1rogating the =th Amen ment, 2herein it sa0s ''No person shall be... deprived of life, liberty, or property, &ithout due process of la&''. Su1se@uentl0, the &es+on ent's a1rogation of the ;th, 9st an =th

Amen ments results in the &es+on ent's a1rogation of the Eth Amen ment? i.e., '';n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall en1oy the right to... be informed Page 4/ of 132.

of the nature and cause of the accusation ''. %he Eth Amen ment also sa0s '';n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall en1oy the right to... trial, by an impartial 1ury of the state and district &herein the 2alleged3 crime shall have been committed, &hich district shall have been previously ascertained by la& ''. 'n the 3ase of 6<9<D896:;=89, Affiant is ! a ) not allo2e to s+ea5 freel0, i.e.,

@uestion B e3lare rights B status, e.g., +ro1a1le 3ause B Auris i3tion B #enue, etc., an ! 1 ) the arraignment is ultimatel0 o1stru3te . %he &es+on ent's a1rogation of the ;th, 9st, =th an Eth Constitutional Amen ments results in the follo2ing 2ithout

#$ Affiant is not the +ro+er +art0 to the a3tion. Affiant is arreste +ro1a1le 3ause. %$ Affiant is not informe

of the nature B 3ause of the a33usation nor the

Auris i3tion B #enue he is stan ing in, e.g., 3ommon la2, e@uit0 la2, 3i#il la2, a miralt0 la2, an 8$ Affiant is 3harge thus 3annot +re+are a +ro+er an trie efense.

in the 2rong 3ount0 B #enue B Auris i3tion. %he

Aur0 is not of his +eers.

'' "he order of things is confounded if everyone

preserves not his &urisdiction.'' 9$ Affiant is ultimatel0 3ause, e+ri#e of his inherent rights B status 2ithout +ro1a1le

ue +ro3ess nor e@ual +rote3tion of the la2? 2herefore Affiant is an in3ar3erate for one

arreste , 3harge , +rose3ute , 3on#i3te , senten3e 0ear !see atta3he

arrest 2arrant, arrest re+ort, a33usation, re@uest to 3harge, Page 42 of 132.

or er to 3on#i3t, or er to senten3e, an , +roof of in3ar3eration). V !re the = arti3le of the aforesai

th

affi a#it B +etition)

O.C.).A. 9D8D8>9 ! 1 ), an , 9D8D8>: ! a ), state res+e3ti#el0: '' "he court shall 'receive' the plea of the accused ''< an , '' =pon the arraign ent... answer or plea shall %e his counsel.'' ade orally '%y the accused person' or

Note that the forgoing states '' !pon the arraignment,'' an not

' !pon the accusation.' VI + I, !re the E Q > arti3les of the aforesai
th th

affi a#it B +etition)

%he follo2ing 3itations are 3ase la2 2hi3h re@uires that an (N8re1utte Affi a#it 1e a33e+te as truth. 'n Poole v "tate of 5labama, FCir3uit CourtG to satisf0 his fa3tual 10 the State? D;=,

C&8<=897;E, .a0 6=, 6<<D, *oole's 3laim is suffi3ientl0 +lea e the +lea ing re@uirements in &ule :6.: an allegations Fas e/+resse &ule :6.E !1), an

10 2a0 of Affi a#itG 2ere unrefute as true.

therefore, the0 must 1e a33e+te

See 8ates v "tate, E6< So. 6

D;E !Ala. Crim. A++. 9>>6) 7''When the "tate does not respond to a petitioner's allegations, the unrefuted statement of facts must be ta'en as true.''9, @uoting "mith v "tate, =79 So. 6 3laim is not +re3lu e 967:, 967; !Ala. Crim. A++. 9>>9). 'n a ition, his

10 an0 of the +ro#isions of &ule :6.6. Page 43 of 132.

Ce3ause his

3laim is not 1arre , is suffi3ientl0 +lea e , an is entitle

is unrefute

10 the State, *oole

to an o++ortunit0 to +ro#e his 3laim. See <ord v "tate, 7:9 So. 6

E;9, E;; !Ala. Crim. A++. 6<<9) 7''/nce a petitioner has met his burden of pleading so as to avoid summary disposition pursuant to )ule =>.? 7d9, 5la. )ule +rim. Procedure, he is then entitled to an opportunity to present evidence in order to satisfy his burden of proof.''9 a33e+t them as true. E;7 N.E. 6 a++eal). *laintiff refutes none of these fa3ts. "e

See +arlile v "nap#/n#0ools, 6D9 'll. A++. :D 7::, 7:;, fa3ts a33e+te as true for +ur+oses of

:9D !9>>=) !unrefute

Court must treat all unrefute

allegations as true? see "tancle v "tate,

>9D So. 6

>99 !Fla. ;th DCA 6<<=) 7''When no evidentiary hearing is held

2on a motion for post#conviction relief3, a movant's allegations are accepted as true unless they are conclusively refuted by the record, the appellant has alleged a facially sufficient claim for relief &hich is not refuted by the record.''9 See 0hurman v "tate, 7>6 So. 6 9<7= !Fla. 6 DCA 6<<;). %he trial 3ourt grante that the affi a#it 2as Case on

&.C's motion for summar0 Au gment... %he 3ourt note e#i en3e... 2hile )assner this, the 3ourt 3on3lu e i

not offer an0 e#i en3e to the 3ontrar0.

that ''2)@+'s3 evidence goes unrefuted and must be

accepted as true, leaving no issue of fact... '' !See Case No. 689<8<97<, )assner # &a0nor .anufa3turing Com+an0, (nite ED= F. 6 99E) Page 54 of 132. States Court of A++eals, Si/th Cir3uit,

VI-VII-VIII-I, !re the E , D , 7 Q > arti3les of the aforesai

th th th th

affi a#it B +etition)

%he follo2ing 3ase la2 herein 3ite

re+resents affirmation for Affiant's 3lear an

numerous e3larations that +roof of +ro+er Auris i3tion is re*uired 1efore mo#ing for2ar to trial: >?urisdiction, once challenged, cannot %e assu ed and ust

%e decided.> !.aine # %hi1outot, 9<< S. Ct. 6=<)?

>"he law re+uires proof of

&urisdiction to appear on the record of the ad inistrative agency and all ad inistrative proceedings.> !Hagans # ,a#ine, ;9= (. S. =::)? %hough not s+e3ifi3all0 allege , raise grante 3laim that efen ant's 3hallenge to su1Ae3t matter Auris i3tion im+li3itl0 an relief shoul 1e

efault Au gment against him 2as #oi

un er &ule !E<) !1) !;). !Honneus # Dono#an, >: F.&.D. ;::, ;:E8:D >"he law provides that once !tate and ust %e proven.> !9<< S. Ct. 6=<6

!9>76) aff , E>9 F.6 9 !9st Cir. 9>76))?

@ederal ?urisdiction has %een challenged, it !9>7<))?

>?urisdiction can %e challenged at any ti e.> !Casso # (tah *o2er Q ><E, >9<)? >#efense of lac- of &urisdiction over the

,ight Co., ;>= F. 6 su%&ect atter

ay %e raised at any ti e, even on appeal.> !Hill %o+

De#elo+ers # Holi a0 *ines Ser#i3e Cor+., ;D7 So. 6 . :E7 !Fla 6n DCA 9>7=))? >$ourt ust prove, on the record, all &urisdiction facts related to the 977? Chi3ago # Ne2 -or5, ust %e :7>)?

&urisdiction asserted.> !,antana # Ho++er, 9<6 F. 6

:D F. Su++. 9=<)? >0nce challenged, &urisdiction cannot %e assu ed, it proved to e,ist.> !Stu35 # .e i3al E/aminers, >; Ca 6 Page 51 of 132. D=9, 699 *6

>$ourts are constituted %y authority and they cannot go %eyond that power delegated to the . Af they act %eyond that authority, and certainly in

contravention of it, their &udg ents and orders are regarded as nullities< they are not voida%le, %ut si ply void, and this even prior to reversal.> !"',,'A.SON # CE&&-, 7 HO". >;=, =;< 96 ,.E . 99D<, 997> !97=<))? >0nce &urisdiction is challenged, the court cannot proceed when it clearly appears that the court lac-s &urisdiction< the court has no authority to reach erits, %ut rather should dis iss the action.> !.elo # (. S., =<= F. 6 9<6E)? >"here is no discretion to ignore lac- of &urisdiction.> !Jo03e # (. S., ;D; 6D 69=)? >"he %urden shifts to the court to prove &urisdiction.> !&osemon #

,am1ert, ;E> F. 6

;9E)? ''9here &urisdiction is denied and s+uarely challenged, ust %e proven.''

&urisdiction cannot %e assu ed to e,ist 'su% silento' %ut !Hagans # ,a#ine, ;9= (S =67, =::, N=)? et cetera . . . I + VII + I, !re the 9 , D Q > arti3les of the aforesai
st th th

affi a#it B +etition) >6=

%he follo2ing is 3onstrue

in harmon0 2ith -A P5)0- $5B;", :;; S" 6

!9>DE), i.e. ( One 3annot 1e in3ar3erate 3annot affor

for traffi3 3itations sim+l0 1e3ause one

to +a0 a fine, fee, ta/, or, ut0. Sin3e Aail 2ill not 3om+el 3om+lian3e

un er su3h 3ir3umstan3es, su3h 3om+laint fails to state a 3laim for 2hi3h relief ma0 1e grante . %he 1ur en of +roof that one can affor Page 52 of 132. to +a0 is on the +laintiff.

Furthermore, su3h 2herefore Affiant 6<9<, Affiant i

oes at least #iolate the ;th Amen ment in the Cill of &ights? oes here10 an here2ith affirm that on or a1out Se+tem1er 9;th,

suffer unla2ful arrest? that on or a1out .ar3h 6:r , 6<99, Affiant

i suffer unla2ful im+risonment? that tra#eling is a &')H% an is not a +ri#ilege? that there is no +ro1a1le 3ause to see5 or issue 1o 0 atta3hment, 1en3h 2arrant, or arrest in su3h matters, i.e., the use of su3h instruments !1o 0 atta3hment, 1en3h 2arrant, arrest, etc.) +resuma1l0 is a metho to KstreamlineK arresting +eo+le for #i3timless

motor8#ehi3le 3itations an 3ir3um#enting the ;th Amen ment to the (. S. Constitution? an is use as a re#enue8generating tool using unla2ful arrest an 3olle3t fines, fees, ta/es, or, uties. im+risonment to

*ursuant to the *ro1a1le8Cause 3lause of the ;th in

Amen ment to the (. S. Constitution, a sentient man or 2oman 3annot 1e arreste

su3h #i3timless matters 2herein no intentional inAur0 or amage is sustaine 10 another sentient man or 2oman 2ho, of their o2n #olition, has ele3te to 1ring 3riminal 3harge. %here is no es3a+ing the fa3t that there is no +ro1a1le 3ause to arrest or issue 1o 0 atta3hment in su3h matters. K*ro1a1le 3auseK to arrest re@uires a sho2ing that the +erson sought 'n the instant

that a 3rime either has 1een, or, is 1eing, 3ommitte , an to 1e arreste 3ommitte

the offense. !(.S.C.A. Const. Amen . ;.)

3ase, no +ro1a1le 3ause 3an e/ist, 1e3ause the matter

oes not in#ol#e inAur0 to

a sentient man or 2oman, intentional nor other2ise. %herefore, see5ing of 1o 0 atta3hment, 1en3h 2arrant, or arrest 10 the Soli3itor an Bor issuing of the same Page 53 of 132.

10 the 3ourt, in this non83riminal 3ase, is against the la2 an

the Constitution. that

E#er0 fe eral a++ellate 3ourt of the (. S. is re@uire , 10 3ommon la2, to hol

2here there is no #i3tim of intent, traffi3 3itations are a 3ommon, 3i#il, 3ommer3ial, non83riminal fine, fee, ta/, or, ut0? See, (.S. # ,e25o, 6E> F.: E;, E78E> !9st Cir. 6<<9) !3itations omitte ) an (.S. # *ar5er, 9<7 F.: 67, :9 !:r Cir. 9>>D). Allen # Cit0 of *ortlan , D: F.: 6:6 !>th Cir. 9>>=), the Ninth Cir3uit Court of A++eals !3iting 3ases from the (. S. Su+reme Court, Fifth, Se#enth, Eighth an Ninth

Cir3uits) ''C by definition, probable cause to arrest can only e%ist in relation to criminal conduct, civil disputes cannot give rise to probable cause'', *aff # Ialten1a3h, 6<; F.: ;6=, ;:= !:r Cir. 6<<<) !Fourth Amen ment +rohi1its la2 enfor3ement

offi3ers from arresting 3iti4ens 2ithout +ro1a1le 3ause. See, 'llinois # )ates, ;E6 (. S. 69: !9>7:) therefore, no 1o 0 atta3hment, 1en3h 2arrant or arrest or er ma0 1e la2full0 issue . (nite 'f a +erson is arreste on less than +ro1a1le 3ause, the that the aggrie#e +art0 has a

States Su+reme Court has long re3ogni4e

3ause of a3tion un er ;6 (.S.C. M 9>7: for #iolation of ;th Amen ment rights. *ierson # &a0, :7E (. S. =;D, 7D S. Ct. 969: !9>ED). Harlo2 # Fit4geral ,

;=D (. S. 7<<, 797 7there can be no ob1ective reasonableness &here officials violate clearly established +onstitutional )ights such as ( 7a9 !nited "tates +onstitution, <ourth 5mendment 7Warrants +lause9, <ifth 5mendment 7$ue Process and -*ual Protection9, Ninth 5mendment 7)ights to Privacy and .iberty9. Page 54 of 132.

VIII-I, !re the Eighth Q Ninth arti3les of the aforesai Arti3le $' of the Constitution for the (nite

affi a#it B +etition)

States of Ameri3a sa0s: ''"his ade in ade, under the

$onstitution, and the 6aws of the =nited !tates which shall %e Pursuance thereof< and all "reaties ade, or which shall %e

(uthority of the =nited !tates, shall %e the supre e 6aw of the 6and< and the ?udges in every !tate shall %e %ound there%y< any "hing in the $onstitution or 6aws of any !tate to the contrary notwithstanding... all e,ecutive and &udicial 0fficers, %oth of the =nited !tates and of the several !tates, shall %e %ound %y 0ath or (ffir ation, to support this $onstitution''. %he 9:th Arti3le of Amen ment to the Constitution for these (nite States of Ameri3a e3lares

''Beither slavery nor involuntary servitude... shall e,ist within the =nited !tates, or any place su%&ect to their &urisdiction.'' M 9, ena3te 9= Statutes at ,arge, S 6;>, +g. 66:,

10 Congress Jul0 6Dth, 97E7 An A3t 3on3erning the &ights of

Ameri3an Citi4ens in foreign States: ''9hereas the right of e,patriation is a natural and inherent right of all people, indispensa%le to the en&oy ent of the rights of life, li%erty, and the pursuit of happiness< 8e it enacted %y the !enate and the 5ouse of Cepresentatives of the =nited !tates of ( erica in $ongress asse %led, "hat any declaration, instruction, opinion, order, or decision, of any officers of this govern ent which denies, restricts, i pairs, or +uestions the right of e,patriation, is here%y declared inconsistent with the Page 55 of 132.

funda ental principles of this govern ent.'' %he Foreign So#ereign 'mmunities A3t of 9>DE +ro#i es that ''a foreign state... includes a political su%division of a foreign state or an agency or instru entality of a foreign state as defined in... 7%; (n 'agency or instru entality of a foreign state' eans any entity D

71; which is a separate legal person corporate or otherwise, and 72; which is an organ of a foreign state or a a&ority of whose shares or other ownership

interest is owned %y a foreign state or political su%division thereof, and 73; which is neither a citi)en of a !tate of the =nited !tates nor created under the laws of any third country.'' !See: Chui ian # *hili++ine National Can5) (niform Commer3ial Co e, Coo5 98 M6<D, M:<7 *erforman3e or A33e+tan3e (n er &eser#ation of &ights: 7D9 ''( party who with e,plicit reservation of rights perfor s or pro ises perfor ance or assents to perfor ance in a anner de anded or offered %y the other party does not there%y pre&udice the rights reserved. !uch words as 6without pre&udice,6 6under protest,6 or the 7>9 ''!u%section 71; does not apply to an accord and

li-e are sufficient.'' satisfaction.''

JO'N% &ESO,(%'ON %O S(S*END %HE )O,D S%ANDA&D

AND AC&O)A%E %HE )O,D C,A(SE, J(NE =, 9>::. H. J. &es. 9>6, D:r Cong., 9st Sess. ''Joint resolution to assure uniform #alue to the 3oins an 3urren3ies of the (nite States. ''"hereas the hol ing of or ealing in gol

affe3t the +u1li3 interest, an

therefore su1Ae3t to +ro+er regulation an Page 56 of 132.

restri3tion? an "hereas the e/isting emergen30 has is3lose

that provisions of

o%ligations which purport to give the o%ligee a right to re+uire pay ent in gold or a particular -ind of coin or currency of the =nited !tates, or in an a ount of oney of the =nited !tates easured there%y, o%struct the power of oney of the =nited !tates, and are aintain at all ti es

the $ongress to regulate the value of

inconsistent with the declared policy of the $ongress to

the e+ual power of every dollar, coined or issued %y the =nited !tates, in the ar-ets and in the pay ent of de%ts. Senate an No2, therefore, 1e it &esol#e 10 the

House of &e+resentati#es of the (nite

States of Ameri3a in ade with respect

Congress assem1le , %hat !a) every provision contained in or

to any o%ligation which purports to give the o%ligee a right to re+uire pay ent in gold or a particular -ind of coin or currency, or in an a ount in of the =nited !tates oney

easured there%y, is declared to %e against pu%lic policy< ade with respect to any

and no such provision shall %e contained in or o%ligation hereafter incurred.

Every o%ligation, heretofore or hereafter ade with

incurred, whether or not any such provision is contained therein or

respect thereto, shall %e 'discharged' upon pay ent, dollar for dollar, in any such coin or currency which at the ti e of pay ent is legal tender for pu%lic and private de%ts. (ny such provision contained in any law authori)ing o%ligations to %e issued %y or under authority of the =nited !tates, is here%y Page 5/ of 132.

repealed, %ut the repeal of any such provision shall not invalidate any other provision or authority contained in such law. the ter ''o%ligation'' !1) As use in this resolution,

eans an o%ligation 7including every o%ligation of and oney of the =nited

to the =nited !tates, e,cepting currency; paya%le in !tates< and the ter ''coin'' or ''currency>

eans coin or currency of the

=nited !tates, including @ederal Ceserve notes and circulating notes of @ederal Ceserve %an-s and national %an-ing associations.'' SEC. 6. %he last senten3e KAn A3t to

of +aragra+h !9) of su1se3tion !1) of se3tion ;: of the A3t entitle relie#e the e/isting national e3onomi3 emergen30...K, a++ro#e amen e to rea

.a0 96, 9>::, is

as follo2s: ''(ll coins and currencies of the =nited !tates

7including @ederal reserve notes and circulating notes of @ederal Ceserve %an-s and national %an-ing associations; hereunto and hereafter coined or issued, shall %e legal tender for all de%ts, for pu%lic and private, pu%lic charges, ta,es, duties, and dues, e/3e+t gol 2eight an limit of toleran3e +ro#i e 3oins, 2hen 1elo2 the stan ar

10 la2 for the single +ie3e, shall 1e legal June =,

ten er onl0 at #aluation in +ro+ortion to their a3tual 2eight.K A++ro#e 9>::, ;::< *... a%solute

>9hoever controls the volu e of currency in any country is erce.> *resi ent James A. )arfiel .

aster of all industry and co

'' 8y a continuing process of inflation, govern ents can confiscate, secretly and uno%served, an i portant part of the wealth of their citi)ens. Page 52 of 132. "here is no

su%tler, surer

eans of overturning the e,isting %asis of society than to "he process engages all the hidden forces of econo ic anner which not one in a

de%auch the currency.

laws on the side of destruction, and does it in a illion is a%le to diagnose...'' John .a0nar

Ie0nes, E3onomist, .inister of

the Critish %reasur0, Author of the 1oo5 ''0he -conomic +onse*uences /f Peace'' !9>6<). Note that HJ& 8 9>6 oes not refer to '+a0ment' of e1t, 1ut

rather 3learl0 states that 'any, every, and, all, obligations, debts, charges, ta%es, duties, etc., both public and private,' ( ''shall %e discharged''. 'n the +re3e ent

set at "tane' v White, 9D6 .inn. :><, 69= N. ". D7;, the Su+reme Court of .innesota 3larifies the legal istin3tion 1et2een the terms 6discharged6 an

6paid,6 2herein >"here is a distinction %etween 'a de%t discharged ' and 'a de%t paid.' 9hen discharged, the de%t still e,ists. "hough divested of its

character as a legal o%ligation during the operation of the discharge, so ething of the original vitality of the de%t continues to e,ist, which ay %e

transferred even though the transferee ta-es it su%&ect to its disa%ility incident to the discharge. "he fact that it carries so ething which ay %e a

consideration for a new pro ise to pay, so as to pro ise a legal o%ligation,

a-e an otherwise worthless

a-es it the su%&ect of transfer %y assign ent.> from June =th,

%hus, it is 3lear that as result of HJ& 8 9>6, mo#ing for2ar 9>::, no one is a1le to +a0 a

e1t. %he onl0 o+tion one has is ten er 10 Page 53 of 132.

transfer of e1t, an Constitution's gol

this t0+e of

e1t is +er+etual. %he a1rogation of the

3lause, i.e., the tem+orar0 B in efinite sus+ension of the e1ts, seems to e+ri#e our Common ,a2 of an0 real so far as the de 1ure go#ernment is

a1ilit0 for one to +a0 his su1stan3e an

lea#e a 3onse@uential #oi

3on3erne . %he former su1stan3e of our +re#ious monetar0 s0stem, as +rote3te 10 the Constitution, is no2 re+la3e *u1li3 %rust, 2here10 Lmone*&Ke e5*L), an 2ith a s0stem of *u1li3 National Cre it B

e1t has 1e3ome mone0 !%he Fe eral &eser#e 3alls it it seems the onl0 +u1li3 Au i3ial #enue is international Common8,a2 #enue seems to

maritime8a miralt0 la2, 2hile our 1elo#e languish as result. are in ee

Sin3e the Ameri3an Citi4ens li#ing 2ithin the se#eral states from 2hom, un er the Common ,a2,

Kso#ereign,K from 2here an

3omes the authorit0 an

Auris i3tion, via ''go#ernor's 3on#ention'', to +le ge the suret0 as e1tors to a privately owned Clearl0 this allege ''authority'' E

so#ereigns' la1or, +ro+ert0 an

corporation !<ederal )eserve "ystem):

''1urisdiction'' 3omes 10 2a0 of the so83alle e3lare

''+u1li3 7corporate9 +oli30,'' 2hi3h is

10 the de facto Congress +ursuant to a filing for 1an5ru+t30 an re3ei#ershi+ suffere 10 the 3or+orate is still

su1se@uent finan3ial state of insol#en30 an

de facto (N'%ED S%A%ES )O$E&N.EN%, 2hi3h 2as assume , an assume

to a0, as result of its +lan for re8organi4ation B restru3turing un er its :9 (SC :9= ! 1 ) +ro#i es that

Cha+ter8Ele#en filing in or a1out the 0ear 9>::. Page 64 of 132.

 6No gold shall after January =F, DG=H, be coined, and no gold coin shall after January =F, DG=H, be paid out or delivered by the !nited "tates, provided ho&ever, that coinage may continue to be e%ecuted by the mints of the !nited "tates for foreign countries.6 %his e/3e+tion is ne3essaril0 fa3ilitate fa3t that foreign countries, 1eing re3ogni4e ue to the to the

as sovereign, '3annot' 1e hel

internal +u1li3 +oli30 of the 3or+orate de facto (N'%ED S%A%ES. Constitutional 3onsi eration, the +u1li3 +oli30 a o+te

Contrar0 to

10 Congress is purported

to 1e a 3ontra3tuall081in ing 3ommer3ial agreement 1et2een the so#ereign Ameri3an Citi4ens, 2ho are summaril0 +resume trusties E sureties, an 10 the Arti3le8' 3ourts to 1e

the Fe eral &eser#e B De+artment of %reasur0, acting

res+e3ti#el0 as 3re itor B fi u3iar0 in this s3heme? 2here10 this s0stem of +u1li3 3re it is falsel0 +resente as 1eing e/ten e 10 2a0 of the <ederal )eserve

8an', 2hile in realit0 this t0+e of s0stem 3an only e/ist 2hen the so#ereign is for3e to e/ten his 3re it to the *u1li3 %rust, 10 2a0 of the Fe 's +re ator0

len ing +ra3ti3es 5no2n as ''usury,'' !2hi3h 3onstitutes ''sin'' 2ithin #irtuall0 every hol0 te/t on Earth, in3lu ing the Ci1le) i.e., ''interest'' on ''debt'' an ''@ort#gage,'' !a 3onAun3ti#e noun B #er1? .atin, meaning: ''$eath#grip'' ) 2here10 the so#ereigns' la1or is +le ge !TNO%E su3h ire3t, un8a++ortione ta/ation

on the so#ereigns' la1or is also in su3h la1or as is e/erte uring 3hil

erogation to the Constitution)? not e/3lu ing 1irth, at 2hi3h +oint the so#ereign are then

Page 61 of 132.

u+e

into registering their children !as a ''+ro u3t of the 2ater''), in3lu ing an0

other ''estate +ro+ert0,'' 2ith the S%A%E? there10 +ro#i ing the S%A%E title 7entitlement9, or legal interest B o2nershi+ in the so#ereigns' property !+ossession is onl0 GEDFths of the la2), 2hi3h is su1se@uentl0 use generating enormous returns hel via a as in#estment 3ollateral

in a33ount of private estate 2hi3h is 3reate

o3ument of li#e 1irth 7the sovereigns' birth record9 10 the De+artment of

%reasur0? 2here10 so#ereigns' stra&#man !the all83a+ital8letter name on the 1irth re3or ) is sai e3lare ''lost at sea,'' there10 3reating a decedent 10 2hi3h to +ro1ate

estate, 3reating a trust 2hi3h, 10 2a0 of ''presumption of la&,'' is +resume to 10 the acting e/e3utor 7e%ecutive9 of the

abandoned, an thus a ministrate

'e#states', i.e., the *resi ent of the Cor+oration!(N'%ED S%A%ES), 2ith estate assets e3lare ''abandoned,'' an thus ''salvaged'' !3&-a*e ) un er 'nternational8

.aritime8A miralt08,a2 10 the foreign 3or+oration 5no2n as %HE (N'%ED S%A%ES OF A.E&'CA. A itionall0, the so#ereign +eo+le's Constitutionall08 +rote3te , guarantee rights an status are further 3ir3um#ente assum+tion of this fi3titious ''stra&#man'' i entit0 an 2hi3h is +la3e ue to their un2itting

''product#of#the#&ater'' status

u+on them at '' birth,'' therefore, un er the corporate E maritime

!la2 of the 2ater) Auris i3tion of the de facto (N'%ED S%A%ES, not e/3lu ing an0 an all su1si iaries thereof, e.g., ''%HE S%A%E OF )EO&)'A,'' ''%HE

CO(N%- OF )"'NNE%%,'' ''%HE C'%- OF ,A"&ENCE$',,E,'' etc., the Page 62 of 132.

so#ereign +eo+le are 're#venued' from Common8,a2 Auris i3tion into 1eing hel as lia1le trusties E sureties un er ''public policy,'' i.e., ''6o-3o-a*e 3o0&6!,'' an thus suffer the e@ui#alent of public#debt#servants 2ho are no2, un er rule of +u1li3 B 3or+orate +oli30, 1eing ''charged'' at maritime 2ith offen ing more than E<8million 3or+orate 3o es, rules, regulations, statutes, +ro3e ures, etc. most all of these 3harges are invalid 2hen 3om+are Ho2e#er,

to ''the supreme .a& of

the .and,'' i.e., Common B Constitutional ,a2 !see Arti3les ', ''', '$ an $' of our Constitution for these de 1ure unite 3alle ''la&s'' are im+ose 2ithout a #ali states of Ameri3a), as most of these so8 3laim ma e 10 a ''flesh#and#blood''

man B 2oman? 2here10 the charge !1e3ause it's reall0 all commercial in nature) is fraudulently file an 'n a for3e un er false +retense, i.e. '' %he S%A%E 'pic'ed up' the 3harge'' there10 ''not&ithstanding.''

is, therefore, ''contrary'' to the Constitution an ition to a la35 of full

is3losure, so long as the so#ereign +eo+le are

to follo2 su3h public policy 10 2a0 of coercion E blac'#mail !%he

S%A%E 3alls it '' negotiation,'' or '' plea bargain'' ), an B or duress E strong#arm !%he S%A%E 3alls this '' enforcement,'' or '' incarceration'' ), this thug#li'e mentalit0 3annot 1e sai to ha#e set +ro+er legal +re3e en3e, nor, met an a33or

un er the gui elines of the (niform Commer3ial Co e. %hus, e#en though one ma0 ha#e su33um1 to the aforesai ''+u1li3 +oli30,'' su3h oes not #oi one's

right to 3hallenge the intent B inter+retation B #ali it0 B Constitutional8muster of an0 Page 63 of 132.

3o e!s), statute!s), an B or the li5e thereof, +ertaining to B +ur+orte l0 3onferring thereu+on the 6 compelled benefits of privilege6 +resume 10 2a0 of Arti3le ',

Se3. 7, C'. 9D an Arti3le '$, Se3. :, C'. 6 of the (. S. Constitution 7i.e., the inferior ''courts''9 an Bor any other e i3t 2hi3h ma0 +re i3ate its a3tions u+on the erroneous B false +resu++osition of an0 su3h 3o es' or statutes' Constitutionalit0 as a++lies to the flesh8an 81loo Ameri3an Citi4en? "hereas su3h 3o es' B statutes' sole +ur+ose is for +rote3ting the rightsBstatus of so#ereign men an the a3tions of 3or+orations, an 2omen from

therefore 3an a++l0 onl0 to 3or+orate8+ersonhoo . &n *2e Con1-e//&ona0 Re6o- <

Rema-:/ &n Con1-e// a/ -e6o- e

%he follo2ing are @uotations from se#eral s+ee3hes ma e on the Floor of the House of &e+resentati#es 10 the Honora1le ,ouis %. .3Fa on or a1out the 0ears 9>:6 an 9>:;. Congressman .3Fa as Chairman of the Can5ing an 2as the 1est +oste en of *enns0l#ania,

en, ue to his ha#ing ser#e

Curren30 Committee for more than 9< 0ears, 2as in a +osition to

man on these matters in Ameri3a, an

s+ea5 2ith authorit0 on the #ast ramifi3ations of this giganti3 +ri#ate 3re it mono+ol0 5no2n as ''%he Fe eral &eser#e,'' 2hi3h gi#es im+etus to the '''nternal ')e#venue' Ser#i3e.'' "hereas Congressman .3Fa offi3e on 1oth the Demo3rati3 an of +artisanshi+ lo ge fa3e as re3or e against him. en 2as ele3te to the high

&e+u1li3an ti35ets, there 3an 1e no a33usation Ce3ause these s+ee3hes are set out on their

in the Congressional &e3or , the0 3arr0 2eight that no amount ho+e to 3arr0.

of 3on emnation on the +art of +ri#ate in i#i uals 3oul Page 64 of 132.

T2e Fe e-a0 Re/e-'e H A Co--43* In/*&*4*&on< M6Fa en< K.r. Chairman, 2e ha#e in this Countr0 one of the most 3orru+t has e#er 5no2n. ' refer to the Fe eral &eser#e Coar the Fe . %he Fe has 3heate an the

institutions the 2orl

the Fe eral &eser#e Can5s, hereinafter 3alle )o#ernment of these (nite States an

the +eo+le of the (nite e+re ations an

States out of ini@uities of the

enough mone0 to +a0 the Nation's Fe

e1t. %he

has 3ost enough mone0 to +a0 the National an ruine

e1t se#eral times o#er. the +eo+le of these (nite our )o#ernment. 't

K%his e#il institution has im+o#erishe States, ha has 1an5ru+te itself, an

has +ra3ti3all0 1an5ru+te

one this through the

efe3ts of the la2 un er 2hi3h it o+erates, through the an through the 3orru+t +ra3ti3es of

mal8a ministration of that la2 10 the Fe the mone0e #ultures 2ho 3ontrol it.

KSome +eo+le thin5 that the Fe eral &eser#e Can5s FareG (nite

States

)o#ernment institutions. %he0 are +ri#ate mono+olies 2hi3h +re0 u+on the +eo+le of these (nite 3ustomers? foreign an mone0 len ers. 'n that States for the 1enefit of themsel#es an omesti3 s+e3ulators an s2in lers? an their foreign ri3h an +re ator0

ar5 3re2 of finan3ial +irates there are those 2ho 2oul ollar out of his +o35et? there are those 2ho sen

3ut a man's throat to get a

mone0 into states to 1u0 #otes to 3ontrol our legislatures? there are those 2ho Page 65 of 132.

maintain 'nternational +ro+agan a for the +ur+ose of

e3ei#ing us into granting

of ne2 3on3essions 2hi3h 2ill +ermit them to 3o#er u+ their +ast mis ee s an set again in motion their giganti3 train of 3rime. K%hese t2el#e +ri#ate 3re it mono+olies 2ere e3eitfull0 an islo0all0 foiste re+ai us our

u+on this Countr0 10 the 1an5ers 2ho 3ame here from Euro+e an

hos+italit0 10 un ermining our Ameri3an institutions. %hose 1an5ers too5 mone0 out of this Countr0 to finan3e Ja+an in a 2ar against &ussia. %he0 3reate reign of terror in &ussia, 2ith our mone0, in or er to hel+ that 2ar along. %he0 instigate the se+arate +ea3e 1et2een )erman0 an &ussia, an thus ro#e a

a 2e ge 1et2een the allies in "orl "ar F ' G. %he0 finan3e %rots50's +assage from Ne2 -or5 to &ussia so that he might assist in the &ussian Em+ire. %he0 fomente +la3e a large fun of Ameri3an an instigate estru3tion of the

the &ussian &e#olution, an is+osal in one of their

ollars at %rots50's

1ran3h 1an5s in S2e en so that, through him, &ussian homes might 1e thoroughl0 1ro5en u+ an &ussian 3hil ren flung far an 2i e from their natural the

+rote3tors. %he0 ha#e sin3e 1egun the 1rea5ing u+ of Ameri3an homes an is+ersal of Ameri3an 3hil ren. K.r. Chairman, there shoul an

1e no +artisanshi+ in matters 3on3erning 1an5ing ' o not s+ea5 2ith an0.

3urren30 affairs in this Countr0, an

Page 66 of 132.

K'n 9>96, the National .onetar0 Asso3iation, un er the 3hairmanshi+ of the late Senator Nelson ". Al ri3h, ma e a re+ort an +resente a #i3ious 1ill 3alle the

National &eser#e Asso3iation 1ill. %his 1ill is usuall0 s+o5en of as the Al ri3h 1ill. Senator Al ri3h i not 2rite the Al ri3h 1ill. He 2as the tool, if not the 1een

a33om+li3e, of the Euro+ean 1an5ers 2ho for nearl0 t2ent0 0ears ha s3heming to set u+ a 3entral 1an5 in this Countr0, an an 2ere 3ontinuing to s+en

2ho in 9>96 has s+ent

#ast sums of mone0 to a33om+lish their +ur+ose.

K"e 2ere o++ose

to the Al ri3h +lan for a 3entral 1an5. %he men 2ho rule the +eo+le that, if the0 2ere returne here 2hile the0 hel to

the Demo3rati3 *art0 then +romise +o2er, there 2oul

1e no 3entral 1an5 esta1lishe

the the

reigns of go#ernment. %hirteen months later, that +romise 2as 1ro5en, an

"ilson a ministration, un er the tutelage of those sinister "all Street figures 2ho stoo 1ehin Colonel House, esta1lishe here, in our free Countr0, the 2orm8

eaten monar3hi3al institution of the KIing's Can5,K to 3ontrol us from the to+ o2n2ar , an from the 3ra le to the gra#e. estro0e our ol an 3hara3teristi3 2a0 of oing

K%he Fe eral &eser#e Can5 1usiness. 2orl , an 't is3riminate

against our 98name 3ommer3ial +a+er, the finest in the 68name +a+er, 2hi3h is the +resent 3urse of

it set u+ the anti@uate 2hi3h 2re35e

this Countr0 an

e#er0 3ountr0 2hi3h has e#er gi#en it s3o+e? it Page 6/ of 132.

fastene

o2n u+on the Countr0 the #er0 t0rann0 from 2hi3h the framers of the

Constitution sought to sa#e us. >-e/& en* ?a6:/on'/ *&me< KOne of the greatest 1attles for the +reser#ation of this &e+u1li3 2as fought out here in Ja35son's time? 2hen the se3on Can5 of the (nite States, foun e on

the same false +rin3i+les of those 2hi3h are here e/em+lifie hurle

in the Fe , 2as against the

out of e/isten3e. After that, in 97:D, the Countr0 2as 2arne

angers that might ensue if the +re ator0 interests, after 1eing 3ast out, shoul 3ome 1a35 in, isguise an unite themsel#es to the E/e3uti#e, an through him

a3@uire 3ontrol of the )o#ernment. %hat is 2hat the +re ator0 interests i 2hen the0 3ame 1a35 in the li#er0 of h0+o3ris0 an o1taine the +assage of the Fe .'' IGentlemen, ; un er false +retenses

>-e/& en* An -ew ?a6:/on *o *2e Ban:e-/, on o- a5o4* #E89<

have had men &atching you for a long time, and ; am convinced that you have used the funds of the ban' to speculate in the breadstuffs of the country. When

you &on, you divided the profits amongst you, and &hen you lost, you charged it to the ban'. 4ou tell me that if ; ta'e the deposits from the ban' and annul 0hat may be true, gentlemen, but

its charter, ; shall ruin ten thousand families. that is your sinJ

"hould ; let you go on, you &ill ruin fifty thousand families, Page 62 of 132.

and that &ould be my sinJ

4ou are a den of vipers and thieves.

