Computer Studies

FOCUS COMPUTER STUDIES K.C.S.
E 2012 to 2015
FOCUS K.C.S.E REVISION SERIES 2012 to 2015
COMPUTER STUDIES
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
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FOCUS COMPUTER STUDIES K.C.S.E 2012 to 2015

1. (a) Clearly define a computer A computer is an electronic device that operates (works) under the control of programs stored in its own memory unit An electronic device that accepts data, as input and transforms it under the influence of a set of special instructions called programs, to produce the desired output (referred to as information)
(b) Give one rea on !"y a computer i referred to a an electronic device t uses electrical signals to process data t is made up of electronic components and uses electric energy to operate
!. (i)
E#plain t"e follo!in$ term a u ed in computer cience Data A collection of raw facts, figures or instructions that do not have much meaning to the user
(ii)
Pro$ram A computer program is a set of related instructions which specify how data is to be processed A set of instructions used to guide a computer through a process
(iii)
Data proce in$ Igniting positive change among our
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t is the process of collecting all terms of data together " converting them into information
(iv)
Information #ata which has been refined summari$ed " manipulated in the way you want it, or into a more meaningful form for decision- making
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State any t"ree function of a computer Accepting data Processing the data Producing information
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E#plain t"e follo!in$ input% output term a u ed in computer y tem & Give an e#ample for eac" (a) 'ead (o transfer data from an input device to the computer, e.g. the computer reads data from a disk, a keyboard, etc (o move or copy data from backing storage to the main )torage (b) *rite (o transfer information from the computer to an output #evice e.g. the computer writes output on a printer or onto a disk. (o move or copy data from the main storage to a backing storage
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State four different part t"at ma'e up a computer
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)ystem unit ,onitor -eyboard ,ouse Printer ,odem )canner )peakers .raph plotters
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(a) E#plain t"e term y tem Unit (his is the casing that houses the internal components of the computer such as the 0P1 and storage devices
(b)
(i t four device located under t"e cover of t"e y tem unit 0entral processing 1nit (0P1) ,otherboard Power supply unit ,ain memory 2ard disk #isk drives 3attery 3uses
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nput4 output ports 5ideo card 67pansion slots
(c) Give t!o difference )et!een to!er * tyle and de 'top y tem unit (ower style system unit is designed to stand alone or to be placed on the floor, desktop units lie on the desk with the monitor placed on top (ower style units have more space for e7pansion than the typical desktop units (! mks)
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Computer "ave evolved t"rou$" a num)er of $eneration & (i t any , c"aracteri tic of t"e fir t $eneration of computer & 8arge in physical si$e 'elied on thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) to process and store data 0onsumed a lot of power Produced a lot of heat (he computers constantly broke down due to the e7cessive heat generated9 hence were short- lived, and were not very reliable (heir internal memory capacity4 si$e was low Processing speed was very slow 5ery costly 1sed magnetic drum memory
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-& .riefly e#plain t"e cla ification of computer accordin$ to "i torical development /$eneration 0 1ir t $eneration computer 1sed vacuum tubes in their memory 8arge in physical si$e consumed a lot of power Produced a lot of heat (he computers constantly broke down due to the e7cessive heat generated9 hence were short- lived and were not very reliable (heir internal memory capacity4 si$e was low )low in processing data 5ery costly 1sed magnetic drum memories 0ards were sued to enter data into the computers
Second $eneration computer 1sed transistors in their memory (hey consumed less power " produced less heat than the first generation computers /|Page youth (hey were relatively faster than the 1st generation computers 1sed magnetic core memories *ere less costly than first generation computers 'A, memory capacity was %! -3
T"ird Generation computer 1sed integrated circuits in their memory (hey were faster than second generation computers 'A, memory capacity was ! .3
)lightly smaller in si$e than 1st " !nd generation computers (hey used a wide range of peripheral devices 0ould support remote communication facilities4 more than one user at the same time
,agnetic disks were introduced for storage purposes
1ourt" $eneration computer 1sed large scale integrated (8) ) circuits " very large scale integrated (58)l) circuits in their memory (hey were small " very fast 2ad storage (memory) capacity ,agnetic disks, bubble memories " optical disks were used for storage (he first operating system was introduced
1ift" $eneration computer Are the modern computers Are designed4 constructed using parallel architectures, % :# circuit design " superconducting materials ;|Page youth Igniting positive change among our