; intend to

rout you out, and by the eternal God, ; &ill rout you out.K M6Fa an en< K%he anger that the Countr0 2as 2arne against 3ame u+on us

is sho2n in the long train of horrors atten ant u+on the affairs of the ishonest Fe . ,oo5 aroun 0ou 2hen 0ou lea#e this Cham1er

traitorous an an

0ou 2ill see e#i en3es of it in all si es. %his is an era of miser0, an , for that miser0, the Fe are full0 lia1le. %his is an era oes not +la0 the +art

the 3on itions that 3ause of finan3e of a

3rime an , in the finan3ing of 3rime, the Fe s+e3tator. that the raughtsman 2ho 2as em+lo0e

isintereste

K't has 1een sai the Fe use

to 2rite the te/t of 1een ra2n u+ 10 't other

a te/t of the Al ri3h 1ill 1e3ause that ha

la20ers Fretaine G 10 a33e+tan3e 1an5ers of Euro+ean origin in Ne2 -or5. 2as a 3o+0 in general? a translation of the statues of the &ei3hs1an5 an Euro+ean 3entral 1an5s. +ro+agan a organi4e o+inion an +o+ular One8half million

ollars 2as s+ent on the +art of the

10 these 1an5ers for the +ur+ose of mislea ing +u1li3

gi#ing Congress the im+ression that there 2as an o#er2helming for it an the 5in of 3urren30 that goes 2ith it? namel0 an o1ligations. Dr. H. *ar5er "illis ha 2hen the Al ri3h measure

eman

asset 3urren30 1ase 1een em+lo0e

on human

e1ts an

10 "all Street an

+ro+agan ists, an

Page 63 of 132.

faile , he o1taine

em+lo0ment 2ith Carter )lass to assist in ra2ing the He a++ro+riate the te/t of the

1an5ing 1ill for the "ilson a ministration.

Al ri3h 1ill. %here is no se3ret a1out it. %he test of the Fe eral &eser#e A3t 2as tainte KA fe2 from the first.

a0s 1efore the 1ill 3ame to a #ote, Senator Henr0 Ca1ot ,o ge, of

.assa3husetts, 2rote to Senator John ". "ee5s as follo2s: Ne& 4or' +ity, $ecember D?, DGD= 6@y $ear "enator Wee'sL 0hroughout my public life, ; have supported all measures designed to ta'e the Government out of the ban'ing business. 0his bill puts the Government into the 0he po&ers vested in the

ban'ing business as never before in our history.

<ederal )eserve 8oard seem to me highly dangerous, especially &here there is political control of the 8oard. sub1ect to such dominations. ; should be sorry to hold stoc' in a ban' 0he bill as it stands seems to me to open the &ay ; had hoped to support this bill, but ;

to a vast inflation of the currency.

cannot vote for it because it seems to me to contain features and to rest upon principles in the highest degree menacing to our prosperity, stability in business, and to the general &elfare of the people of the !nited "tates. Bery 0ruly 4ours, Henry +abot .odge.6

Page /4 of 132.

M6Fa

en<

K'n eighteen 0ears that ha#e +asse

sin3e Senator ,o ge 2rote that

letter of 2arning, all of his +re i3tions ha#e 3ome true. %he )o#ernment is in the 1an5ing 1usiness as ne#er 1efore. Against its 2ill, it has 1een ma e the 1a35er of horse thie#es an 3ar shar5s, 1ootlegger's, smugglers, s+e3ulators, an

s2in lers in all +arts of the 2orl . %hrough the Fe , the riffraff of e#er0 3ountr0 is o+erating on the +u1li3 3re it of the (nite T2e G-ea* De3-e//&on< K.ean2hile an on a33ount of it, 2e oursel#es are in the mi st of the greatest From the Atlanti3 to the *a3ifi3, our Countr0 an the States )o#ernment.

e+ression 2e ha#e e#er 5no2n. has 1een ra#age an lai

2aste 10 the e#il +ra3ti3es of the Fe

interests 2hi3h 3ontrol them. At no time in our histor0 has the general 2elfare of the +eo+le 1een at a lo2er le#el, or the min s of the +eo+le so full of es+air. K&e3entl0 in one of our States, E<,<<< un er the hammer !fore3lose Oa5lan 2elling houses an a0. farms 2ere 1rought farms in

on) in a single an

D9,<<< houses an

Count0, .i3higan, 2ere sol

their erst2hile o2ners is+ossesse .

%he +eo+le 2ho ha#e thus 1een

ri#en out are the 2astage of the Fe . %he0

are the #i3tims of the Fe . T2e&- 62&0 -en a-e *2e new /0a'e/ o. *2e a46*&on 50o6:/ &n *2e -e'&'a0 o. *2e &n/*&*4*&on o. 24man /0a'e-!. Page /1 of 132.

T2e S62eme o. *2e Fe < K'n 9>9:, 1efore the Senate Can5ing an ,assen ma e the follo2ing statement: Curren30 Committee, .r. Ale/an er

60he &hole scheme of the <ed, &ith its

commercial paper, is an impractical, cumbersome machinery, is simply a cover to secure the privilege of issuing money, and to evade payment of as much ta% upon circulation as possible, and then control the issue and maintain, instead of reducing, interest rates. detriment of the people. ;t &ill prove to the advantage of the fe& and the ;t &ill mean continued shortage of actual money and

further e%tension of credits, for &hen there is a shortage of money, people have to borro& to their cost.6 A fe2 enoun3e the Fe a0s 1efore the Fe +asse , Senator &oot ''.ong before

as an outrage on our li1erties.

He +re i3te :

&e &a'e up from our dream of prosperity through an inflated currency, our gold, &hich alone could have 'ept us from catastrophe, &ill have vanished, and no rate of interest &ill tempt it to return.'' M6Fa the en< K'f e#er a +ro+he30 3ame true, that one i . %he Fe 1e3ame la2

a0 1efore Christmas E#e, in the 0ear 9>9:, an

shortl0 after2ar s, the

)erman 'nternational 1an5ers, Iuhn, ,oe1 an here to run it. K%he Fe Note is essentiall0 unsoun .

Co., sent one of their +artners

't is the 2orst 3urren30 an

the most

Page /2 of 132.

angerous that this Countr0 has e#er 5no2n. "hen the +ro+onents of the a3t sa2 that the Demo3rati3 o3trine 2oul not +ermit them to let the +ro+ose ha#e sto++e at that.

1an5s issue the ne2 3urren30 as 1an5 notes, the0 shoul %he0 shoul the (nite not ha#e foiste that 5in

of 3urren30, namel0, an asset 3urren30, on not ha#e ma e the )o#ernment 3or+orations, an , least of all, on ''0he <ed Notes, therefore, in

States )o#ernment. %he0 shoul

Flia1le on the +ri#ateG e1ts of in i#i uals an the +ri#ate

e1ts of foreigners. As Iemerer sa0s:

form, have some of the *ualities of Government paper money, but in substance, are almost a pure asset currency possessing a Government guarantee against &hich contingency the Government has made no provision &hatever 2but for governors' convention pledging people as its collateral3.'' M6Fa en< KHon. ,. J. Hill, a former mem1er of the House, sai , an trul0:

60hey FFe eral &eser#e NotesG are obligations of the Government for &hich the !nited "tates received nothing and for the payment of &hich, at any time, it assumes the responsibilityL loo'ing to the <ed to recoup itself.'' M6Fa en< K'f this (nite States is to re eem the Fe Notes, 2hen the if

)eneral *u1li3 fin s Fho2 mu3hG it 3osts to

eli#er this +a+er to the Fe , an

the )o#ernment has ma e no +ro#isions for re eeming them, the first element of unsoun ness is not far to see5. Page /3 of 132.

KCefore the Can5ing an

Curren30 Committee, 2hen the 1ill 2as un er ''0he imperial po&er of elasticity of

is3ussion, .r. Cro4ier of Cin3innati sai :

the public currency is &ielded e%clusively by the central corporations o&ned by the ban's. business. 0his is a life and death po&er over all local ban's and all ;t can be used to create or destroy prosperity, to &ard off or cause 8y ma'ing money artificially scarce, interest rates

stringencies and panics.

throughout the +ountry can be arbitrarily raised and the ban' ta% on all business and cost of living increased for the profit of the ban's o&ning these regional central ban's, and &ithout the slightest benefit to the people. 0he D>

+orporations together cover 2industry3 and monopoli e and use, for private gain, every dollar of the public currency and all public revenue of the !nited "tates. Not a dollar can be put into circulation among the people by their Government, &ithout the consent of and on terms fi%ed by these D> private money trusts.'' M6Fa Fe en< K'n efian3e of this an all other 2arnings, the +ro+onents of the ga#e them an a1solute Notes alone, means 10 2hi3h 1e

3reate

the 96 +ri#ate 3re it 3or+orations, an

mono+ol0 of the 3urren30 of these (nite

States? not of the Fe

1ut of all other 3urren30. %he Fe A3t FisG +ro#i ing 2a0s an the gol o1taine an

general 3urren30 in the han s of the Ameri3an +eo+le 3oul in e/3hange for Fe

10 the Fe

Notes, 2hi3h are not mone0, 1ut mere

+romises to +a0. Page /4 of 132.

KSin3e the e#il

a0 2hen this 2as one, the initial mono+ol0 has 1een e/ten e an 10 the unla2ful an treasona1le +ra3ti3es

10 #i3ious amen ments to the Fe of the Fe .

Mone! .o- *2e S6o**&/2 D&/*&00e-/< K.r. Chairman, if a S3ottish to these (nite ollars an States, he 3an istiller 2ishes to sen a 3argo of S3ot3h 2his5e0

ra2 his 1ill against the +ur3hasing 1ootlegger in it 10 2riting his name a3ross the is3ount

after the 1ootlegger has a33e+te istiller 3an sen

fa3e of it, the S3ot3h

that 1ill to the nefarious o+en 2ill 1u0 it an

mar5et in Ne2 -or5 Cit0 2here the Fe ne2 issue of Fe S3ot3h

use it as 3ollateral for a States +a0 the

Notes. %hus the )o#ernment of these (nite

istiller for the 2his5e0 1efore it is shi++e , an sei4es it an estro0s it, the Fe

if it is lost on the 2a0, sim+l0 2rite off the loss to the S3ot3h

or if the Coast )uar an

the go#ernment ne#er re3o#ers the mone0 that 2as +ai

istiller. K"hile 2e are attem+ting to enfor3e +rohi1ition here, the Fe istiller0 1usiness in Euro+e an these (nite States. are in the

+a0ing 1ootlegger 1ills 2ith +u1li3 3re it of

.r. Chairman, 10 the same +ro3ess, the0 3om+el our the Fe 1e

)o#ernment to +a0 the )erman 1re2er for his 1eer. "h0 shoul +ermitte

to finan3e the 1re2ing in ustr0 in )erman0 either in this 2a0 or as Page /5 of 132.

the0

o 10 3om+elling small an

fearful (nite

States Can5s to ta5e sto35 in .r.

the 'sen1e35 Cre2er0 an

in the )erman Can5 for 1re2ing in ustriesL

Chairman, if D0namit No1el of )erman0 2ishes to sell in .an3huria or else2here, it 3an ollars an sen

0namite in Ja+an to use

ra2 its 1ill against the Ja+anese 3ustomers in is3ount mar5et in Ne2 -or5

that 1ill to the nefarious o+en 2ill 1u0 it an

Cit0, 2here the Fe

use it as 3ollateral for a ne2 issue of Fe 2ill 1e hel+ing D0namit No1el 10

Notes? 2hile at the same time, the Fe stuffing its sto35 into the (nite K"h0 shoul 2e sen

States 1an5ing s0stem. isarmament 3onferen3e at e1ts to )erman

our re+resentati#es to the

)ene#a, 2hile the Fe .unitions ma5ersL

is ma5ing our )o#ernment +a0 Ja+anese

K.r. Chairman, if a )erman 2ishes to raise a 3ro+ of 1eans an Ja+anese 3ustomer, he 3an in ollars, an

sell them to a

ra2 a 1ill against his +ros+e3ti#e Ja+anese 3ustomer 10 the Fe an get the mone0 out of this the

ha#e it +ur3hase

Countr0 at the e/+ense of the Ameri3an +eo+le 1efore he has e#en +lante 1eans in the groun .

.r. Chairman, if a )erman in )erman0 2ishes to e/+ort

goo s to South Ameri3a, or an0 Countr0, he 3an ra2 his 1ill against his 3ustomers an sen it to these (nite States an get the mone0 out of this

Countr0 1efore he shi+s, or e#en manufa3tures the goo s. Page /6 of 132.

K.r. Chairman, 2h0 shoul

the 3urren30 of these (nite it 1e issue

States 1e issue

on the

strength of )erman CeerL "h0 shoul

on the 3ro+ of un+lante these (nite e1ts

1eans to 1e gro2n in Chili for Ja+anese 3onsum+tionL "h0 shoul States 1e 3om+elle

to issue man0 1illions of ollars e#er0 0ear to +a0 the

of one foreigner to another foreignerL "as it for this FreasonG that our National Can5 e+ositors ha their mone0 ta5en out of our 1an5s an to lose itL "h0 shoul shi++e a1roa L

"as it for this FreasonG that the0 ha of these (nite States an

the +u1li3 3re it

li5e2ise mone0 1elonging to our National Can5

e+ositors 1e use

to su++ort foreign 1re2ers, nar3oti3 rug #en ors, 2his5e0

istillers, 2ig ma5ers, human hair mer3hants, Chilean 1ean gro2ers, to finan3e the munition fa3tories of )erman0 an T2e Un&*e K%he (nite gutte an So#iet &ussiaL

S*a*e/ 2a/ 5een -an/a6:e < an +illage . Our stru3tures ha#e 1een

States has 1een ransa35e

onl0 the 2alls are left stan ing. "hile 1eing +er+etrate , e#er0thing 2oul ra5e u+ to sell us 2as 1rought in here at our e/+ense 10 the 2ith un8nee e an un82ante im+orte

the 2orl

Fe , until our mar5ets 2ere s2am+e goo s +ri3e far a1o#e their #alue an

ma e to e@ual the

ollar #olume of our

honest e/+orts, an

to 5ill or re u3e our fa#ora1le 1alan3e of tra e. As Agents tr0 10 e#er0 means in their +o2er to

of the foreign 3entral 1an5s, the Fe

re u3e our fa#ora1le 1alan3e of tra e. %he0 a3t for their foreign +rin3i+al an Page // of 132.

the0 a33e+t fees from foreigners for a3ting against the 1est interests of these (nite States. Naturall0 there has 1een great 3om+etition among foreigners for

the fa#ors of the Fe . K"hat 2e nee to o is to sen an +ro u3e the reser#es of our National Can5s home to the them an 2ho still o2n them, an to the

+eo+le 2ho earne

1an5s 2hi3h 2ere 3om+elle

to surren er them to +re ator0 interests. +ool of 3onfis3ate 1an5 e+osits

K.r. Chairman, there is nothing li5e the Fe in the 2orl .

't is a +u1li3 trough of Ameri3an 2ealth in 2hi3h the foreigners are the agents of the

3laim rights e@ual to or greater than Ameri3ans. %he Fe foreign 3entral 1an5s. %he0 use our 1an5

e+ositors' mone0 for the 1enefit of States

their foreign +rin3i+als. %he0 1arter the +u1li3 3re it of the (nite )o#ernment, an hire it to foreigners at a +rofit to themsel#es.

KAll this is one at the e/+ense of the (nite si35ening loss to the Ameri3an +eo+le. stan the rain of it as long as 2e i . to

States )o#ernment, an

at a us to

Onl0 our great 2ealth ena1le

K"e nee

estro0 the Fe , 2herein our national reser#es are im+oun e to sa#e Ameri3a for Ameri3ans.

for

the 1enefit of the foreigners. "e nee

Page /2 of 132.

S34-&o4/ Se64-&*&e/< K.r. Chairman, 2hen 0ou hol a U9<.<< Fe Note in 0our han , 0ou are States to 1e

hol ing a +ie3e of +a+er 2hi3h sooner or later is going to 3ost the (nite )o#ernment U9<.<< in gol . 't is 1ase on ',im1urger 3heese' !+ur+orte

in foreign 2arehouses) or in 3ans +ur+orte 2ater instea ), or horse meat, illi3it

to 3ontain +eas !1ut ma0 3ontain salt 1ones ollars

rugs, 1ootleggers fan3ies, rags an States im+orte

from So#iet &ussia !of 2hi3h these (nite

o#er a million

2orth last 0ear), on 2ines, 2his5e0, natural gas, goat an string, an Com1a0 u35s.

og fur, garli3 on the

K'f 0ou li5e to ha#e +a+er mone0, 2hi3h is se3ure ha#e it in Fe Note. 'f 0ou

10 su3h 3ommo ities, 0ou

esire to o1tain the thing of #alue u+on 2hi3h this

+a+er 3urren30 is 1ase , that is, the ,im1urger 3heese, the 2his5e0, the illi3it rugs, or an0 of the other sta+les, 0ou 2ill ha#e a #er0 har time fin ing them.

K.an0 of these 2orshi+ful 3ommo ities are in foreign Countries. Are 0ou going to )erman0 to ins+e3t her 2arehouses to see if the s+e3ifie thereL i go. outfit sent UD=<,<<< 1elonging to Ameri3an 1an5 2as ' thin5 Fnot?G more, ' o not thin5 that 0ou 2oul fin things of #alue are them there if 0ou

KOn A+ril 6D, 9>:6, the Fe e+ositors in gol

to )erman0. A 2ee5 later, another U:<<,<<< in gol Page /3 of 132.

shi++e shi++e gol

to )erman0. A1out the mi

le of .a0, U96,<<<,<<< in gol

2as

to )erman0 10 the Fe . Almost e#er0 2ee5 there is a shi+ment of

to )erman0. %hese shi+ments are not ma e for +rofit on the e/3hange, ollar. e+ositors of these (nite

sin3e the )erman mar5s are 1elo2 +arit0 2ith the K.r. Chairman, ' 1elie#e that the National Can5 States ha#e a right to 5no2 2hat the Fe are millions of National Can5 +er3entage of e#er0 ollar the0 are

oing 2ith their mone0. %here o not 5no2 that a goes e+osits

e+ositors in the Countr0 2ho

e+osit in a .em1er Can5 of the Fe

automati3all0 to Ameri3an Agents of the foreign 1an5s, an 3an 1e +ai 3roo5e

that all their

a2a0 to foreigners 2ithout their 5no2le ge or 3onsent 10 the an the @uestiona1le +ra3ti3es of the Fe . 1e tol the truth 10 their ser#ants in ail0 to finan3e

ma3hiner0 of the Fe

K.r. Chairman, the Ameri3an +eo+le shoul offi3e. 'n 9>:<, 2e ha o#er a half 1illion

ollars outstan ing

foreign goo s. "hat goo s are these on 2hi3h the Fe 1illions of ollarsL

0earl0 +le ge se#eral

'n its 0earl0 total, this item amounts to se#eral 1illions of States.

ollars of the +u1li3 3re it of these (nite K"hat goo s are those 2hi3h are hi

en in Euro+ean an Asiati3 stores Fan G

ha#e not 1een seen 10 an0 offi3er of our )o#ernment, 1ut 2hi3h are 1eing finan3e on the +u1li3 3re it of the (nite States )o#ernmentL "hat goo s are

Page 24 of 132.

those u+on 2hi3h the (nite issue Fe

States )o#ernment is 1eing o1ligate

10 the Fe

to

Notes to the e/tent of se#eral 1illions of ollars a 0earL T2e Ban:e-/' A66e3*an6e Ra6:e*<

K%he Fe

ha#e 1een 'nternational Can5s from the 1eginning, 2ith these (nite 1an5er an su++lier of 3urren30. Cut it is none the less e1ts of

States as their enfor3e

e/traor inar0 to see these t2el#e +ri#ate 3re it mono+olies 1u0ing the foreigners against foreigners, in all +arts of the 2orl , an )o#ernment of these (nite States for ne2 issues of Fe as5ing the

notes in e/3hange for e#elo+e 10 the

them. %he magnitu e of the a33e+tan3e ra35et, as it has 1een Fe , Fen3om+assesG their foreign 3orres+on ents an 1an5ers, 2ho set u+ the Fe here an

the +re ator0 Euro+ean 1orn of

taught 0our o2n F1an5ersG, 10 an

+irates, ho2 to loot the +eo+le. to 1e in the neigh1orhoo +ast ten 0ears, it is sai ollarsG.

' sa0 the magnitu e of this ra35et is estimate 'n the

of U>,<<<,<<<,<<< Fnine81illion ollarsG +er 0ear. to ha#e amounte

to U><,<<<,<<<,<<< Fninet081illion to se#eral times that mu3h. Cou+le

'n m0 o+inion, it has amounte

to this, 0ou ha#e, to the e/tent of 1illions of ollars, the gam1ling in the (nite States se3urities, 2hi3h ta5es +la3e in the same o+en gam1ling on 2hi3h the Fe ollarsG +er 2ee5. is3ount mar5et? a

is no2 s+en ing U9<<,<<<,<<< Fone8hun re 8million

Page 21 of 132.

KFe

Notes are ta5en from the (. S. )o#ernment in unlimite

@uantities.

's it

strange that the 1ur en of su++l0ing these immense sums of mone0 to the gam1ling fraternit0 has at last +ro#e en ureL "oul too hea#0 for the Ameri3an +eo+le to shoul again 1in o2n

it not 1e a national 3alamit0 if the Fe

this 1ur en on the 1a35s of the Ameri3an +eo+le, an

10 means of a long

ra2hi e 2hi+ of the 3re it masters, 3om+el them to enter another se#enteen 0ears of sla#er0L K%he0 are tr0ing to o that no2. %he0 are tr0ing to ta5e U9<<,<<<,<<< Fone8 States e#er0 2ee5, in

hun re 8million ollarsG of the +u1li3 3re it of the (nite a ition to all their other sei4ures, an

the0 are sen ing that mone0 to the

nefarious o+en mar5et in a 3on3ern. K%he0 are +utting the (nite U9<<,<<<,<<< a 2ee5? an

es+erate gam1le to re8esta1lish their graft as a going

States )o#ernment in

e1t to the e/tent of

2ith the mone0, the0 are 1u0ing our )o#ernment their foreign +rin3i+als. Our +eo+le are isguste

se3urities for themsel#es an

2ith the e/+erien3es of the Fe . %he Fe 0ar

is not +ro u3ing a loaf of 1rea , a 10 its 3he3585iting

of 3loth, a 1ushel of 3orn, or a +ile of 3or 82oo

o+erations in the mone0 mar5et. K.r. S+ea5er, on the 9:th of Januar0 of this 0ear, ' a Page 22 of 132. resse the House on the

su1Ae3t of the &e3onstru3tion Finan3e Cor+oration. ' ma e the follo2ing statement: 1orro2e

'n the 3ourse of m0 remar5s,

'n 9>67, the mem1er 1an5s of the Fe

UE<,=>7,E><,<<< Fsi/t081illion, fi#e8hun re 8ninet08eight8million, si/8 ollarsG from the Fe on their fifteen8 a0 +romissor0 eman in gol in the for si/

hun re 8ninet08thousan notes. %hin5 of it.

Si/t0 1illion

ollars +a0a1le on

3ourse of one single 0ear. %he a3tual amount of su3h o1ligations 3alle times as mu3h monetar0 gol as there is in the 2orl .

Su3h transa3tions

re+resent a grant, in the 3ourse of one single 0ear, of a1out UD,<<<,<<< Fse#en8 million ollarsG to e#er0 mem1er of the Fe . K's it an0 2on er that Ameri3an la1or, 2hi3h ultimatel0 +a0s the 3ost of all 1an5ing o+erations of this Countr0, has at last +ro#e su++l0ing this huge total of 3ash an mani+ulators an foreign s2in lersL une@ual to the tas5 of

3re it for the 1enefit of the sto35 mar5et 'n 9>::, the Fe +resente the staggering

amount of UE<,=>7,E><,<<< to its mem1er 1an5s at the e/+ense of the 2age earners an ta/ +a0ers of these (nite a #an3e States. 'n 9>6>, the 0ear of the sto35

mar5et 3rash, the Fe mem1er 1an5s.

U=7,<<<,<<<,<<< Ffift08eight81illion ollarsG to

K'n 9>:<, 2hile the s+e3ulating 1an5s 2ere getting out of the sto35 mar5et at the e/+ense of the general +u1li3, the Fe a #an3e them U9:,<66,D76,<<<

Page 23 of 132.

Fthirteen81illion, t2ent08t2o8million, se#en8hun re 8eight08t2o8thousan

ollarsG.

%his sho2s that 2hen the 1an5s 2ere gam1ling on the +u1li3 3re it of these (nite States, as re+resente 10 the Fe 3urren30, the0 2ere su1si i4e to an0

amount the0 re@uire

10 the Fe . "hen the s2in le 1egan to fall, the 1an5ers 2ith re2 from the mar5et. %he0 got out 2ith 2hole States to +a0 the +i+er. that he thought the Fe lent

5ne2 it in a #an3e, an s5ins, an K.0 frien

left the +eo+le of these (nite

from Iansas, .r. .3)ugin, has state So the0

mone0 on re8 is3ounting. 2a0. %he real slot 1usiness.

o, 1ut the0 len

3om+arati#el0 little that a mere +enn0 in the is3ourage it. %he0

is3ounting that the0

o has 1een 3alle

't is too slo2 for genuine high fl0ers. %he0

+refer to su1si i4e their fa#orite 1an5s 10 ma5ing them UE<,<<<,<<<,<<< Fsi/t08 1illion ollarG a #an3es, an o+en the0 +refer to a3@uire assistan3e in the notorious

is3ount mar5et in Ne2 -or5, 2here the0 3an use it to 3ontrol the +ri3e of 1on s on the e/3hanges. ollar the0 a #an3e on is3ounts in 9>67, the0 lent U::.<< to their ollars in3ome ta/

sto35s an KFor e#er0

fa#orite 1an5s for 2hom the0 on their +rofits to these (nite

o a 1usiness of se#eral 1illion States.

T2e ?o2n Law Sw&n 0e< K%his is the John ,a2 s2in le o#er again. %he theft of %ea+ot Dome 2as Page 24 of 132.

trifling 3om+are the Fe

to it. "hat Iing e#er ro11e usL

his su1Ae3t to su3h an e/tent as

has ro11e

's it an0 2on er that there ha#e 1een latel0 ninet0 's there an0 2on er that

3ases of star#ation in one of the Ne2 -or5 hos+italsL the 3hil ren are 1eing a1an one L K%he go#ernment an s2in lers Fe the +eo+le of these (nite

States ha#e 1een s2in le

10

elu/e, to 2hom the a3@uisition of Ameri3an FNotes,G or a +ar3el of no more iffi3ult0 than the ra2ing u+ of a 2orthless States, 10

Notes, +resente

a33e+tan3e in a Countr0 not su1Ae3t to the la2s of these (nite shar+ers not su1Ae3t to the Auris i3tion of these (nite

States? shar+ers 2ith

strong 1an5ing Kfen3eK on this si e of the 2ater? a Kfen3eK a3ting as a re3ei#er of a 2orthless +a+er 3oming from a1roa , en orsing it, an out of the Fe an getting the 3urren30

for it as @ui35l0 as +ossi1le, e/3hanging that 3urren30 for gol , to its foreign 3onfe erates.

in turn, transmitting the gol

I'a- 7-e41e-, *2e Ma*62 7&n1< KSu3h 2ere the e/+loits of '#ar Irueger, .r. Hoo#er's frien , an Street 1a5ers. E#er0 ollar of the 1illions Ireuger an his gang his rotten "all re2 out of the +eo+le of

this Countr0 on a33e+tan3es, 2as ra2n from the go#ernment an the (nite 2as +e le States through the Fe . %he 3re it of the (nite to him 10 the Fe

States )o#ernment

for their o2n +ri#ate gain. %hat is 2hat the Page 25 of 132.

Fe

has 1een

oing for man0 0ears. ling the 3re it of this )o#ernment an the signature

K%he0 ha#e 1een +e

!lia1ilit0) of this )o#ernment to the s2in lers an

s+e3ulators of all nations. 1&'e/ &*/

T2a* &/ w2a* 2a33en/ w2en a Co4n*-! .o-/a:e/ &*/ Con/*&*4*&on an /o'e-e&1n*! o'e- *2e 3450&6 64--en6! *o 3-&'a*e &n*e-e/*/. an the0 2ill sell it. s2in le an

)i#e them the flag

K%he nature of Ireuger's organi4e

the 1an5ru+t 3on ition of

Ireuger's 3om1ine 2as 5no2n here last June 2hen Hoo#er sought to e/em+t Irueger's loan to )erman0 of U96=,<<<,<<< Fone8hun re 8t2ent08fi#e8million ollarsG from the o+eration of the Hoo#er .oratorium. %he 1an5ru+t 3on ition of Irueger's s2in le 2as 5no2n here last summer 2hen U:<,<<<,<<< Fthirt08million ollarsG 2as ta5en from the Ameri3an ta/+a0ers 10 3ertain 1an5ers in Ne2 -or5 for the ostensi1le +ur+ose of +ermitting Irueger to ma5e a loan to Colom1ia. Colom1ia ne#er sa2 that mone0. K%he nature of Irueger's s2in le 2as 5no2n here in Januar0 2hen he #isite frien , .r. Hoo#er, at the "hite House. 2ent to *aris an 3ommitte sui3i e. States are entitle to 5no2 ho2 his

't 2as 5no2n here in .ar3h 1efore he

K.r. Chairman, ' thin5 the +eo+le of the (nite Page 26 of 132.

man0 1illions of ollars 2ere +la3e 3om1ine 10 the Fe , an issue the Fe an

at the

is+osal of Irueger an

his giganti3

to 5no2 ho2 mu3h of our )o#ernment 3urren30 2as

lost in the finan3ing of that great s2in le in the 0ears uring 2hi3h

too5 3are of Irueger's re@uirements. S*a*e/, w&*2 a w2&*e .a6e an &n*e-e/*/

LA .ew a!/ a1o, *2e >-e/& en* o. *2e Un&*e

/2a:&n1 2an /, wen* 5e.o-e *2e Sena*e on 5e2a0. o. *2e mone!e an a/:e

*2e Sena*e *o 0e'! a *a( on *2e 3eo30e /o *2a* .o-e&1ne-/ m&12* S*a*e/ wo40 3a! &*/ e5* *o *2em. oe/ *2e/e

:now *2a* *2e/e Un&*e

LMo/* Ame-&6an/ *2o412* &* wa/ *2e o*2e- wa! a-o4n . W2a* Un&*e S*a*e/ owe .o-e&1ne-/A W2en an 5! *2e Fe , w2en *2e! 3e 5! w2om wa/ *2e 0e

e5* &n64--e A

I* wa/ &n64--e

*2e /&1na*4-e o. *2e S*a*e/

Go'e-nmen* *o .o-e&1ne-/ .o- a >-&6e.

I* &/ w2a* *2e Un&*e

Go'e-nmen* 2a/ *o 3a! *o -e eem *2e o50&1a*&on/ o. *2e Fe . T2&e'e/ Go S6o* F-ee< KAre 0ou going to let these thie#es get off s3ot freeL looter 2ho an ri#es u+ to the oor of the (nite 's there one la2 for the

States %reasur0 in his limousine

another for the (nite

States $eterans 2ho are slee+ing on the floor of a

ila+i ate

house on the outs5irts of "ashingtonL

Page 2/ of 132.

K%he Caltimore an +eo+le an

Ohio &ailroa

is here as5ing for a large loan from the the ta/+a0ers of these (nite States. 't is

the 2age earners an

1egging for a han out from the )o#ernment.

't is stan ing, 3a+ in han , at the to the feast. 't is

oor of the &. F. C. 2here all the Aa35als ha#e gathere as5ing for mone0 that 2as raise

from the +eo+le 10 ta/ation, an

2ants this

mone0 of the +oor for the 1enefit of Iuhn, ,oe1 an 'nternational Can5ers. K's there one la2 for the Caltimore an Ohio &ailroa

Co., the )erman

an a0L

another for the 's there one la2 for another la2 for

hungr0 #eterans it thre2 off its freight 3ars the other slee5 an

+ros+erous s2in lers 2ho 3all themsel#es 1an5ers an efen e

the sol iers 2ho

the flagL %he &. F. C. is ta5ing o#er these 2orthless States %reasur0 mone0 at the

se3urities from the 'n#estment %rusts 2ith (nite e/+ense of the Ameri3an ta/+a0er an

the 2age earner.

K't 2ill ta5e t2ent0 0ears to re eem our )o#ernment. %2ent0 0ears of +enal ser#itu e to +a0 off the gam1ling of Ameri3an 2ages an e1ts of the traitorous Fe e+osits, an the (nite an to #ast floo

sa#ings, 1an5

States

)o#ernment 3re it 2hi3h the Fe +rin3i+als. K%he Fe latel0 3on u3te

e/+orte

out of this 3ountr0 to their foreign

an anti8hoar ing 3am+aign here. %he0 too5 that e/tra Page 22 of 132.

mone0 2hi3h the0 ha

+ersua e

the Ameri3an +eo+le to +ut into the 1an5s? 'n the last se#eral months, the0 to their

the0 sent it to Euro+e, along 2ith the rest.

ha#e sent U9,:<<,<<<,<<< Fone81illion, three8hun re 8million ollarsG in gol foreign em+lo0ers, their foreign masters, an to the +eo+le of these (nite States, an e#er0 ollar of that gol

1elonge

2as unla2full0 ta5en from them.

F&a* Mone!< K.r. Chairman, 2ithin the limits of the time allo2e +arti3ulari4e is3ussion of the Fe . ' ha#e single me, ' 3annot enter into a out the Fe 3urren30 for a

fe2 remar5s 1e3ause there has latel0 1een some tal5 here of Kfiat mone0.K "hat 5in of mone0 is 1eing +um+e into the o+en is3ount mar5et an through

it into foreign 3hannels an

sto35 e/3hangesL

.r. .ills of the %reasur0 has his horror of ishonest 1e no

s+o5en here of his horror of the +rinting +resses an mone0. He has no horror of ishonest mone0.

'f he ha , he 2oul

+art0 to the +resent gam1ling of the Fe

in the nefarious o+en

is3ount mar5et is3ount 3ontrol the

of Ne2 -or5? a mar5et in 2hi3h the sellers are re+resente 3or+orations o2ne Fe . KFiat mone0, in ee V an organi4e

10 9<

10 the #er0 1an5s 2hi3h o2n an

K"hat .r. .ills is fighting for is the +reser#ation, 2hole an Page 23 of 132.

entire, of the

1an5ers' mono+ol0 of all the 3urren30 of the (nite K.r. Chairman, last De3em1er, ' intro u3e e/amination an an au it of the Fe an

States )o#ernment.

a resolution here as5ing for an all relate matters. 'f the House sees States 2ill o1tain

fit to ma5e su3h an in#estigation, the +eo+le of these (nite

information of great #alue. %his is a )o#ernment of the +eo+le, 10 the +eo+le, for the +eo+le. T2e man w2o Conse@uentl0, nothing shoul 1e 3on3eale from the +eo+le. S*a*e/. an w2o

e6e&'e/ *2e 3eo30e &/ a *-a&*o- *o *2e/e Un&*e

LT2e man w2o :now/ o- /4/3e6*/ *2a* a 6-&me 2a/ 5een 6omm&**e 6on6ea0/ an 6o'e-/ 43 *2a* 6-&me &/ an a66e//o-! *o &*.

M-. S3ea:e-, &* &/ e/*&n&e/

a mon/*-o4/ *2&n1 .o- *2&/ 1-ea* na*&on o. 3eo30e *o 2a'e &*/ 3-e/& e o'e- 5! a *-a&*o-o4/ 1o'e-nmen* 5oa-

a6*&n1 &n /e6-e* 6on6e-* w&*2

&n*e-na*&ona0 4/4-e-/. KE#er0 effort has 1een ma e 10 the Fe the Fe has usur+e the )o#ernment. to 3on3eal its +o2ers? 1ut the truth is, 't 3ontrols e#er0thing here an 1rea5s go#ernments at 2ill. in +o2er than the arrogant it 3ontrols

all of our foreign relations. KNo man an

't ma5es an

no 1o 0 of men is more entren3he

3re it mono+ol0 2hi3h o+erate +ermitte the Fe

the Fe . "hat National )o#ernment has no2 1e restore to the +eo+le.

to steal from the +eo+le shoul Page 34 of 132.

''%he +eo+le ha#e a #ali Ameri3ans 2ill not nee

3laim against the Fe . to stan in the 1rea

'f that 3laim is enfor3e , the ie of

line, or to suffer an

star#ation in the streets. "omen 2ill 1e sa#e , families 2ill 1e 5e+t together, an Ameri3an 3hil ren 2ill not 1e KHere is a Fe am tol Note. is+erse an a1an one . a1roa . '

'mmense num1ers of the notes are no2 hel

that the0 amount to u+2ar s of a 1illion

ollars. %he0 3onstitute a

3laim against our )o#ernment an

li5e2ise a 3laim against our +eo+les' mone0

to the e/tent of U9,:<<,<<<,<<< Fone81illion, three8hun re 8million ollarsG, 2hi3h has, 2ithin the last fe2 months, 1een shi++e to +a0 other gam1ling a1roa to re eem Fe Notes an

e1ts of the traitorous Fe . %he greater +art of our to other lan s. e1ts of foreigners to foreignersL "h0

mone0 sto35 has 1een shi++e K"h0 shoul shoul the Fe

2e +romise to +a0 the 1e +ermitte

to finan3e our 3om+etitors in all +arts of the 2orl L 't 2as raise to shut out the floo of

Do 0ou 5no2 2h0 the tariff 2as raise L Fe

)oo s +ouring in here from e#er0 @uarter of the glo1e? 3hea+ goo s, 10 3hea+l0 +ai foreign la1or, on unlimite ishonest an su++lies of mone0 an uns3ru+ulous Fe .

+ro u3e

3re it sent out of this Countr0 10 the K%he Fe

are s+en ing U9<<,<<<,<<< a 2ee5 1u0ing go#ernment se3urities in the are ma5ing a great 1i for foreign 1usiness. %he0 are tr0ing

o+en mar5et an

Page 31 of 132.

to ma5e rates so attra3ti#e that the human hair mer3hants an other 1usiness entities in foreign lan +u1li3 3re it of the (nite for them. Wo-0 K.r. Chairman, 2hen the Fe not +er3ei#e that a 2orl En/0a'emen* >0anne < 2ill 3ome here an

the

istillers an

hire more of the outfit for getting it

States )o#ernment to +a0 the Fe

2as +asse , the +eo+le of these (nite

States

s0stem 2as 1eing set u+ here 2hi3h 2oul

ma5e the

sa#ings of the Ameri3an s3hool tea3her a#aila1le to a nar3oti38 rug #en or in A3a+ul3o. %he0 i not +er3ei#e that these (nite States 2as to 1e lo2ere to

the +osition of a 3oolie 3ountr0 2hi3h has nothing 1ut ra2 material an that &ussia 2as estine to su++l0 the man +o2er an

heart,

that this 3ountr0 2as to

su++l0 the finan3ial +o2er to an Kinternational su+erstate.K A su+erstate 3ontrolle 10 international 1an5ers, an international in ustrialists a3ting together

to ensla#e the 2orl

for their o2n +leasure. States are 1eing greatl0 2ronge . %he0 ha#e 1een is+ossesse from their homes.

K%he +eo+le of these (nite

ri#en from their em+lo0ments. %he0 ha#e 1een %he0 ha#e 1een e#i3te from their rente

@uarters. %he0 ha#e lost their ie for la35 of shelter, foo ,

3hil ren. %he0 ha#e 1een left to suffer an 3lothing an me i3ine.

Page 32 of 132.

K%he 2ealth of these (nite a2a0 from them an

States an

the 2or5ing 3a+ital ha#e 1een ta5en in the #aults of 3ertain 1an5s an

has either 1een lo35e

the great 3or+orations or e/+orte

to foreign 3ountries for the 1enefit of the 3or+orations. is 1are. grain ele#ators are full, 1ut the 5e0s. So far as the +eo+le of the

foreign 3ustomers of these 1an5s an (nite

States are 3on3erne , the 3u+1oar

K't is true that the 2arehouses an these are +a lo35e , an

3oal 0ar s an

the great 1an5s an S*a*e/ 5! *2e Fe

3or+orations hol

LT2e /a6: o. *2e/e Un&*e

&/ *2e 1-ea*e/* 6-&me &n 2&/*o-!.

LM-. C2a&-man, a /e-&o4/ /&*4a*&on 6on.-on*/ *2e Ho4/e o. Re3-e/en*a*&'e/ *o a!. We a-e *-4/*ee/ o. *2e 3eo30e an *2e -&12*/ o. *2e 3eo30e a-e 5e&n1

*a:en awa! .-om *2em. T2-o412 *2e Fe , *2e 3eo30e a-e 0o/&n1 *2e -&12*/ 14a-an*ee *o *2em 5! *2e Con/*&*4*&on. T2e&- 3-o3e-*! 2a/ 5een *a:en 4e 3-o6e// o. 0aw. M-. C2a&-man, 6ommon e6en6! /ee w2a*

.-om *2em w&*2o4*

-eM4&-e/ 4/ *o e(am&ne *2e 3450&6 a66o4n*/ o. *2e Go'e-nmen* an 6-&me/ a1a&n/* *2e 3450&6 we0.a-e 2a'e 5een 6omm&**e . LW2a* &/ nee e 2e-e &/ a -e*4-n *o *2e Con/*&*4*&on o. *2e/e Un&*e

S*a*e/.

K.r. S+ea5er, ' rise to a @uestion of 3onstitutional +ri#ilege. Page 33 of 132.

K"hereas, ' 3harge. . . Eugene .e0er, &o0 A. -oung, E mun

*latt, Eugene C.

Cla35, A ol+h Cas+er .iller, Charles S. Hamlin, )eorge &. James, An re2 ". .ellon, Og en ,. .ills, "illiam H. "oo, ". *oole, J. F. %. O'Connor, mem1ers of the Fe eral &eser#e Coar ? F. H. Curtis, J. H. Chane, &. ,. Austin, )eorge De Cam+, ,. C. "illiams, ". ". Ho/ton, Os3ar Ne2ton, E. .. Ste#ens, J. S. "oo , J. N. *a0ton, .. ,. .3Clure, C. C. "alsh, 'saa3 C. Ne2ton, Fe eral &eser#e Agents, Aointl0 an (nite States, an se#erall0, 2ith #iolations of the Constitution an la2s of the

2hereas ' 3harge them 2ith ha#ing ta5en fun s from the 10 the Congress of the (nite

(. S. %reasur0 2hi3h 2ere not a++ro+riate States, an

' 3harge them 2ith ha#ing unla2full0 ta5en o#er U7<,<<<,<<<,<<<

Feight081illion ollarsG from the (. S. )o#ernment in the 0ear 9>67, the sai unla2ful ta5ing 3onsisting of the unla2ful 3reation of 3laims against the (. S. %reasur0 to the e/tent of o#er U7<,<<<,<<<,<<< in the 0ear 9>67? an them 2ith similar thefts 3ommitte in 9>6>, 9>:<, 9>:9, 9>:6 an ' 3harge in

9>::, an

0ears +re#ious to 9>67, amounting to 1illions of ollars? an . . . '' ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) After some is3ussion an u+on the motion of .r. C0rns, the resolution an

3harge 2as referre

to the Committee on the Ju i3iar0.

Page 34 of 132.

T2e Ban:-43*6! o. T2e Un&*e S*a*e/< =nited !tates $ongressional Cecord, Earch 1/, 1333 Fol. 33, page 511343. S+ea5er8&e+. Congressman James %rafi3ant, Jr. !Ohio) a W.r. S+ea5er, 2e are here no2 in 3ha+ter 99. ressing the House:

.em1ers of Congress are offi3ial

trustees +resi ing o#er the greatest reorgani4ation of an0 Can5ru+t entit0 in 2orl histor0? the (. S. )o#ernment. "e are setting forth ho+efull0, a 1lue+rint for our future. %here are some 2ho sa0 it is a 3oronerPs re+ort that 2ill lea our emise. fa3t that the (nite States Fe eral )o#ernment has 1een to

W't is an esta1lishe issol#e 7>8D9>?

10 the Emergen30 Can5ing A3t, .ar3h >, 9>::, ;7 Stat. 9, *u1li3 ,a2 e3lare 10 *resi ent &oose#elt, 1eing 1an5ru+t an insol#ent. H.J.&.

9>6, D:r Congress FinG session June =, 9>:: 8 Joint &esolution %o Sus+en %he )ol Stan ar an A1rogate %he )ol States an Clause issol#e the So#ereign Authorit0 States )o#ernmental States

of the (nite

the offi3ial 3a+a3ities of all (nite

Offi3es, Offi3ers, an

De+artments an

is further e#i en3e that the (nite

Fe eral )o#ernment e/ists to a0 in name onl0. W%he re3ei#ers of the (nite the (nite (nite Nations, the "orl States Can5ru+t30 are the 'nternational Can5ers, #ia Can5 an the 'nternational .onetar0 Fun . All

States Offi3es, Offi3ials, an

De+artments are no2 o+erating 2ithin a

de facto status in name onl0 un er Emergen30 "ar *o2ers. "ith the Constitutional &e+u1li3an form of )o#ernment no2 issol#e , the re3ei#ers of Page 35 of 132.

the Can5ru+t30 ha#e a o+te

a ne2 form of go#ernment for the (nite

States.

%his ne2 form of go#ernment is 5no2n as a Demo3ra30, 1eing an esta1lishe So3ialist B Communist or er un er a ne2 go#ernor for Ameri3a. %his a3t 2as institute an esta1lishe 10 transferring an B or +la3ing the Offi3e of the

Se3retar0 of %reasur0 to that of the )o#ernor of the 'nternational .onetar0 Fun . *u1li3 ,a2 >;8=E;, +age 7, Se3tion H. &. 9:>== rea s in +art:

I0he !. ". "ecretary of 0reasury receives no compensation for representing the !nited "tates.K W)ol an sil#er 2ere su3h a +o2erful mone0 uring the foun ing of the unite that onl0 gol or sil#er

states of Ameri3a, that the foun ing fathers 3oins 3an 1e Wmone0X in Ameri3a. an

e3lare an

Sin3e gol

sil#er 3oinage 2ere hea#0 in 1an5s an a 3laim

in3on#enient for a lot of transa3tions, the0 2ere store as a mone0 su1stitute. *eo+le tra e

3he35 2as issue or W3urren30.X

their 3ou+ons as mone0, &e eema1le

Curren30 is not mone0, 1ut a mone0 su1stitute. ollar e@ui#alent in gol

3urren30 must +romise to +a0 a

or sil#er mone0.

Fe eral &eser#e Notes ma5e no su3h +romises, an &eser#e Note is a

are not Wmone0.X A Fe eral States go#ernment, not

e1t o1ligation of the fe eral (nite States go#ernment an

Wmone0.X %he fe eral (nite not an

the (. S. Congress 2ere states of an sil#er

ha#e ne#er 1een authori4e

10 the Constitution for the unite

Ameri3a to issue 3urren30 of an0 5in , 1ut onl0 la2ful mone0 gol 3oin. Page 36 of 132.

W't is essential that 2e 3om+rehen mone0 su1stitute. 3an onl0 get

the

istin3tion 1et2een real mone0 an

+a+er

One 3annot get ri3h 10 a33umulating mone0 su1stitutes, one e1t. "e the *eo+le no longer ha#e an0 Wmone0.X an0 Wmone0X for a #er0 long time, +erha+s 2h0 0ou feel 1ro5eL No2,

ee+er into

.ost Ameri3ans ha#e not 1een +ai not in their entire life. o 0ou un erstan

No2 o 0ou 3om+rehen

2h0 0ou are W1an5ru+t,X along 2ith the rest of the 3ountr0L 3he35s 2ritten on a 3lose esigne a33ount. to 3reate e1t

WFe eral &eser#e Notes are unsigne

Fe eral &eser#e Notes are an inflata1le +a+er s0stem

through inflation ! e#aluation of 3urren30). "hene#er there is an in3rease of the su++l0 of a mone0 su1stitute in the e3onom0 2ithout a 3orres+on ing in3rease in the gol an sil#er 1a35ing, inflation o33urs.

W'nflation is an in#isi1le form of ta/ation that irres+onsi1le go#ernments infli3t on their 3iti4ens. %he Fe eral &eser#e Can5 2ho 3ontrols the su++l0 an mo#ement of Fe eral &eser#e Notes has e#er01o 0 foole . %he0 ha#e a33ess to an unlimite su++l0 of Fe eral &eser#e Notes, +a0ing onl0 for the +rinting 3osts Fe eral &eser#e Notes are nothing more than +romissor0 e1t to the

of 2hat the0 nee .

notes for (. S. %reasur0 se3urities !%8Cills) a +romise to +a0 the Fe eral &eser#e Can5. W%here is a fun amental %o +a0 a ifferen3e 1et2een W+a0ingX an

W is3hargingX a

e1t.

e1t, 0ou must +a0 2ith #alue or su1stan3e !i.e. gol , sil#er, 1arter or Page 3/ of 132.

a 3ommo it0). "ith Fe eral &eser#e Notes, 0ou 3an onl0 is3harge a -ou 3annot +a0 a e1t 2ith a

e1t. e1t

e1t 3urren30 s0stem. -ou 3annot ser#i3e a No 6on*-a6* &n

2ith a 3urren30 that has no 1a35ing in #alue or su1stan3e. Common Law &/ 'a0& 6on/& e-a*&on.O

4n0e// &* &n'o0'e/ an e(62an1e o. N1oo e1t transfers +o2er an

I 'a04a50e

(n+a0a1le

3ontrol to the so#ereign

+o2er stru3ture that has no interest in mone0, la2, e@uit0 or Austi3e 1e3ause the0 ha#e so mu3h 2ealth alrea 0. %heir lust is for +o2er an in3e+tion of 3entral 1an5ing, the0 ha#e 3ontrolle W%he Fe eral &eser#e S0stem is 1ase so#ereignt0 +rote3te 3ontrol. Sin3e the

the fates of nations. the +rin3i+les of 'n fa3t, the ing sto35 an a la2 ma5ing

on the Canon ,a2 an

in the Constitution an

the Cill of &ights.

international 1an5ers use

a WCanon ,a2 %rustX as their mo el, a +asse

naming it a WJoint Sto35 %rust.X %he (. S. Congress ha it illegal for an0 legal W+ersonX to Fe eral &eser#e A3t 2as legislate are stri3tl0 for1i

u+li3ate a WJoint Sto35 %rustX in 97D:. %he +ost8fa3to !to 97D<), although +ost8fa3to la2s

en 10 the Constitution. F9:>::G istin3t

W%he Fe eral &eser#e S0stem is a so#ereign +o2er stru3ture se+arate an from the fe eral (nite

States go#ernment. %he Fe eral &eser#e is a maritime States

len er, an B or maritime insuran3e un er2riter to the fe eral (nite

o+erating e/3lusi#el0 un er A miralt0 B .aritime ,a2. %he len er or un er2riter 1ears the ris5s, an the .aritime ,a2 3om+elling s+e3ifi3 +erforman3e in +a0ing

the interest, or +remiums are the same. Page 32 of 132.

WAssets of the

e1tor 3an also 1e h0+othe3ate

!to +le ge something as a

se3urit0 2ithout ta5ing +ossession of it) as se3urit0 10 the len er or un er2riter. %he Fe eral &eser#e A3t sti+ulate that the interest on the e1t 2as to 1e +ai

in gol . %here 2as no sti+ulation in the Fe eral &eser#e A3t for e#er +a0ing the +rin3i+le. W*rior to 9>9:, most Ameri3ans o2ne 3lear, allo ial title to +ro+ert0, free an

3lear of an0 liens or mortgages until the Fe eral &eser#e A3t !9>9:) WH0+othe3ate X all +ro+ert0 2ithin the fe eral (nite States to the Coar of

)o#ernors of the Fe eral &eser#e in 2hi3h the %rustees !sto35hol ers) hel legal title. %he (. S. 3iti4en !tenant, fran3hisee) 2as registere of the trust #ia his B her 1irth 3ertifi3ate. h0+othe3ate all of the +resent an as a W1enefi3iar0X States

'n 9>::, the fe eral (nite

future +ro+erties, assets an

la1or of their

Wsu1Ae3tsX the 9;th8Amen ment (. S. 3iti4en to the Fe eral &eser#e S0stem. W'n return, the Fe eral &eser#e S0stem agree to e/ten the fe eral (nite ,i5e an0 other States

3or+oration all the 3re it Wmone0 su1stituteX it nee e . the fe eral (nite States go#ernment ha

e1tor,

to assign 3ollateral an

se3urit0 to their i nPt ha#e

3re itors as a 3on ition of the loan. an0 assets, the0 assigne

Sin3e the fe eral (nite

States

the +ri#ate +ro+ert0 of their We3onomi3 sla#es,X the e1t. %he0 also

(. S. 3iti4ens, as 3ollateral against the un+a0a1le fe eral +le ge the unin3or+orate

fe eral territories, national +ar5s, forests, 1irth e1t.

3ertifi3ates, an

non+rofit organi4ations, as 3ollateral against the fe eral Page 33 of 132.

WAll has alrea 0 1een transferre (n2ittingl0, Ameri3a has returne 2here10 all lan to hol is hel

as +a0ment to the international 1an5ers. to its +re8Ameri3an &e#olution, feu al roots, the 3ommon +eo+le ha no rights

10 a so#ereign an

allo ial title to +ro+ert0.

On3e again, "e the *eo+le are the tenants an

share3ro++ers renting our o2n +ro+ert0 from a So#ereign in the guise of the Fe eral &eser#e Can5. "e the *eo+le ha#e e/3hange one master for another. 5no2le geX

W%his has 1een going on for o#er eight0 0ears 2ithout the Winforme of the Ameri3an *eo+le? 2ithout a #oi3e +rotesting lou to gras+ 2h0 Ameri3a is fun amentall0 1an5ru+t. "h0 enough.

No2 itPs eas0

onPt more +eo+le o2n to the hilt an oes

their +ro+erties outrightL "h0 are ><Y of Ameri3ans mortgage ha#e little or no assets after all e1ts an

lia1ilities ha#e 1een +ai L "h0 getting less an lessL

it feel li5e 0ou are 2or5ing har er an

har er an

W"e are rea+ing 2hat has 1een so2n, an 1an5ru+t30, an of life.

the results of our har#est is a +ainful a 2a0 to

a fore3losure on Ameri3an +ro+ert0, +re3ious li1erties, an re+resentati#es in "ashington, D. C. ha#e States is 1an5ru+t. are

Fe2 of our ele3te

tell the truth. %he fe eral (nite this un+a0a1le e1t, an

Our 3hil ren 2ill inherit

the t0rann0 to enfor3e +a0ing it. Ameri3a has 1e3ome lea ershi+, finan3ial 3re it, an its re+utation for

3om+letel0 1an5ru+t in 2orl 3ourage, #ision, an 1an5ru+t30, an

human rights. %his is an un e3lare

e3onomi3 2ar,

e3onomi3 sla#er0 of the most 3orru+t or erV

"a5e u+ Ameri3aV %a5e 1a35 0our Countr0.X Page 144 of 132.

/o'e-e&1n Ame-&6an C&*&Ken/2&3< %he follo2ing fa3ts are +resente su++orte as histori3all0 3orre3t +roof, an all 2ill 1e to 1e

10 un@uestiona1le e#i en3e. egra ing !an

Nothing in this e#aluation is inten e

isres+e3tful or

3ertainl0 not ra3ist) to2ar un erstan

an0 grou+ of +eo+le? status,

ho2e#er, in or er to 5no2 an one must first un erstan

the truth a1out our rights an

ho2 2e got into the +osition that 2e 3urrentl0 o33u+0. of histori3al re#ision. %he unite states of Ameri3a

%he follo2ing fa3ts are #oi

a3tuall0 3ame into 1eing on Jul0 ;th, 9DDE, 2ith the signing of the ''De3laration of 'n e+en en3e.'' %he ''Arti3les of Confe eration,'' agree 9D79, 3reate the ''(nion of the States,'' an elegate to in 9DDD an ratifie in

a +ortion of their so#ereignt0 e3lare in Arti3le ': ''0he %he 9: Colonies

to this ne2 Confe era30 or (nion. %his 3onfe eration

"tile of this +onfederacy shall be the !nited "tates of 5merica.6 e3lare 3reate free an themsel#es to 1e ''<ree and ;ndependent "tates,'' an these ''<ree and ;ndependent "tates'' 2oul

the *eo+le 2ho

li5e2ise, of ne3essit0, ha#e 1een not ha#e ha the authorit0 to

in e+en ent themsel#es, other2ise the0 2oul to ha#e 3reate

enter into su3h an agreement an Critish Cro2n, 2hi3h ha Colonies an an

a free an

in e+en ent state. %he

+re#iousl0 3laime

the right of so#ereignt0 o#er the 9: free om of these states

its +eo+le, re3ogni4e

the in e+en en3e an

the *eo+le thereof 2ith the ''%reat0 of *aris'' in 9D7:, 2herein the follo2ing Page 141 of 132.

@uote from that

o3ument enun3iates: ''His 8ritannic @a1esty ac'no&ledges the said

!nited "tates, vi ., Ne& Hampshire, @assachusetts 8ay, )hode ;sland and Providence Plantations, +onnecticut, Ne& 4or', Ne& Jersey, Pennsylvania, @aryland, Birginia, North +arolina, "outh +arolina and Georgia, to be free sovereign and independent states, that he treats &ith them as such, and for himself, his heirs, and successors, relin*uishes all claims to the government, propriety, and territorial rights of the same and every part thereof.'' %his +assage re+resents an a35no2le gment from

the most +o2erful earthl0 so#ereign of that time, Iing )eorge ''' of Englan , that the thirteen 3olonies B states of the Ameri3an (nion, aB5Ba ''0he !nited "tates of 5merica,'' 2ere so#ereigns of e@ual +o2er 2ith the 5ing. go#ernment Fthe Arti3les of Confe eration, an (n er the terms of their

later the Constitution for the unite from ''the +eo+le'' of those 'n or er to 3reate a an states

states of Ameri3aG, that ''so#ereignt0'' 2as e/ten e

3olonies B states, meaning ''the +eo+le'' 2ere the so#ereigns. more +erfe3t (nion, the +eo+le of ''the (nite esta1lishe

States of Ameri3a'' or aine

a 3onstitutional 3ontra3t !to in3lu e the 9: states) for a unite elegating a

form of go#ernment, 3reating a (nion go#ernment an of its so#ereignt0 to this unite

itional +ortion

states go#ernment. %his 3ontra3t, 5no2n as ''%he

Constitution,'' in Arti3le '$ Se3tion ;, guarantees to e#er0 state in this (nion a &e+u1li3an form of )o#ernment. %o un erstan the true nature of the o#erall

Page 142 of 132.

agreement to Aoin the states together in a (nion, 2e must first un erstan &e+u1li3 is. Cla35's ,a2 Di3tionar0 !hereinafter ''Cla35's'')

2hat a

efines ''&e+u1li3'' as:

''5 common&ealth, that form of government in &hich the administration of affairs is open to all of the citi ens. of its form of government.'' ;n another sense, it signifies the state, independently 't further efines ''&e+u1li3an go#ernment'' as, ''5

government in the republican form, a government of the people, a government by representatives chosen by the people.'' 'n other 2or s, a re+u1li3 is a go#ernment origin? an in 2hi3h the People o2n an 10 the

of 2hi3h ''the +eo+le'' are the sour3e an 3ontrol e#er0thing, an

the go#ernment ser#es at the 3on#enien3e an

+ermission of the People that it go#erns. 2hen referring to the go#ernment offi3ial.

Hen3e the term ''+u1li3 ser#ant'' is use Ho2 man0 +eo+le, to a0, 1elie#e that

go#ernment offi3ials trul0 a here to the meaning of ''+u1li3 ser#antL'' (n erstan ing the true meaning of &e+u1li3, 2e 3an see ho2 the in i#i ual state Citi4ens of the thirteen Colonies a3tuall0 o2ne e#er0thing. &emem1er, these +eo+le 2ere re1elling e#er0thing, an their main Cla35Ps

from a re+ressi#e go#ernment in 2hi3h the Iing o2ne

intent 2as to 1e3ome the ''so#ereign?'' a +osition al2a0s hel

10 the Iing.

efines ''so#ereign'' as, ''5 person, body, or state in &hich independent and supreme authority is vested, a chief ruler &ith supreme po&er, a 'ing or other ruler in a monarchy.'' 't is the main intent of these first Ameri3ans to 5ee+ for themsel#es Page 143 of 132.

an

their +osterit0 the things 2hi3h ha in the sovereignty? an

+re#iousl0 1elonge

to the Iing, an i .

those

things are #este

that is e%actly 2hat the0

(n erstan ing 2hat a &e+u1li3 an un erstan

a state Citi4en is, 2e 3an no2 further 2here the real +o2er is 1esto2e . he inten s to 5ee+ it that 2a0. He +o2er to

ho2 Ameri3a is forme , an

%he state Citi4en o2ns e#er0thing, an

elegates to his 3olon0 !or hereinafter also ''state'') the Auris i3tion an +erform 3ertain fun3tions' all 3ommon la2 in nature. +o2er for himself an his +osterit0. He 1asi3all0

He 5ee+s most of the real

elegates to the state the areas, 2hile he

Auris i3tion to a minister o#er him in a fe2, #er0 limite maintains the 1ul5 of the +o2er for himself.

He reali4es that in or er to li#e an

in a so3iet0 2ith other +eo+le, 3ertain la2s 2ill ha#e to 1e +asse maintaine

for the +rote3tion of the in i#i ual rights of the free inha1itants, i.e.,

state Citi4ens. At the same time, he has no intention of gi#ing u+ his o2n +ersonal free oms. 3oul 1e attaine So, he 3reates a s0stem 2here10 limite Auris i3tion o#er him un er the

onl0 if he first 1rea5s la2s that are

ul0 esta1lishe

''Common ,a2.'' %hus, the +o2er that is 3urrentl0 assume

10 the go#ernment

o#er almost e#er0 +hase of our li#es 2as never gi#en to the go#ernment o#er the Ameri3an Citi4en. So the @uestion that nee s to 1e ans2ere is ''Ho& did the

federal and state governments get the virtually un*uestioned po&er over all of the Page 144 of 132.

people &ho no& consider themselves to be 'citi ens of the !nited "tates'M'' un erstan un erstan

%o full0

the +osition that most Ameri3an Citi4ens are 3urrentl0 in, one must also the meaning of ''Auris i3tion.'' Cla35Ps efines ''Auris i3tion'' as, ''5 term

of comprehensive import embracing every 'ind of 1udicial actionC ;t is the po&er of the court to decide a matter in controversy and presupposes the e%istence of a duly constituted court &ith control over the sub1ect matter and the partiesC'' 'n other 2or s, for Auris i3tion to 1e 3laime , 3ontrol o#er 1oth su1Ae3t matter an the +arties is necessary. Juris i3tion is 5e0 to un erstan ing the so#ereign Ameri3an uties an o1ligations no2 +la3e u+on them One

Citi4ens' rights B status in 3ontrast to the

10 the go#ernment or ''+u1li3 trust'' no2 a3ting as the de facto go#ernment. must remem1er that all +o2er in our &e+u1li3 is +asse

from the so#ereign *eo+le ZAll +u1li3 +ro+ert0 an He +asse on a #er0 1e

to the state. %he de 1ure state Citi4en is the ''so#ereign.'' all +o2er an authorit0 1elongs to an are o2ne 10 him.

small +ortion of that +o2er to the state so that so3iet0 as a 2hole 3oul +rote3te . in so

Ho2e#er, it is im+ossi1le to gi#e a2a0 all of 0our +o2er, 1e3ause negate an0 +ortion of that 2hi3h 0ou ga#e a2a0, as

oing 0ou 2oul

there 2oul

1e no +o2er left to enfor3e the a3tion ta5en 10 0ou. %hin5 of a an assistant? an e#en if the O2ner ga#e still

3om+an0 in 2hi3h the O2ner hire

him full authorit0 o#er all o+erations 2ithin the 3om+an0, the O2ner 2oul Page 145 of 132.

maintain more +o2er than his ne2 em+lo0ee? 1e3ause if he 3oul hiring 2ith +o2er, his ne2 em+lo0ee 3oul

not su++ort his

not 3arr0 out his man ate in the fa3e

of 3hallenge. %herefore, the so#ereign state Citi4en must al&ays maintain more +o2er than an0one 2ho a3ts un er his authorit0. %he state re3ei#es all of its +o2er an authorit0 from the so#ereign state Citi4en? therefore, it must remain

se3on ar0 in +o2er to that of state Citi4en. Also, 1e a2are that the terms ''state Citi4en'' an ''Ameri3an Citi4en'' are s0non0mous, as the original state Citi4ens

1e3ame the original Ameri3an Citi4ens u+on the forming of the (nion? also 5no2n as ''the so#ereign Ameri3an *eo+le?'' an the Ameri3an Citi4enr0, an e/ist to a0. the +osterit0 of those Citi4ens ma5e u+

form the so#ereign Ameri3an *eo+le of *osterit0 as the0 ho2 our u+on the

Follo2ing the foregoing +rin3i+als, 2e 3an easil0 un erstan this go#ernment. +o2ers an limite First, the state Citi4en 1esto2e

forefathers esta1lishe state 3ertain limite a1ilit0 to ma5e an

Auris i3tion. "ithin those +o2ers 2as the 3ontra3ts as 2ere ne3essar0 to the

enfor3e la2s, treaties an

2elfare of the so3iet0, so long as the su1Ae3t matter 2as that for 2hi3h its Auris i3tion 2as gi#en. After Aust ha#ing 3ome out from un er a totalitarian go#ernment, the state Citi4ens reali4e , as istasteful as it 2as to them, that some form of ''fe eral go#ernment'' 2oul ha#e to 1e esta1lishe to o#ersee an e/+an e to

Au i3iar0 affor ing settlement in 3ontro#ersies arising 1et2een the states, an Page 146 of 132.

+ro#i e for the 3ommon

efense.

Ho2e#er, the0 2ere all sure that the0

not

2ant this ne2 ''monster'' in their o2n state, so the0 set asi e 9< s@uare miles of lan , a se+arate 3it08state aB5Ba the ''Distri3t of Colum1ia,'' to ser#e as the ''Seat of )o#ernment.'' %his go#ernment 2as elegate its authorit0 from the so#ereign it ha no

in e+en ent states, 5no2n also as the se#eral States of the (nion, an so#ereign authorit0 other than that 2hi3h 2as so#ereign States. %he +o2er an 2as 3learl0 Constitution. 3on itions an elineate , efine an authorit0 limite elegate

10 these in e+en ent

elegate

to the (. S. go#ernment

10 2a0 of the aforementione States )o#ernment'' ha u+on it 10 the

Eight 0ears after its formation, ''%he (nite terms efining authorit0 an limitation

elegate

in e+en ent States in 9D7> through a (nite

o3ument 5no2n as ''%he Constitution for the

States of Ameri3a'' !hereinafter ''Constitution''). "ithin the Arti3les of the Constitution, e#er0 +o2er gi#en to the (. S. go#ernment is the limitations are e/a3t. %he Constitution has 1een hel to

Confe eration an 3learl0 efine , an

1e 1oth a 3ontra3t an

''the supreme .a& of the .and'' 10 the (. S. Su+reme Court. the

%he 3ontra3t is a3tuall0 1et2een the States, on 1ehalf of the state Citi4ens, an (nite States go#ernment, an it is totall0 1in ing an

all8+o2erful. %he 2or ing For e/am+le, at Arti3le '$,

of the Constitution lea#es no room for misun erstan ing.

Se3tion ;, it states, ''0he !nited "tates shall guarantee to every "tate in this !nion a Page 14/ of 132.

)epublican <orm of Government...''

From this Arti3le, it is 3lear that ea3h State is Sin3e the 2or ''&e+u1li3'' means a an 3ontrolle

a &e+u1li3 e#en after the (nion 2as forme .

go#ernment ''of, for an 10 the +eo+le'' in 2hi3h e#er0thing is o2ne

10 the *eo+le, it 1e3omes 3lear that the *eo+le are su+erior to that go#ernment. Sin3e this ne2 go#ernment 2as grante (nite States go#ernment 3oul its authorit0 from the se#eral States, this

not 1e more +o2erful than the se#eral States? an 'n Arti3le J of the Amen ments !%he Cill

that is guarantee

in the Constitution.

of &ights), it states, ''0he po&ers not delegated to the !nited "tates by the +onstitution, nor prohibited by it to the "tates, are reserved to the "tates respectively, or to the people.'' &emem1er, the Constitution is in full effe3t to a0 as al2a0s

sin3e its in3e+tion. -et to a0, our States !S%A%ES) 3learl0 ta5e their or ers from the (nite States !(N'%ED S%A%ES), an the0 3ontinuall0 1o2 to the +resume this ''su+rema30'' of fe eral in the framing of

authorit0 of the (N'%ED S%A%ES.

So ho2 i

go#ernment ha++enL "e 2ill no2 loo5 at e/a3tl0 2hat ha++ene this 3ountr0's go#ernment. Citi4en) +asse

First, the +art0 2ith all the +o2er !the so#ereign 8 state on

on a +ortion of his +o2er to the state. %hen the State +asse States go#ernment. 'f 2e ma e a 3hart

a +ortion of its +o2er to the (nite sho2ing the +o2er stru3ture, it 2oul

loo5 something li5e this:

Page 142 of 132.

state Citi4en First 2ith unlimite +o2er. so#ereign 8 Deri#es his +o2er from the Creator 8 sour3e of all +o2er. State Se3on 2ith limite +o2er elegate 10 the Citi4en. Deri#es its +o2er ire3tl0 from the so#ereign 8 state Citi4en. (nite States ,imite +o2er elegate 10 States. Deri#es its +o2er from the se#eral States. As 0ou 3an see from this 3hart, all +o2er flo2s first from the Creator an from the so#ereign state Citi4en. %his 3hart 3an also 1e use rightsBstatus +rote3te to un erstan then the

10 the Constitution. %he Constitution is a 3ontra3t 2hi3h 't is a3tuall0 grante 10 the States 2ith the +ermission States go#ernment, .ost

reall0 in#ol#es three +arties. of the state Citi4ens, an 2hile reser#ing an

it 3learl0 limits the +o2er of the (nite

guaranteeing massi#e &ights for the state Citi4ens.

im+ortant to remem1er is that onl0 these three +arties are in3lu e Constitution. %he Auris i3tion that the States an (nite

in the

States ha#e o#er the state

Citi4ens arises onl0 u+on the 1rea5ing of one of the Constitutionall0 +asse Common ,a2s !2hether state or fe eral) un er 2hi3h a state Citi4en grants Auris i3tion in or er that those la2s might 1e enfor3e so3iet0. %hose la2s all re@uire that a3tual man or 2oman, or his +ro+ert0, 1e for the o#erall goo of

amage to another +art0, i.e., a sentient

one 10 the offen ing +art0, ''2ith intent,''

1efore an0 Auris i3tion o#er that state Citi4en is 1esto2e . %hatPs right, &ith intent. Page 143 of 132.

Not a single 3rime 3an 1e 3ommitte 2oul

a33i entall0. "ithout ''intent,'' the matter

1e 3i#il in nature. %o a0, that is not the 3ase, as there are a great num1er +unishment that 3an o33ur 2ithout

of ''offenses'' 2hi3h ha#e 3riminal effe3t an an0 ''intent'' on the allege that o not in#ol#e

offen er's +art. %here are also numerous ''3rimes'' to a0

amage of an0 5in . T2&/ e(30a&n/ w2!, &n ''"he 6and of the

@ree,'' one &n .&'e Ame-&6an/ 2a'e 5een &n6a-6e-a*e . T2a*'/ %GP o. o43o340a*&on= an one o4* o. e'e-! one-24n -e 3eo30e &n *2&/ 6o4n*-! a-e

64--en*0! &n6a-6e-a*e . T2e/e /*a*&/*&6/ a-e no* on0! *2e 2&12e/* &n *2e wo-0 , 54* *2e! a-e a0/o *2e 2&12e/* &n *2e -e6o- e oath, res+onsi1ilit0 is freel0 un erta5en, an un erstan 2&/*o-! o. *2&/ 30ane*. C0 s2orn to

all go#ernment offi3ials are re@uire

that the Ameri3an Citi4ens are the ''so#ereign?'' an

that the term ''+u1li3 Note that there 2ere Citi4ens from the

ser#ant'' truly a++lies to ea3h an e#er0 go#ernment offi3ial. #er0 fe2 3areer +oliti3ians, an that most 2ho ser#e

2ere goo

3ommunit0 2ho ga#e a fe2 0ears of their life to 1etter their 3ountr0. A far 3r0 from the +o2er83ra4e +oliti3ians 2e fin running the 3ountr0's go#ernment to a0, +o2er for their o2n +ersonal gain. #er0 2ell an

2ho use #irtuall0 all of their authorit0 an Ho2e#er, this s0stem esta1lishe

10 the foun ing fathers 2or5e

#irtuall0 2ithout in3i ent until the time of the Ci#il "ar. At that time there 2as sla#er0 in this 3ountr0. Sla#es 2ere not legall0 3onsi ere Page 114 of 132. Citi4ens, an so

therefore the0 ha than +ro+ert0.

no &ights.

'n short, these +eo+le 2ere legall0 nothing more to free the sla#es 2ith the Eman3i+ation *ro3lamation,

,in3oln trie

1ut the su+reme 3ourt rule

that effort to 1e un3onstitutional, stating that 0ou 3oul So, at the en of the Ci#il "ar, in 97E=, an sla#es. %hatPs right? in fa3t,

not free another man's +ro+ert0.

in3re i1le situation arose. %he sla#es a3tuall0 remaine the0 1e3ame something 3alle from a 3on@uere ''1ount0.''

Count0 is 2hat a 3on@uering nation sei4es

nation. %he sla#es a3tuall0 1e3ame the +ro+ert0 of the (. S. States, as their ne2

go#ernment as result of its #i3tor0 in the Ci#il "ar. %he (nite o2ner, allo2e %he0 ha

the sla#es to start a3ting li5e free men? 1ut, in fa3t, the0 2ere not. a1uses 2ere 3ommon. Finall0 reali4ing the to +ass the in

no stan ing in the so3iet0, an

+ro1lem an

+light of the sla#es, the (nite

States go#ernment manage

%hirteenth Amen ment to the Constitution in 97ED, so sla#er0 2as fore#er en e this 3ountr0. them i

(nfortunatel0, the former sla#ePs 2oes 2ere not, 1e3ause sim+l0 freeing So in 97E7, the (nite States allege l0 +asse

not 3reate an0 ne2 3iti4ens.

the Fourteenth Amen ment in or er to affor

the former sla#es a e@uate +rote3tion an

+ri#ileges? therefore, a ne2 t0+e of 3iti4enshi+ 2as 1orn that of a ''citi en of the !nited "tates,'' or, a 3iti4en of the Distri3t of Colum1ia, as the t2o are s0non0mous un er the authorit0 of an o#er 2hom i the (nite +ursuant to the Fourteenth Amen ment. States go#ernment ha#e Auris i3tionL No2 as5 0ourself,

Certainl0 not the

Page 111 of 132.

state Citi4ens, unless the0 ha Auris i3tion? an

3ommitte

a 3rime, 2ith intent, un er 3ommon8la2

then onl0 to the e/tent that the +arti3ular 3rime 2as in#ol#e . States ha Auris i3tion 2ere the former

%he onl0 +eo+le o#er 2hom the (nite sla#es an

immigrants from other 3ountries 2ho sought 3iti4enshi+ after the Ci#il

"ar, 1e3ause no state Citi4enshi+ 2as a#aila1le to those ''persons.'' %he so#ereign state Citi4ens 2ere in no 2a0 affe3te 10 this ne2 t0+e of 3iti4enshi+. States asserts:

Conse@uentl0, %he Su+reme Court of the (nite

''"he rights of $iti)ens of the !tates, as such, are not under consideration in the fourteenth a end ent. "hey stand as they did %efore the adoption of the fourteenth

a end ent, and are fully guaranteed %y other provisions.'' !see (. S. # Anthon0) %he follo2ing 3ase la2 herein 3ite 3iti4enr0. re+resents affirmation of these t2o 3lasses of

-l' v Wil'ins is a 9;th8amen ment 3ase? the 3on3e+t of 2hi3h Fas enote

10 use of the term ''second1class citi)en'' G is true 3on3erning all fe eral 3iti4ens. 'n other 2or s, all fe eral 3iti4ens must 1e, 10 their #er0 efinition, a +erson 2ho

is K3om+letel0 su1Ae3tK to the Auris i3tion of the fe eral go#ernment Fsu3h as a 3iti4en of the Distri3t of Colum1iaG. $irtuall0 an0 legal 3on3e+t state 10 the

3ourts 3on3erning a 9;th8amen ment 3iti4en is o+erati#e u+on all fe eral 3iti4ens. >"he persons declared to %e citi)ens are, '(ll persons %orn or naturali)ed in the =nited !tates 'i.e. for er slaves and i igrants* and su%&ect to the &urisdiction

Page 112 of 132.

thereof.'