Are very powerful, with very high processing speeds (he computers can perform multiprocessing 2ave virtually unlimited ( very high) memory si$es 0an support comple7 programs 1se advanced hard disks and optical disks for storage, e.g. #5#s 1se of $ip disks 1se of multi user operating systems " advanced application programs
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State four factor u ed to cla ify computer Physical si$e " processing power Power <unctionality (mode4 method of operation) (ype of processor (0P1)
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State t"e difference )et!een de 'top computer and laptop computer #esktop is designed to be used when placed on a desk in an office environment. A laptop can be used comfortably when placed on the 1ser=s lap A laptop is small " portable9 desktop computers are not portable
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E#plain t"e emer$in$ trend in microcomputer tec"nolo$y in relation to i5e
P0s are becoming small and portable, e.g. personal #igital Assistant (P#A).
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/)0 Give t!o rea on !"y maller computer li'e (aptop tend to )e more e#pen ive t"an De 'top computer (he technology of producing smaller devices is e7pensive (hey are convenient because they are portable (hey have advanced power management capabilities (they consume less power since a laptop can operate on rechargeable batteries
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7"ic" cate$ory of computer !ould you place an N8 erie No'ia p"one ,icrocomputer4 palmtop
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Give t"ree rea on !"y a mo)ile p"one i re$arded to )e a computer t is electronic ? uses electric energy to operate t has a display unit (screen) t has a keypad t has a memory for storage t is programmable
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/a0 Mention t"ree :nalo$ue device 0omputer used to control a flight )imulator for training pilots 3athroom scale (hermometer )peedometer Post- office scale
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A radio with a knob that slides in a slot to increase volume
/)0 Give t"ree e#ample of pecial * purpo e computer 'obots ,obile phones used for communication only 0alculators that carry out calculations only 0omputers used in digital watches " in petrol pumps 0omputers used in petrol pumps 0omputers used in washing machines An automatic pilot A word processor
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State a pecific e#ample !"ere eac" of t"e follo!in$ type of computer can )e u ed /a0 Supercomputer *eather forecasting Petroleum research #efense and weapon analysis Aerodynamic design and simulation
/)0 Mainframe computer 1A | P a g e youth 3anks for preparing bills, payrolls, etc 2ospitals
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Airports (i.e., in Airline reservation systems for booking " storing flight information) Igniting positive change among our

0ommunication networks as servers
/c0 Minicomputer )cientific laboratories " research institutions
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6ngineering plants for controlling chemical or mechanical processes )pace industry nsurance companies " banks for accounting purposes 0ommunication centers as servers
/d0 Microcomputer % per onal computer (raining " 8earning institutions, e.g. schools 0ommunication centers as terminals )mall business enterprises e.g. shops, small offices and homes
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/a0 Define a microcomputer -
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A computer who=s 0P1 (processor) has been implemented with a microprocessor
/)0 Differentiate )et!een a microcomputer and a per onal computer / 6 m' 0 A microcomputer is larger in physical si$e than a P0 A microcomputer is more powerful than a P0 A P0 was designed to be used by one person only
/c0 (i t t"ree factor to )e con idered !"en purc"a in$ a microcomputer 11 | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our
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(ype of processor Processing speed Amount of main memory ('A,) )torage capacity of the hard disk 0ost of the computer )peed of output devices Bumber of users who can access the computers at the same time
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E#plain four rea on !"ic" ma'e microcomputer -
uita)le for per onal computin$ !or'
'educed cost, i.e. are cheaper than the minicomputers " mainframe computers 2ave high processing speed Are small in si$e (occupy less office space) Are more energy efficient (i.e. consume less power) Are more reliable in doing various functions than the early mainframe computers Are versatile (i.e. can be used for many different tasks)
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/a0 Identify and e#plain five area !"ere computer are u ed to proce Supermar'et -
data / 34 m' 0
<or stock control i.e. records of what is in store, what has been sold, and what is out of stock
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<or calculating customer=s change <or production of receipts t can be used as a barcode reader Igniting positive change among our