"he evident

eaning of these last words is not

erely su%&ect in so e

respect or degree to the &urisdiction of the =nited !tates, %ut co pletely su%&ect...> -l' v Wil'ins, 996 (. S. >;, 9<9, 9<6 !977;)? >"he privileges and i unities

clause of the 14th ( end ent protects very few rights %ecause it neither incorporates the 8ill of Cights nor protects all rights of individual citi)ens. 2"ee "laughter House cases, N= !. ". 7DO Wall.9 =O, >D .. -d. =GH 7DN?=93 Anstead, this provision protects only those rights peculiar to %eing a citi)en of the federal govern ent< it does not protect those rights which relate to state citi)enship.> Jones v 0emmer, 7:> F. Su++. 966E %een held not to %e protected fro >G the first eight a end ents have unifor ly state action %y the privilege and i unities

clause 'of the 14th ( end ent*.> Hague v +;/, :<D (. S. ;>E, =6< $olume 6< of Cor+us Juris Se3un um at 9D=7: >"he =nited !tates Hovern ent is a foreign

corporation with respect to a state.> N.4. v re @erriam, :E N.E. =<=, 9;9 N.-. ;D>? affirme 9E S. Ct. 9<D:? ;9 ,. E . 67D. Case: :8<7 C& <7> N *etition an >"here are, then, under our repu%lican for 3hallenge

to Auris i3tion :.

of govern ent,

two classes of citi)ens< one of the =nited !tates and one of the state.'' Gardina v 8oard of )egistrars of Jefferson +ounty, 9E< Ala. 9==? ;7 So. D77 !9><>) >"he govern ents of the =nited !tates and of each state of the several states are distinct fro one another. "he rights of a citi)en under one Page 113 of 132. ay %e +uite

different fro

those which he has under the other.'' +olgate v Harvey, 6>E (. S. >G rights of national citi)enship as distinct fro the

;<;? =E S. Ct. 6=6 !9>:=)

funda ental or natural rights inherent in state citi)enship.'' @adden v Kentuc'y, :<> (. S. 7:, 7; ,. E . =>< !9>;<) >At is +uite clear, then, that there is a

citi)enship of the =nited !tates, and a citi)enship of a state, which are distinct fro each other and which depend upon different characteristics or circu stances

in the individual.'' "laughter#House +ases, 7: (. S. !9E "all.) :E? 69 ,. E . :>; !97D:) >9e have in our political syste a govern ent of the =nited !tates and Each one of these govern ents is

a govern ent of each of the several !tates. distinct fro

the others, and each has citi)ens of its own...> !nited "tates v >"here is a difference %etween privileges and

+rui'shan', >6 (. S. =;6 !97D=) i

unities %elonging to the citi)ens of the =nited !tates as such, and those

%elonging to the citi)ens of each state as such.'' )uhstrat v People, =D N. E. ;9.

SAVING TO SUITORS CLAUSE< Affiant has no re3or nor e#i en3e that Affiant has not in3lu e an fortifie ,

2ithin the A miralt0, the KSa#ing %o Suitors ClauseK in his o3ument!s)? AD.'%: ,i1ellee!s) liste 2ithin sai o3ument!s) isBare re@uire granting +rote3tion an Page 114 of 132. to a mit to the truth an

fa3t that la2 is esta1lishe

suret0 to Affiant of all effe3ts

an

@ualities of the KSa#ing %o Suitors Clause?K i.e., ''C saving to suitors, in all

cases the right of a common la& remedy &here the common la& is competent to give it, and shall also have e%clusive original cogni ance 2and culpability of the !nited "tates to protect rights and status3 of all sei ures on landC'' First Ju i3iar0 A3t? 3ha+ter 6<, +age DD. Se+tem1er 6;, 9D7>. %herefore, 1e it 5no2n that this Affiant sa#ing to himself all an manifest un3ertainties an all manner of a #antage to the ,ia1le 3ontaine ne3essar0 to 1e non8

insuffi3ien3ies in the ,i1ellee!s) an

for the 3om+laint thereto, insomu3h thereof as is material an ans2ere , sa0s that 2ell an 3om1atant? has ne#er engage for +rofit an in3ur limite

true it is, though Affiant is neutral an

in 'nterstate, 'ntrastate or 'nternational Commer3e to

tra e 2ithout +a0ment of the assessment? has ne#er inten e

lia1ilit0, or to 1e3ome a Aoint tort8feasor, or +arti3i+ate as +art of a

Ktontine s3hemeK of a #oluntar0 Aoint mer3antile, maritime, a miralt0 a #enture for +rofit un er a +oli30 of limite en lia1ilit0 for the +a0ment of e1ts? an is an

3onsumer 2ho e/3hanges s2eat e@uit0 for goo s 3onsume

Affiant is

2rongl0 +resume

10 the &es+on ent to 1e a trustee E surety E franchisee, un er

et cetera, 2hose status B rights B free om B +ro+ert0 is no2 h0+othe3ate e3e+tion an

tort as 3ollateral for the Kemergen30K of the (.S. go#ernment, 2ithout that a further Kta5ingK

Affiant's 3onsent, nor that of Affiant's an3estors, an 2oul

1e a 3ontinuan3e of ine@uita1le +ra3ti3es. A itionall0, the KDo3trine of Page 115 of 132.

Ne3essit0K e/+ressl0 o#erri es an0 KDo3trine of Contri1utionK Affiant ma0 ha#e e#er +arti3i+ate in as 3ontinuit0 for a1solute sur#i#or8shi+, utili4ing the onl0

o+tion a#aila1le to Affiant as 3urren30 FFe eral &eser#e NotesG in the +u1li3 an +ri#ate se3tor, therefore not intentionall0 #olunteering, su1mitting, nor 3onsenting to ser#itu e, nor an0 6 compelled benefits of privilege 6 that the &es+on ent ma0 other2ise allege. %herefore, Affiant e3lares that he is not a trustee, surety,

franchisee, employee, et cetera, of an0 go#ernmental unit, agen30 nor trust.

TITLE %E, Se6. #888 H A m&-a0*!, ma-&*&me an %he

3-&Ke 6a/e/<

istri3t 3ourts shall ha#e original Auris i3tion, e/3lusi#e of the 3ourts of the !9) an0 3i#il 3ase of a miralt0 or maritime Auris i3tion, sa#ing to

States, of

suitors in all 3ases all other reme ies to 2hi3h the0 are other2ise entitle . Also, 6C the !nited "tates, ... &ithin their respective districts, as &ell as upon the high seas, 7a9 saving to suitors, in all cases, the right of a co on law re edy,

&here the common la& is competent to give it, and shall also have e%clusive original cogni ance of all sei ures on land,...6 %he First Ju i3iar0 A3t? Se+tem1er 6;, 9D7>? Cha+ter 6<, +age DD. %he Constitution for the (nite Ameri3a, &e#ise an Annotate Anal0sis an States of

'nter+retation, 9>76? Arti3le ''', o3ument

M 6, Cl. 9 Di#ersit0 of Citi4enshi+, (. S. )o#ernment *rinting Offi3e, >>89E, +. D;9. %hese fa3ts of histor0 an

la2 mo#e or reman Affiant out of

Page 116 of 132.

the Arti3le8' forum into Arti3le8''' Ka miralt0 an $elovio v 8oit an

maritime Auris i3tion.K See

man0 su1se@uent 3ases &e: %he Huntress, etc., sho2ing istri3t 3ourts of the (nite States in

re#enue 3auses un er the Auris i3tion of the Arti3le8''' Au i3iar0.

Cringing into light the re8+hrasing of Congress in the

3o ifi3ation of the 'sa#ing to suitors' 3lause of 9D7>, i.e., in the amen ment, Congress a mits it 3annot 3hange the intent of the 3lause. %he ol er rea ing a heres to t2o #alua1le +oints #$ %his reme 0 is K3ommon la2K as of 9D7> no 1len ing e@uit0 !Cennett # Cutter2orth, =6 ( S EE>)? an , %$ Courts of 3om+etent Auris i3tion .o ern usage of the Fsa#ing to suitorsG 3lause, as 2ell as earlier, a++l0 is+ute 1et2een t2o i#ersit0 of 3iti4enshi+ to State 3iti4enshi+ !a a State or (nite States 3iti4en

ifferent State Citi4ens) an

#erses a foreign 3iti4en. %he States 2ent 1an5ru+t in 9>:: 10 go#ernor's 3on#ention, lea#ing men an Auris i3tion. ''-%clusive admiralty 1urisdiction of federal courts under >N !"+" P D=== is limited to maritime causes of action begun and carried on in rem 2enrichment &ithout cause3, &hile under 6saving to suitors6 clause of P D===, suitor &ho holds in personam claim that might be enforced by suit in personam under admiralty 1urisdiction of federal courts may also bring suit, at his election, in Page 11/ of 132. 2omen the state? the 3ourt of 3om+etent

state court or on >co

on law> side of federal court.

.avergne v Western +o.

of North 5merica, ;nc. 7.a9 =?D "o >d NF? 7superseded on other grounds by statute as stated in +ramer v 5ssociation .ife ;ns. +o. 7.a 5pp Dst +ir9 DGGF .a 5pp .-A;" DG=?9.'' 6 Am Jur 6 AD.'&A,%- M 966. Sin3e the Enrollment onto the States

A3t of .ar3h :, 97E:, the (. S. go#ernment has 1een o#erlai an i#i e the (. S. go#ernment into militar0

istri3ts, 2ith a *ro#ost .arshall

o#er ea3h istri3t un er the De+artment of "ar. %his A3t forms the 1asis of our .ilitar0 Sele3ti#e Ser#i3e A3t of June 6;, 9>;7, 3. E6=, E6 Stat. E<; an 3o ifie to title =<, se3tions ;=98;D:. %he militar0 2as +la3e is

un er a miralt0

Auris i3tion 10 the la2 of +ri4e an

3a+ture un er KAn A3t to fa3ilitate Ju i3ial *ro+ert0, an for the 1etter

*ro3ee ings in A Au i3ations u+on Ca+ture

A ministration of the ,a2 of *ri4e.'' %his la2 forms the 3urrent 1asis of title 9<, se3tions DE=98DE79 of the .ilitar0 Co e of Justi3e. %his la2 2as +asse .ar3h 6=, 97E6, un er the 'nsurre3tion Q &e1ellion A3ts of August E, 97E9 an Jul0 9D, 97E6. 'n 9>:7, a 3hange 2as ma e from the English Common ,a2 to e3ision, 2hi3h is the

the Fe eral Common ,a2 un er the -rie v 0omp'ins im+etus for %he Clearfiel :E: !9>;:) an the0 a o+te

Do3trine un er +learfield 0rust +o. v !."., :97 (. S.

the !nited "tates v Kimbell <oods, ;;< (. S. D9= !9>>>), 2here

the (.C.C. &ules in formulating Fe eral Common ,a2. %his is

1e3ause .aritime Commer3ial %ransa3tions un er the (.C.C. are in i3ati#e of the Page 112 of 132.

Fe eral Common ,a2 of A miralt0 !see 'N%E&*OO, ,%D # CHA& -')H, 7>< F. 6D *). 9;=:) F9>7>G. %hen in 9>EE, E@uit0, Ci#il an A miralt0 2as merge un er one rule? un er the F.&.C.*. this is all lai out in #olume :6;, +g.

:6= of the F.&.D. FFe eral &ules De3isionsG? this means that 3ommon la2 is un er a miralt0. %his is 2h0 title 67 9::: ga#e the istri3t 3ourts of the (nite

States original Auris i3tion e/3lusi#e of the States for all 3ases of a miralt0 maritime Auris i3tion un er the sa#ing to suitors 3lause. %here10 3ommon la2 is #este in istri3t 3ourts of the (nite States, a33esse via the Sa#ing to Suitors States

Clause. Arti3le ''' Se3tion '' gi#es the

istri3t 3ourts of the (nite maritime Auris i3tion.

Au i3ial +o2er in all 3ases of a miralt0 an

%his is the onl0 si e of the 3ourt that has Arti3le8''' Au i3ial +o2ers un er the "ar *o2ers A3t of A miralt0. %his is the reason one 3annot or inaril0 fin a

3ommon8la2 reme 0 in state 3ourt. %he follo2ing la2s +ro#i e reme 0 un er the 3ommon la2 2ithin the a miralt0: #. %he suits in A miralt0 A3t ;E (.S.C.A. A++en i/ se3tions D;98D=6. %. %he A miralt0 E/tension A3t ;E (.S.C.A. Se3tion D;<. 8. %he Cills of ,a ing A3t title ;> (.S.C.A. Cha+ter 9;D se3tion 9;D<E. 9. %he *u1li3 $essels A3t ;E (.S.C.A. A++en i/ se3tions D798D><. @. %he Foreign So#ereign 'mmunities A3t title 67 se3tions 9E<689E99. B. %he S+e3ial maritime an territorial Auris i3tion of the (nite States title 97

se3tion D !9) a 3iti4en of the (nite

States is a #essel. !:) An0 lan s

Page 113 of 132.

reser#e

or a3@uire

for the use of the (nite

States, irres+e3ti#e of i+lomati3, 3onsular,

o2nershi+ !A) the +remises of the (nite militar0. . . an States an lan

States

a++urtenant or an3illar0 thereto. !C) resi en3es in foreign a++urtenant or an3illar0 thereto irres+e3ti#e of o2nershi+.

the lan

D. %he False Claims A3t of title :9 (.S.C.A. se3tion :D6> !a) !D). E. %he ,anham A3t of title 9= se3tion 996= !a). F. %he *ostal A33ounta1ilit0 an :E698:E>9. #G. %he A miralt0, maritime an *ri4e 3ases title 67 se3tion 9::: !9) !6). Enhan3ement A3t of title :> se3tions 98><7 Q

##. %itle =< A++en i/ se3tion D !3) sole relief Q reme 0 un er the tra ing 2ith the enem0 a3t Q !e) No +erson shall 1e hel res+e3t to an0thing one or omitte lia1le in an0 3ourt for or in

in +ursuan3e of an0 or er, rule, or

regulation ma e 10 the +resi ent un er the authorit0 of this a3t. %itle 67 (SC Se3. 9::: A miralt0, maritime an %he +ri4e 3ases states in +art:

istri3t 3ourts shall ha#e original Auris i3tion, e/3lusi#e of the 3ourts of the

states, of !9) an0 3i#il 3ase of a miralt0 or maritime Auris i3tion, sa#ing to suitors in all 3ases all other reme ies to 2hi3h the0 are other2ise entitle . %he Fe eral Statutes Annotate , $ol. > on +age 77 states: '' saving to suitors, in all cases, the right of a common la& remedy, &here the common la& is competent to give it.'' Hone ;ns. +o. v North Pac'et +o., :9 'o2a 6;6 !97D9). Su++lementar0 to general +rin3i+les of la2 a++li3a1le, unless is+la3e Page 124 of 132. 10

+arti3ular +ro#isions of the (niform Commer3ial Co e, the +rin3i+les of la2 an e@uit0, in3lu ing the la2 mer3hant an +rin3i+al an the la2 relati#e to 3a+a3it0 to 3ontra3t, uress, 3oer3ion, mista5e,

agent, esto++el, frau , misre+resentation,

1an5ru+t30, or other #ali ating or in#ali ating 3ause, shall su++lement its +ro#isions. A suitor therefore has the right to 1e trie though the 3ase 3omes un er a maritime Auris i3tion. eman at 3ommon la2, e#en One nee onl0 ma5e the

in his 1riefs to the 3ourt? i.e., in the s+a3e to the right of the 3enter of !9) the 3ase

the first +age, o++osite the 3a+tion of the 3ase, there shall 1e +la3e num1er, an eminent

!6) the nature of the a3tion? su3h as a miralt0, antitrust, 3ontra3t,

omain, frau , negligen3e, +atent, se3urities, etc. to 1e i entifie before an0 3ase 3an

%he Auris i3tion of a 3ase is re@uire +ro3ee .

'f a Au ge ta5es Au i3ial noti3e of the nature of a 3ase 2ithout +art0 5no2 in 2hat

3ommuni3ation of su3h to one of the +arties, ho2 3an sai terms he is to 3ou3h su3h 3aseL

Ce a2are that this is +re3isel0 2hat ha++ens

in "050- /< G-/)G;5 Bs. J/N $/-, A33usation Num1er 6<9<8D896:;=89. %herefore, Affiant enters une@ui#o3al for2ar e3laration o1Ae3ting to the 3ourt mo#ing that an0

until Auris i3tion is efine . Affiant also e/er3ises eman

original 3ontra3t !not a 3o+0) that is 1eing use

against him 1e 1rought for2ar . as e#i en3e. (n er the

A 3ourt at la2 re@uires the original 3ontra3t 1e entere Erie

o3trine "here there is no 3ontra3t, there is no 3ase. Page 121 of 132.

T2e Un6on/*&*4*&ona0 #9*2 amen men*< I. *retermitting the fa3t that there 2as ne#er a ul08enumerate @uorum i entifie

in 3onne3tion 2ith its +ro+osal, fifteen !9=) states out of the then8e/isting thirt08 se#en !:D) states of the (nion reAe3t the +ro+ose 9;th amen ment 1et2een the

ate of its su1mission to the states 10 the Se3retar0 of State on June 9E, 97EE, an .ar3h 6;, 97E7? there10 further nullif0ing an0 resolution thereof, an ma5ing

it im+ossi1le for ratifi3ation 10 3onstitutionall08re@uire e/isting states, as is enumerate

three8fourths of the then8

in the reAe3tions 10 the follo2ing states:

#. %e/as reAe3ts the 9;th amen ment on O3t. 6D, 97EE.99 %. 8. )eorgia reAe3ts the 9;th amen ment on No#. >, 97EE.96 Flori a reAe3ts the 9;th amen ment on De3. E, 97EE.9:

9. Ala1ama reAe3ts the 9;th amen ment on De3. D, 97EE.9; @. North Carolina reAe3te the 9;th amen ment on De3. 9D, 97EE.9=

B. Ar5ansas reAe3ts the 9;th amen ment on De3. 9D, 97EE.9E D. E. South Carolina reAe3ts the 9;th amen ment on De3. 6<, 97EE.9D Ientu350 reAe3ts the 9;th amen ment on Jan. 7, 97ED.97

F. $irginia reAe3ts the 9;th amen ment on Jan. >, 97ED.9> Page 122 of 132.

#G. ##. #%. #8. #9. #@.

.ississi++i reAe3ts the 9;th amen ment on Jan. :9, 97ED.6: ,ouisiana reAe3ts the 9;th amen ment on Fe1. E, 97ED.6< Dela2are reAe3ts the 9;th amen ment on Fe1. D, 97ED.69 .ar0lan reAe3ts the 9;th amen ment on .ar. 6:, 97ED. 66

Ohio reAe3ts the 9;th amen ment on Jan. 9E, 97E7.6; Ne2 Jerse0 reAe3ts the 9;th amen ment on .ar. 6;, 97E7.6= states, 2hi3h reAe3t the 9;th 10 the

%here is no @uestion that all of the a1o#e8liste amen ment, ha legall083onstitute

go#ernments? 2ere full0 re3ogni4e

fe eral go#ernment? an , 2ere fun3tioning as mem1er8states to the (nion at the time of their reAe3tion for the +ro+ose 9;th amen ment to the (. S. Constitution.

*resi ent Johnson, in his $eto message of .ar3h 6, 97ED,6E +oints out that: 6;t is not denied that the "tates in *uestion have each of them an actual government &ith all the po&ers, e%ecutive, 1udicial and legislative, &hich properly belong to a free "tate. 0hey are organi ed li'e the other "tates of the

!nion, and, li'e them they ma'e, administer, and e%ecute the la&s &hich concern their domestic affairs.6 'f further +roof is re@uire un er legall083onstitute to sho2 that the a1o#e8liste states 2ere o+erating mem1er8states to the

go#ernments 2hi3h 2ere re3ogni4e Page 123 of 132.

(nion at the time the0 reAe3te

ratifi3ation for the 9;th amen ment, their

ratifi3ation for the 9:th Amen ment un ou1te l0 affirms une@ui#o3al +roof of su3h? 2hereas, if the a1o#e8liste authori4e an re3ogni4e state legislatures 2ere not la2full0 an ul083onstitute , legall0

to a3t un er the authorit0 of a

organi4e , mem1er8state of the (nion at su3h time, the 9:th Amen ment 2oul not ha#e 1een su1mitte to their legislati#e 1o ies for ratifi3ation an ul08re3ogni4e #otes, 2oul thus 2oul the 9;th

not ha#e 1een ratifie ? nor, 1ut for their amen ment ha#e, li5e2ise, 1een su1mitte assem1lies for ratifi3ation. II.

to the a1o#e8liste

states' legislati#e

'n further re3ognition of su3h, on A+ril 6, 97EE, *resi ent An re2 Johnson issues +ro3lamation that: 6. . . the insurrection &hich heretofore e%isted in the "tates of Georgia, "outh +arolina, Birginia, North +arolina, 0ennessee, 5labama, .ouisiana, 5r'ansas, @ississippi and <lorida is at an end, and is henceforth to be so regarded.66> On August 6<, 97EE, *resi ent Johnson issues another +ro3lamation:< +ointing out the insurre3tion in the State of %e/as ha en e , 2herein he states:

6. . . the insurrection &hich heretofore e%isted in the "tate of 0e%as is at an end, Page 124 of 132.

and is to be henceforth so regarded in that "tate, as in the other "tates before named in &hich the said insurrection &as proclaimed to be at an end by the aforesaid proclamation of the second day of 5pril, one thousand, eight hundred and si%ty#si%.'' *resi ent Johnson's +ro3lamation of August 6<, 97EE, further +oints out the fa3t that the House of &e+resentati#es an Jul0 66n
:9

Senate ha#e a o+te

i enti3al &esolutions on for

an

Jul0 6Eth, 97E9,:6 stating that the Ci#il "ar 2as not 2age esta1lishe

the +ur+ose of 3on@uest or to o#erthro2 the rights an those states, 1ut to efen an

institutions of to

maintain the su+rema30 of the Constitution an rights of the se#eral states unim+aire ,

+reser#e the (nion 2ith all e@ualit0 an an

that as soon as these o1Ae3ts 2ere a33om+lishe , the 2ar ought to 3ease. III.

"hen the state of .ississi++i reAe3ts the 9;th amen ment on Januar0 :9, 97ED, ma5ing it the 9<th state to ha#e reAe3te the same, an there10 re+resenting

more than one8fourth of the total num1er of the :E states of the (nion as of that ate, the Amen ment faile of ratifi3ation in fa3t an in la2, an it 3oul

not ha#e 1een re#i#e an

e/3e+t 10 a ne2 t2o8thir s Joint &esolution of the Senate

House of &e+resentati#es in a33or an3e 2ith Constitutional re@uirement.

Page 125 of 132.

IV. Fa3e 2ith failure to ratif0 the 9;th amen ment, 1oth Houses of Congress +asse a3ts 5no2n as ''&e3onstru3tion

o#er *resi ent Johnson's #eto of three +ro+ose A3ts,'' 1et2een .ar3h 6 an et3., esignate

Jul0 9>, 97ED? 2herein the thir A3t, at 9= Stat. +. 9; state

remo#al 2ith K.ilitar0 for3eK the la2full083onstitute

,egislatures of the ten Southern states of $irginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, )eorgia, Flori a, Ala1ama, .ississi++i, Ar5ansas, ,ouisiana an %e/as. 'n

*resi ent JohnsonPs $eto message on the ''&e3onstru3tion A3ts,'' .ar3h 6, 97ED,:E he +oints out in etail the A3ts' un3onstitutionall08egregious nature, 10 stating:

6;f ever the 5merican citi en should be left to the free e%ercise of his o&n 1udgment, it is &hen he is engaged in the &or' of forming the fundamental la& under &hich he is to live. 0hat &or' is his &or', and it cannot properly be

ta'en out of his hands. 5ll this legislation proceeds upon the contrary assumption that the people of each of these "tates shall have no constitution, e%cept such as may be arbitrarily dictated by +ongress, and formed under the restraint of military rule. 5 plain statement of facts ma'es this evident. 6;n all these "tates there are e%isting constitutions, framed in the accustomed &ay by the people. +ongress, ho&ever, declares that these constitutions are not What, then,

Qloyal and republican,R and re*uires the people to form them ane&. Page 126 of 132.

in the opinion of +ongress, is necessary to ma'e the constitution of a "tate Qloyal and republicanMR 0he original act ans&ers the *uestionL Q;t is universal

negro suffrage,R a *uestion &hich the federal +onstitution leaves e%clusively to the "tates themselves. 5ll this legislative machinery of martial la&, military coercion, and political disfranchisement is avo&edly for that purpose and none other. 0he e%isting constitutions of the ten "tates conform to the ac'no&ledged ;ndeed, if there are degrees in

standards of loyalty and republicanism.

republican forms of government, their constitutions are more republican no&, than &hen these "tates ( four of &hich &ere members of the original thirteen ( first became members of the !nion.6 'n *resi ent JohnsonPs $eto message on the ''&e3onstru3tion A3ts,'' Jul0 9>, 97ED, he +oints out the insi ious nature of the ''&e3onstru3tion A3ts'' via the follo2ing: 60he veto of the original bill of the >d of @arch &as based on t&o distinct grounds, the interference of +ongress in matters strictly appertaining to the reserved po&ers of the "tates, and the establishment of military tribunals for the trial of citi ens in time of peace. 65 singular contradiction is apparent here. +ongress declares these local "tate

governments to be illegal governments, and then provides that these illegal governments shall be carried on by federal officers, &ho are to perform the very Page 12/ of 132.

duties on its o&n officers by this illegal "tate authority.

;t certainly &ould be a

novel spectacle if +ongress should attempt to carry on a legal "tate government by the agency of its o&n officers. ;t is yet more strange that +ongress attempts

to sustain and carry on an illegal "tate government by the same federal agency. 6;t is no& too late to say that these ten political communities are not "tates of this !nion. $eclarations to the contrary made in these three acts are

contradicted again and again by repeated acts of legislation enacted by +ongress from the year DNOD to the year DNO?. 6$uring that period, &hile these "tates &ere in actual rebellion, and after that rebellion &as brought to a close, they have been again and again recogni ed as "tates of the !nion. )epresentation has been apportioned to them as "tates.

0hey have been divided into 1udicial districts for the holding of district and circuit courts of the !nited "tates, as "tates of the !nion only can be districted. 0he last act on this sub1ect &as passed July >N, DNOO, by &hich every one of these ten "tates &as arranged into districts and circuits. 60hey have been called upon by +ongress to act through their legislatures upon at least t&o amendments to the +onstitution of the !nited "tates. 5s "tates they have ratified one amendment, &hich re*uired the vote of t&enty#seven "tates of the thirty#si% then composing the !nion. When the re*uisite t&enty#seven votes

Page 122 of 132.

&ere given in favor of that amendment ( seven of &hich votes &ere given by seven of these ten "tates ( it &as proclaimed to be a part of the +onstitution of the !nited "tates, and slavery &as declared no longer to e%ist &ithin the !nited "tates or any place sub1ect to their 1urisdiction. ;f these seven "tates &ere not

legal "tates of the !nion, it follo&s as an inevitable conse*uence that in some of the "tates slavery yet e%ists. ;t does not e%ist in these seven "tates, for they

have abolished it also in their "tate constitutions, but Kentuc'y not having done so, it &ould still remain in that "tate. 8ut, in truth, if this assumption that

these "tates have no legal "tate governments be true, then the abolition of slavery by these illegal governments binds no one, for +ongress no& denies to these "tates the po&er to abolish slavery by denying to them the po&er to elect a legal "tate legislature, or to frame a constitution for any purpose, even for such a purpose as the abolition of slavery. 65s to the other constitutional amendment having reference to suffrage 7the DHth 5mendment9, it happens that these "tates have not accepted it. 0he conse*uence

is, that it has never been proclaimed or understood, even by +ongress, to be a part of the +onstitution of the !nited "tates. 0he "enate of the !nited "tates

has repeatedly given its sanction to the appointment of 1udges, district attorneys, and marshals for every one of these "tates, yet, if they are not legal "tates, not one of these 1udges is authori ed to hold a court. Page 123 of 132. "o, too, both houses of

+ongress have passed appropriation bills to pay all these 1udges, attorneys, and officers of the !nited "tates for e%ercising their functions in these "tates. 65gain, in the machinery of the internal revenue la&s, all these "tates are districted, not as Q0erritories,R but as Q"tates.R 6"o much for continuous legislative recognition. fall far short of all that might be enumerated. 'no&n, has been fre*uent and un&avering. 0he instances cited, ho&ever, -%ecutive recognition, as is &ell

0he same may be said as to 1udicial

recognition through the "upreme +ourt of the !nited "tates. 60o me these considerations are conclusive of the unconstitutionality of this part of the bill no& before me, and ; earnestly commend their consideration to the deliberate 1udgment of +ongress. 6Within a period less than a year the legislation of +ongress has attempted to strip the e%ecutive department of the government of some of its essential po&ers. 0he +onstitution, and the oath provided in it, devolve upon the President the po&er and duty to see that the la&s are faithfully e%ecuted. 0he +onstitution,

in order to carry out this po&er, gives him the choice of the agents, and ma'es them sub1ect to his control and supervision. 8ut in the e%ecution of these la&s

the constitutional obligation upon the President remains, but the po&ers to Page 134 of 132.

e%ercise that constitutional duty is effectually ta'en a&ay.

0he military

commander is, as to the po&er of appointment, made to ta'e the place of its President, and the General of the 5rmy the place of the "enate, and any attempt on the part of the President to assert his o&n constitutional po&er may, under pretense of la&, be met by official insubordination. ;t is to be feared that

these military officers, loo'ing to the authority given by these la&s rather than to the letter of the +onstitution, &ill recogni e no authority but the commander of the district and the General of the army. 6;f there &ere no other ob1ection than this to this proposed legislation, it &ould be sufficient 2grounds to veto3.6 Conse@uentl0, no one 3an 3onten 2ere e#er, u+hel of )eorgia an as 1eing #ali that the ''&e3onstru3tion A3ts'' are no2, nor, an 3onstitutional. 'n a Aoint a3tion, the states the Se3retar0 of

.ississi++i 1rought suit against the *resi ent an

"ar !E "all. =<8D7, 9=; (.S. ==;), 2herein the 3ourt states: 60he bill then sets forth that the intent and design of the acts of +ongress, as apparent on their face and by their terms, are to overthro& and annul this e%isting state government, and to erect another and different government in its place, unauthori ed by the +onstitution and in defiance of its guaranties, and that, in furtherance of this intent and design, the defendants, the "ecretary of Page 131 of 132.

War, the General of the 5rmy, and @a1or#General Pope, acting under orders of the President, are about setting in motion a portion of the army to ta'e military possession of the state, and threaten to subvert her government and sub1ect her people to military rule, that the state is holding inade*uate means to resist the po&er and force of the -%ecutive $epartment of the !nited "tates, and she therefore insists that such protection can, and ought to be afforded by a decree or order of this court in the premises.6 %he a++li3ations for inAun3tion 10 these t2o states to +rohi1it the E/e3uti#e De+artment from 3arr0ing out the +ro#isions of the ''&e3onstru3tion A3ts'' ire3te to the o#erthro2 of their go#ernment, in3lu ing the issolution of their state legislatures, 2ere into three great enie on the groun s that the organi4ation of the go#ernment Au i3ial, 3arrie

e+artments, the e/e3uti#e, legislati#e an

limitations of the +o2ers of ea3h 10 the Constitution. %his 3ase 2ent the same 2a0 as the +re#ious 3ase of .ississi++i against *resi ent Johnson, an ismisse A3ts.'' 'n another 3ase, e% parte "illiam H. .3Car le !D "all. =<E8=9=), a +etition for the 2rit of habeas corpus for unla2ful restraint 10 militar0 for3e of a 3iti4en not in the militar0 ser#i3e of the (nite States 2as 1efore the (nite States 2as

2ithout a Au i3ation u+on the un3onstitutionalit0 of the ''&e3onstru3tion

Page 132 of 132.

Su+reme Court. After the 3ase 2as argue 1efore 3onferen3e in regar to the

an

ta5en un er a #isement, an an re8

e3ision to 1e ma e, Congress +asse

emergen30 A3t, .ar3h 6D, 97E7, 9= Stat. at ,. ;;, #etoe +asse

10 the *resi ent an

o#er his #eto, re+ealing the Auris i3tion of the (. S. Su+reme Court in Cesmir3hing its o2n stan ing, honor an re+utation, the Su+reme

su3h 3ase. Court

ismisse

the a++eal 2ithout +assing u+on the 3onstitutionalit0 of the 10 the

''&e3onstru3tion A3ts'' un er 2hi3h the non8militar0 3iti4en is hel

militar0 2ithout 1enefit of the 2rit of habeas corpus, in #iolation of Se3tion >, Arti3le ' of the (. S. Constitution, 2hi3h +rohi1its sus+ension of the 2rit of habeas corpus. "ith su3h emergen30 A3t of .ar3h 6D, 97E7, Congress attem+ts to +la3e the ''&e3onstru3tion A3ts'' 1e0on a#oi ing tests of 3onstitutionalit0. Au i3ial re#ie2 an re3ourse, there10

't is re3or e

that one of the Su+reme Court

Justi3es, )rier, +rotests against the a3tion of the 3ourt as follo2s: 60his case &as fully argued in the beginning of this month. ;t is a case &hich

involves the liberty and rights not only of the appellant, but of millions of our fello& citi ens. 0he country and the parties had a right to e%pect that it &ould 8y the postponement

receive the immediate and solemn attention of the court.

of this case &e shall sub1ect ourselves, &hether 1ustly or un1ustly, to the imputation that &e have evaded the performance of a duty imposed on us by the +onstitution, and &aited for legislative interposition to supersede our action, and Page 133 of 132.

relieve us from responsibility.

; am not &illing to be a parta'er of the eulogy ; can only say . . . ; am ashamed that such

or opprobrium that may follo&.

opprobrium should be cast upon the court and that it cannot be refuted.6 (n er the un3onstitutional K&e3onstru3tion A3ts,'' those ten states 2ere organi4e into militar0 remo#e istri3ts, an their la2full083onstitute 2ere then re+la3e legislatures 2ere illegall0 10 rum+, so83alle

10 Kmilitar0 for3eK an

legislatures, se#en of 2hi3h 3arrie the 9;th amen ment as follo2s:

out militar0 or ers pretending to ratif0

Ar5ansas, A+ril E, 97E7?:D Flori a, June >, 97E7?:> North Carolina, Jul0 ;, 97E7?:7 ,ouisiana, Jul0 >, 97E7?;< South Carolina, Jul0 >, 97E7?;9 Ala1ama, Jul0 9:, 97E7?;6 )eorgia, Jul0 69, 97E7.;: an re+la3e 10

Of the a1o#e8se#en states 2hose legislatures 2ere remo#e rum+, so83alle

legislatures, si/ !E), i.e., ,ouisiana, Ar5ansas, South Carolina, )eorgia, ha +re#iousl0 ratifie not an 2oul the 9:th Amen ment?

Ala1ama, North Carolina an

2ithout 2hi3h the 9:th Amen ment 3oul

not ha#e 1een ratifie .

Page 134 of 132.

Furthermore, go#ernments of the states of ,ouisiana an Ar5ansas ha formerl0 reaffirme un er a +ro3lamation issue

1een

10 *resi ent A1raham ,in3oln,

De3em1er 7, 97E:?;; an

the go#ernments of North Carolina !.a0 6>, 97E=.;= ),

)eorgia !June 9D, 97E=.;E ), Ala1ama !June 69, 97E=.;D ), an , South Carolina !June :<, 97E=.;7 ), ha 1een formerl0 reaffirme un er +ro3lamation issue 10

*resi ent Johnson. %hese three K&e3onstru3tion A3ts,K;> un er 2hi3h the a1o#e state legislatures 2ere illegall0 remo#e legislatures are su1stitute un3onstitutional an a3tions +erforme a3tions an an unla2ful rum+ or +u++et, so83alle

in mo35 authorit0 to ratif0 the 9;th amen ment, are #oi , ab initio, not e/3lu ing an0 an all all

are null an

thereun er. %hose ''&e3onstru3tion A3ts'' of Congress, an in #iolation of

things one thereun er, are illegal, unla2ful an

Arti3le '$, Se3tion ; of the (nite

States Constitution, 2hi3h re@uires the

(. S. go#ernment to guarantee e#er0 state in the (nion a &e+u1li3an form of go#ernment, 2here10 2e the *eo+le are to 1e go#erne 10 ,a2 an not 10

ar1itrar0 1ureau3rats. %he0 also #iolate Arti3le ', Se3tion :, an , Arti3le $ of the Constitution, 2hi3h entitles e#er0 state in the (nion re+resentation 10 t2o !6) ul08ele3te state Senators, or e@ual suffrage in the Senate. V. %he Se3retar0 of State e/+resses re@uire states ha#e ratifie ou1t as to 2hether three8fourths of the

the 9;th Amen ment, as is sho2n 10 his +ro3lamation Page 135 of 132.

of Jul0 6<, 97E7.=< 10 the Senate an

*rom+tl0, on Jul0 69, 97E7, a Joint &esolution=9 2as a o+te House of &e+resentati#es ratifie e3laring that three8fourths of the

se#eral states of the (nion ha ho2e#er, alleges the +ur+orte

the 9;th amen ment. %hat resolution,

ratifi3ations 10 the unla2ful +u++et legislatures in

the fi#e !=) states of Ar5ansas, North Carolina, ,ouisiana, South Carolina an Ala1ama? all of 2hi3h ha their la2full083onstitute +re#iousl0 reAe3te the 9;th amen ment 10 a3tion of

legislatures, as sho2n a1o#e. %his Joint &esolution

assumes to +erform the fun3tion of the Se3retar0 of State in 2hom Congress, 10 A3t of A+ril 6<, 9797, has #este the fun3tion of issuing su3h +ro3lamation

e3laring the ratifi3ation of Constitutional Amen ments. %he Se3retar0 of State 1o2e to the a3tion of Congress, an issue his +ro3lamation of Jul0 67, 97E7,=6

in 2hi3h he state

that he 2as a3ting un er authorit0 of the A3t of A+ril 6<,

9797, 1ut +ursuant to the &esolution of Jul0 69, 97E7. %he Joint &esolution of Congress, an +ur+orte the resulting +ro3lamation 10 the Se3retar0 of State, also in3lu es Ne2 Jerse0, e#en though the states, se#eral

ratifi3ations 10 the states of Ohio an

+ro3lamation re3ogni4es the fa3t that the legislatures of sai months +re#iousl0, ha

effe3ti#el0 2ith ra2n their ratifi3ations, ultimatel0

reAe3ting the 9;th amen ment in Januar0, 97E7, an A+ril, 97E7. %herefore, e u3ting e#en these t2o states from the +ur+orte ratifi3ations of the 9;th

amen ment means that ratifi3ation 3an not 1e legall0 nor la2full0 3laime . Page 136 of 132.

From all of the histori3 fa3ts

o3umente

a1o#e an

1elo2, the truth is

ines3a+a1le? that, the 9;th amen ment: a$ 2as ne#er +ro+erl0 +ro+ose ? 5$ 2as ne#er +asse for ratifi3ation? 6$ 2as ne#er +ro+erl0 ratifie $ shoul 1e e3lare as an arti3le of un3onstitutional 10 an has

amen ment to the (. S. Constitution?

the 3ourts? e$ has a1solutel0 no la2ful effe3t 2hate#er? .$ is null, #oi a1solutel0 no legal effe3t 2hate#er. Arti3le $' of the (. S. Constitution ''"his $onstitution, and the 6aws of the =nited !tates which shall %e

e3lares: ade in

Pursuance thereof . . . shall %e the supre e 6aw of the 6and< and the ?udges in every !tate shall %e %ound there%y< any "hing in the $onstitution or 6aws of any !tate to the contrary notwithstanding . . . all e,ecutive and &udicial 0fficers, %oth of the =nited !tates and of the several !tates, shall %e %ound %y 0ath or (ffir ation, to support this $onstitution''. "herefore, since the =. !.

$onstitution stri-es with nullity the 14th a end ent, such is re+uired of the courts. VI. %he efen ers of the 9;th amen ment 3onten e3i e u+on its #ali it0. that the (. S. Su+reme Court has 'n 2hat is 3onsi ere

finall0

Su3h is not the 3ase.

their lea ing 3ase u+hol ing the 9;th8amen ment in Coleman #. .iller, =<D (. S. ;;7, => S. Ct. >D6, the (. S. Su+reme 3ourt oes not u+hol its #ali it0, 1ut,

rather, seems to state other2ise. For e/am+le, the 3ourt ma5es the assertion that: 60he legislatures of Georgia, North +arolina and "outh +arolina had re1ected the Page 13/ of 132.

2DHth3 amendment in November and $ecember, DNOO.

Ne& governments &ere

erected "no* e0e6*e QQQ$ in those "tates 7and in others9 under the direction of +ongress. 0he ne& "4n6on/*&*4*&ona0QQQ$ legislatures ratified the amendment, that

of North +arolina on July H, DNON, that of "outh +arolina on July G, DNON, and that of Georgia on July >D, DNON.6 %he 3ourt re3ogni4es the fa3t that the so#ereign state Citi4ens of )eorgia, North Carolina an an South Carolina, three of the original states of the (nion, 2ith #ali

e/isting Constitutions on e@ual footing 2ith all other original states of the those later a mitte into the (nion, all 2ere usur+e 10 2a0 of Nuestion:

(nion, an unele3te

legislatures 1eing un3onstitutionall0 installe

10 Congress.

"hat Constitutional rights oes Congress ha#e to re+la3e &e+u1li3an forms of ul083reate state go#ernments, installe 10 the so#ereign Ameri3an *eo+le, an state legislatures' reAe3tion for the

then re#erse the #otes of su3h

ul08re3ogni4e

9;th amen mentL %he ans2er is: B0BEI se#en other Southern states: #$ ha

%he fa3t that these three states, an as

e/isting Constitutions? %$ 2ere re3ogni4e again? 8$ ha alrea 0 1een 3alle

mem1er8states to the (nion, again an

u+on 10

Congress to a3t through their legislatures u+on t2o Amen ments the 9:th an 9;th? 9$ ha their state go#ernments reaffirme un er *resi ential *ro3lamations, asi e 10 Congress in

is seen 10 all, e#en the casual o1ser#er, as 1eing 1rushe

this statement 10 the 3ourt, that: 6 0he legislatures . . . had re1ected the 2DHth3 Page 132 of 132.

amendment . . . Ne& governments &ere erected in those "tates under the direction of +ongress. 0he ne& legislatures ratified the amendment 2Juo 9arranto:3''.

%he (. S. Su+reme Court hol s in "hite #. Hart, 97D9, 9: "all. E;E, E=;, that at no time 2ere these Southern states out of the (nion. %hough in Coleman the 3ourt i not a Au i3ate u+on the in#ali it0 of the A3ts of Congress 2hi3h a1olishe their state legislatures, the 3ourt legislatures ha alrea 0

set asi e those state Constitutions an

sim+l0 infers to the fa3t that the states' legall083onstitute reAe3te the 9;th amen ment, an

that these 6ne& legislatures6 2ere, 10 militar0

for3e, ''erected'', an

not 'elected.' Among the o1#ious fa3ts is that the state of ,egislature

$irginia 2as also one of the original states 2ith its Constitution an in full o+eration un er 3i#il go#ernment at the time, an

the fa3t that the other

si/ Southern states, 2hi3h 2ere gi#en the same treatment 10 Congress un er the un3onstitutional K&e3onstru3tion A3ts,K all ha legal Constitutions an &e+u1li3

forms of go#ernment in ea3h state, as is re3ogni4e a mission of those states into the (nion.

10 Congress 10 2a0 of its

E#er0 3ourt 3ertainl0 must ta5e 10 Congress into

Au i3ial 3ogni4an3e of the fa3t that 1efore an0 state is a mitte

the (nion, Congress +asses an Ena1ling A3t, re3ogni4ing the so#ereign +o2ers of the inha1itants of the territor0 to a o+t a Constitution, an to set u+ a &e+u1li3

form of go#ernment as a 3on ition +re3e ent to the a mission of that state into the (nion? an u+on a++ro#al of su3h Constitution, Congress then +asses the A3t Page 133 of 132.

of A mission for su3h state into the (nion. All of this is ignore asi e 10 Congress in the ''&e3onstru3tion A3ts.''

an

1rushe

'n Coleman, the 3ourt sa0s:

6Whenever official notice is received at the $epartment of "tate that any amendment proposed to the +onstitution of the !nited "tates has been adopted, according to the provisions of the +onstitution, the "ecretary of "tate shall forth&ith cause the amendment to be published, &ith his certificate, specifying the "tates by &hich the same may have been adopted, and that the same has become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the +onstitution of the !nited "tates.6 'n Ha2se #. Smith, 9>6<, 6=: (. S. 669, ;< S. Ct. 66D, the (. S. Su+reme Court unmista5a1l0 hol s: 6 0he fifth article is a grant of authority by the people to +ongress. 0he determination of the method of ratification is the e%ercise of a national po&er specifically granted by the +onstitution, that po&er is conferred upon +ongress, and is limited to t&o methods, by action of the .egislatures of three# fourths of the states, or conventions in a li'e number of states. Woolsey, DN Ho&. ==D, =HN, DS .. -d. HFD. might have adopted a different method. $odge v.

0he framers of the +onstitution

)atification might have been left to a

vote of the people, or to some authority of government other than that selected. Page 144 of 132.

''0he language of the article is plain, and admits of no doubt in its interpretation. ;t is not the function of courts or legislative bodies, national or

state, to alter the method &hich the +onstitution has fi%ed.6 't is here10 formall0 a mitte that in none of these 3ases 2hi3h the 3ourts a#oi in the 3om+osition of the Congress 2hi3h o the 3ourts e#er +ass to a o+t the Joint 6: of its their #otes on

the 3onstitutional issues in#ol#e a o+te

the Joint &esolution for the 9;th amen ment,

u+on the 3onstitutionalit0 of the Congress 2hi3h +ur+orte

&esolution for the 9;th amen ment, as 7< of its &e+resentati#es an Senators 2ere, in effe3t, for3i1l0 eAe3te or enie their seats an

the Joint &esolution +ro+osing the amen ment, in or er to +ass the same 10 a t2o8thir s #ote, as is +ointe out in the Ne2 Jerse0 ,egislature &esolution of

.ar3h 6D, 97E7. %he 3onstitutional re@uirements set forth in Arti3le $ of the Constitution +ermit the Congress to +ro+ose amen ments onl0 2hene#er t2o8 thir s of 1oth houses shall as then 3onstitute eem it ne3essar0? that is, t2o8thir s of 1oth houses Su3h a fragmentar0 Congress also

2ithout for3i1le eAe3tions.

#iolates the Constitutional re@uirements of Arti3le $? that no state, 2ithout its 3onsent, shall 1e e+ri#e of its e@ual suffrage in the Senate. %here is no su3h an ne#er legall0 ratifie

thing as gi#ing life to an amen ment illegall0 +ro+ose

10 three8fourths of the states. %here is no su3h thing as amen ment 10 la3hes? no su3h thing as amen ment 10 2ai#er? no su3h thing as amen ment 10 a3@uies3en3e? Page 141 of 132.

an

no su3h thing as amen ment 10 an0 other means, 2hate#er, e/3e+t 10 the in Arti3le $ of the Constitution itself. 't oes not suffi3e to sa0

means s+e3ifie

that there ha#e 1een hun re s of 3ases e3i e there10 su++l0 the 3onstitutional re@uire 10 Arti3le $.

un er the 9;th amen ment, an

efi3ien3ies in its +ro+osal or ratifi3ation as not @uestion the #ali it0 of

'f hun re s of litigants i i

the 9;th amen ment, or

@uestion the same +erfun3toril0, 2ithout su1mitting 2hi3h ma e its +ur+orte ratifi3ation

o3umentar0 +roof of the fa3ts of re3or

or a o+tion un3onstitutional, their failure 3annot 3hange the Constitution for the millions in Ameri3a. %he same thing is true of la3hes? the same thing is true of a3@uies3en3e? an , the same thing is true of all ill83onsi ere To a/6-&5e 6on/*&*4*&ona0 0&.e *o an a00e1e 5e&n1, a66o- &n1 *o /3e6&.&6 me*2o / 0a& w&*2o4* 3ourt e3isions, as:

amen men* w2&62 ne'e- 6ame &n*o own &n A-*&60e V, 6anno* 5e one

o&n1 '&o0en6e *o A-*&60e V &*/e0.. %his is true 1e3ause the onl0 9;th amen ment 1e3ame a +art 10 Arti3le $. An0thing 1e0on

@uestion o+en to the 3ourts is 2hether the allege of the Constitution through the metho s re@uire that 2hi3h a 3ourt is 3alle 2oul u+on to hol

in or er to #ali ate an amen ment

1e e@ui#alent to 2riting into Arti3le $ another mo e of amen ment 2hi3h 10 the so#ereign Ameri3an *eo+le. On this +oint, an ratifie in

has ne#er 1een authori4e

therefore, the onl0 @uestion is, 2as the 9;th amen ment +ro+ose a33or an3e 2ith Arti3le $L

'n ans2ering this @uestion, it is of no real moment Page 142 of 132.

that

e3isions ha#e 1een ren ere

in 2hi3h the +arties i

not 3ontest nor su1mit

+ro+er e#i en3e, nor, that the 3ourt assumed that there 2as a 9;th amen ment. 'f a statute ne#er in fa3t +asse a ministration an 10 Congress, 1ut through some error of re+orts of the statutes, an if,

+rinting got into the +u1lishe statute, 3ourts ha le#ie

un er su3h su++ose Citi4ens 3harge is3o#ere an

+unishment u+on a num1er of #olume 2as e#er +asse in

un er it, an

if the error in the +u1lishe

the fa3t 1e3ame 5no2n that no su3h statute ha

Congress, it is unthin5a1le that the 3ourts 2oul

3ontinue to a minister e3isions ha

+unishment in similar 3ases, on a non8e/istent statute 1e3ause +rior one so. 'f that 1e true as to a statute, 2e nee

onl0 reali4e the greater truth

2hen the +rin3i+le is a++lie Constitution. "hile the metho

to the solemn @uestion of the 3ontents of our of +ro+osing an else2here, it shoul the su1se@uent 1e note that

efe3ts in the metho

of 3om+uting Kratifi3ationK is 1riefe

the failure to 3om+l0 2ith Arti3le $ 1egan 2ith the first a3tion 10 Congress. %he #er0 Congress 2hi3h +ro+ose the allege 9;th amen ment un er the first

+art of Arti3le $ 2as itself, at that #er0 time, #iolating the last +art as 2ell as the first +art of Arti3le $ of the Constitution. "e 2ill see ho2 this 2as VII. %here is one, an onl0 one, +ro#ision of the Constitution for the (nite or e/+unge . States one.

2hi3h is fore#er immuta1le 2hi3h 3an ne#er 1e 3hange Page 143 of 132.

%he 3ourts 3annot alter it? the e/e3uti#es 3annot 3hange it? the Congress 3annot 3hange it? the states themsel#es e#en all the states in +erfe3t 3on3ert 3annot amen it in an0 manner 2hatsoe#er, 2hether the0 a3t through 3on#entions 3alle Not e#en the unanimous #ote of this +ro#ision. 't is a +er+etual

for the +ur+ose or through their legislatures. e#er0 #oter in these (nite States 3oul amen

fi/ture in the Constitution, so +er+etual an Ameri3an *eo+le e#er esire

so fi/e

that if the so#ereign 1e 3om+elle

to 3hange or e/3lu e it, the0 2oul

to a1olish the Constitution an

start afresh. %he unaltera1le +ro#ision is this:

6. . . that no "tate, &ithout its consent, shall be deprived of its e*ual suffrage in the "enate.6 A state, 10 its o2n 3onsent, ma0 2ai#e this right of e@ual suffrage, 1ut that is the onl0 legal metho 10 2hi3h a failure to a33or this immuta1le right of e@ual

suffrage in the Senate 3an 1e Austifie .

Certainl0 not 10 for3i1le eAe3tion an one for the a o+tion of the Joint

enial 10 a maAorit0 in Congress, as 2as &esolution for the 9;th amen ment.

Statements 10 the 3ourt in the Coleman 3ase

that Congress 2as left in 3om+lete 3ontrol of the man ator0 +ro3ess, an therefore it 2as a +oliti3al affair for Congress to 1een ratifie , e3i e if an amen ment ha

oes not s@uare 2ith Arti3le $ of the Constitution, 2hi3h sho2s no

intention to +ro#i e Congress +o2er to man ate 3riteria re8 efining the +ro3ess of Page 144 of 132.

ratifi3ation.

E#en a 3onstitutionall08re3ogni4e

Congress is gi#en 1ut one

#olition in Arti3le $? that is, to #ote 2hether to +ro+ose an amen ment on its o2n initiati#e. %he remaining ste+s 10 Congress are man ator0. of 1oth houses shall 'f t2o8thir s

eem it ne3essar0, Congress shall +ro+ose amen ments? if

the ,egislatures of t2o8thir s of the states ma5e a++li3ation, Congress shall 3all a 3on#ention. foun For the 3ourt to gi#e Congress an0 +o2er 1e0on that 2hi3h is 't is

in Arti3le $ is tantamount to 2riting ne2 material into Arti3le $. States 1e allo2e

in3on3ei#a1le that the Congress of these (nite 3om+el su1mission to, an that its efforts ha

to +ro+ose,

then gi#e life to an in#ali

amen ment 10 resol#ing

su33ee e

regar less of its 3om+lian3e 2ith the +ositi#e 1e ne3essar0 in sustaining

+ro#isions of Arti3le $.

No further 3itations shoul

the +ro+osition that neither the Joint &esolution +ro+osing the 9;th amen ment, nor its ratifi3ation 10 the re@uire three8fourths of the states in the (nion, are,

nor, 2ere e#er, in 3om+lian3e 2ith the re@uirements of Arti3le $ of the (. S. Constitution. "hen the man ator0 +ro#isions of the Constitution are #iolate , the Constitution itself stri5es 2ith nullit0 the A3t that i #iolen3e to its 9;th

+ro#isions. %hus, the Constitution stri5es 2ith nullit0 the +ur+orte amen ment. %he 3ourts, 1oun

10 oath to su++ort the Constitution, are there10

re*uired to re#ie2 ''a00'' of the e#i en3e herein su1mitte , an , measuring the fa3ts +ro#ing #iolations of the man ator0 +ro#isions of the Constitution 2ithin Page 145 of 132.

Arti3le $, finall0 ren er Au gment ha#e 1een a o+te the s2orn as re@uire

e3laring the +ur+orte

9;th amen ment ne#er to

10 the Constitution. %he Constitution ma5es it the Constitution 2hi3h stri5es 2ith

ut0 of all Au ges to u+hol

nullit0 the 9;th amen ment? as Chief Justi3e .arshall +oints out for a unanimous 3ourt in .ar1ur0 #. .a ison !9 Cran3h 9:E at 9D>): 60he framers of the constitution contemplated the instrument as a rule for the government of courts, as &ell as of the legislature.6 6Why does a 1udge s&ear to discharge his duties agreeably to the constitution of the !nited "tates, if that constitution forms no rule for his governmentM6 6;f such be the real state of things, that is &orse than solemn moc'ery. 0o prescribe, or to ta'e this oath, becomes e*ually a crime.6 60hus, the particular phraseology of the +onstitution of the !nited "tates confirms and strengthens the principle, supposed to be essential to all &ritten constitutions, courts, as &ell as other departments, are bound by that instrument.6 'f the fe eral 3ourts are refuse to hear argument on the in#ali it0 of the 9;th amen ment, e#en 2hen the issue is +resente e#i en3e is +resente s@uarel0 10 the +lea ings an the

as a1o#e, re3ourse must then ta5e the form of an arousal our institutions

of +u1li3 sentiment in fa#or of +reser#ing the Constitution an Page 146 of 132.

an

free oms un er 3onstitutional go#ernment, so that the future se3urit0 of our

3ountr0 2ill 1rea5 the +oliti3al 1arriers 2hi3h ma0 attem+t to +re#ent Au i3ial 3onsi eration of an0 an all su3h un3onstitutionalit0 1earing the li5es thereof.

''. . . for ; have s&orn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man.6 %homas Jefferson.

F4-*2e- no*e/ an 't must 1e note

en a<

that the &esolution +ro+osing the t2el#e se3tions 2hi3h to the states 2ith a signature, nor KCor2inK as

3om+rise the Cill of &ights 2as not issue

2ere num1ers 99, 96, nor the original 9:th amen ment. %he +ro+ose 9:th of 97E9 legali4ing Sla#er0 an a++ro#e 10 Cu3hanan t2o a35no2le ging states rights, signe

a0s 1efore ,in3olnPs inauguration, an

the Anti8

Sla#er0 Amen ment, signe 10 +resi ents.

10 then8*resi ent ,in3oln, 2ere the onl0 t2o signe

't ma0 1e hel+ful to 5no2 that the 9;th amen ment +ro3lamations Jul0 67, 97E7, note =:, 2ere issue as *resi ential

of Jul0 6<, 97E7, note =9, an E/e3uti#e Or ers.

*resi ential E/e3uti#e Or er No. E, issue as #ali , +ro#i e

Jul0 6<, 97E7: the 3onsent of

&atifi3ation of the 9;th amen ment 3ertifie Ohio an Ne2 Jerse0 1e eeme

as remaining in for3e

es+ite su1se@uent

2ith ra2al, signe

10 "illiam H. Se2ar , Se3retar0 of State, has the form of a Page 14/ of 132.

+ro3lamation.

*resi ential E/e3uti#e Or er No. D, issue as in effe3t an or ere

Jul0 67, 97E7: 9;th 10 "illiam H.

amen ment 3ertifie

+u1lishe , signe

Se2ar , Se3retar0 of State. %he foregoing is from *resi ential E/e3uti#e Or er %itle ,ist *resi ential E/e3uti#e Or ers, t2o #olumes !N.-.: Coo5s, 'n3., 9>;; Co+0right 10 .a0or of N.-. 9>;;), #ol. 9, ++. 986. 2hi3h has +er+le/e 'n this light, the 9;th amen ment,

man0, is an E/e3uti#e Or er, not an Arti3le of Amen ment States of Ameri3a? al1eit as a statute, 2oul Ho2e#er, 2hat really 3ounts are these +oints: in the Senate? via ha#ing a la2full08ele3te

to the Constitution for these unite so remain as an E/e3uti#e Or er. Ne2 Jerse0 is isfran3hise Senator a33e+te an

then reAe3te , therefore nullif0ing an0 6B: 8 :B; #ote?

OregonPs fault0 ratifi3ation #ote? 2here10 unla2ful state legislators are allo2e to 3ast #otes, an then, after finall0 1e3oming la2full083onstitute , 'too late,'

the state legislature's reAe3tion for the 9;th amen ment is eeme Non8re+u1li3an ''&e3onstru3tion'' go#ernments, as are im+ose for3e an

10 militar0

fiat in the Southern states, 3annot ratif0 an0thing? either the the 9:th amen ment is not, or the 9:th amen ment is legal

9;th is legal an an

the 9;th is not. 9;th amen ment to the (nite #oi States Constitution is an shoul 1e

%he +ur+orte hel

ineffe3ti#e, in#ali , null an

ab initio, an

un3onstitutional for the

Page 142 of 132.

follo2ing reasons: %he Joint &esolution +ro+osing sai a o+te 10 a Constitutionall08re@uire amen ment is not su1mitte to nor

Congress, +er Arti3le ', Se3tion :, an

Arti3le $ of the (. S. Constitution. %he un3onstitutional Joint &esolution is not su1mitte his a++ro#al, as re@uire to the *resi ent for

10 Arti3le ', Se3tion D of the Constitution. 9;th amen ment is reAe3te 10 more than 10

%he un3onstitutionall08+ro+ose

one8fourth of all the states then in the (nion, an

is ne#er ratifie

three8fourths of all the states then in the (nion, as re@uire of the (nite States Constitution. T2e Un6on/*&*4*&ona0 Con1-e//<

un er Arti3le $

%he (. S. Constitution +ro#i es in Arti3le ', Se3tion :: 60he "enate of the !nited "tates shall be composed of t&o "enators from each "tate.6 Arti3le $ +ro#i es: 6No "tate, &ithout its consent, shall be deprived of its e*ual suffrage in the "enate.6 %he fa3t that 67 Senators ha 1een unla2full0 e/3lu e from the (. S.

Senate, in or er to se3ure a t2o8thir s #ote for a o+tion of the Joint &esolution +ro+osing the 9;th amen ment, is sho2n 10 &esolutions of +rotest a o+te 10 the

follo2ing State ,egislatures, 2herein the Ne2 Jerse0 ,egislature, 10 &esolution of .ar3h 6D, 97E7, +rotests as follo2s: Page 143 of 132.

60he said proposed amendment not having yet received the assent the three# fourths of the states, &hich is necessary to ma'e it valid, the natural and constitutional right of this state to &ithdra& its assent is undeniable. 60hat it being necessary by the constitution that every amendment to the same should be proposed by t&o#thirds of both houses of congress, the authors of said proposition, for the purpose of securing the assent of the re*uisite ma1ority, determined to, and did, e%clude from the said t&o houses eighty representatives from eleven states of the union, upon the pretense that there &ere no such states in the !nionL but, finding that t&o#thirds of the remainder of the said houses could not be brought to assent to the said proposition, they deliberately formed and carried out the design of mutilating the integrity of the !nited "tates senate, and &ithout any prete%t or 1ustification, other than the possession of the po&er, &ithout the right, and in palpable violation of the constitution, e1ected a member of their o&n body, representing this state, and thus practically denied to Ne& Jersey its e*ual suffrage in the senate, and thereby nominally secured the vote of t&o#thirds of the said houses.6 9

'n the Ala1ama House Journal, 97EE, the Ala1ama ,egislature +rotests against 1eing e+ri#e of re+resentation in the Senate of the (. S. Congress6 !not 3ite ).

%he %e/as ,egislature 10 &esolution of O3to1er 9=, 97EE, +rotests as follo2s: Page 154 of 132.

60he amendment to the +onstitution proposed by this 1oint resolution as article A;B is presented to the .egislature of 0e%as for its action thereon, under 5rticle B of that +onstitution. 0his article B, providing the mode of ma'ing amendments

to that instrument, contemplates the participation by all the "tates through their representatives in +ongress, in proposing amendments. 5s representatives from nearly one#third of the "tates &ere e%cluded from the +ongress proposing the amendments, the constitutional re*uirement &as not complied &ith, it &as violated in letter and in spirit, and the proposing of these amendments to "tates &hich &ere e%cluded from all participation in their initiation in +ongress, is a nullity.6 : %he Ar5ansas ,egislature, 10 &esolution of De3em1er 9D, 97EE, +rotests as follo2s: 60he +onstitution authori ed t&o#thirds of both houses of +ongress to propose amendments, and, as eleven "tates &ere e%cluded from deliberation and decision upon the one no& submitted, the conclusion is inevitable that it is not proposed by legal authority, but in palpable violation of the +onstitution.6 ; %he )eorgia ,egislature, 10 &esolution of No#em1er >, 97EE, +rotests as follo2s: 6"ince the reorgani ation of the "tate government, Georgia has elected "enators Page 151 of 132.

and )epresentatives.

"o has every other "tate.

0hey have been arbitrarily

refused admission to their seats, not on the ground that the *ualifications of the members elected did not conform to the fourth paragraph, second section, first article of the +onstitution, but because their right of representation &as denied by a portion of the "tates having e*ual but not greater rights than themselves. 0hey have in fact been forcibly e%cluded, and, inasmuch as all legislative po&er granted by the "tates to the +ongress is defined, and this po&er of e%clusion is not among the po&ers e%pressly or by implication, the assemblage, at the capitol, of representatives from a portion of the "tates, to the e%clusion of the representatives of another portion, cannot be a constitutional +ongress, &hen the representation of each "tate forms an integral part of the &hole. 60his amendment is tendered to Georgia for ratification, under that po&er in the +onstitution &hich authori es t&o#thirds of the +ongress to propose amendments. We have endeavored to establish that Georgia had a right, in the first place, as a part of the +ongress, to act upon the *uestion, Q"hall these amendments be proposedMR -very other e%cluded "tate had the same right. 60he first constitutional privilege has been arbitrarily denied. 6Had these amendments been submitted to a constitutional +ongress, they never &ould have been proposed to the "tates. 0&o#thirds of the &hole +ongress

Page 152 of 132.

never &ould have proposed to eleven "tates voluntarily to reduce their political po&er in the !nion, and at the same time, disfranchise the larger portion of the intellect, integrity and patriotism of eleven co#e*ual "tates.6 = %he Flori a ,egislature, 10 &esolution of De3em1er =, 97EE, +rotests as follo2s: 6.et this alteration be made in the organic system and some ne& and more startling demands may or may not be re*uired by the predominant party previous to allotting the ten "tates no& unla&fully and unconstitutionally deprived of their right of representation to enter the Halls of the National .egislature. 0heir

right to representation is guaranteed by the +onstitution of this country and there is no act, not even that of rebellion, can deprive them of its e%ercise.6 E %he South Carolina ,egislature 10 &esolution of No#em1er 6D, 97EE, +rotests as follo2s: 6-leven of the "outhern "tates, including "outh +arolina, are deprived of their representation in +ongress. 5lthough their "enators and )epresentatives have been duly elected and have presented themselves for the purpose of ta'ing their seats, their credentials have, in most instances, been laid upon the table &ithout being read, or have been referred to a committee, &ho have failed to ma'e any report on the sub1ect. ;n short, +ongress has refused to e%ercise its Page 153 of 132.

+onstitutional functions, and decide either upon the election, the return, or the *ualification of these selected by the "tates and people to represent us. "ome of

the "enators and )epresentatives from the "outhern "tates &ere prepared to ta'e the test oath, but even these have been persistently ignored, and 'ept out of the seats to &hich they &ere entitled under the +onstitution and la&s. 6Hence this amendment has not been proposed by Qt&o#thirds of both HousesR of a legally constituted +ongress, and is not, +onstitutionally or legitimately, before a single .egislature for ratification.6 D %he North Carolina ,egislature +rotests 10 &esolution of De3em1er E, 97EE as follo2s: 60he <ederal +onstitution declares, in substance, that +ongress shall consist of a House of )epresentatives, composed of members apportioned among the respective "tates in the ratio of their population, and of a "enate, composed of t&o members from each "tate. 5nd in the 5rticle &hich concerns 5mendments, it is e%pressly provided that Qno "tate, &ithout its consent, shall be deprived of its e*ual suffrage in the "enate.R 0he contemplated 5mendment &as not proposed to the "tates by a +ongress thus constituted. 5t the time of its adoption, the eleven seceding "tates &ere deprived of representation both in the "enate and Page 154 of 132.

House, although they all, e%cept the "tate of 0e%as, had "enators and )epresentatives duly elected and claiming their privileges under the +onstitution. ;n conse*uence of this, these "tates had no voice on the important *uestion of proposing the 5mendment. Had they been allo&ed to give their votes, the

proposition &ould doubtless have failed to command the re*uired t&o#thirds ma1ority. 6;f the votes of these "tates are necessary to a valid ratification of the 5mendment, they &ere e*ually necessary on the *uestion of proposing it to the "tates, for it &ould be difficult, in the opinion of the +ommittee, to sho& by &hat process in logic, men of intelligence could arrive at a different conclusion.6 7 ?o&n* Re/o04*&on Ine..e6*&'e< Arti3le ', Se3tion D of the (nite ha#e 1een +asse States Constitution +ro#i es that e#er0 1ill shall the Senate of the (nite

10 the House of &e+resentati#es an that:

States Congress, an

6-very /rder, )esolution, or Bote to &hich the +oncurrence of the "enate and House of )epresentatives may be necessary 7e%cept on a *uestion of 5d1ournment9 shall be presented to the President of the !nited "tates, and before the "ame shall ta'e -ffect, shall be approved by him, or being Page 155 of 132.

disapproved by him shall be repassed by t&o#thirds of the "enate and House of )epresentatives, according to the )ules and .imitations prescribed in the +ase of a 8ill.6 %he Joint &esolution +ro+osing the 9;th amen ment> 2as ne#er +resente *resi ent of the (nite

to the

States for his a++ro#al, as *resi ent An re2 Johnson Joint &esolution

states in his message of June 66, 97EE.9< %herefore, the so83alle for the 9;th amen ment has ne#er ta5en effe3t.

%he Constitution for the (nite States of Ameri3a A&%'C,E $

.ODE OF A.END.EN%: %he Congress, 2hene#er t2o thir s of 1oth Houses shall eem it ne3essar0, shall +ro+ose Amen ments to this Constitution, or, on the A++li3ation of the ,egislatures of t2o thir s of the se#eral States, shall 3all a Con#ention for +ro+osing Amen ments, 2hi3h in either Case, shall 1e #ali to all 'ntents an *ur+oses, as *art of this Constitution, 2hen ratifie 10 the ,egislatures of three fourths of the se#eral States or 10 Con#entions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other .o e of &atifi3ation ma0 1e +ro+ose 10 the Congress? *ro#i e that no Amen ment 2hi3h ma0 1e ma e +rior to the -ear One thousan eight hun re an eight shall in an0 .anner affe3t the first an fourth Clauses in the Ninth Se3tion of the first Arti3le? an that no State, 2ithout its Consent, shall 1e e+ri#e of its e@ual Suffrage in the Senate.

) T2e a5o'e *-ea*&/e &/ *a:en &n 3a-* .-om *2e -e/ea-62 o. ?4 1e L. H. >e-eK.

%he #i#i +attern that has no2 +ainfull0 emerge is that K3iti4ens of the (nite StatesK are the inten e #i3tims of a ne2 sla#er0 that 2as +re i3te 10 the infamous ''Ha ard +ircular'' soon after the Ci#il "ar 1egan. %his Cir3ular a mitte that 3hattel sla#er0 2as oome , so the 1an5ers nee e to in#ent a ne& 5in of sla#es, or statutory slavery. Page 156 of 132.

9. Ne2 Jerse0 A3ts, .ar3h 6D, 97E7. 6. Ala1ama House Journal 97E7, ++. 69<869:. :. %e/as House Journal, 97EE, +. =DD. ;. Ar5ansas House Journal, 97EE, +. 67D. =. )eorgia House Journal, No#em1er >, 97EE, ++. EE8ED. E. Flori a House Journal, 97EE, +. DE. D. South Carolina House Journal, 97E7, ++. ::8:;. 7. North Carolina Senate Journal, 97EE8ED, ++. >68>:. >. 9; Stat. :=7 et3. 9<. Senate Journal, :>th Congress, 9st Session, +. =E:? House Journal, +. 77>. 99. House Journal 97E7, ++. =D78=7; Senate Journal 97EE, +. ;D9. 96. House Journal 97EE, +. E7 Senate Journal 977E, +. D6. 9:. House Journal 97EE, +. DE Senate Journal 97EE, +. 7. 9;. House Journal l7EE, ++. 69<869: Senate Journal 97EE, +. 97:. 9=. House Journal 97EE897ED. +. 97: Senate Journal 97EE897ED, +. 9:7. 9E. House Journal 97EE, ++. 67786>9 Senate Journal 97EE, +. 6E6. 9D. House Journal 97EE, +. 67; Senate Journal 97EE, +. 6:<. 97. House Journal 97ED, +. E< Senate Journal 97ED, +. E6. 9>. House Journal 97EE897ED, +. 9<7 Senate Journal 97EE897ED, +. 9<9. 6<. .3*herson, &e3onstru3tion, +. 9>;? Annual En303lo+e ia, +. ;=6. 69. House Journal 97ED, +. 66: Senate Journal 97ED, +. 9DE. 66. House Journal 97ED, +. 99;9 Senate Journal 97ED, +. 7<7. 6:. .3*herson, &e3onstru3tion, +. 9>;. 6;. House Journal 97E7, ++. ;;8=< Senate Journal 97E7, ++. ::8:7. 6=. .inutes of the Assem1l0 97E7, +. D;: Senate Journal 97E7, +. :=E. 6E. House Journal, 7<th Congress, 6n Session, +. =E: et3. 6D. 9: Stat. +. =ED. 67. 97 Stat. +. DD;. 6>. *resi ential *ro3lamation No. 9=:, )eneral &e3or of the (nite States, ).S.A., National Ar3hi#es an &e3or s Ser#i3e. :<. 9; Stat. +. 79;. :9. House Journal, :Dth Congress, 9st Session, +. 96: et3. :6. Senate Journal, :Dth Congress, 9st Session, +. >9 et3. ::. 9: Stat. +. DE:. :;. 9; Stat. +. 799. :=. 9; Stat. +. 79;. :E House Journal, :>th Congress, 6n Session. +. =E: et3. :D. .3*herson, &e3onstru3tion, +. =:. :7. House Journal 97E7, +. 9=, Senate Journal 97E7, +. 9=. :>. House Journal 97E7, +. >, Senate Journal 97E7, +. 7. ;<. Senate Journal 97E7, +. 69. ;9. House Journal 97E7, +. =<, Senate Journal 97E7, +. 96. ;6. Senate Journal, ;<th Congress. 6n Session. +. D6=. ;:. House Journal, 97E7, +. =<. ;;. $ol. ', ++. 6778:<E? $ol. '', ++. ;6>8;;7 W%he Fe eral an State Constitutions,X et3., 3om+ile un er A3t of Congress on June :<, 9><E, Fran3is %hor+e, "ashington )o#ernment *rinting Offi3e !9><E). ;=. Same, %hor+e, $ol. $, ++. 6D>>867<<. ;E. Same, %hor+e, $ol. '', ++. 7<>8766. ;D. Same, %hor+e, $ol. ', ++. 99E89:6. ;7. Same, %hor+e, $ol. $', ++. :6E>8:679. ;>. 9; Stat. +. ;6C, et3. 9= Stat. +. l;, et3. =<. 9= Stat. +. D<E. =9. House Journal, ;<th Congress, 6n . Session. +. 996E et3. =6. 9E Stat. +. D<7.

Page 15/ of 132.