.an' ,anage financial transactions through the use of special cash dispensing machines called A(,s used for cash deposit " withdrawal services Processing of cheCues <or preparation of payrolls 3etter record keeping " processing of documents Provide electronic money transfer facilities =ome 6ntertainment e.g. watching movies, playing music, playing computer games <or storing personal information4 documents <or calculating " keeping home budgets Indu trie (o monitor and control industries processes through the use of robots <or management control, i.e. to keep track of elders, bills and transactions <or advertisement purposes, which enable an industry to attack more customers Police tation ,atching, analy$ing " keeping databases of fingerprints <or taking photographs " other identification details <or record keeping <or face recognition, scene monitoring " analysis which help the police carry out criminal investigations speedily Tran port indu try
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Airports9 to control the movement of aircrafts, their take off " landing using radar eCuipment <or making reservations (booking purposes) )toring flight information Automobile traffic control9 to monitor vehicle traffic in busy towns n 'ailways corporations9 to coordinate the movement of goods " wagons n shipping control, for efficient management of fleets, cargo handling " communication Dffices <or receiving " sending of information through e- mails, fa7, etc Production of documents -eeping of records
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Identify t"ree advanta$e of u in$ computer in )an'in$ )peed and accuracy 6asy to access information 6asy to update records 'eCuires less space for storage mproves data security and privacy
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64& /a0 Define t"e term > computer la)oratory? / 6 m' 0
A computer laboratory is a room that has been specially prepared to facilitate installation of computers, and provide a safe conducive environment for teaching " learning of 0omputer studies.
/)0 Give t!o factor to )e con idered !"en preparin$ a computer la)oratory /6 m' 0 )ecurity of computers 'eliability of the source of power Bumber of computers to be installed and the amount of space available (he ma7imum number of users that the laboratory can accommodate
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(i t do!n t"ree afety precaution one "ould o) erve !"en enterin$ a computer la)oratory Avoid smoking or e7posing computers to dust Avoid carrying foods " drinks4 beverages to the computer room Avoid unnecessary movements as you may accidentally knock the peripheral devices Dnly authori$ed people should enter the computer room 0omputers users should be trained on how to use computers freCuently 0omputer illiterates should not be allowed to operate the computers collect any waste papers which might be lying in the computer room " put them into the dustbin )hut the door of the computer room properly /9 m' 0
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De cri)e t"e ideal environment for a computer to !or' properly Igniting positive change among our
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)hould be free from dust, water and magnets )hould be kept in well ventilated rooms with optimum (medium) humidity
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E#plain !"y mo'e and Du t particle are "armful to a computer #ust and smoke particles settle on storage devices and may scratch them during read4 write operation t affects the cooling of the computer
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Identify t"ree facilitie t"at !ill en ure proper ventilation in a room 8arge " enough windows and doors nstalling fans nstalling air conditioning system Avoid overcrowding of either machines or people in the room
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7"y mu t food and )evera$e )e 'ept out of t"e computer room@ <ood particles may fall into the moving parts of the computer and damage them. 8iCuids may spill into the computer parts causing rusting or electrical faults
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7"y !ould it not )e $ood to in tall Po!der or 7ater * )a ed fire e#tin$ui "er in t"e computer room@ Powder particles settle on storage devices and may scratch them during read4 write operation *ater causes rustling of metallic parts and short : circuits if used
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6+& /a0 State one rea on !"y a computer need to )e connected to a ta)le po!er upply /3 m'0 (o prevent damage to the computer=s secondary storage media (o avoid damage and loss of important data or information such as application software stored on the media Prevent loss of data4 information that had not been saved before the failure
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(i t do!n four function of t"e uninterrupti)le Po!er Supply /UPS0 /, m' 0 t prevents sudden power surges that might destroy the computer t supplies power to the 0omputer during blackouts and brownouts t provides stable (clean) power supply Alerts the user of power loss (by beeping) Allows the user to save his4 her work, and switch off the system using the correct procedure
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Mention t!o t"in$ t"at are li'ely to cau e train8 in t"e computer room Poor lighting of the room 3right monitors <lickering monitors 5ery bright wall paints reflect too much light
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Identify t"ree proper ittin$ po ture !"ile u in$ t"e computer Adopt rela7ed and straight back position to avoid bending forward or learning far backwards (he feet should be firmly placed flat on the floor Igniting positive change among our
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(he seat must be high enough allowing the eyes to be the same level with the top of the )creen (he seat must have a straight backrest that allows someone to sit upright. (his prevents muscle pains " backaches caused by poor sitting posture (he height of the chair or working surface must be high enough such that your forearms are parallel with the floor and your wrists are straight. (he seat must be high enough relative to the table to enable the user use the hands on the peripheral devices comfortably. 94& State t!o met"od of minimi5in$ du t in a computer la)oratory <it the computer room with special curtains to reduce entry of dust particles 0over the floor with carpets in order to absorb dust 'egular cleaning of the laboratory 0over the computer devices with dust covers when cleaning the room
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Name t!o main cau e of fire in t"e computer la)oratory and $ive t"e precaution t"at "ould be taken to guard against them nflammable chemical such as those used to clean the computer eCuipment -eep the chemicals away in store after use Dpen wires4 cables 6nsure that all electrical wires are properly insulated 6nsure that the computer room has a gaseous fire e7tinguisher containing carbon dio7ide in case of any accidents )mocking Igniting positive change among our
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7"at i t"e purpo e of la)elin$ a di 'ette@ (o prevent confusing the data in the different diskettes (o prevent mi7ing diskettes that are used everyday with those used for long- term storage of important data.
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(i t t"ree t"in$ t"at can poil a printer if t"ey are not of t"e correct pecificationA and e#plain !"at dama$e may )e cau ed (i) Printer PaperE #ifferent printers have different sensitivity to printing papers. 1sing the
wrong Cuality paper in a particular printer can make the paper get stuck (ii) 0artridges " 'ibbonsE Printers are very specific to manufacture=s cartridges " ribbons
1se of clones or imitations ( i.e., the wrong make " model) can damage the printer mechanism (iii) 'efilling of cartridges or re- inking of ribbonsE t can spoil the printer due to leakage or
use of poor Cuality materials
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E#plain t"ree !ay t"at computer tec"nolo$y could ma'e office more efficient -
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(here is easier " faster retrieval of data, i.e. they reduce the time and effort needed to access and retrieve information
ncreased accuracy of data 3etter presentation of data 6nsure faster processing of data 6nsures economic use of storage space
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9;& /a0 E#plain t"e tep you !ould follo! to et up a ne! computer .ently and carefully connect the interface cable of each device to the correct port and to the device. 0onnect the computer to the source of power and switch it on. Dbserve boot up information on the screen to see whether Power-Dn )elf (est (PD)() displays any error message. A successful boot means that the computer was properly setup. /)0 Outline t"ree rea on !"y it i important to fir t "ut do!n t"e computer )efore turnin$ it off (o avoid damaging storage devices that may still be in use (o avoid damaging system and application files (o avoid loss of data and information ( % mks)
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: computer mu t $o t"rou$" t"e proce /a0
of )ootin$% initiali5ation )efore u e
.riefly e#plain t"e term Bcomputer )ootin$C& 3ooting refers to the starting up of a computer. t is the entire process that makes the computer ready for use.
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E#plain !"at "appen in t"e computer durin$ t"e )ootin$ proce *hen the power is switched on, internally, it first checks whether all the components are in good working condition, i.e. the 'A,, 0,D) (3 D)), hard disk " floppy disk drive controllers, and the keyboard. f no problem is found, it then loads the operating systems
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/c0 /i0 Give and e#plain t!o type of )ootin$ Cold )ootin$D t happens when a computer which was originally off is switched on by pressing the power button on the systems unit (he 0omputer starts by checking all its components to determine whether they are functioning properly
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7arm .ootin$ (his happens when a computer that was originally on is forced to restart by pressing the restart button on the system unit by pressing a combination of keys on the keyboard ( 0('8 F A8( F #68)
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7"at type of memory i u ed to tore t"e )oot up pro$ram /t"e fir t pro$ram to
)e e#ecuted on !itc"in$ on a computer@ 'ead : only ,emory ('D,) ( 1 mk)
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/a0 7"at i a computer 'ey)oard An input device that lets the user enter commands into the computer for e7ecution by typing
/)0 (i t four type of 'ey found on a computer 'ey)oardA $ivin$ an e#ample of eac" / , m' 0 !1 | P a g e youth <unction4 command keys Alphanumeric -eys (<1- <1!) (A-G, A-@)