T2e De60a-a*&on O. Anter1De3en en6e< &E: SENA%E &E*O&% NO. >:8=;>, Et3. 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 %he (nite States 2ent KCan5ru+tK in 9>:: an 2as e3lare so 10 *resi ent &oose#elt #ia E/e3uti#e Or ers E<D:, E9<6, E999 an E/e3uti#e Or er E6E<, FSee: Senate &e+ort >:8=;>, +gs. 97D Q =>; un er the K%ra ing "ith %he Enem0 A3tK FSi/t08Fifth Congress, Sess. ', Chs. 9<=, 9<E, O3to1er E, 9>9DG, an as 3o ifie at 96 ( .S.C.A. >=a. %he se#eral States of the (nion then +le ge the faith an 3re it thereof to the ai of the National )o#ernment, an forme numerous so3ialist 3ommittees, su3h as the KCoun3il Of State )o#ernments,K KSo3ial Se3urit0 A ministrationK et3., to +ur+orte l0 eal 2ith the e3onomi3 KEmergen30.K %hese Organi4ations o+erate un er the KDe3laration Of 'N%E& e+en en3eK of Januar0 66, 9>:D, an +u1lishe some of their a3ti#ities in K%he Coo5 Of %he States.K %he 9>:D E ition of %he Coo5 Of %he States o+enl0 e3lare that the +eo+le 2ho 2ere engage in su3h a3ti#ities as the FarmingBHus1an r0 'n ustr0 ha 1een re u3e to mere feu al K%enantsK on their ,an . FCoo5 Of %he States, 9>:D, +g. 9==G %his of 3ourse 2as 3om+oun e 10 su3h a3ti#ities as the price fi%ing of 2heat an grains FD (.S.C.A. 9><:G, @uota regulation 'D (.S.C.A. 9:D9G, an li#esto35 +ro u3ts FD (.S.C.A. 9><:G, 2hi3h ha#e 1een hel 3onsistentl0 1elo2 the 3osts of +ro u3tion? interest on loans an inflation of the +a+er KCills of Cre itK? lea#ing the foo +ro u3ers an others throughout the in ustr0 in a state of +eonage an in#oluntar0 ser#itu e, 3onstituting the ta5ing of +ri#ate +ro+ert0, for the 1enefit an use of others, 2ithout Aust 3om+ensation. Note: %he Coun3il Of State )o#ernments has no2 1een a1sor1e into su3h things as the KNational Conferen3e Of Commissioners On (niform State ,a2s,K 2hose Hea @uarters Offi3e is lo3ate at EDE North Street, Clair Street, Suite 9D<<, Chi3ago, 'llinois E<E99, an KallK 1eing Kmem1ers of the Car,K an o+erating un er a ifferent KConstitution An C08,a2sK has +romulgate , lo11ie for, +asse , a Au i3ate an or ere the im+lementation an e/e3ution of their +ur+orte statutor0 +ro#isions, to K[ hel+ im+lement international treaties of the (nite States or 2here 2orl uniformit0 2oul 1e esira1le.K FSee: 9>><B>9 &eferen3e Coo5, National Coun3il Of Commissioners On (niform State ,a2s, +g. 6G %his is a++arentl0 2hat &o1ert Cor5 meant 2hen he 2rote K[ 2e are go#erne not 10 la2 or ele3te re+resentati#es 1ut 10 an unele3te , unre+resentati#e, una33ounta1le 3ommittee of la20ers a++l0ing no 2ill 1ut their o2n.K FSee: %he %em+ting Of Ameri3a. &o1ert H. Cor5. +g.9:<G %he (nite States thereafter entere the se3on "orl "ar uring 2hi3h time the K,eague of NationsK 2as re8institute un er +retense of the K(nite NationsK an the KCretton "oo s Agreement.K FSee: E< Stat. 9;<9G %he (nite States, as a 3or+orate 1o 0 +oliti3 !artifi3ial), 3ame out of "orl "ar '' in 2orse e3onomi3 sha+e Page 152 of 132.

than 2hen it entere , an in 9>=<, again, e3lare Can5ru+t30 an K&eorgani4ation.K %he &eorgani4ation is lo3ate in %itle = of (nite States Co es Annotate . %he KE/+lanationK at the 1eginning of = (.S.C.A. is most informati#e rea ing. %he KSe3retar0 of %reasur0K 2as a++ointe as the K&e3ei#erK in Can5ru+t30. FSee: &eorgani4ation *lan No. 6E. = (.S.C.A. ><:. *u1li3 ,a2 >;8=E;, ,egislati#e Histor0, +g. =>EDG %he (nite States 2ent o2n the roa an +erio i3all0 file for further &eorgani4ation. %hings an situations 2orsene , ha#ing one 2hat the0 2ere Comman e NO% to o, FSee: .a ison's Notes, Constitutional Con#ention, August 9E, 9D7D, Fe eralist *a+ers No. ;;G an in 9>E= +asse the KCoinage A3t of 9>E=K, 3om+letel0 e1asing the Constitutional Coin !gol Q sil#er 3oin, i.e., Dollar) FSee: 97 (.S.C.A. ::9 Q ::6, (.S. #s. .arigol , =< (.S. =E<, 9: ,. E . 6=DG. At the signing of the Coinage A3t on Jul0 6:, 9>E=, ,0n on C. Johnson state in his *ress &elease that: K"hen ' ha#e signe this 1ill 1efore me, 2e 2ill ha#e ma e the first fun amental 3hange in our 3oinage in 9D: 0ears. %he Coinage A3t of 9>E= su+erse es the A3t of 9D>6. An that A3t ha the title: An A3t Esta1lishing a .int an &egulating the Coinage of the (nite States ...K KNo2 ' 2ill sign this 1ill to ma5e the first 3hange in our 3oinage s0stem sin3e the 97th Centur0. %o those mem1ers of Congress, 2ho are here on this histori3 o33asion, ' 2ant to assure 0ou that in ma5ing this 3hange from the 97th Centur0 2e ha#e no i ea of returning to it.K 't is im+ortant to ta5e 3ogni4an3e of the fa3t that NO Constitutional Amen ment 2as e#er o1taine to F(NDA.EN%A,,- KCHAN)E,K amen , a1ri ge, or a1olish the Constitutional man ates, +ro#isions, or +rohi1itions, 1ut ue to internal an e/ternal i#ersions surroun ing the $iet Nam "ar, et3., the usur+ation an 1rea3h 2ent 1asi3all0 un3hallenge an unnoti3e 10 the general +u1li3 at large, 2ho 1e3ame K[ a 2ealth0 man's 3annon fo er or 3hea+ sour3e of sla#e la1or.K FSee: Silent "ea+ons For Nuiet "ars, %.8S"D><=.9, +gs. E, D, 7, >, 96, 9: an =EG Congress 2as 3learl0 elegate the *o2er an Authorit0 to regulate an maintain the true an inherent K#alueK of the Coin 2ithin the s3o+e an +ur#ie2 of Arti3le ', Se3tion 7, Clauses = Q E an Arti3le ', Se3tion 9<, Clause 9, of the or aine Constitution !9D7D), an further, un er a 3orres+on ing ut0 an o1ligation to maintain sai gol an sil#er Coin an Foreign Coin at an 2ithin the ne3essar0 an +ro+er Ke@ual 2eights an measuresK 3lause. FSee also: Ci1le, Deuteronom0, Cha+ter 6=, #erses 9: through 9E, *u1li3 ,a2 >D867>, >E Stat. 9699G %hose e/er3ising the Offi3es of the se#eral States, in e@ual measure, 5ne2 su3h KDe Fa3to %ransitionsK 2ere unla2ful an unauthori4e , 1ut san3tione , im+lemente an enfor3e the 3om+lete e1au3hment an the resulting Kgo#ernmental, so3ial, Page 153 of 132.

in ustrial e3onomi3 3hangeK in the KDe JureK States an in (nite States of Ameri3a FSee: *u1li3 ,a2 >;8=E;, ,egislati#e Histor0, +g. =>:E, =>;=, :9 (.S.C.A. :9;, :9 (.S.C.A. :69, :9 (.S.C.A. =996, C. !Colora o) &.S. 998E989<9, C.&.S. :>86689<:.= an C.&.S. 9789986<:G, an 2ere an are no& un er the elusion that the0 3an o 1oth ire3tl0 an in ire3tl0 2hat the0 2ere a1solutel0 +rohi1ite from oing. FSee also, Fe eralist *a+ers No. ;;, Craig #s. .issouri, ; *eters ><:G 'n 9>EE, Congress, 1eing se#erel0 3om+romise , +asse the KFe eral %a/ ,ien A3t of 9>EE, 10 2hi3h the entire ta/ing an monetar0 s0stem, i.e., the KEssential EngineK, FSee: Fe eralist *a+ers No. :9G 2as +la3e un er the (niform Commer3ial Co e. FSee: *u1li3 ,a2 7>8D9>, ,egislati#e Histor0, +g. :D66, also see: C. !Colora o) &.S. =8 989<EG %he (niform Commer3ial Co e 2as, of 3ourse, +romulgate 10 the National Conferen3es Of Commissioners On (niform State ,a2s in 3ollusion 2ith the Ameri3an ,a2 'nstitute for the K1an5ing an 1usiness interests.K FSee: Han 1oo5 Of %he National Conferen3e Of Commissioners On (niform State ,a2s, !9>EE) E . +gs, 9=6 Q 9=:G %he (nite States, 1eing engage in numerous (.N. 3onfli3ts in3lu ing the Iorean an $iet Nam 3onfli3ts, 2hi3h 2ere un er the e/3lusi#e ire3tion of the (nite Nations FSee: 66 (.S.C.A. 67D G, an agreeing to foot the 1ill FSee: 66 (.S.C.A. 67DJG, though not 1eing a1le to honor their o1ligations an reh0+othe3ate e1t 3re it, o+enl0 an +u1li3l0 ishonore an isa#o2e their KNotesK an Ko1ligationsK F96 (.S.C.A. ;99G, i.e., KFe eral &eser#e NotesK, through *u1li3 ,a2 ><86E6, Se3tion 6, 76 Stat. =< !9>E7) to 2it: KSe3. 6. %he first senten3e of se3tion 9= of the Fe eral &eser#e A3t !96 (.S.C. :>9) is amen e 10 stri5ing 'an the fun s +ro#i e in this A3t for the re em+tion of Fe eral &eser#e notes'.K %hings stea il0 gre2 2orse an on .ar3h 67, 9>D<? *resi ent Ni/on issue *ro3lamation No. :>D6, e3laring an Kemergen30K 1e3ause the *ostal Em+lo0ees stru35 against the e fa3to go#ernment for higher +a0, ue to inflation of the +a+er KCills of Cre it.K FSee: Senate &e+ort No. >:8=;>. +g. =>EG Ni/on +la3e the (.S. *ostal De+artment un er 3ontrol of the KDe+artment of Defense.K FSee: De+artment Of %he Arm0 Fiel .anual. F. ;989< !9>E> e .)G K%he S0stem has 1een faltering for a e3a e, 1ut the 1en3h mar5 ate of the 3olla+se is +ut at August 9=, 9>D9. On this a0, *resi ent Ni/on re#erse (.S. international monetar0 +oli30 10 offi3iall0 e3laring the non83on#erti1ilit0 of the (.S. ollar FF.&.N.G into gol .K FSee: *u1li3 ,a2 >;8=E;, ,egislati#e Histor0, +g. =>:D Q Senate &e+ort No. >:8=;> Fore2or , +g. '''. *ro3lamation No. ;<D;, +g. =>D, :9 (.S.C.A. :9; Q :9 (.S.C. A. =996G Page 164 of 132.

On Se+tem1er 69, 9>D:. Congress +asse *u1li3 ,a2 >:899<, amen ing the Cretton "oo s *ar $alue .o ifi3ation A3t, 76 Stat. 99E, F:9 (.S.C.A. ;96G, an reiterate the KEmergen30K F96 (.S.C.A. >=aG, an Se3tion 7 of the Cretton "oo s Agreements A3t of 9>;= F66 (.S.C.A. 67EfG, 2hi3h in3lu e Kre+orts of foreign 3urren30 transa3tions.K FAlso see: E/e3uti#e Or er No. 9<<::G %his A3t further e3lare in Se3tion 6!1) that: KNo +ro#ision of an0 la2 in effe3t on the ate of ena3tment of this A3t, an no rule, regulation, or or er un er authorit0 of an0 su3h la2, ma0 1e 3onstrue to +rohi1it an0 +erson from +ur3hasing, hol ing, selling, or other2ise ealing 2ith gol .K On Januar0 9>, 9>DE, .arAorie S. Holt note for the re3or a se3on KDe3laration Of 'N%E& e+en en3eK an 3learl0 i entifie the (.N. as a KCommunistK organi4ation, an that the0 2ere see5ing 1oth +ro u3tion an monetar0 3ontrol o#er the (nion an the *eo+le through 'nternational Organi4ation, an +romoting the KOne "orl Or erK. F7 (.S.C.A. 99<9!;<)G !also see) F=< (.S.C.A. D79 Q D7:G %he so3ialBe3onomi3 situation 2orsene as note in the Com+laintB*etition file in the (.S. Court of Claims, Do35et No. ;98DE, on Fe1ruar0 99, 9>DE, 10 ;; Fe eral Ju ges. FAt5ins et al. #s. (.S.G At5ins et al. 3om+laine that KAs a result of inflation, the 3om+ensation of fe eral Au ges has 1een su1stantiall0 iminishe ea3h 0ear sin3e 9>E>, 3ausing ire3t an 3ontinuing monetar0 harm to +laintiffs ... the real #alue of the ollar e3rease 10 a++ro/imatel0 :;.= +er3ent from .ar3h 9=th, 9>E> to O3to1er 9, 9>D=. As a result, +laintiffs ha#e suffere an un3onstitutional e+ri#ation of earnings,K an in the +ra0er for relief 3laime K amages for the 3onstitutional #iolations enumerate a1o#e, measure as the iminution of his earnings for the entire +erio sin3e .ar3h >, 9>E>.K 't is @uite a++arent that the +ersons hol ing an enAo0ing Offi3es of *u1li3 %rust, Honor an for +rofit, 5ne2 of the emergent +ro1lem, or ''emergen30'', an sought +rote3tion onl0 for themsel#es, forsa5ing the amage an inAure Ameri3an *eo+le 2ho 2ere 3lassifie as Ka 3lu1 that has man0 other mem1ersK 2ho Kha#e no reme 0.K %hese Au gesBattorne0s, 5no2ing that KheinousK a3ts ha 1een 3ommitte , state that the0 2oul not a++l0 the ,a2, nor 2oul an0 su1stanti#e reme 0 1e a++lie K[ until all of us FAu gesG are ea .K Su3h o++ro1rium 3learl0 3onstitutes failure to re3ogni4e, honor an +rote3t the Constitutionall08guarantee rights of the Ameri3an Citi4ens an their *osterit0, as su3h is a 3lear 1rea3h of fi u3iar0 ut0 to u+hol an enfor3e the trust la2s 2hi3h are meant to +rote3t the estates against frau , a#ari3e an stealth0 en3roa3hment. FSee: At5ins et al. #s. (.S., ==E F.6 9<67, +g. 9<D6, 9<D;, %he %em+ting Of Ameri3a, su+ra, +gs. 9==89=>, also see: = (.S.C.A. =:<= Q =::=, Senate &e+ort No. >:8=;>, +gs. E>8D9, C. !Colora o) &.S. 6;8D=89<9G %his is #erifie in *u1li3 ,a2 >;8=E;, ,egislati#e Histor0, +g. =>;;, 2hi3h states: Page 161 of 132.

K.o#ing to a floating e/3hange rate for international 3ommer3e means +ri#ate enter+rise an not 3entral go#ernments 1ear the F+er3ei#e G ris5 Fan a1solute 3ontrolG of 3urren30 flu3tuations.K Numerous serious e1ates 2ere hel in Congress, in3lu ing 1ut not limite to %ues a0, Jul0 6D, 9>DE FSee: Congressional &e3or 8 House, Jul0 6D, 9>DEG, 3on3erning the 'nternational Finan3ial 'nstitutions an their o+erations. Congressman &on *aul, Chairman of the House Can5ing Committee, ma e numerous referen3es to the true +ra3ti3es of the K'nternationalK finan3ial institutions' 3on#ersion of 6D,<<<,<<< !6D million) in gol , 3ontri1ute 10 the (nite States as +art of its K@uota o1ligationsK, 2hi3h the 'nternational .onetar0 Fun !)o#ernor8Se3retar0 of %reasur0) sol FSee: *u1li3 ,a2 >;8=E;, ,egislati#e Histor0, +g. =>;= Q =>;EG un er some #er0 @uestiona1le terms an 3on3essions. FAlso see: %he &on *aul .one0 Coo5, !9>>9), 10 &on *aul, *lantation *u1lishing. 7:D ". *lantation, Clute, %e/as DD=:9G On O3to1er 67, 9>DD, the +assage of *u1li3 ,a2 >=89;D F>9 Stat. 966DG, e3lare most 1an5ing institutions, in3lu ing State 1an5s, to 1e un er ire3tion an 3ontrol of the 3or+orate K)o#ernorK of the 'nternational .onetar0 Fun FSee: *u1li3 ,a2 >;8=E;, ,egislati#e Histor0, +g. =>;6, (nite States )o#ernment .anual 9>><B>9, +gs. ;7<8 ;79G. %he A3t further e3lare that: K!6) Se3tion 9<!a) of the )ol &eser#e A3t of 9>:; !:9 (.S.C. 766a!1)) is amen e 10 stri5ing out the +hrase 'sta1ili4ing the e/3hange #alue of the ollar' ... K K !3) %he Aoint resolution entitle 'Joint resolution to assure uniform #alue to the 3oins an 3urren3ies of the (nite States, a++ro#e June =, 9>:: !:9 (.S.C. ;E:)' shall not a++l0 to o1ligations issue on or after the ate of ena3tment of this se3tion.K %he (nite States, as Cor+orator F66 (.S.C.A. 67Ee, et se@.G an KStateK FC. !Colora o) &.S. 6;8:E89<;, C.&. S. 6;8E<89:<9!h)G, ha e3lare K'nsol#en30K. FSee: 6E '.&.C. 9E=!g)!9), (.C.C. 986<9!6:), C.&.S. :>86689<:.=, "estfall #s, Crale0, 9< Ohio 977, D= Am. De3. =<>, A ams #s. &i3har son, ::D S.".6 >99 "ar #s. Smith, D "all ;;DG A +ermanent state of KEmergen30K 2as institute , ere3te an fomente 2ithin the (nion through the 3ontri#an3es, frau an a#ari3e of the 'nternational Finan3ial 'nstitutions, Organi4ations, Cor+orations an Asso3iations, in3lu ing the Fe eral &eser#e, their Kfis3al an e+ositor0 agent.K F66 (.S.C.A. 67E G %his has lea to su3h KEmergen30K legislation as the K*u1li3 De1t ,imit8 Calan3e Cu get An Emergen30 Defi3it Control A3t of 9>7=,K *u1li3 ,a2 >>89DD, et3. %he go#ernment, 10 1e3oming a 3or+orator, FSee: 66 (.S.C.A. 67E!e)G la0s o2n its so#ereignt0 an ta5es on that of a +ri#ate 3iti4en. 't 3an e/er3ise no +o2er 2hi3h is not eri#e from the 3or+orate 3harter. FSee: %he Can5 of the (nite States #s. *lanters Can5 of )eorgia, E ,.E . !> "heat) 6;;, (.S. #s. Curr, :<> (.S. 6;6G Page 162 of 132.

%he real +art0 of interest is not the e Aure K(nite States of Ameri3aK or KState,K 1ut K%he Can5K an ''%he Fun .K F66 (.S.C.A. 67E, et se@., C. !Color o) &.S. 998E<8 9<:G %he a3ts 3ommitte un er frau , for3e an sei4ures are man0 times one un er K,etters of .ar@ue an &e+risalK, i.e., Kre3a+ture.K FSee: :9 (.S.C.A. =:6:G Su3h +rin3i+les as KFrau an Justi3e ne#er 2ell togetherK F"ingate's .a/ims E7<G, an KA right of a3tion 3annot arise out of frau .K FCroom's .a/ims 6>D, D6>? Co2+er's &e+orts :;:? = S3ott's Ne2 &e+orts ==7? 9< .ass. 6DE? :7 Fe . 7<<,G An o not rightfull0 3ontem+late the thought 3on3e+t, as KDue *ro3ess,K KJust Com+ensationK an Justi3e itself. Honor is earne 10 honest0 an integrit0, not un er false an frau ulent +retenses, nor 2ill the 3olor of the 3loth one 2ears 3o#er8u+ the usur+ations, lies, tri35er0, an e3eits. "hen Cla35 is frau ulentl0 e3lare to 1e "hite, not all 2ill li#e in ar5ness. As astutel0 o1ser#e 10 "ill &ogers, K[ there are men running go#ernments 2ho shoul n't 1e allo2e to +la0 2ith mat3hesK, an is as a++li3a1le to a0 as Jesus' statements a1out ,a20ers ''"oe unto 0ou also, 0e la20ersV, for 0e la e men 2ith 1ur ens grie#ous to 1e 1orne.'' %he 3ontri#e Kemergen30K has 3reate numerous a1uses, usur+ations an a1ri gments of elegate *o2ers an Authorit0. As state in Senate &e+ort >:8=;>: K%hese +ro3lamations gi#e for3e to ;D< +ro#isions of Fe eral la2. %hese hun re s of statutes elegate to the *resi ent e/traor inar0 +o2ers, or inaril0 e/er3ise 10 the Congress, 2hi3h affe3t the li#es of Ameri3an 3iti4ens in a host of all8en3om+assing manners. %his #ast range of +o2ers, ta5en together, 3onfer enough authorit0 to rule the 3ountr0 2ithout referen3e to normal 3onstitutional +ro3ess. K(n er the +o2ers elegate 10 these statutes, the *resi ent ma0 sei4e +ro+ert0? organi4e an 3ontrol the means of +ro u3tion? sei4e 3ommo ities? assign militar0 for3es a1roa ? institute martial la2? sei4e an 3ontrol all trans+ortation an 3ommuni3ation? regulate the o+eration of +ri#ate enter+rise? restri3t tra#el? an in a +lethora of +arti3ular 2a0s, 3ontrol the li#es of all Ameri3an 3iti4ens.K FSee: Fore2or , +g. '''G %he K'ntro u3tion,K on +age 9, 1egins 2ith a +henomenal e3laration, to 2it: KA maAorit0 of the +eo+le of the (nite States ha#e li#e all of their li#es un er emergen30 rule. For ;< 0ears, free oms an go#ernmental +ro3e ures guarantee 10 the Constitution ha#e in #ar0ing egrees 1een a1ri ge 10 la2s 1rought into for3e 10 states of national emergen30 ...K A33or ing to the resear3h one in 9E Ameri3an Juris+ru en3e, 6n E ition, Se3tions D9 an 76, no Kemergen30K Austifies a #iolation of an0 Constitutional +ro#ision. Arguen o, KSu+rema30 ClauseK an KSe+aration of *o2ers,K it is 3learl0 a mitte in Senate &e+ort No. >:8=;> that a1ri gment has o33urre . Page 163 of 132.

%he statements hear in the Fe eral an State %ri1unals, on numerous o33asions, that Constitutional arguments are Kimmaterial,K Kfri#olous,K et3., are 1ase u+on the 3on3ealment, furtheran3e an 3om+oun ing of the Frau s an so83alle KEmergen30K 3reate an sustaine 10 the KE/+atriate ,K A,'ENS of the (nite Nations an its Organi4ations, Cor+orations, an Asso3iations. FSee: ,etter, 'nsight .aga4ine, Fe1ruar0 97, 9>>9, +g. D, ,o2ell ,. Flan ers, *resi ent, (.N. Staff (nion, Ne2 -or5G *lease note that 7 (.S.C.A. 9;79 is one of the 3ontrolling Statutes on e/+atriation, as is 66 (.S.C.A. E99, E96, Q E9: an =< (.S.C.A. D79. %he 'nternal &e#enue Ser#i3e entere into a Kser#i3e agreementK 2ith the (.S. %reasur0 De+artment FSee: *u1li3 ,a2 >;8=E;? ,egislati#e Histor0, +g. =>ED? &eorgani4ation *lan No. 6EG an the Agen30 for 'nternational De#elo+ment, +ursuant to %reasur0 Delegation Or er No. >9. %he Agen30 For 'nternational De#elo+ment is an 'nternational *aramilitar0 O+eration FSee: De+artment Of %he Arm0 Fiel .anual, !9>E>) F. ;989<, +gs. 98;, Se3. 98D!1) Q 98E, Se3tion 989<!D)!3)!9), 66 (.S.C.A. 67;G, an in3lu es su3h a3ti#ities as KAssum+tion of full or +artial e/e3uti#e, legislati#e, an Au i3ial authorit0 o#er a 3ountr0 or area.K FSee: F. ;989<, +g. 98D, Se3tion 99<!D)!3) !;)G also see, Agreement Cet2een %he (nite Nations An %he (nite States Of Ameri3a &egar ing %he Hea @uarters Of %he (nite Nations, Se3tion D! ) Q !7), 66 (.S.C.A. 67D !9>D> E .) at +g. 6;9. 't is to 1e further o1ser#e that the KAgreementK regar ing the Hea @uarters Distri3t of the (nite Nations 2as NO% agree to FSee: Congressional &e3or 8 Senate, De3em1er 9:, 9>ED, Congressman %hurmon G, an is illegall0 in this Countr0 in the first instant. %he 'nternational Organi4ation's intents, +ur+oses an a3ti#ities in3lu e 3om+lete 3ontrol of K*u1li3 Finan3eK, i.e., K[ 3ontrol, su+er#ision, an au it of in igenous fis3al resour3es? 1u get +ra3ti3es, ta/ation, e/+en itures of +u1li3 fun s, 3urren30 issues, an 1an5ing agen3ies an affiliates.K FSee: F. ;989<, +gs. 68:< through 68:9, Se3tion 6=9. *u1li3 Finan3eG %his of 3ourse 3om+lies 2ith KSilent "ea+ons For Nuiet "arsK &esear3h %e3hni3al .anual %.8S"D><=.9, 2hi3h is3loses a e3laration of 2ar u+on the Ameri3an +eo+le !See: +gs. : Q D)? monetar0 3ontrol 10 the 'nternationalist, through information, et3., soli3ite an 3olle3te 10 the 'nternal &e#enue Ser#i3e FSee: %.8 S\$D><=.9, +g. ;7, also see, 66 (.S.C.A. 67EF Q E/e3uti#e Or er No. 9<<::, 6E (.S.C.A. E9<:!5)!;)G, an 2hoe#er is o+erating an enfor3ing this se itious 'nternational +rogram. FSee: %.8S\$D><=.9, +g. =6G %he 9>7= E ition of the De+artment Of Arm0 Fiel .anual, F. ;989< further es3ri1es the 'nternational Organi4ation's KCi#il AffairsK o+erations. At +age :8E it is a mitte that the A.'.D. is autonomous an un er ire3tion of the 'nternational De#elo+ment Coo+eration Agen30, an at +ages :87, that the o+eration is K+aramilitar0.K %he 'nternational Organi4ation's intents an +ur+oses 2as to +romote, im+lement an enfor3e a KD'C%A%O&SH'* O$E& F'NANCE 'N %HE (N'%ED S%A%ES.K FSee: Senate &e+ort No. >:8=;>, +g. 97EG Page 164 of 132.

't a++ears from the o3umentar0 e#i en3e that the 'nternal &e#enue Ser#i3e Agents, et3., are KAgents of a Foreign *rin3i+alK 2ithin the meaning an intent of the KForeign Agents &egistration A3t of 9>:7.K %he0 are ire3te an 3ontrolle 10 the 3or+orate K)o#ernorK of K%he Fun K, also 5no2n as KSe3retar0 of %reasur0K FSee: *u1li3 ,a2 >;8=E;, su+ra, +g. =>;6, (.S. )o#ernment .anual 9>><B>9, +gs. ;7< Q ;79, 6E (.S.C.A. DD<9!a)!99), %reasur0 Delegation Or er No. 9=<89<G, an the 3or+orate K)o#ernorK of K%he Can5K F66 (.S.C.A. 67E an 67EaG, a3ting as Kinformation ser#i3e em+lo0ees'' F66 (.S.C.A. E99!3)!ii)G !note that the legal efinition for ''information'' is: 5n accusation e%hibited against a person for some criminal offense, &ithout an indictment. 5n accusation in the nature of an indictment, from &hich it differs only in being presented by a competent public officer on his oath of office, instead of a grand 1ury on their oath. C,ACI'S ,A" D'C%'ONA&-, ;th E ition, 9>E7), an ha#e 1een an o no2 Ksoli3it, 3olle3t, is1urse or is+ense 3ontri1ution F%a/ 8 +e3uniar0 3ontri1ution, Cla35s ,a2 Di3tionar0 =th e itionG, loans, mone0 or other things of #alue for or in interest of su3h foreign +rin3i+al F66 (.S.C.A. E99!3)!iii)G, an the0 entere into agreements 2ith a Foreign *rin3i+al +ursuant to %reasur0 Delegate Or er No. >9, i.e., the KAgen30 For 'nternational De#elo+ment.K FSee: 66 (.S.C.A. E99!3)!6)G %he 'nternal &e#enue Ser#i3e is also an agen30 of the 'nternational Criminal *oli3e Organi4ation an soli3its an 3olle3ts information for 9=< Foreign *o2ers. FSee: 66 (.S.C.A. 6E:a, %he (nite States )o#ernment .anual, 9>><B>9, +g. :7=, see also, %he &on *aul .one0 Coo5, +gs. 6=<8 6=9G 't shoul 1e further note that Congress has a++ro+riate , transferre an 3on#erte #ast sums to Foreign *o2ers FSee: 66 (.S.C.A. 6E63!1)G, an has entere into numerous Foreign %a/ing %reaties !3on#entions) FSee: 66 (.S.C.A. 67=g, 66 (.S.C.A. 67DAG an other Agreements 2hi3h are soli3ite an 3olle3te +ursuant to 6E '.&.C. E9 <:!5)! ;). Along 2ith the other o3umentar0 e#i en3e su1mitte here2ith, this shoul a1sol#e an0 further ou1t as to the true 3hara3ter of the +art0. Su3h restri3tions as KFor the general 2elfare an 3ommon efense of the (nite StatesK FSee: Constitution !9D7D), Arti3le 9, Se3tion 7, Clause 9G a++arentl0 aren't a++li3a1le, an the frau ulent reh0+othe3ate e1t 3re it 2ill 1e merel0 a e to the insol#ent nature of the 3ontinual Kemergen30,K an the re3i+ro3al so3ialBe3onomi3 re+er3ussions lai u+on +resent an future generations. Among other reasons for la35 of authorit0 to a3t, su3h as the Foreign Agents' &egistration Statement 66 (.S.C.A. E96 an 97 (.S.C.A. 69> Q >=9, militar0 authorit0 3annot 1e im+ose into 3i#il affairs. FSee: De+artment Of %he Arm0 *am+hlet 6D9<<8 D<, .ilitar0 ,a2 &e#ie2, $ol. D<G %he (nite Nations Charter, Arti3le 6, Se3tion D, further +rohi1its the (.N. from K[ inter#ening in matters 2hi3h are essentiall0 2ithin the omesti3 Auris i3tion of an0 state [K su3h as Iorea, $iet Nam, Ethio+ia, Angola, Page 165 of 132.

'ra@, Afghanistan, 'ran, et3., et3., et3., an is, therefore, em+iri3al e#i en3e of the KCAD FA'%HK un er 2hi3h the (nite Nations an its Organi4ations, Cor+orations an Asso3iations, e.g., '.F an '&S, o+erate +ursuant to sinful, +re ator0 e/+loits an usur0, unlimite to fomenting 2ars 2hi3h 3reate ishonore , reh0+othe3ate ''monetar0'' e1t83re it s3hemes an 2orthless se3urities. Su3h +ra3ti3es are emonstrati#e of the so83alle K&ule of ,a2[ as en#isione 10 the Foun ersK of the (nite Nations. Here, in our Countr0, su3h a3ts are 3onsi ere frau ulant, terroristi3, es+oti3, t0ranni3al, illegal an 3riminal, an all su3h a3ts 2ere an are O(%,A"ED HE&E. 't is @uite a++arent that the K%reasonousK an KSe itiousK are 1re2ing u+ a storm of untol magnitu e. Cush's +u1li3 a ress of Se+tem1er 99, 9>>9 FSee: "ee5l0 Com+ilation Of *resi ential Do3uments, an , htt+s:BB222.0outu1e.3omB2at3hL #](1&+D/lhg1oG shoul further @ualif0 2hat is 1eing sai here. He a mitte K'nter e+en en3eK FSee also: *u1li3 ,a2 >;8=E;, ,egislati#e Histor0, +g. =>=<G, KOneBNe2 "orl Or erK FSee also: E/tension Of &emar5s, Januar0 9>, 9>DE, .arAorie S. Holt, 7 (.S.C.A. 99<9!;<)G, affiliation an 3ollusion 2ith the So#iet (nion Oligar3h0 F=< (.S.C.A. D79G, ire3tion 10 the (.N. F66 (.S.C.A. E99G, et3... 't is also interesting that %reasur0 Delegation Or er No. >6 states that the '.&.S. is traine un er ire3tion of the Di#ision of KHuman &esour3esK !(.N.) an the Commissioner !'N%E&NA%'ONA,), 10 the KOffi3e Of *ersonnel .anagement.K 'n the 9>D> E ition of 66 (.S.C.A. 67D, the (nite Nations, at +g. 6;7, is foun E/e3uti#e Or er No. 9<;66. %he Offi3e of *ersonnel .anagement is un er ire3tion of the Se3retar0 )eneral of the (nite Nations. An as state +re#iousl0, the '.&.S. is also a mem1er of a one8hun re 8fift0 !9=<) Nation +a3t 3alle the K'nternational Criminal *oli3e Organi4ation'', foun at 66 (.S.C.A. 6E:a. %he K.emoran um Q AgreementK 1et2een the Se3retar0 of %reasur0BCor+orate )o#ernor of K%he Fun K an K%he Can5K an the Offi3e of the (.S. Attorne0 )eneral 2oul in i3ate that the Attorne0 )eneral an his asso3iate are soli3iting an 3olle3ting information for Foreign *rin3i+als. FSee also %he (nite States )o#ernment .anual 9>><B>9, +g. :7=? also see %he &on *aul .one0 Coo5, su+ra, +gs. 6=<, 6=9G 't is also 2orth0 of note that ea3h an e#er0 Attorne0B&e+resentati#e, Ju ge or Offi3er is re@uire to file a KForeign Agents &egistration StatementK, +ursuant to 66 (.S.C.A. E99!3)!')!i#) Q E96, 2hen re+resenting the interests of a Foreign *rin3i+al or *o2er. FSee: 66 (.S.C.A. E9:, &a1ino2it4 #s. Ienne 0, :DE (.S. E<=, 99 ,.E .6 >;<, 97 (.S.C.A. 69> Q >=9G On Januar0 9D, 9>7<, the *resi ent an Senate 3onfirme another KConstitution,K namel0, the KConstitution Of %he (nite Nations 'n ustrial De#elo+ment Organi4ation,K foun at Senate %reat0 Do3ument No. >D89>, >Dth Congress, 9st Session. A +erusal of this Foreign Constitution shoul more than @ualif0 these internationalists' intents. Page 166 of 132.

%he K*ream1le,K Arti3le 9, KO1Ae3ti#es,K an Arti3le 6, KFun3tions,K 3learl0 e#i en3es their intent to ire3tB3ontrol finan3e an su1si i4e all Knatural an human resour3esK an Kaggro8relate as 2ell as 1asi3 in ustries,K through K 0nami3 so3ial an e3onomi3 3hanges... 2ith a #ie2 to assisting in the esta1lishment of a ne2 international e3onomi3 or er.K %he high flo2n rhetori3 is o1#iousl0 of KCommunistK origin an intents. An unele3te , unre+resentati#e, una33ounta1le oligar3h0 of e/+atriates an aliens, 2ho frau ulentl0 3laim, in the *ream1le, that the0 inten to esta1lish Krational an e@uita1le international e3onomi3 relationsK, 0et o+enl0 e3lare that the0 no longer Ksta1ili4e the #alue of the ollarK nor Kassure the #alue of the 3oin an 3urren30 of the (nite StatesK, 2hi3h is +urel0 misre+resentation, e3eit an frau . FSee:*u1li3 ,a2 >=8 9;D, >9 Stat. 966D, at +g. 966>G %his 2as augmente 10 *u1li3 ,a2 9<989ED an 9<: Stat. 99>=, 2hi3h is3loses massi#e a++ro+riations of reh0+othe3ate e1t for the general 2elfare an 3ommon efense of other Foreign *o2ers, in3lu ing KCommunistK 3ountries or satellites, international 3ontrol of natural an human resour3es, et3. et3... A K&esour3eK is a 3laim of K+ro+ert0K, an 2hen relate to +eo+le 3onstitutes ''sla#er0.'' 't is no2 ne3essar0 to as5, K"hi3h Constitution are the0 o+erating un erLK Ans2er: %he KConstitution For %he Ne28states Of %he (nite States.K %his effort 2as the su1Ae3t matter of the 1oo5 entitle : K%he Emerging ConstitutionK 10 &e/for ).%ug2ell. Su3h emerging 3onstitution 2as a33om+lishe un er the aus+i3es of the ta/8e/em+t &o35efeller foun ation 3alle the KCenter For %he Stu 0 of Demo3rati3 'nstitutions.K %he *eo+le an Citi4ens of the Nation 2ere fore2arne against the fomentation of KDemo3ra3ies.K KDemo3ra3ies ha#e e#er 1een the s+e3ta3le of tur1ulen3e an 3ontention? ha#e e#er 1een in3om+ati1le 2ith +ersonal se3urit0 an the rights of +ro+ert0? an ha#e in general 1een as short in their li#es as the0 ha#e 1een #iolent in their eaths.K FSee: Fe eralist *a+ers No. 9<, also see, %he ,a2, Fre ri35 Castiat, Co e Of *rofessional &es+onsi1ilit0, *ream1leG %his Alien Constitution, ho2e#er, has nothing to o 2ith emo3ra30 in realit0. 't is the 1asis of an for a es+oti3, t0ranni3al oligar3h. Arti3le ', K&ights an &es+onsi1ilities,K Se3tions 9 an 9= e#i en3e their 5no2le ge of the Kemergen30.K %he &ights of e/+ression, 3ommuni3ation, mo#ement, assem1l0, +etition an Ha1eas Cor+us are all e/3e+te from 1eing e/er3ise un er an uring a K e3lare emergen30.K %he Constitution for the Ne28states of Ameri3a o+enl0 e3lares, among other se itious things an elusions, that, K(ntil ea3h in i3ate 3hange in the go#ernment shall ha#e 1een 3om+lete , the +ro#isions of the e/isting Constitution an the organs of go#ernment shall 1e in effe3t.K FSee: Arti3le Jl', Se3tion :G KAll o+erations of the national go#ernment shall 3ease as the0 are re+la3e 10 those authori4e un er this Constitution.K FSee: Arti3le J'', Se3tion ;G %his is a++arentl0 2hat Curger 2as +romoting in 9>DE, after he resigne as Su+reme Court Justi3e an too5 u+ the +romotion of a KConstitutional Con#ention.K No trial 10 Aur0 is mentione , KJ(S%K 3om+ensation has 1een remo#e , along 2ith 1eing informe of the KNature Q Cause of the A33usation,K et3., et3., an e#er0one 2ill of 3ourse +arti3i+ate in the K emo3ra30.K Page 16/ of 132.

%his Constitution is 1ut the reiteration of a 3ommunisti3 manifesto, re#ealing the Communist8Do3trine +lan5s 2hi3h 3learl0 esta1lish a K*oli3e8*o2erK State, un er 2hi3h ire3tion an 3ontrol is assume 10 a self8a++ointe oligar3h0. A++arentl0 the +resent o+eration of the K e fa3toK go#ernment is un er ForeignBAlien Constitutions, *ro3e ures, &ules an &egulations. %he o#erthro2 of the Kessential engineK e3lare in an or aine 10 the organi3 Constitution for these (nite States of Ameri3a, esta1lishe 9D7D, an the Ameri3an *eo+les' rights an status guarantee them un er the KCill of &ightsK !9D>9), is o1#ious. %he 3o#ert +ro3e ures use to im+lement, foment an enfor3e these Foreign Constitutions, Co es, Statutes, *ro3e ures, &ules, &egulations, et3., has not 0et, to m0 5no2le ge, 1een 3olle3te an assimilate , nor +resente as e#i en3e to esta1lish se itious 3ollusion an 3ons+ira30. 'n our ,an , it is ne3essar0 to see5, o1tain an +resent E$'DENCE in or er to sustain a 3on#i3tion an Bor Au gment, su3h as that e#i en3e 2hi3h is +resente here. Our *eo+les' +atien3e an toleran3e for those 2ho +er#ert the #er0 essen3e an 1asi3 foun ations of so3iet0 has 1een +ushe to insuffera1le le#els. %hese interlo+ers ha#e illegall0 entere our ,an ? ta5en false Oaths? entere into se itious foreign 3onstitutions, agreements, +a3ts, 3onfe erations an allian3es? in3ite insurre3tion, re1ellion, se ition an anar3h0 2ithin the e Aure so3iet0, an un er +retense of Kemergen30,K 2hi3h the0 themsel#es 3reate an fomente , Kfun amentall0K 3hange the form an su1stan3e of the e Aure &e+u1li3an form of go#ernment guarantee to our *eo+le 10 2a0 of the Constitution, Arti3le '$, Se3tion '$, an ha#e e/hi1ite a 2illful an 2anton isregar for the &ights, Safet0 an *ro+ert0 of others? e#in3e a es+oti3 esign to re u3e our *eo+le to sla#er0, +eonage an in#oluntar0 ser#itu e un er a frau ulent, t0ranni3al, se itious, foreign oligar3h0, 2ith intent an +ur+ose to institute, ere3t an foment a statutor0 KDi3tatorshi+K o#er the Citi4ens an our *osterit0. %he0 ha#e 3om+letel0 e1au3he the e Aure monetar0 s0stem? estro0e the ,i#elihoo an ,i#es of tens of millions of Ameri3an Citi4ens? ai e an a1ette our enemies? e3lare "ar u+on us an our *osterit0? estro0e millions of families? affli3te 2i o2s an or+hans an ma e homeless o#er D=<,<<< 3hil ren in the mi le of 2inter? turne So omites lose among our 0oung? im+lemente foreign 3o es, rules, regulations, statutes an +ro3e ures 2ithin the 1o 0 of our Countr0? forme an furthere a multitu e of offi3es an agen3ies retaining those of alien allegian3e in or er to +er+etuate their frau s an to eat out the su1stan3e of the goo an +ro u3ti#e +eo+le of our ,an ? their agents ar1itraril0 ismiss 3ases against, or, hol mo35 trials in fa#or of, those 2ho ha#e tres+asse against us, an 2ho 3ontinue to trea u+on our ,i#es, ,i1erties, *ro+erties an Families, +rote3ting those 2ho en anger our *ea3e, Safet0, "elfare an Dignit0. %hese enormous amages, inAuries an 3osts ha#e amounte to more than an0 amount of mone0 3oul e#er re+a0. %he0 ha#e one that 2hi3h the0 2ere une@ui#o3all0 CO..ANDED NO% %O DOV Page 162 of 132.

%he time for Aust 3orre3tion #ia re ress is NO"V %herefore sin3ere 3onsi eration an Constitutional *ri#ilege of K*resentmentK to a )ran Jur0 is here2ith sought 10 2a0 of O&')'NA, "&'% OF N(O "A&&EN%O !10 2hat authorit0L), un er the or aine an esta1lishe Constitution for these (nite States of Ameri3a !9D7D), Arti3le '$, Se3tion '$, +ursuant to the 3ourse an usage of Arti3le ''', is no2 in or er, an is not a @uestion as to 2hether Au gment shoul 1e grante to the Ameri3an *eo+le against the &es+on ent!s), insomu3h as it is the Common ,a2, Constitutional ,a2, the Su+reme ,a2 of the ,an , Go '/ Law, 2hi3h is inten e to go#ern the so#ereign, Human &ights an Status of all men an 2omen e@uall0, that is meant to +re#ail. "hereas numerous High Crimes an .is emeanors ha#e 1een 3ommitte in 3ontra#ention to the original, organi3 Constitution for these (nite States of Ameri3a, the Honora1le Cill of &ights !the first ten Amen ments), an , the ,a2s an %reaties ma e in *ursuan3e thereof, as 2ell as those se itious a3ts 2hi3h are in erogation to the original, organi3 3onstitutions for the se#eral e Aure states of the (nion an the la2s ma e in +ursuan3e thereof, 2hi3h, in turn, are also against the *ea3e an Dignit0 of the Ameri3an *eo+le, in3lu ing, 1ut not limite to, an0 an e#er0 a3t, intent an +rofesse +ur+ose of the herein8name Organi4ations, Cor+orations an Asso3iations, et al., 2hi3h ma0 also efine an +res3ri1e +unishment for KSe itious Asso3iationsK 2hi3h are a++li3a1le to the 2anton a1rogation of 1oth fe eral an state 3onstitutions, the Ameri3an *eo+le o here10 formall0 e3lare that the &es+on ents' 3or+orate83ommer3ial a3ts are ultra vires an inAurious 10 2illful an gross negligen3e, thus in3urring lia1ilit0 as the res+on ent su+erior u+on those unlimite to an0 an e#er0 international, multinational, fe eral, state an lo3al muni3i+alit0, agen30, instrumentalit0 an Bor 3or+orate fi3tion or 1o 0 +oliti3 unlimite to an0 an e#er0 +erson thereof in#ol#e ire3tl0 or in ire3tl0 2ith the &es+on ent!s) #ia an0 an e#er0 ne/us or relationshi+ a3ting there2ith. Su1se@uentl0, the Ameri3an *eo+le o here10 an here2ith formall0 in#o5e their so#ereign &ights an Status un er su3h ,a2 2hi3h re@uires the &es+on ent!s) no2 ans2er for its ultra vires a3tions +ursuant to the Ameri3an *eo+les' eman that the &es+on ent!s) forth2ith sho2 :uo Warranto. "hereas, it 1eing rea il0 a++arent that the Ameri3an *eo+le o not grant the &es+on ent!s) 3onsent, the Ameri3an *eo+le o here2ith eman , 2ithin ma/ims of the Common ,a2, that the0 forth2ith re3ei#e reme 0 an re ress in su3h matters? an that an0 offi3er of an0 3ourt that interferes or in#ol#es himselfBherself 2ith this *resentment 2ill automati3all0 an imme iatel0 1e a e thereto an 1e3ome a %hir 8*art0 &es+on ent. NO%'CE: All %hir 8*art0 &es+on ents are Aointl0 an Bor se#erall0 lia1le for this *resentment. 'f an0 o1stru3tion of su3h *resentment shoul 1e attem+te 10 2a0 of an0 ire3t or in ire3t a3tion!s) of an0 mem1er!s) of the CA&, A&&ES% %HE.. Page 163 of 132.

NOTICE OF COR>ORATE DENIAL AND NON-COR>ORATE STATUS< *ursuant to F&C* =6, an 2ith 5no2le ge of the fa3t that ''assum+tion'' an or e/+li3itl0 enie , Affiant oes

''+resum+tion'' ma0 +re#ail unless re1utte here2ith formall0 an une@ui#o3all0

e3lare that Jon:

Doe is in no 2a0 to

1e 3onstrue , terme , nor, thought of, as a 3or+orate +erson, legal fi3tion, fi3tional +erson, nor, in3or+orate , in an0 2a0, means, sha+e, nor, form? an 2ith

the 5no2le ge that all su3h entities are not li#ing, 1reathing, sentient men an 2omen, Affiant here10 ma5es e/+ress an e/+li3it 3laim an affirmation to the e/+li3it man,

li#ing, 2hose Creator is AffiantPs Hea#enl0 Father? 2ith e/+ress an 3laim an

affirmation that Affiant is a self8a2are, sentient, flesh8an 81loo i#ine soul, inherent of the Hea#enl0 Creator, an

in i#isi1le from the

is not a

go#erernmentall083reate of 3or+oration.

''+erson of inheren3e or in3i en3e,'' nor an0 other form

&egar ing: %he 2or B term of art i.e. ''+erson'' ma0 1e 3onstrue

a33or ing to se#eral referen3es, not e/3lu ing 66 (SC Se3. 9E69 Definitions S%A%(%E: For the +ur+oses of this su13ha+ter? !a) %he term ''+erson'' shall in3lu e an in i#i ual, +artnershi+, 3or+oration, or the )o#ernment of the (nite States.

>o&n*< %he Fe eral &ules of Ci#il *ro3e ure, &ule =6, a++lies in Ci#il an Criminal a3tions 2ith e@ual for3e an nature. effe3t 1e3ause 3riminal is al2a0s 3i#il in

No 3i#il or 3riminal 3ause of a3tion 3an arise lest there 1e a contract. 6=D, 6E<. %here is al2a0s a +resum+tion that a Page 1/4 of 132.

See -ads v @ar's, 6;> *. 6

3ontra3t e/ists an

that the res+on ing +art0 is a Cor+oration.

(n er &ule =6,

2hi3h is the same in all states as in the Fe eral &ules, the %e/as Court of a++eals !=th Cir) has rule in the fin ing of fa3t 10 the Court, that 88 ''the

failure of an adverse party to deny under oath the allegation that he is incorporated dispenses &ith the necessity of proof of the fact.'' %hus, a +resum+tion 1e3omes a fin ing of fa3t 10 the 3ourt unless re1utte !see Affiant's efinite an +re#iousl0 referan3e numerous affirme 1efore trial an

e3larations, as are atta3he 'J of Affiant's Affi a#it of

in Arti3les $', $'', an

*etition for De3larator0 Ju gment, 2hi3h 3learl0 in3or+orate ). >o&n*< $r. Pepper +o. v +ro&, E69 S.".6

e3lare that Affiant is not

;E;, ;E= !%e/ A++.8"a3o 9>79, no $efendant did not deny by

"rit) ''Plaintiff plead defendant &as a corporation.

verified pleading pursuant to 20)+P3 S> and N=C that it &as not a corporation, thus, such fact &as established.'' >o&n*< ,ouisiana &e#ise unless affi a#it of Statutes Art. ;6> 88 Cor+oration e/isten3e is +resume 1efore trial !see Affiant's affirme Affi a#its).

enial is file

>o&n*< A +resum+tion is a rule of ,a2, Statutor0 or Au i3ial, 10 2hi3h the fin ing of a 1asi3 fa3t gi#es rise to the e/isten3e of +resume +resum+tion is re1utte . See Ban Wart v +oo', ==D *. 6 99E9. fa3t until 'n the

Commer3ial ,a2 of all States, a +resum+tion means that the trier of fa3t !the Au ge B a ministrator), must fin the e/isten3e of the fa3t +resume Page 1/1 of 132. +er F&C* =6,

unless an

until the e#i en3e is intro u3e

2hi3h 2oul

su++ort a fin ing of its

non8e/isten3e. Ari4ona &e#ise

Statutes: %itle ;D Se3tion 96<9 !:9) the e/isten3e

''*resum+tionK or K+resume K means that the trier of fa3t must fin of the fa3t +resume unless an until e#i en3e is intro u3e

2hi3h 2oul

su++ort a fin ing of its none/isten3e. %hus, the Affi a#it of Non Cor+orate Status is for the +ur+ose of re1utting an0 +resum+tion that the Affiant is an0 Cor+oration name in the allege 3om+laint !see Affiant's numerous Affi a#its).

>o&n*< Fe eral &ules of E#i en3e, &.:<9 Agreement 10 A3@uies3en3e &ule :<9 of the Fe eral &ules of E#i en3e states 88 ''Ca presumption imposes on the party against &hom it is directed the burden of proof 2see SSO 7d93 of going for&ard &ith evidence to rebut or meet the presumption.'' >o&n*< "hen the 3om+laint is lo ge 10 the go#ernment for a fine, fee, ta/ or onl0 on Cor+orations. See ition to

ut0, all of 2hi3h are revenue, the0 are im+ose

+olonial Pipe .ine +o. B 0riangle, ;69 (. S. 9<< !9>D=). %hus, in a Affiant's +re#ious Affi a#its re1utting an0 an all +resum+tion an

assum+tion to

the effe3t that Affiant is a Cor+oration, the instant 3om+laint 2hi3h is in result of 3ase R 6<9<8D896:;=89 !i.e., ''re#venue'' for the 3olle3tion of ''duty'' 2hi3h is re*uired to ha#e 1een lo ge against a Cor+oration, the name of 2hi3h in that

3ase is 1ut a derivative of Affiant's real name? therefore: ''( derivative of a na e is not the legal na e.'' !see .onroe Cattle Co. # Ce35er, 9;D (. S. ;D)) Page 1/2 of 132.

oes here10 an here2ith formall0 affirm an

e+ose that Affiant re1uts an0

an all +resum+tion B assum+tion that Affiant is an B or e#er 2as an0 Cor+oration name in the 3om+laint heretofore allege , i.e., "050- /< G-/)G;5 v J/N

$/-, S%A%E CO(&% CASE NO. 6<9<8D896:;=89. >o&n*< 'f Affiant is not a Cor+oration he 3annot a++ear an +lea . See West

!nion 0el. +o. v -yser, 6 Colo. 9;9? Green&ood v )ailroad +o., 96: .ass. :6? <oster v White +loud, :6 .o. =<=? Hobich v <olger, 6< "all. 9? 8oyce v @.-. +hurch, ;: . . :=>? <olsom v "tar !nion -tc. <right .ine, =; 'o2a ;><. >o&n*< "hen 1rought into Court 10 its Cor+orate name, its e/isten3e as a Cor+oration is a mitte . !see .u Johnson # )i1son, D: 'n . 676? &ailroa Co, 99 Ohio St. =9E? Cree5 Drain Co. $ State, ;: 'n . 9=D? E2ing # &o1eson, 9= 'n . 6E? Callen er #

Com. 'ns. Et3. Co. # %a0lor, 7 S.C. 9<D) Also,

3om+are the foregoing 3ases to Ware v "t. .ouis 8agging T )ope +o., ;D Ala. EED. >o&n*< Stating onl0 3on3lusion 2ithout fa3ts is insuffi3ient. 2here the re+resentati#e of a railroa +lea 3or+oration is ser#e 't has 1een hel that

2ith +ro3ess, he ma0

in a1atement in his o2n name that the Cor+oration is e/tin3t. !see Iell0 # Co., 6 Fli+ C. C. =79? Callen er # *lains#ille Co., 99 Ohio St. =9E? E#arts # Iilling2orth Co., 6< Conn. Ste#enson # %horn, 9: .ees Q en0 that he B she

&ailroa

Nuarrier # *ea1o 0 Co., 9< ". $a. =<D? ;;D?

Ste2art # Dunn, 96 .ees. Q ". E==?

". 9;>) "here the +erson is so ser#e , he ma0, 10 +lea, Page 1/3 of 132.

sustains an0 su3h relation to the Cor+oration that authori4es the ser#i3e of +ro3ess on him B her. !see Iell0 # &ailroa Su+reme Court i Co., 6 Fli+ C. C. =79) 'n 977E, the

not grant 3or+orate8+ersonhoo that this o3trine

to an0 State of the (nion or

Fe eral )o#ernment? an

eri#es from a mista5en inter+retation

of a Su+reme Court re+orterPs notes. !see "anta +lara +ounty v "outhern Pacific )ailroad +ompany, 997 (. S. :>; !977E)) >o&n*< No la2s ha#e 1een +asse 1e treate No 3ourt 10 Congress granting that 3or+orations shoul

the same un er the Constitution as li#ing, 1reathing sentient 1eings. e3isions, state or fe eral, hel that 3or+orations 2ere ''+ersons'' instea i not rule in "anta +lara +ounty v

of ''artifi3ial +ersons.'' %he Su+reme Court

"outhern Pacific )ailroad +ompany on the issue of 3or+orate +ersonhoo . As railroa attorne0 San erson an his t2o 3olleagues 2at3he , Chief Justi3e his t2o 3olleagues, the attorne0s for the

.orrison &emi35 "aite tol

Delmas an

o++osing +art0, that: ''0he court does not &ish to hear argument on the *uestion &hether the provision in the <ourteenth 5mendment to the +onstitution, &hich forbids a state to deny to any person &ithin its 1urisdiction the e*ual protection of the la&s, applies to these corporations. We are of the opinion that it does.

2Ho&ever,3 0his &ritten statement, that corporations &ere ''persons'' rather than ''artificial persons,'' &ith an e*ual footing under the 8ill of )ights as ''humans,'' &as not a formal ruling of the court, but &as reportedly a simple statement by Page 1/4 of 132.

its +hief Justice, recorded by the court recorder.6 1uil ing. $olume 997 of (nite Court at O3to1er %erm 977= an

See $ermont Su+reme Court in the Su+reme in Ne2 -or5 in

States &e+orts: Cases a Au ge O3to1er %erms 977E, +u1lishe

977E 10 Can5s Q Crothers *u1lishers, an Su+reme CourtPs &e+orter. >o&n*< Here is the often e/+resse

2ritten 10 J. C. Can3roft Da#is,

un erstan ing from the (nite

States Su+reme

Court that: '' . . . in common usage, statutes employing the terms ''person'' and ''corporation'' are ordinarily construed to e%clude the sovereign man or &oman.'' Wilson v /maha 0ribe, ;;6 (. S. E=:, EED !9>D>) !therein @uoting (nite # Coo+er Cor+., :96 (. S. E<<, E<; !9>;9)). Wor'ers, ::< (. S. 6=7, 6D= !9>;D). >o&n*< (. S. Su+reme Court in .uther v 8orden, ;7 (. S. 9, 96 ,e =79: ''C0he States

See also !nited "tates v @ine

government are but trustees acting under derived authority 2of the sovereign 5merican People of Posterity3 and have no po&er to delegate &hat is not delegated to them. 8ut the people, as the original fountain, might ta'e a&ay &hat they have delegated and in trust to &hom they please. C 0he sovereignty in every state resides in the people of the state and they may alter and change their form of government at their o&n pleasure.'' (. S. Su+reme Court in

Wilson v /maha ;ndian 0ribe, ;;6 (. S. E=:, EED !9>D>): '';n common usage, the term ''person'' does not include the sovereign, and statutes employing the Page 1/5 of 132.

&ord are ordinarily construed to e%clude it.'' >o&n*< Affiant is not: a (. S. ''*erson,'' ''&esi ent,'' '''n i#i ual,'' ''Consumer,'' ''Cor+oration,'' nor ''3iti4en of the (nite States,'' nor ''3iti4en su1Ae3t to (. S.

Auris i3tion,'' as su3h are ''terms of art,'' nor is Affiant a 3or+oration 3reate un er the la2s of an0 State of the (nion of States, the (nite States, the

Distri3t of Colum1ia, nor an0 territor0, 3ommon2ealth, en3la#e, nor an0 +ossession of the (nite +ri#ate. >o&n*< Affiant is not: a ''resi ent of,'' ''inha1itant of,'' ''fran3hisee of,'' ''su1Ae3t of,'' ''2ar of,'' ''+ro+ert0 of,'' ''3hattel of,'' nor, ''su1Ae3t to the Auris i3tion of,'' the States, nor an0 foreign state or 3ountr0, +u1li3 or

State of the Forum of an0 ''(N'%ED S%A%ES,'' ''3or+orate S%A%E,'' ''3or+orate CO(N%-,'' ''3or+orate C'%-,'' nor muni3i+al 1o 0 +oliti3 3reate un er the

+rimar0 authorit0 of Art. ', Se3. 7, C'. 9D an Art. '$, Se3. : C'. 6 of the Constitution for the (nite an0 legislation 3reate States of Ameri3a? an Affiant is not su1Ae3te to

10 or un er the Auris i3tion of an0 offi3ers, agents or Furthermore, Affiant is not a su1Ae3t 10

em+lo0ees eri#ing their authorit0 thereof. nor 2ar of the A ministrati#e an

,egislati#e Arti3le8' Courts, nor 1oun

+re3e ents of su3h 3ourts 3reate

10 the 3ongress of the h0+othi3ate , 3or+orate, 10 Congress a++li3a1le to

de facto ''(N'%ED S%A%ES,'' as '',egislation ena3te

the inferior 3ourts in the e/er3ise of the +o2er un er Arti3le ''' of the Page 1/6 of 132.

Constitution 3annot 1e affe3te

10 legislation ena3te

10 Congress un er Art. ', efines this as

Se3. 7, C'. 9D of the Constitution?'' D. C. Co e, %itle 99 at +. 9:

'' . . . an officer, agent, shareholder, franchise or fiduciary agent, surety, resident inhabitant or domiciled in any corporation.'' >o&n*< Affiant here10 an signatures on an0 an here2ith re#o5es an 3an3els ab initio all of Affiant's to gi#e the Fe eral States

all forms 2hi3h ma0 1e 3onstrue

)o#ernment or an0 other State agen30 or )o#ernment 3reate

e+artment of the (nite

un er the authorit0 of Arti3le ', Se3. 7, C'. 9D an Arti3le '$, States, authorit0 or Auris i3tion ma5es #oi ab initio all +o2ers

Se3. :, C'. 6 of the Constitution for the (nite o#er Affiant. Affiant also re#o5es, res3in s an of attorne0 in fa3t, in +resum+tion an

other2ise, signe

10 an0one other than +o2er of attorne0 ma0 all multi8Auris i3tional,

Affiant, an Bor 2ithout Affiant's 3onsent, insomu3h as sai +ertain to Affiant 10 2a0 of, 1ut not limite 10, an0 an

@uasi, 3olora1le, +u1li3 go#ernment entities, muni3i+alities or 3or+orations, on the groun s of non8 is3losure, une@uita1le 3onsi eration an >o&n*< Affiant is not a #essel o3umente 3onstru3ti#e frau .

un er Cha+ter 969 of %itle ;E, (nite in Cha+ter 96: of sai %itle. States

States Co e, nor a #essel num1ere

as +ro#i e

>o&n*< Affiant here10 3an3els an0 +resume )o#ernment or an0 agen30 or

ele3tion ma e 10 the (nite

e+artment thereof, that Affiant is, or e#er has

1een, a 3iti4en, alien 3iti4en or resi ent of an0 territor0, +ossession, Page 1// of 132.

instrumentalit0 or en3la#e un er the so#ereignt0 or e/3lusi#e Auris i3tion of the (nite States go#ernment, as efine in the Constitution for the (nite States of

Ameri3a in Art. ', Se3. 7 C'. 9D an Art. '$, Se3. :, C'. 6. Affiant has no re3or nor e#i en3e that Affiant oes not 3an3el an0 +resum+tion an to 1e treate assum+tion that

Affiant e#er #oluntaril0 ele3te

as su3h a 3iti4en, resi ent, +erson

or 3or+orate entit0 B fi3tion, an B or the li5e thereof, et al. >o&n*< Affiant is not an enem0 to an0 state of the (nion of States, nor to the (nite States )o#ernment, nor to that of the (nite States, su3h as the Distri3t

of Colum1ia, an0 territor0, en3la#e, 3ommon2ealth or +ossession of the (nite States, e.g., *uerto &i3o, )2am, or an0 foreign 3ountr0, state or 3or+oration 3reate un er the la2s of the (nite States )o#ernment, 1oth +u1li3 an +ri#ate.

>o&n*< %his Affi a#it is not 2ritten for the +ur+ose of e1ating the Constitutionalit0 nor legalit0 of the Communi3ations A3t of 9>:;, 1ut rather to esta1lish fa3ts e/+osing the (nite States )o#ernmentPs la35 of Auris i3tion o#er

Affiant. Affiant is not a +irate, terrorist nor an enem0 to an0 +u1li3 or +ri#ate 3or+oration, omesti3 or foreign, 1ut is a non83om1atant, neutral 1o 0. An0 +ast,

+resent or future referen3e to Affiant as su3h a threat, ma e 10 an0 agen30 or its offi3er!s), 2ill 1e 3onstrue as '' efamation of 3hara3ter,'' an 2ill 1e litigate all ,i1ellees

as su3h in the foreign Auris i3tion 2here offen ers, o++ressors an

2ill ha#e no immunit0 ''2ithin the A miralt0,'' via 67 (SC 9::: or 9::D, Cills Page 1/2 of 132.

of ,a ing A3t, %he *u1li3 $essel A3t, Foreign So#ereign 'mmunities A3t, False Claims A3t !see :9 (.S.C. M :D6> !a) !D)), an all of the fa3ts an la2s +resente Fe eral %ort Claims A3t. An0 an

herein are not 3ontrar0 to the e3isions a++li3a1le to Affiant. un8o#errule .an0 e3isions

Communi3ations A3t of 9>:;, nor 3ourt fa3ts 3ontaine herein are 1ase

u+on ruling 3ase la2 an States.

of the Su+reme Court of the (nite foun

None of these fa3ts ha#e 1een fa3ts that, un er to. 10

to 1e ''fri#olous'' 10 an0 3ourt, an

are affirme

Commer3ial ,a2, must 1e re1utte

2ith ''3ase la2'' or a3@uies3e

>o&n*< An0 statements or 3laims in this Affi a#it must 1e +ro+erl0 re1utte fa3ts of la2 or o#erri ing Arti3le8''' Su+reme Court rulings? an , if so

a33om+lishe , shall not +reAu i3e the la2ful #ali it0 of all other statements or 3laims not +ro+erl0 re1utte or in#ali ate 10 fa3ts of la2. An Affi a#it of 10 2a0 of ! i ) re1uttal

%ruth, un er Commer3ial ,a2, 3an onl0 1e satisfie

Affi a#it of %ruth, +oint for +oint? ! ii ) +a0ment? ! iii ) agreement? ! i# ) resolution 10 a Aur0 un er the rules, regulations an 3ommon8la281oun 3ourt. +ro3ee ures of an Arti3le8''',

>o&n*< Affiant ma5es it +erfe3tl0 3lear !see Affiant's numerous e3larations ma e 10 2a0 of Affi a#its 2hi3h are atta3he $''' an an +re#iousl0 referan3e in Arti3les $',

J$ of this Affi a#it of *etition for De3larator0 Ju gment) that Affiant en0ing un er oath the allegation that Affiant is in3or+orate ? Page 1/3 of 132.

is an a #erse +art0

regar ing: 60he failure of an adverse party to deny under oath the allegation that he is incorporated 2is ac*uiescence to such, and thus becomes part of the official record3.6 Galleria 8an' v "outh&est Properties, ;>7 South2est 6n . >o&n*< 'n a ition to 1eing Affiant's +ro+ert0 !see atta3he 3o+0right noti3e 2ith is not gi#en to

affi a#it of +u1li3ation atta3he ), Affiant's name is uni@ue an

an0 other. %he Christian A++ellation that Affiant ans2ers to is Jon: of the Doe Famil0? Affiant has no ''last name?'' Affiant is omi3ile as a resi ent

li#ing 2ithin the state of min ? Affiant's +ostal mailing lo3ation is 5no2n as: JON DOE, Estate? E/e3utor Offi3e? Nation )eorgia8&e+u1li3? )eneral States .inor, Outl0ing 'slan s? e3laration to

*ost8Offi3e? Su2anee, Doe *ro#in3e? (nite

Near? F:<<6;8>>>7G Non8Domesti3 to (. S. !see notari4e , 3ertifie

the Su2anee *ostmaster)? Affiant's +ostal mailing lo3ation, although not affiliate 2ith the ''Cor+orate Co 0 *oliti3'' near the same lo3ation, is +arti3ularl0 uni@ue to this Affiant, an is etermine as 3om+lete, ne3essar0 an suffi3ient

i entifi3ation e#i en3ing AffiantPs neutral stan ing !9= (SC 9E79 !h)). >o&n*< %he follo2ing e/em+lifies the use, misuse, a1use an +er#ersion of 2or s

10 2a0 of transforming them into ''terms of art'' in or er to 3hange their meaning? e.g., "e1ster's 9767 Di3tionar0 efines the 2or ''birth'' as follo2s: %he 2or s

''8;)0H, 8-)0H, n. 5 station in &hich a ship rides. 2"ee 8erth.3'' K1irth,'' ''1erth'' an

K1ornK all 3ome from the same et0mologi3al root, meaning Page 124 of 132.

Kto 1ear.K "hen 0ou loo5 u+ the 2or efinition has to o 2ith shi+s.

K1erth,K 0ou fin

that most e#er0 a0 2e 2ere gi#en a ''#essel'' of the

So our K1erth8 a0K is the

+la3e 2ithin the maritime B a miralt0 Auris i3tion as a so83alle

State. Webster's Ne& World $ictionary of the -nglish .anguage ( 0hird +ollege -dition, 3o+0right 9>77, +age 9:6, also efines it as H '' berth n. . . . H9 a

position, place, office, 1ob, etc.'' %herefore, the +er3e+tion is that the ''S%A%E'' +resumes this so83alle K1irthK as the ''1erth'' of a ''sole'' !instea of ''soul'')

''3or+oration'' !''3or+us'' .atin, n. .eaning: ''body'' ), hol ing the Koffi3e'' of ''person,6 2hose ''Ao1,'' ''+la3e'' or ''+osition'' is to +erform '' uties B o1ligations'' as i3tate 10 the ''S%A%E.'' %his is all 3learl0 3arrie out 10 2a0 of Atheisti3 B

,u3iferian an

o3trine, to 2hi3h Affiant, un er +rote3tion of his 9st8Amen . +rote3te free om from religious +erse3ution, em+hati3all0 oes B0"

guarantee

su1s3ri1e nor su1mit. %here are onl0 t2o !+ossi1l0 three) ''1irth8 a0s'' mentione in the S3ri+ture. 'n 1oth 3ases a man lost his hea . At *haraohPs ''1irth8 a0 at Hero 's ''1irth8 a0 +art0'' in the So ' as5, 2h0 shoul 68erth6# a0sL a ''Christian

+art0'' in )enesis, the 1a5er 2as hung? an )os+els, John the Ca+tist 2as 1ehea e . Nation'' ele3t to 3ele1rate su3h so83alle thir gol ''1irth8 a0'' 2as mentione mentione therein i

Note that the possible that the EEE talents of

in the Hol0 "rit, an

not in3lu e all that 2as 2rought 10 mer3hant means.

9 Iings 9<:9; an

6 Chroni3les >:9:? ''No& the &eight of gold that came to Page 121 of 132.

"olomon in one year &as si% hundred threescore and si% talents of gold''. >o&n*< A ,i#ing Soul has a Cirth B Certh. >o&n*< For reasons e/+li3itl0 efine 2ithin these *oints a ressing the foregoing enies ha#ing, or e#er ha#ing ha , a ha#e a '' Nati#it0 '' u+on the ,an , an ate of Nati#it0? a Sole Cor+oration has a ate of

'' terms of art,'' Affiant heretofore ''1irth a0?'' 1ut rather, Affiant i

3ele1rates his a0 of Nati#it0 as su3h. "hereas ' inform the ni3e +oli3eman, the 3ourt s0stem, the 1ureau3rat, the ''de facto'' go#ernment, an that ma0 in@uire ''A, ?onK all other +arties

#oe, have no %irthday<'' here10 reiterating this

e3laration 10 2a0 of the tenet 6 No man can be compelled to incriminate himself.6 %herefore un er +rotest, Affiant the 1enefit of +ri#ilege, an oes here10 an here2ith formall0 2ai#e

oes not grant &es+on ent 3onsent to Auris i3tion, +resum+tions, as is 3learl0 enun3iate

nor to an0 of &es+on ent's +ra3ti3es an

throughout the entire 1o 0 of this Affi a#it of *etition for De3lator0 Ju gment.

T2e Fo-&e1n So'e-e&1n Imm4n&*&e/ A6* o. #FDB "FSIA$< %itle 67 Se3tion 9E<: states ''<or purposes of this chapter ( 7a9 5 'foreign state', e%cept as used in section DOFN of this title, includes a political subdivision of a foreign state or an agency or instrumentality of a foreign state as defined in subsection 7b9. 7b9 5n 'agency Page 122 of 132.

or instrumentality of a foreign state' means any entity ( 7D9 &hich is a separate legal person, corporate or other&ise, and 7>9 &hich is an organ of a foreign state or political subdivision thereof, or a ma1ority of &hose shares or other o&nership interest is o&ned by a foreign state or political subdivision thereof, and 7=9 &hich is neither a citi en of a "tate of the !nited "tates as defined in section D==> 7c9 and 7d9 of this title, nor created under the la&s of any third country. 7c9 0he '!nited "tates' includes all territory and &aters, continental or 7d9 5 'commercial

insular, sub1ect to the 1urisdiction of the !nited "tates.

activity' means either a regular course of commercial conduct or a particular commercial transaction or act. 0he commercial character of an activity shall

be determined by reference to the nature of the course of conduct or particular transaction or act, rather than by reference to its purpose. 7e9 5 'commercial

activity carried on in the !nited "tates by a foreign state' means commercial activity carried on by such state and having substantial contact &ith the !nited "tates.'' No2, let us 1rea5 o2n 2hat a foreign state is in relation to the FS'A. that the statutes are su1Ae3t to ''stri3t 3onstru3tion,''

Here, one must un erstan

i.e., the0 mean e/a3tl0 2hat the0 sa0, no more, no less lest there 1e 3onstitutional 3onfusion. Se3tion 9E<: !a) sa0s that a foreign state in3lu es a

+oliti3al su1 i#ision, or an agen30 or instrumentalit0 of a foreign state. Page 123 of 132.

%herefore, un er stri3t 3onstru3tion of the statute, the

efinition of a foreign state

oes not in3lu e the state itself, 1ut onl0 a +oliti3al su1 i#ision, or an agen30 or instrumentalit0 thereof. Se3tion 9E<: !1) efines 2hat 3onstitutes an agen30 or 't sa0s that ''5n

instrumentalit0 of a foreign state 2ith relation to the FS'A.

'agency or instrumentality of a foreign state' means any entity &hich is a separate legal person, corporate or other&ise,'' su3h as that 2hi3h, 10 2a0 of Affiant's efinite an numerous e3larations, 3learl0 efines Affiant's status.

Ne/t, one must 1e ''. . . an organ of a foreign state or political subdivision thereof, or a ma1ority of &hose shares or other o&nership interest is o&ned by a foreign state or political subdivision thereof,'' 2ith an ''organ'' 1eing efine as:

''of or having to do &ith an organ, inherent, inborn, constitutional, organi ed, systematically arranged, in la&, fundamental, as the organic la& of the !nited "tates is the +onstitution'' su3h as that 2hi3h, 10 2a0 of Affiant's numerous e3larations, 3learl0 efinite an

efines Affiant's status is an ''organ'' of su3h. States,

,ast, it sa0s that 0ou must 1e neither a 3iti4en of a State of the (nite as thir efine in 9::6 !3) an ! ) of %itle 67, nor 3reate

un er the la2s of an0

3ountr0. "hen 2e loo5 at Se3tion 9::6, it

efines ''a State of the (nite the Common2ealth of

States'' as the %erritories, the Distri3t of Colum1ia an *uerto &i3o. On3e again, stri3t 3onstru3tion a++lies. Page 124 of 132.

%herefore, +ursuant to %itle 67 Se3tion 9E<;, 2hi3h

e3lares: '' "ub1ect to

e%isting international agreements to &hich the !nited "tates is a party at the time of enactment of this 5ct, a foreign state shall be immune from the 1urisdiction of the courts of the !nited "tates and of the "tates e%cept as provided in sections DOFS to DOF? of this chapter.'' ( sin3e Affiant is neither a 3iti4en of a State of the (nite state 3reate States as efine a1o#e, nor a 3iti4en of an0

un er the la2s of an0 thir

3ountr0, %he Foriegn So#ereign

'mmunities A3t of 9>DE, 2hi3h 1e3ame effe3ti#e Januar0 9>th, 9>DD 10 +ro#i ing a statutor0 reme 0 e@ual to that of an Arti3le8''' reme 0, heretofore ratif0s Affiant's efinite an numerous e3larations affirming Affiant's status is that

2hi3h enAo0s so#ereign, Auris i3tion. Su1se@uentl0, Affiant

i+lomati3 immunit0 from B to the &es+on ent's

oes here10 formall0

e3lare that &es+on ent's 3or+orate8 gross negligen3e? to an0

3ommer3ial a3ts are ultra vires an

inAurious 10 2illful an

thus in3urring lia1ilit0 as the res+on ent su+erior u+on those unlimite an all fe eral, state an

lo3al muni3i+alities B instrumentalities, an B or 3or+orate ire3tl0 an B or in ire3tl0 2ith the

agen3ies, an B or +ersons thereof in#ol#e &es+on ent via an0 an

e#er0 ne/us a3ting there2ith. "hereas, it 1eing rea il0

Page 125 of 132.

a++arent that Affiant oes here2ith

oes not grant &es+on ent 3onsent to Auris i3tion, Affiant

eman , 2ithin ma/ims of the Common ,a2, that he forth2ith re ress in su3h matters. Further Affiant Saith Not.

re3ei#e reme 0 an

Con604/&on< %herefore this 3ourt ought, on its o2n motion, to rule: " a $ that Jon: Doe, the li#ing, 1reathing, flesh8an 81loo man, is the onl0

real +art0 in interest, an , is the onl0 +art0 a3ting as 3ontri1uting 1enefi3iar0 2ho has +ut an0 #alue into the 3ertifie " 5 $ that Jon: Doe is entitle to an0 an title 5no2n as ''JON DOE?''

all e@uit0 +ut into su3h title

5no2n as ''JON DOE?'' " 6 $ that Jon: Doe is entitle to an0 an all '' interpleaded funds'' +ut into

''JON DOE?'' " $ that the &es+on ent, ha#ing no 3laim in fa3t, is 1arre 3olle3tion for an0 an ''JON DOE?'' " e $ that the &es+on ent's Auris i3tion, 2arrant for arrest, 3harge, +rose3ution, or er to 3on#i3t, an , or er to senten3e, infli3te su1se@uent to the 3harge file u+on Jon: Doe DOE,'' all allege e1t from Jon: from an0 an all

Doe relating to

in S%A%E OF )EO&)'A $s. ''JON

State Court A33usation No. 6<9<D8 96:;=89, not2ithstan ing the inherent Page 126 of 132.

rights an null an

status of Jon: #oi ab initio.