Bumeric keypad 0ursor control keys )pecial P0 keys (A-@) (Pg1p, Pg#n, 2ome, end, Arrow keys) (0trl, )hift, Alt, ns, 6nter, )pacebar, 0aps lock, Bum lock, etc) 6diting keys (#el, 3ackspace, and spacebar)
/c0 Name t"e 'ey)oard 'ey t"at !ill "elp youD (i) (ii) (ype the upper character in a key 67ecute a selected command )2 <( -ey
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6B(6' -ey
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COMPUTER SESTEMS
1. #efine the following terms as used in computing /i0 Sy tem A collection of independent entities that collectively work together to achieve a desired goal /ii0 Computer y tem
A collection of entities that work together to process and manage information using
computers
A collection of hardware software and live- ware all working together in data
inputting, processing and production of reCuired output from a computer 6& Differentiate )et!een a computer and a computer y tem A computer is made up of both hardware and software, while a computer system integrates hardware, software and user
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/a0 (i t and e#plain t"ree functional element of a computer y tem
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=ard!are
(hey are the physical " tangible devices that make up a computer systems, e.g system unit, input devices, output devices and storage devices
Soft!are
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(hese are programs " data used in a computer system that enable it perform a number of specific functions, e.g. operating systems, application programs, utility programs, programming languages " device drives
(ive * !are / people * !are0

(hese are the people who coordinate the various activities which are necessary to make a computer system perform useful tasks e.g. data entry clerks, computer operators, programmers, system analysis, etc /)0 Dra! a !ell * la)eled dia$ram "o!in$ t"e functional unit of computer "ard!are
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,& /a0 Give t!o main function of a computer input device& (! mar' 0 Accepts data " instructions from the user and sends them into the 0P1. 5 0onverts data into a form that the computer can understand (i.e., machine)ensible4readable form) /)0 Give an e#ample of aD /9 mar' 0 (i). Device t"at read data / cannin$ device0& - )canner, - #igital cameras, - 3arcode readers. H 0redit4smart card readers, - -imball tag readers. - D,', D0', , 0', etc /ii0& Feyin$ device& - -eyboard, - -eypad.
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Pointin$ device& - ,ouse. - (rackball. - 8ight pen - Ioystick.
/"0& Goice input device& - ,icrophone. /v0& Printin$ device& !+ | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