Doe, is here10 an

here2ith

e3lare

AFFIDAVIT. n. A written or printed declaration or statement of facts made voluntarily and confirmed by the oath of affirmation of the party making it, taken before an officer with authority to administer such oath. Black's 1st Note !he capacity to issue one's solemn declaration of truth, one's sacred word, is the most basic, fundamental, underlying foundational concept of all commerce, society and civili"ation. An ''affidavit'' is a written statement under oath e#ecuted and sworn to before an authori"ed officer on the maker's commercial liability that all assertions contained within the affidavit are true, correct and complete, not misleading, the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. An affidavit is the most solemn, une$uivocal and ceremonial means e#tant to e#press truth without evasion, concealment, deception or insincerity. As distinguished from ''testimony,'' an affidavit is not sub%ect to cross& e#amination and is intended to be a complete, self&contained document. All truth is sub%ective, and only each soul of free&will possesses the right, duty, privilege and capacity to state Affiant's own truth in accordance with the uni$ue nature, perspectives and priorities of the affiant. No one has the authority nor the ability to state the truth of another. As per the ma#im of law ''The order of things is confounded if everyone preserves not his jurisdiction.'' Because truth is supreme in 'ommerce, an affidavit is the most important document in 'ommerce, and stands as the truth unless rebutted point&for&point by counter&affidavit signed and certified on the e#ecuting party's commercial liability as true, correct, and complete (i.e., not misleading, the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth). *#odus +, 1-, the ''Ninth 'ommandment,'' states ''Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor.'' !he Bible is especially harsh on those who bear false witness. .ies are weapons that are easy to utter, difficult if not impossible to undo when spread as rumors, and can destroy lives. /eople often act on what is told them, and kill or are killed on the basis thereof, such as marching off to war believing ''authorities,'' or blindly obeying one's ''superiors.''

Page 12/ of 132.

AC7NOWLEDGMENT OF NOTARY< H ?URAT H Da*e<RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. A00 R&12*/ Re/e-'e = UCC #-C8GE. +s+ !ui ?uris< E(e64*o- O..&6e, 5!<RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. ?on< Doe + E(e64*o- + A..&an*.

S%A%E OF )EO&)'A

) ) SS< CO(N%- OF )"'NNE%% ) /n theUUUday ofUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU, >FD=, before me,UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU, Notary, appears 5ffiant, JonL $oe, -%ecutor /ffice, J/N $/-, -state, 'no&n

to me 7or proved to me via satisfactory evidence of identification9 to be the sentient living man &hose name is subscribed upon this instrument, and affirms to me that he e%ecutes the same in his authori ed capacity. Witnessed by my hand and official seal, RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. No*a-! S&1na*o-!. DATE<RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. NOTARY SEAL< M! Comm&//&on E(3&-e/< RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.

Page 122 of 132.

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES NORTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA ATLANTA DIVISION JON DOEAssignor, for the use of Jon: DoeAssignee, at arm's length, Claimant in personam, $s. S%A%E OF )EO&)'A 'NC., et al, &es+on ent!s). ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) CASE NO.: ______________________. File On Deman !Claimant "ai#es Fee). IN ADMIRALTY, IN COMMON LAW, CON%&AC%, AN%'%&(S%, F&A(D, AFF'DA$'% OF *E%'%'ON FO& DEC,A&A%O&- J(D).EN%.

ORDER< "hereas, Claimant's *etition for De3larator0 Ju gment ha#ing 1een 1rought 1efore this Court an Affi a#it an the Court ha#ing 3onsi ere of the a1o#e8st0le sai *etition, Claimant's

the entire re3or

3ase, it is the ruling of this ismiss,

Court that no genuine issue of material fa3t remains in this 3ase to en0 nor 1ar Claimant's *etition, it is here10

ORDERED that Au gment 1e GRANTED to Claimant against &es+on ent in fa#or of Claimant's +lea ings therefore +etitione ? an e3lare , on an into the 3ertifie e3lare , on an that Jon: Doe is

for the +u1li3 re3or , the onl0 +art0 that has +ut an0 #alue title 5no2n as ''JON DOE?'' an that Jon: Doe is to an0 an all

for the +u1li3 re3or , the onl0 +art0 entitle DOE?'' an that Jon:

e@uit0 atta3hing to ''JON

Doe is e3lare ,

Page 123 of 132.

on an

for the +u1li3 re3or , the onl0 +art0 entitle

to an0 an

all inter+lea e

fun s relating to ''JON DOE?'' an

that the &es+on ent is e3lare , on an from +la3ing an0 an e1ts, an B or the li5e, all

for the +u1li3 re3or , ha#ing no 3laim in fa3t, 1arre uties, o1ligations, 3harges, 3laims, fines, fees, ta/es, against Jon: Doe relating to ''JON DOE?'' an it is

FURTHER ORDERED that the &es+on ent's Auris i3tion, 2arrant for arrest, arrest re3or , 3harge, +rose3ution, 3on#i3tion, an , or er to senten3e, su1se@uent to the 3harge file in %HE S%A%E CO(&% OF )"'NNE%% CO(N%-, DOE, for

S%A%E OF )EO&)'A, in the 3ase of S%A%E OF )EO&)'A $s. JON A33usation Num1er 6<9<D896:;=89, is here10 an the +u1li3 re3or , null an #oi ab initio, here2ith

e3lare , on an

IT IS SO ORDERED this _____

a0 of ______________________, 6<_____.

__________________________. Fe eral Ju ge, Distri3t Court of the (. S., Northern Distri3t, )eorgia, Atlanta Di#ision. Prepared and presented byL Jon: Doe^, in propria persona, E/e3utor Offi3e, JON DOE, Estate? 'n Care Of: A. Nother *erson, 968C Free Dri#e, ,a2ren3e#ille, )eorgia. F:<<;EG *hone Num1er: F===G 7ED8=:<> Page 134 of 132.

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES NORTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA ATLANTA DIVISION JON DOEAssignor, for the use of Jon: DoeAssignee, at arm's length, Claimant in personam, $s. S%A%E OF )EO&)'A 'NC., et al, &es+on ent!s). ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) CASE NO.: ______________________. File On Deman !Claimant "ai#es Fee). IN ADMIRALTY, IN COMMON LAW, CON%&AC%, AN%'%&(S%, F&A(D, AFF'DA$'% OF *E%'%'ON FO& DEC,A&A%O&- J(D).EN%.

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE< %his is to Certif0 that ' ha#e, on this ___ Da0 of _____________, 6<___, Ser#e this Affirme

AFFIDAVIT OF >ETITION FOR DECLARATORY ?UDGMENT= 10 2a0 of (. S. *. S. Certifie .ail Num1er SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS 7place the 241digit nu %er here; SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS %o: C,E&I OF %HE D'S%&'C% CO(&% OF %HE (N'%ED S%A%ES, NO&%HE&N D'S%&'C% OF )EO&)'A, A%,AN%A D'$'S'ON? 'n Care Of: James N. Hatten, B1BaB JA.ES N. HA%%EN, &'CHA&D C. &(SSE,, FEDE&A, C(',D'N), D= S*&'N) S%&EE%, S. "., A%,AN%A, )EO&)'A. F:<:<:8::E9G *HONE: F;<;G 69=89E==. &es+e3tfull0 +resente , 2ith all rights reser#e ? W&*2o4* >-e;4 &6e, U.C.C. #-C8GE. +s+ !ui ?uris< E(e64*o- O..&6e, 5!<RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. ?on< DoeT + E(e64*o-. Page 131 of 132.

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES NORTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA ATLANTA DIVISION JON DOEAssignor, for the use of Jon: DoeAssignee, at arm's length, Claimant in personam, $s. S%A%E OF )EO&)'A 'NC., et al, &es+on ent!s). ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) CASE NO.: ______________________. File On Deman !Claimant "ai#es Fee). IN ADMIRALTY, IN COMMON LAW, CON%&AC%, AN%'%&(S%, F&A(D, AFF'DA$'% OF *E%'%'ON FO& DEC,A&A%O&- J(D).EN%.

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE< %his is to Certif0 that ' ha#e, on this ___ Da0 of _____________, 6<___, Ser#e this Affirme

AFFIDAVIT OF >ETITION FOR DECLARATORY ?UDGMENT= 10 2a0 of C,E&I OF %HE D'S%&'C% CO(&% OF %HE (N'%ED S%A%ES, NO&%HE&N D'S%&'C% OF )EO&)'A, A%,AN%A D'$'S'ON? %o: S%A%E OF )EO&)'A 'NC., et al, CH'EF EJEC(%'$E OFF'CE&, e% rel, 'n Care Of: John Nathan Deal, B1Ba JOHN NA%HAN DEA,, 6<: S%A%E CA*'%O,, S. "., A%,AN%A, )EO&)'A. F:<::;G *HONE: F;<;G E=E89DDE. &es+e3tfull0 +resente , 2ith all rights reser#e ? W&*2o4* >-e;4 &6e, U.C.C. #-C8GE. +s+ !ui ?uris< E(e64*o- O..&6e, 5!<RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. ?on< DoeT + E(e64*o-. Page 132 of 132.

"he following

otion is to %e filed 7within 22 days

of the &udg ent; in the event that the #istrict $ourt of the =nited !tates 7address all docu ents to ''"he #istrict $ourt 0f "he =nited !tates'' rather than ''"he =nited !tates #istrict $ourt'', %ecause the na e was changed, on or a%out 1346, in order to reflect a non1constitutional, inferior (rticle1A court of ad iralty; returns an unfavora%le &udg ent L dis issal, 7e.g., on grounds of &urisdiction and L or frivolity, etc.; so that the constitutional issues raised within the affidavit of petition for declaratory &udg ent can %e preserved for filing an appeal to ''"he (ppelate $ourt 0f "he =nited !tates''.

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES NORTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA ATLANTA DIVISION JON DOEAssignor, for the use of Jon: DoeAssignee, at arm's length, Claimant in personam, $s. S%A%E OF )EO&)'A 'NC., et al, &es+on ent!s). ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) CASE NO.: ______________________. File On Deman !Claimant "ai#es Fee). IN ADMIRALTY, IN COMMON LAW, CON%&AC%, AN%'%&(S%, F&A(D, AFF'DA$'% OF *E%'%'ON FO& DEC,A&A%O&- J(D).EN%.

MOTION FOR FINDINGS< CO.ES NO" Jon: Doe in propria persona an e/+ressl0 not '' pro se,'' a real e/+ressl0 not

+art0 in interest a++earing nunc#pro#tunc via s+e3ial #isitation an

via general a++earan3e, stan ing in unlimite 3ommer3ial lia1ilit0 as a so#ereign Ameri3an Citi4en, Se3ure *art0 Cre itor, see5ing a ''Common-Law Reme !''

2ithin the A miralt0 via the ''Sa#ing %o Suitors Clause'' at (SC 6789::: !9), in regar ing escheat 10 2a0 of 3olle3tion in rem, on an enun3iation of +rin3i+les state the 3ourt has ire3te for the public re3or , 2ith

in Haines v Kerner, at ;<; (. S. =9>, 2herein eeme ''in8artfull0

that regar less if .o#ant's motion 1e

+lea ,'' those 2ho are uns3hoole

in la2 2ill ha#e the 3ourt loo5 to the

substance of the ''motion'' rather than in the form? therefore .o#ant's ''motion'' is not re@uire to meet the same stri3t stan ar s as that of a ''li3ense '' attorne0. on their fa3e

.o#ant's fa3tual allegations 2ithin this te/t are therefore a33e+te as true, 3orre3t, 3om+lete an not mislea ing, an Page 1 of 16.

are, to the 1est of .o#ant's

a1ilit0, the truth, the 2hole truth an here10 +resente therefrom. along 2ith an0 an

nothing 1ut the truth? an

sai

''motion'' is ra2n

all reasona1le inferen3es that ma0 1e not 1e 3onstrue

Su1se@uentl0, .o#ant's ''motion'' shoul

narro2l0,

1ut rather inter+rete im+li3ations gathere

li1erall0 so as to a33ommo ate an0 an

all su3h +lausi1le

regar ing Au gment in ''the 3ase'', vi ''JON DOEAssignor,

for the use of Jon: DoeAssignee, at arm's length, Claimant in personam, $s. S%A%E OF )EO&)'A 'NC., et al., &es+on ent!s), CASE NO. 986:8C$8<96:8SCJ'', ren ere an entere .a0 E, 6<9:, re3ei#e .a0 7, 6<9:. %HE&EFO&E .O$AN% DOES here2ith formall0 mo#e this 3ourt +ursuant to the Fe eral &ules of

here10 an

Ci#il *ro3e ure !also hereinafter F&C*), &ule =6 !1), 2hi3h +ro#i es in +ertinent +art that ''FoGn a +art0's motion... after entr0 of Au gment, the 3ourt ma0 amen its fin ingsor ma5e a Fem+hasis a itional fin ingsan ma0 amen the Au gment a33or ingl0.''

e G %his rule +ermits a +art0 to file a motion for fin ings after

the Au gment has 1een entere . %herefore, ''the +art0'', vi ''JON DOEAssignor, for the use of Jon: here10 an DoeAssignee, at arm's length, Claimant in personam'', oes

here2ith formall0 mo#e this 3ourt to amen

its Au gment a33or ingl0,

10 2a0 of +ro#i ing the +art0 an enumerate 1ill of +arti3ulars 3larif0ing +oint8108+oint: " & $ that ''the 3ourt'', vi ''%HE D'S%&'C% CO(&% OF %HE (N'%ED S%A%ES, NO&%HE&N D'S%&'C% OF )EO&)'A, A%,AN%A D'$'S'ON'', is, or, is not, san3tione to e/er3ise Auris i3tion in the Common ,a2 arising un er Arti3le8''', Page 2 of 16.

Se3tion8', an , Arti3le8''', Se3tion8'', of ''the Constitution'', vi ''the original, organi3 Constitution for these (nite 0ear 9D7D an ratifie States of Ameri3a, rafte on or a1out the

10 the se#eral states of the (nion on or a1out 9D7>.'' to the 3ase, vi ''S%E$E CA&.'CHAE, JONES, offi3e?

" && $ that ''the Au ge'' assigne

B1BaB Fe eral Ju ge'', is, or, is not, affirme B s2orn un er ''oath'' for sai i.e., ''[ all e/e3uti#e an

Au i3ial Offi3ers, 1oth of the (nite States an of the 10 Oath or Affirmation, to su++ort this

se#eral States, shall 1e 1oun Constitution?''

See Arti3le $' of the Constitution for authorit0.

" &&& $ that the Au ge is, or, is not, san3tione to e/er3ise Auris i3tion in the Common ,a2 arising un er Arti3le8''', Se3tion8', an , Arti3le8''', Se3tion8'', of the Constitution? i.e., Se6*&on I ''%he Au i3ial *o2er of the (nite #este in one su+reme Court, an States, shall 1e

in su3h inferior Courts as the Congress ma0

from time to time or ain an inferior Courts, shall hol

esta1lish. %he Ju ges, 1oth of the su+reme an uring goo Ceha#ior, an shall, at state

their Offi3es

%imes, re3ei#e for their Ser#i3es a Com+ensation 2hi3h shall not 1e iminishe uring their Continuan3e in Offi3e.'' e/ten to all Cases, in ,a2 an Se6*&on II ''%he Au i3ial *o2er shall

E@uit0, arising un er this Constitution, the ,a2s

of the (nite

States, an %reaties ma e, or 2hi3h shall 1e ma e, un er their

Authorit0? to all Cases affe3ting Am1assa ors, other +u1li3 .inisters an Consuls? to all Cases of a miralt0 an maritime Juris i3tion? to Contro#ersies to

Page 3 of 16.

2hi3h the (nite

States shall 1e a *art0? to Contro#ersies 1et2een t2o or more Citi4ens of another State? 1et2een Citi4ens of

States? 1et2een a State an

ifferent States? 1et2een Citi4ens of the same State 3laiming ,an s un er )rants of ifferent States, an 1et2een a State, or the Citi4ens thereof, an foreign

States, Citi4ens or Su1Ae3ts.'' " &' $ that the (nite States go#ernment is, or, is not, a signator0 to the

Constitution +ursuant to its ratifi3ation on or a1out the 0ear 9D7>. " ' $ that the (nite States go#ernment is, or, is not, o+erating 2ithin the

geogra+hi3 1oun aries of the 3ommon8la2 Auris i3tion. " '& $ that the state of )eorgia is, or, is not, a signator0 to the Constitution +ursuant to the *hila el+hia Con#ention of 9D7D an ratifi3ation of the same in 9D7>.

" '&& $ that the state of )eorgia is, or, is not, 2ithin the geogra+hi3 1oun aries of the 3ommon8la2 Auris i3tion. " '&&& $ that +ursuant to %itle 67 (SC, the (niform De3larator0 Ju gment A3t is, or, is not, +ro#i e un er 1oth fe eral an state la2. es3ri+tion of '' e3larator0

" &( $ that the follo2ing is, or, is not, an a33urate Au gment'': A e3larator0 Au gment is the legal legal +osition of litigants 2here there is

etermination of a 3ourt as to the 't is in

ou1t as to their +osition in la2.

a form of legall081in ing +re#enti#e a Au i3ation 10 2hi3h a +art0 in#ol#e

an a3tual, or, +ossi1le, legal matter 3an as5 a 3ourt to 3on3lusi#el0 rule on an Page 4 of 16.

affirm the rights, status,

uties, or, o1ligations, of one or more +arties in a 3i#il

is+ute. Although generall0 a statutor0 rather than e@uita1le reme 0 in the (nite States, relief is histori3all0 relate to, an , 1eha#es in legal terms e3larations.

similarl0 to, other e@uita1le reliefs an

" ( $ that relief un er the De3larator0 Ju gment A3t is, or, is not, a#aila1le 2hen Auris i3tion, in the sense of a fe eral right, 3ontro#ers0 or foun ation for resort to the fe eral 3ourts. " (& $ that the +art0's inherent status esta1lishing foreign Auris i3tion se+arate from that to 2hi3h the &es+on ent a heres, as 2ell as the fa3t that Jon: the real +art0 in interest an not, esta1lish i#ersit0 an Doe is i#ersit0, +ro#i es

the &es+on ent is a 3or+orate fi3tion, oes, or, oes 3ontro#ers0 in the 3ase. oes, or, oes not, +ro#i e 3ontro#ers0 2hi3h are

" (&& $ that the Constitution, at Arti3le8''', Se3tion8'',

e/er3ise of the Au i3ial +o2er to 3ases of i#ersit0 an su3h in the Constitutional sense.

" (&&& $ that escheat via the &es+on ent's 3olle3tion in rem an 2illful a1rogation of the +art0's inherent rights an status 2hi3h are +rote3te an guarantee un er the

Constitution an Amen ments foun

2ithin the Honora1le Cill of &ights !the first uties, o1ligations, arrest,

ten Amen ments) 10 2a0 of the &es+on ent a ministrating

3harges, +rose3ution, 3on#i3tion, senten3ing, in3ar3eration B 1o 0 atta3hment, +ursuant to matters arising outsi e the 3ommon8la2 + trust8la2 Auris i3tion, oes, or, oes not, Page 5 of 16.

emonstrate

i#ersit0 an

3ontro#ers0 2hi3h are su3h in the Constitutional sense. e3larator0

" (&' $ that the +art0

oes, or, oes not, ha#e the right to +etition for

Au gment relating to the 3ase. " (' $ that the +art0 oes, or, oes not, in3lu e an fortif0, 2ithin the A miralt0, o3ument!s). e3lare that he

(SC %itle 6789::: !9), vi ''the Sa#ing %o Suitors ClauseK, in his " ('& $ that the +art0 in the 3ase oes, or, oes not, une@ui#o3all0

see5s a ''Common-Law Reme !'' 2ithin the A miralt0. " ('&& $ that the Sa#ing %o Suitors Clause oes, or, oes not, +ro#i e the right of

a 3ommon8la2 reme 0 in all 3ases 2here the 3ommon la2 is 3om+etent to gi#e it. " ('&&& $ that the Sa#ing %o Suitors Clause 3ogni4an3e an oes, or, oes not, +ro#i e original

3ul+a1ilit0 of the (nite States go#ernment to +rote3t all rights an

status of all sei4ures on lan , un er the 3ommon la2, 2ith no 1len ing of e@uit0. " (&( $ that the +art0 oes, or, oes not, ha#e the right to see5 a 3ommon8la2

reme 0 2ithin the a miralt0. " (( $ that a Au i3ation for the 3ase 2ill, or, 2ill not, harm the +u1li3. " ((& $ that the 3ourt is, or, is not, in emnifie " ((&& $ that the +art0 the 3ertifie 10 the 1on of ''JON DOE''.

oes, or, oes not, ha#e an inherent, +ro+rietar0 right to

title 5no2n as ''JON DOE''.

" ((&&& $ that the +art0 is, or, is not, the onl0 real +art0 in interest a3ting as 3ontri1uting 1enefi3iar0 2ho has +ut an0 #alue into ''JON DOE''. Page 6 of 16.

" ((&' $ that the +art0 is, or, is not, the onl0 inherent, legitimate 3laimant to an0 an all e@uit0 atta3hing to ''JON DOE''. to an0 an all inter+lea e fun s

" ((' $ that the +art0 is, or, is not, entitle relating to ''JON DOE''. " (('& $ that the &es+on ent

oes, or, oes not, ha#e re3or

or B nor e#i en3e that

the &es+on ent has +ut #alue into ''JON DOE''. " (('&& $ that the +art0 oes, or, oes not, ha#e the right to eman an0

''original '' 3ontra3t, agreement, or, terms of trust, not a 3o+0, 2hi3h is 1eing use against him, 1e 1rought for2ar . oes, or, oes not, re@uire the original 3ontra3t, as e#i en3e.

" (('&&& $ that a 3ourt at la2

agreement, or, terms of trust, 1e entere " ((&( $ that the Erie o3trine

oes, or, oes not, man ate "here there is no

3ontra3t Fagreement, or, trust relationshi+G, there is no 3ase. " ((( $ that not2ithstan ing an0 an all assume trusts, 3ontra3ts, or, agreements,

signe , unsigne , 3onstru3te , im+lie , a here , in#isi1le, an B or the li5e thereof, the &es+on ent is, or, is not, in 1ree3h of an0 an for failure of trust relationshi+, full " (((& $ that if the +art0 tries to #oi a missing element an is +re#ente all su3h allege instruments

is3losure, an B or, e@uita1le 3onsi eration. a trust, 3ontra3t, or, agreement, 1e3ause of from oing so, su3h instrument oes, or,

oes not, 1e3ome a frau ulent instrument. Page / of 16.

" (((&& $ that there is, or, is not, a statute of limitations on frau . " (((&&& $ that the &es+on ent has B is, or, has B is not, 1een B 3urrentl0, 1usiness 2ithin the Auris i3tion an #enue of the 3ourt. " (((&' $ that the +art0's Constitutionall08+rote3te an guarantee ;th8Amen ment oing

&ight, 2hi3h states '' no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,'' is, or, is not, a1rogate 10 the &es+on ent on <DB69B6<9<. an guarantee 9st8Amen ment

" (((' $ that the +art0's Constitutionall08+rote3te &ight to 1e hear 96B9=B6<9<. " ((('& $ that the +art0's =th8Amen ment8+rote3te or, is not, o1stru3te

10 the 3ourt is, or, is not, a1rogate

10 the &es+on ent on

an

guarantee

arraignment is,

10 the &es+on ent on 96B9=B6<9<. an guarantee arraignment is,

" ((('&& $ that the +art0's =th8Amen ment8+rote3te or, is not, 2ai#e 10 the +art0.

" ((('&&& $ that the &es+on ent's o1stru3tion of the +art0's arraignment is, or, is not, in erogation to the Eth8Amen ment8+rote3te the a33usation an an guarantee &ights to full0

un erstan

efine B 3hallenge Auris i3tion B #enue.

" (((&( $ that the &es+on ent's +ra3ti3e of la2 from the 1en3h, 10 entering a +lea of ''Not Guilty'' for the +art0, is, or, is not, in erogation to the Constitution.

" (0 $ that +ursuant to the F&C*, &ule =6, the &es+on ent's 3or+orate silen3e B non8 res+onse to the +art0's affirme via a3@uies3en3e. Page 2 of 16. e3larations is, or, is not, tantamount to esto++el

" (0& $ that the &es+on ent's failure to ans2er the +art0's motion!s) is, or, is not, in erogation to Arti3le8''' an Arti3le8'$ of the Constitution. to the +art0's 3hallenge to affi a#its of truth an nunc#pro# in the

" (0&& $ that the &es+on ent's failure to res+on Auris i3tion, as e3lare in the +art0's affirme

tunc o1Ae3tions an

eman

for +ro1a1le 3ause via fa3t8fin ing entere

3ourt, is, or, is not, an a1rogation of the +art0's ;th8Amen ment &ight to esta1lish +ro1a1le 3ause, Eth8Amen ment &ight to efine an =th8Amen ment &ight to ue +ro3ess of la2. 3hallenge Auris i3tion, an ,

" (0&&& $ that )2innett Count0 is, or, is not, the +ro+er #enue B Auris i3tion to file B hear su3h allege " (0&' $ that the +art0 at an0 time. " (0' $ that the &es+on ent's 3laim oes, or, oes not, 3om+ort to the re@uisite uniform three80ear statute of limitations +ro#i e 2ithin the A miralt0. ire3t 3ontra#ention to 3laim. oes, or, oes not, ha#e the right to 3hallenge Auris i3tion

" (0'& $ that the &es+on ent's 3laim is, or, is not, in the (nite

States' a1olition of ''$ebtors' Prison'' in the 0ear 97::. gui elines foun 2ithin O.C.).A. <<8<8<<

" (0'&& $ that the state8legislate

7place the unconstitutional statute M in place of the 4s a%ove; are, or, are not, in erogation to the Constitution.

" (0'&&& $ that the &es+on ent's '')e*uest to +harge'' is, or, is not, Page 3 of 16.

in

erogation to the e@ual +rote3tion 3lause of the =th Amen ment to the

Constitution. " (0&( $ that the &es+on ent's 3laim is, or, is not, in erogation to the

3ommon la2, an therefore is 2ithstan ing, or, is not2ithstan ing, the Constitution. " 0 $ that the +art0's affirme e/er3ise all &ights an e3laration!s) oesB o, or, oesB o not, reser#e an

&eme 0 as +ro#i e 10 2a0 of su3h that are unlimite

to the +art0's (CC89 Finan3ing Statement? the Sa#ing %o Suitors Clause? the 9:th Arti3le of Amen ment to the Constitution? 9= Statutes At ,arge? House Joint &esolution 9>6? %he Foreign So#ereign 'mmunities A3t of 9>DE? the (niform Commer3ial Co e in Coo5 9 at Se3tions 6<D an " 0& $ that +ursuant to the same, an Co e, the +art0 &ights an :<7? et cetera . . .

in harmon0 2ith the (niform Commer3ial

oes, or, oes not, reser#e his Common ,a2 B Constitutional to +erform un er an0 trust, 3ontra3t, into

&eme 0 not to 1e 3om+elle

an B or, agreement, an B or the li5e thereof, that the +art0 has not entere 5no2ingl0, #oluntaril0, an , intentionall0. " 0&& $ that reser#ation an e/er3ise of the same

oes, or, oes not, ser#e noti3e

u+on all multi8Auris i3tional, international, fe eral, state, an , lo3al, a ministrati#e agen3ies an go#ernment instrumentalities, that, the +art0 2ith the ''3om+elle oes not, an , 2ill not,

a33e+t the lia1ilit0 asso3iate to an0 an

1enefit of +ri#ilege'' +ursuant

e#er0 unre#eale B +resume

3ommer3ial trust, 3ontra3t or agreement.

Page 14 of 16.

" 0&&& $ that reser#ation an

e/er3ise of the same

oes, or, oes not, une@ui#o3all0

e/+atriate the +art0 from the &es+on ent's Auris i3tion, entitling the +art0 reme 0 10 trial a33or ing to the 3ourse an em+lo0ing an Arti3le8''' Au ge 1oun " 0&' $ that reser#ation an +art0 from an0 an usage of the COMMON LAW,

10 ''the "upreme .a& of the .and.'' oes, or, oes not, release the trust, 3ontra3t B agreement, an B 2ithin the &es+on ent's

e/er3ise of the same

e#er0 unre#eale B +resume

or all the li5e thereof, su3h as that 2hi3h is foun '')e*uest to +harge''. " 0' $ that 2ai#ing ''the 1enefit of +ri#ilege'' from an0 an

oes, or, oes not, relie#e the +art0

e#er0 +resum+tion, +resentment, a33usation, in i3tment, trust, an 9;th8amen ment ''3iti4en B +erson,''

the li5e, 3harging the +art0 as a so83alle

''su1Ae3t,'' ''resi ent,'' ''resi ent of the 3ommon2ealth,'' ''+erson of inheren3e an B or in3i en3e,'' 3or+orate offi3er B agent B re+resentati#e B mem1er B +artner B em+lo0ee B fi3tion B transmitting utilit0 B fran3hisee B ens legis B stramineus homo !stra28man) B umm0 B Auristi3 +erson B li1ellee B e1tor B o1ligor B a33ommo ation +art0 B suret0 B trustee B 1enefi3iar0 B an Bor all the li5e thereof. " 0'& $ that the &es+on ent's +resume trust, 3ontra3t B agreement oes, or, oes

not, 3om+ort to the 3ommon la2 B trust la2. " 0'&& $ that the &es+on ent's +resume not, 3om+ort to e@uit0 la2 B 3i#il la2. Page 11 of 16. trust, 3ontra3t B agreement oes, or, oes

" 0'&&& $ that the &es+on ent's +resume not, 3om+ort to a miralt0 la2. " 0&( $ that the &es+on ent's +resume

trust, 3ontra3t B agreement

oes, or, oes

trust, 3ontra3t B agreement

oes, or, oes

not, 3om+ort to the (niform Commer3ial Co e. " 0( $ that the &es+on ent's +resume trust, 3ontra3t B agreement oes, or, oes

not, 3ontain all the ne3essar0 elements use

in 3onstituting su3h instruments? e.g.,

9. ''0rustee ( 8eneficiary relationship E /ffer, not e%cluding full disclosure.'' 6. ''8enefit of <iduciary E -*uitable +onsideration for all involved parties.'' :. ''5greement to act or be named as 0rustee or 8eneficiary E 5cceptance, i.e., '' a meeting of the minds,'' by all involved parties.'' ;. ''0he implied or assumed actions E signatures by all involved parties.'' " 0(& $ that +ursuant to the F&C*, &ule =6, an ''assum+tion'' an the +art0 2ith 5no2le ge of the fa3t that or e/+li3itl0 enie ,

''+resum+tion'' ma0 +re#ail unless re1utte e3lare that Jon:

oes, or, oes not, une@ui#o3all0

Doe is in no

2a0 to 1e 3onstrue , terme , nor, thought of, as a corporate person, legal fiction, fictional person, nor, incorporated, in an0 2a0, means, sha+e, nor, form. " 0(&& $ that 2ith 5no2le ge of the fa3t that all su3h entities are not li#ing, 1reathing, sentient men an an e/+li3it 3laim an 2omen, the +art0 oes, or, oes not, ma5e e/+ress

affirmation to the li#ing, 2hose Creator is the +art0Ps e/+li3it 3laim an Page 12 of 16. affirmation that the +art0 is

Hea#enl0 Father? 2ith e/+ress an

a self8a2are, sentient, flesh8an 81loo inherent to the Hea#enl0 Creator, an

man, in i#isi1le from the

i#ine soul, ''person

is not a go#erernmentall083reate

of inherence or incidence,'' ''franchisee,'' nor an0 other form of ''corporation.'' " 0(&&& $ that the +art0 oes, or, oes not, su33essfull0 re1utt the +resum+tions that

the +art0 is: !a) in3or+orate ? !1) un er 3ontra3t? !3) trusteeB1enefi3iar0 relationshi+. " 0(&' $ that the +art0 is, or, is not, an inherent, 9st Class state Citi4en? a so#ereign Ameri3an Citi4en of these se#eral states of the (nion, i.e., ''the (nite Ameri3a'' as first agree e3lare States of

2ithin Arti3le89 of the Arti3les of Confe eration, ratifie in the 0ear 9D79? a Citi4en of the (nite usage of the Constitution?

to in the 0ear 9DDD an

States as su3h term is efine

2ithin the 3ourse an

one of the so#ereign Ameri3an *eo+le of *osterit0? a Se3ure 8+art0 Cre itor? a non8resi ent alien 2ith res+e3t to the fe eral 4one of the (nite States go#ernment. " 0(' $ that the +art0 is, or, is not, a resi ent alien, su1Ae3t to the e/3lusi#e Auris i3tion of the fe eral 4one of the (.S. go#ernment, or one of its States, territories, en3la#es, etc., a so83alle 9;th8amen ment muni3i+al fran3hisee, 6n 3lass 3iti4en of the

(nite States go#ernment? a ''term of art'' 5no2n as a ''3iti4en of the (nite States'', aB5Ba, a ''(nite States 3iti4en'', 2hi3h is tantamount to a fe eral 3iti4en of the

Distri3t of Colum1ia !as the t2o are s0non0mous)? a non8resi ent 3iti4en a hering to fe eral 3iti4enshi+? or, as su3h is more a33uratel0 3ou3he , ''a statutor0 sla#e.'' " 0('& $ that the +art0 is, or, is not, e/3lusi#el0 2ithin the 3ommon8la2 Auris i3tion. Page 13 of 16.

" 0('&& $ that the +art0

oes, or, oes not, grant the &es+on ent 3onsent to Auris i3tion.

" 0('&&& $ that the +art0 in the 3ase is, or, is not, a ''Claimant'' ''in personam''. " 0(&( $ that the +art0's relationshi+ to &es+on ent is, or, is not, ''at arm's length.'' " 0(( $ that the +art0 in the 3ase oes, or, oes not, su1stantiate a set of fa3ts in su++ort of a 3laim 2hi3h 2oul entitle him to relief. e3larator0 Au gment is, or, is not,

" 0((& $ that an affi a#it of +etition for re@uire to 1e ans2ere +oint8108+oint.

" 0((&& $ that an0 an for

all statements or 3laims in the +art0's affi a#it of +etition to 1e +ro+erl0 re1utte , +oint8

e3larator0 Au gment are, or, are not, re@uire

108+oint, 2ith fa3ts of la2 or o#erri ing Arti3le8''' Su+reme Court rulings. " 0((&&& $ that if so re1utte , su3h re1uttle oes, or, oes not, +reAu i3e the la2ful or in#ali ate ,

#ali it0 of all other statements or 3laims not +ro+erl0 re1utte

+oint8108+oint, +ursuant to fa3ts of la2 or o#erri ing Arti3le8''' Su+reme Court rulings. " 0((&' $ that the 3ourt is, or, is not, a3ting in goo 3ourse an faith an in a33or 2ith the

usage of the Au i3iar0 +o2ers of the Constitution 2hen it ar1itraril0 1lan5et8allegations of fri#olit0. o3umente un er

an 3a+ri3iousl0 in#o5es un2arrante , unsu1stantiate

" 0((' $ that the 3ler5 of the 3ourt is, or, is not, a ''#essel'' as (SC Cha+ters 969 an

96: at %itle ;E of %he *u1li3 $essel A3t. in the 3ourt,

" 0(('& $ that all of the +art0's o3uments in the 3ase, as entere are, or, are not, ''3argo'' as o3umente

un er the Cills of ,a ing A3t.

Page 14 of 16.

AC7NOWLEDGMENT OF NOTARY< H ?URAT H Da*e<RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. A00 R&12*/ Re/e-'e = UCC #-C8GE. +s+ !ui ?uris< E(e64*o- O..&6e, 5!<RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. ?on< Doe + E(e64*o- + Mo'an*.

S%A%E OF )EO&)'A

) ) SS< CO(N%- OF )"'NNE%% ) /n theUUUday ofUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU, >FD=, before me,UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU, Notary, appears @ovant, JonL $oe, -%ecutor /ffice, J/N $/-, -state, 'no&n

to me 7or proved to me via satisfactory evidence of identification9 to be the sentient living man &hose name is subscribed upon this instrument, and affirms to me that he e%ecutes the same in his authori ed capacity. Witnessed by my hand and official seal, RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. No*a-! S&1na*o-!. DATE<RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. NOTARY SEAL< M! Comm&//&on E(3&-e/< RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR.

Page 15 of 16.

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES NORTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA ATLANTA DIVISION JON DOEAssignor, for the use of Jon: DoeAssignee, at arm's length, Claimant in personam, $s. S%A%E OF )EO&)'A 'NC., et al, &es+on ent!s). ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) CASE NO.: ______________________. File On Deman !Claimant "ai#es Fee). IN ADMIRALTY, IN COMMON LAW, CON%&AC%, AN%'%&(S%, F&A(D, AFF'DA$'% OF *E%'%'ON FO& DEC,A&A%O&- J(D).EN%.

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE< %his is to Certif0 that ' ha#e, on this ___ Da0 of _____________, 6<___, Ser#e this Affirme MOTION FOR FINDINGS= 10 2a0 of (. S. *. S. Certifie .ail Num1er SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS 7place the 241digit nu %er here; SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS %o: CLER7 OF THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, NORTHERN DISTRICT OF GEORGIA, ATLANTA DIVISION= 'n Care Of: James N. Hatten, B1BaB JA.ES N. HA%%EN, &'CHA&D C. &(SSE,, FEDE&A, C(',D'N), D= S*&'N) S%&EE%, S. "., A%,AN%A, )EO&)'A. F:<:<:8::E9G *HONE: F;<;G 69=89E==. &es+e3tfull0 +resente , 2ith all rights reser#e ? W&*2o4* >-e;4 &6e, U.C.C. #-C8GE. +s+ !ui ?uris< E(e64*o- O..&6e, 5!<RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR. ?on< DoeT + E(e64*o-. Page 16 of 16.