- Printer. ;& Plotter.
State t!o advanta$e of u in$ a mou e in tead of a 'ey)oard& /6 mar' 0 - (he mouse is easy " convenient to use. - ,odern software includes an option to use it. - t selects a position on screen much more Cuickly than a keyboard.
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Outline any t!o advanta$e of a li$"t pen a an input deviceA /6 mar' 0 - t is a faster input device because it involves Just pointing on the screen and selecting options. - 0an be used to draw images on the screen. H t is light and easily portable (saves energy). - A light pen will result in few errors.
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/a0 7"at are computer cannin$ device @ /6 mar' 0 (hese are devices that enter (capture) data into the computer directly. /)0 Name t"e type of canner u edD /6 mar' 0 /i0& To capture price of $ood at point of ale terminal in upermar'et and uper tore & 3arcode reader /ii0&To $rade multiple c"oice e#amination Dptical mark reader (D,') -1!- 0omputer studies
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-& Mr& Otieno a 1renc" teac"er u ed peec" met"od to tore tudent oral an !er to an e#am into a computer /a0 7"at i a peec" input@ t is a type of input where a microphone connected to a computer system is used to enter data in form of spoken words into the computer /)0 State t!o advanta$e and t!o di advanta$e of u in$ t"i met"od of data input /, m' 0 :dvanta$e hands 0an be used in emergency situations 5oice input is fast ts suitable for people with special needs especially those with impaired
Di advanta$e 5oice input is comple7 to develop 5oice input does not take care speech related problems such as accents, tone etc (he response rates of speech input devices are relatively slow ,ost speech input devices can recogni$e a limited, standard vocabulary of spoken words, and the voice of only one speaker 0annot differentiate words that have same sounds (homophones)
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State four area !"ere peec" input !ould )e u ed
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<or people with special needs or disabilities (e.g. the handicapped especially those with impaired hands. 6mergency situations *here faster data input is reCuired n language translator or programs 5oice tags for voice dialing n automated materials handling e.g. in airports, a good handlers give spoken commands that direct the luggage to the appropriate conveyor belt. <or house4 office or car security where voice activated locks are used for access control n voice- activated toys and games n electronic funds transfer
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Name t!o e#ample of cannin$ /data capture0 device u ed at point of cale terminal in upermar'et 3arcode reader 8ight pen 0ash registers
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/a0 7"at are turnaround document (hese are documents produced as output and which can be re-used as input by the computer /)0 Name any t!o data capture tec"niHue t"at ma'e u e of turnaround document / 6 m' 0 Dptical character recognition (D0') Igniting positive change among our
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Dptical ,ark 'ecognition (D,') ,agnetic nk 0haracter 'ecognition (, 0') Dptical 3ar 'ecognition (D3') ,agnetic )tripe 'ecognition
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(i t five factor one !ould con ider !"en electin$ a data input device /, m' 0 (he needs of the user (ype of data to be input 5olume of data to be entered nput speed 0ost, i.e. the initial cost of the input device " cost of using the device on a day : to : day basis. Availability " reliability of the data entry device Accuracy reCuired Availability of space Appropriateness of the device in reference to where it is to be used
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De cri)e t"ree function performed )y t"e CPU (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) t carries out processing of data
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)ystem control- it controls the seCuence of operations within the computer t gives commands to all parts of the computer t controls the use of the ,ain ,emory in storing of data " instructions )torage of data- t provides temporary storage ('A,) " permanent storage ('D,) Igniting positive change among our
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E#plain t"e function performed )y eac" of t"e follo!in$ central proce in$ unit element /i0 Control Unit nterpreting instructions ssuing control instructions to the operating system / 6 m' 0
/ii0 -
:rit"metic and lo$ic Unit Performs arithmetic calculations such as addition, or multiplication of figures Performs logical operations " comparison on data Performs output of logical functions (variables)
/iii0 -
Re$i ter 2olds data and instructions temporarily Just before and after processing
/iv0 -
T"e main memory )tores data Just before and after processing )tores instructions waiting to be obeyed4 e7ecuted 2olds program instructions " the data currently being processed )tores intermediate results of processing awaiting transfer to the output devices
/v0
T"e y tem cloc' t determines the processing speed of the 0P1
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3,& In reference to :(UA e#plain t"e meanin$ of lo$ic operation and $ive an e#ample of t"i proce in$ operation 8ogic operation is the ability to compare two Cuantities or numbers to determine which is greater than, less than, eCual to, or not eCual to the other. t also involves the testing for e7isting of a condition encountered during the processing of an application " altering the seCuence of instructions accordingly.
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Give four type of re$i ter found in t"e CPU Accumulator nstruction Address register )torage register
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/a0 Name t"e )a ic unit u ed to mea ure t"e proce in$ peed of a computer / 3 m'0 2ert$ (2$) /)0 : computer proce or peed i mea ured in =ert5& 7"at fraction of a econd i t"e follo!in$@
(i)
1. Banosecond 1 1 7 1A@ L 1KKKKKKKKKK 1,AAA,AAA,AAA seconds
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1. ,icrosecond Igniting positive change among our

1 1 7 1A/ L 1KKKKKKKK 1,AAA,AAA seconds
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/a0 7"at i a computer )u @
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A communication path4 medium within the computer that connects the basic computer
components. t allows different elements or sections of the computer to communicate with each other.
A parallel collection of conditions that carry data " control signals from one element to
another
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State t"e function of eac" of t"e follo!in$ computer )u
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#ata bus- carries data from the processor to memory during the write operations and from
memory to the processor during the read operations
Address bus- it conveys addresses, i.e it carries the address of the memory location or
device to be acted on by the processor
0ontrol bus- it carries the timing " control signals necessary to coordinate the activities of
the entire system
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/a0 7"at i t"e computer Mot"er)oard@ (his is the electronic board where all electronic components such as processor, memory chips, 3 D), bus connections etc are assembled (b) )tate any four components found on the computer motherboard
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Processor (0P1) ) ,,4##' sockets ,emory chips 3 D) nterface chips 3uses
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/a0 7"at i a Drive@ A drive is a computer device for reading data from or writing data into a storage media, e.g. a tape or disk
/)0 State any t!o type of computer drive A $ivin$ an e#ample of a tora$e device u ed )y eac" / 9 m' 0 - <loppy #isk drive (<##) - #5# : 'D, drive - Gip drive
2ard disk drive (2##) 0#- 'D, drive (ape drive 1)3 port : for flash disk
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/a0 Give t!o rea on !"y t"ere are many form of computer tora$e device / 6 m' 0 Permanency of storage 0ost of implication 0apacity of storage systems Igniting positive change among our
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/)0 State t"ree different e#ample of au#iliary tora$e device ,agnetic tape <loppy disk 0assette tapes 2ard disk Gip disks Ia$$ disks <lash disks 5ideo 0ompact #isk (50#) #igital video #isks (#5#=s) Punched cards Dptical discs (e.g., 0ompact #isks 8)- 1!A super disks, optical card, optical tape)
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U in$ e#ample A di tin$ui "ed )et!eenD /i0 Primary and econdary /6 m' 0
Primary storage devices are accessed directly by the 0P1, while secondary storage is not /ii0 1i#ed and remova)le di ' <i7ed disks are mounted inside the computer system unit, e.g. 2ard disk. 'emovable disks are not hosed inside the system unit " are portable, e.g. floppy disk, Ia$$ disk, Gip disk, flash disk, 0#- ', 0# : '*, #5# 66& E#plain t"e follo!in$ tora$e device Igniting positive change among our
%& | P a g e youth

/i0 =ard di ' A fi7ed storage device housed inside the 0omputer )ystem 1nit /ii0 1la " di ' A high capacity plug-in portable storage device. 1sually attached at the 1)3 port of the computer /iii0 Iip di ' 2igh capacity disk that resembles a floppy disk, but is slightly larger and thicker in si$e 69& /a0 Compare a floppy di ' and 5ip di ' in relation to i5e / 6 m' 0
A floppy disk is physically small in si$e and capacity, while a $ip disk is slightly large in si$e and has large storage capacity.
/)0
Give t"ree di advanta$e of floppy di ' a
tora$e device
<loppy disks are slower than hard disks 2ighly affected by viruses 8ow storage capacity Bot reliable Affected by environmental factors, e7posure to sunlight, magnetism and dirt
6,&
/a0 State t"ree advanta$e of u in$ "ard di ' a medium of tora$e (hey provide permanent storage of data (hey have a large storage capacity Are cheap per unit of storage Igniting positive change among our
%+ | P a g e youth

Are rewritable (provide read " write facilities) Are very fast compared to other secondary storage devices in terms of data transfer
/)0 De cri)e t"ree precaution you !ould ta'e to avoid dama$in$ t"e "ard di ' #o not drop the disk drive #o not e7pose it to strong heat #o not e7pose it to dust4 smoke particles #o not unprocedurally switch off the computer
/ 9m' 0
/c0
De cri)e t"e tructure of a "ard di ' in reference to cylinder A trac' and ector (he surface of hard disk is divided into circles called (racks. Parallel tracks on several platters are called cylinders (he tracks are further subdivided into sectors. )everal sectors can be grouped to form clusters.
6;&
State t!o rea on !"y Ma$netic tape are not commonly u ed a computer data tora$e medium today Are slow when retrieving data. (his is because of the linear storage of data o the tape. #o not fully use their recording surface due to inter- record .aps
6<&
Differentiate )et!eenD /i0 Microcomputer and microproce or A microcomputer is a computer whose 0entral Processing 1nit (0P1) has been implemented with a microprocessor
%/ | P a g e youth

A microprocessor is a small computer processor, mainly a combination of the A81 " 01 manufactured on a single chip.
/ii0
Golatile memory and non8 volatile memory 5olatile memory is temporary, while non- volatile memory is permanent
/iii0
R:M and ROM 'A, is a temporary and rewritable memory, while 'D, is a permanent and read only memory.
/iv0
=ard di ' and floppy di ' 2ard disk is a hard metallic platter used to store data and is encased in a metallic housing (casing) 2ard disk is metallic. )hinny and non- fle7ible
/v0
Ma$netic and optical tora$e media n magnetic storage media, data is recorded using magnesium, while in optical storage media data is recorded using a beam of light (laser)
/vi0
=ardcopy and oftcopy output 2ardcopy is printed copy, e.g. printout on paper such as letters while softcopy is intangible information e.g. screen display or music.
/vii0 %; | P a g e youth
MICR and OCR canner Igniting positive change among our

, 0' uses magnetic technology to read magnetic characters, while D0' uses laser4 light technology to read characters
6+&
E#plain four rule for "andlin$ ma$netic di ' -eep magnetic away from e7cessive heat. (his is because heat energy weakens the ability of the magnetic media to store data. )tore the media in their cases when not in use in order to protect4 safeguard their recording surfaces against environmental influences such as dust, touch, direct sunlight, radiations, etc #o not drop the disk on the ground Bever bring them near moving or strong magnetic bodies. )uch bodies might demagneti$e the recording surfaces making recording in terms of magnetism impossible *hen mounting the media into its reading4 writing unit, avoid brushing the recording surfaces against the mechanical components of the drive Put on the power before mounting the media and off after removing the media from the drive. (his is because9 the fluctuation in power might cause demagneti$ation
6-&
/a0 Calculate t"e capacity in M. of a t!o ided floppy di ' !it" < ector per urfaceA and ;36 )yte per ector Bo. of sectors L L (! sides 7 / sectors) 1! sectors
%> | P a g e youth

f 1 sector (1! 7 +1!) L L +1! bytes /,1&& bytes 1 ,3
1,AAA,AAA bytes /,1&& 1,AAA,AAA L
A.AA/1&& ,3
/)0 : dou)le * ided di ' contain ,4 trac' on eac" ide& T"e trac' are divided into 2 ector of ;36 )yte eac"& 7"at i t"e total capacity of t"e di ' in me$a)yte @ (otal tracks L (&A 7 !) (>A 7 @) L >A L ;!A L %/>, /&A bytes / 6m' 0
(otal sectors L
(otal bytes (;!A 7 +1!)
f 1 ,3 M
L L
1,A&>, +;/ bytes %/>, /&A bytes %/>, /&A 1,A&>, +;/
A.%+! ,3
62&
.y $ivin$ e#ample A differentiate )et!een primary and Secondary Computer tora$e / 9 m' 0
%@ | P a g e youth
Primary Memory Secondary Memory 1. 1sed for holding data " instructions 1. 1sed for storing backup information reCuired immediately by the 0P1 !. t is accessed directly by the 0P1 !. that is not needed immediately by the 0P1. t is not accessed directly by the 0P1
%. Provides fast access to information is accurate " reliable &. t is e7pensive per bit of memory dues to the technology involved +. /. t has low4 limited storage capacity t is volatile " therefore it is used to store temporary programs " data ;. (he speed of the processor depends on the storage 6.g. 'ead Dnly ,emory ('D,) " 'andom Access ,emory ('A,) si$e " type of primary
%. Provides slow access of information &. )econdary storage devices are cheap +. it has high storage capacity /. t is non- volatile i.e. stores data permanently. 6.g. punched cards, magnetic floppy disks, hard disks, etc tapes,
94&
/a0 State four function of Read * Only Memory /ROM0
&A | P a g e youth

t stores <irmware (bootstrap instructions) - the essential files the computer uses while
booting4 starting up.
t stores the system data " instructions that are necessary for the normal functioning of
the computer hardware e.g. the -ernel 4 supervisor of the D)
t stores translation programs (code converters) used for converting a user=s program
into machine language
t stores special functions (facilities) peculiar to a given machine t stores character generators for printers " 5ideo displays t stores instructions used in special : purpose computers " computeri$ed fuel pumps
/)0 Give t"ree c"aracteri tic of ROM
t can only be read, but cannot be written to (i.e., the user can only read the information
in the 'D,, but cannot write on it unless it is a special type of 'D,).
Provides permanent or semi permanent storage of instructions " data from the
manufacturer.
t is non volatile memory <orms a small proportion of the main storage ( i.e. it contributes %AN of the internal
,emory).
)tores essential files for starting the computer (3ootstrap programs)
/c0 Name t!o different type of ROM &1 | P a g e youth ,asked 'D, Igniting positive change among our

Programmable 'ead- Dnly ,emory (P'D,) 6rasable Programmable 'ead- Dnly ,emory (6P'D,) 6lectrically Alterable 'ead- Dnly ,emory (6A'D,)
93&
/a0 Outline t"ree c"aracteri tic of Random :cce -
Memory /R:M0
)tores data " programs temporarily during the times when they are needed in the ,ain ,emory (or during e7ecution).
Provides Oread " write facilitiesP i.e. it allows instructions to be written, read out " to be changed at will.
(he contents in 'A, are user : defined, i.e. the user dictates what is to be contained in the 'A,
ts contents are temporary t is a volatile memory <orms the maJor proportion of main storage
/)0 Name t"e t!o type of R:M clearly tartin$ t"eir difference
/9 m' 0
(i)
)tatic 'A, A static 'A, can retain its data4 content as long as power is provided to the memory chips, i.e. it does not need to be re- written periodically
(ii) -
#ynamic 'A, #ynamic 'A, can only hold its content for a short while even when power is on.
&! | P a g e youth

(herefore, in order to maintain its content4 data, a #'A, must undergo the refreshing process (i.e. it must be re- written continually) )tatic 'A, is much faster than #ynamic 'A, )'A, chips are physically large " much more e7pensive than #'A, chips #ynamic 'A, has a much higher packing density than )'A,, i.e., a #'A, chip is able to store more information than a )'A, chip of the same si$e.
96&
T"e dia$ram )elo! "o! a e#ample of a econdary
/i0
Identify t"e name of t"e device <lash #isk
/ii0 -
(i t do!n t!o advanta$e of t"i device over a floppy di ' in tora$e / 6 m' 0 )maller in si$e than a floppy disk, hence, easily portable 2as a high data storage capacity compared to a floppy disk <lash disks are more reliable than floppy disks
&% | P a g e youth

99& /a0 (i t any four e#ample of optical tora$e device 0ompact #isk 'ead : Dnly ,emory (0# : 'D,) 0ompact #isk 'ecordable (0#-') 0ompact #isk 'ewritable (0#-'*) 8)- 1!A super disk #igital 5ersatile #isk (#5#) Dptical card Dptical tape
/)0 Give t!o advanta$e of a di$ital Ger atile Di ' over a normal Compact di ' #5# has a larger storage capacity than a 0# A #5# offers better data storage Cuality ( ! mks)
9,&
/a0 State t"e t!o type % form of computer output )oftcopy 2ardcopy
/)0 (i t any four e#ample of output device in a computer && | P a g e youth ,onitors Printers )ound output, e.g. speakers Audio response units Plotters Igniting positive change among our

)ound cards #igital proJectors 0omputer output on microforms (0D,) )torage devices
/c0 9;&
Identify t"ree 1unction of computer device (ransmit the intermediate " final results to the users 0onvey messages e.g. error messages to the operators Provide immediate response to Cueries 0onvert the coded results produced by the computer to human- readable form
/a0 State one function of t"e creen /monitor0 1sed to display the results of all the data that has been processed from the computer t converts machine- coded outputs results from the processor into a form that can be understood by people
/)0 S"o! t!o difference )et!een a CRT monitor and a flat8 panel di play 0'( monitor uses a cathode ray tube to display information, while a flat panel does not. 0'( has a protruding back, while a flat panel does not. <lat panel displays are light " easily portable, while 0'(=s are heavy 0'( can display a wide range of colours, while a flat panel displays a limited number of colours &+ | P a g e youth 0'( consumes more electrical power than flat panel displays Igniting positive change among our

(he screen of a flat panel is much thinner " smaller than that of a 0'( (he screen resolution of a 0'( is adJustable, while that of a flat panel is often set
/c0
Give t"ere e#ample of flat8 panel monitor availa)le in t"e mar'et today 8iCuid crystal displays (80#) 6lectro luminescent (68) .as plasma (hin <ilm (ransistor ((<()
9<&
/a0 7"at are pi#el @ Pi7els (picture elements) are dots on the screen that form characters and images
/)0 7"at role do pi#el play in creen di play@ (hey determine the clarity of images on the screen
/c0 Give t!o advanta$e of t"e "i$"er num)er of pi#el per Huare centimeter /6 m' 0 2igher screen resolution #isplays of sharp " clear images (he screen is able to display a higher number of different images
9+&
/a0 7"at are c"aracter printer @ Are usually low- speed printers that print one character at a timeM
/3 m'0
&/ | P a g e youth
/)0 Give t!o e#ample of c"aracter printer #ot matri7 (hermal #aisy wheel nkJet .olf ball
9-&
Di tin$ui " )et!een impact and non impact printer and $ive t!o e#ample of eac" mpact printers print by striking mechanism " are noisy, e.g #ot matri7, #aisy wheel, and .olf 3all, drum and chain printer. Bon- impact printers print either by laser, ink or thermal transfer mechanism " are silent, e.g. 8aser, nkJet, thermal printer, electrostatic and 7erographic
92&
/a0 Di tin$ui " )et!een a line printer and a pa$e printer A page printer prints documents page by page, while a line printer prints documents line by line
/)0 State t"ree advanta$e and one di advanta$e ofD /i0 (a er Printer :dvanta$e &; | P a g e youth 0heap running cost Produces high Cuality of printouts 2as a very high speed of printing ( it is fast)

6conomical in maintenance t is very silent
Di advanta$e -
67pensive to purchase " maintain nvolves e7pensive multiply colour printing
/ii0 In'Jet Printer :dvanta$e 0heap to purchase 0heaper multiple colour printing Produces high Cuality prints
Di advanta$e 8 -
67pensive to run (i.e. to buy cartridges) Produces a water based print which fades easily
,4&
=i$"li$"t four factor one "ould con ider !"en purc"a in$ a printer /, m' 0 0ost involved i.e. the printer=s buying price, cost of maintenance " cost of consumable items like printing papers, ribbons4 cartridges 5olume of printing e7pected ( speed of the printer) Quality of printing e.g. ability to print graphics " colour 0apability of the selected printer, i.e. multiple copy production, paper si$e, etc 0ompatibility with other computers 6nvironment in which the printer will operate 6ase of maintenance Igniting positive change among our
&> | P a g e youth

'eliability of the printer Application it is reCuired for (i.e. purpose4 use of the printer) (ype of paper used by the printer #ocumentation Availability
,3&
(i t t"ree advanta$e of a plotter over normal printer mac"ine Plotters produce information in an easily understandable form (heir presentation is Cuick " reliable Produces large graphical designs of high Cuality, which are east to read " use 0an print on large si$ed papers, e.g. papers e.g. Al, *hich a normal printer cannot
,6&
Give t!o advanta$e of u in$ ound output device 5ery fast making it useful in emergency situations Dne can receive the output even when a few meters away from the computer Bo reading ability is reCuired of the user )uitable for the blind and people with poor sight 0an be used for distant communication if done over telephone lines 6rrors are easily corrected, e.g. if used in a camera, one know when the film or e7posure is set wrongly. ,akes computing interesting and entertaining
&@ | P a g e youth

,9& Geor$e connected ne! multimedia pea'er to "i computer and tried to play "i favorite mu ic CDA )ut no ound came out& Su$$e t t!o pro)lem t"at mi$"t "ave occurred / 6 m' 0 5olume control was too low 8oose or improper connection to the sound card )peakers not powered ,ultimedia not supported 8ack of analogue cable connecting the optical drive to the motherboard or sound card )ound card drivers not installed
,,&
(i t do!n , factor to con ider !"en )uyin$ an output device (he volume of the data (he speed at which the output is reCuired 0ost of the method chosen as compared with the benefits to be derived )uitability of the application *hether a printed version is reCuired
,;&
Define t"e follo!in$ term /a0 Port A special kind of socket found at the back of a computer used to connect an e7ternal peripheral device such as a printer, monitor, mouse, scanner, modem, flash disk, etc to the interface cards inside the computer
+A | P a g e youth

/)0 Data interface ca)le (hese are special cables that connect all the peripheral devices to the motherboard and the 0P1. (hey transmit data signals and information to and from the devices
/c0
Po!er ca)le 0able for power supply to devices
,<&
State t"e function of t"e po!er upply unit found in t"e y tem unit
/3 m'0
t supplies stable power to the motherboard and other internal devices of a computer 0onverts the potentially dangerous alternating current (A0) into a steady low- voltage direct current (#0) usable by the computer.
,+&
/a0 Name any t!o perip"eral device !"ic" $et t"eir po!er upply t"rou$" port -eyboard ,ouse
/)0 State t"e type of port t"at !ould commonly )e u ed to connect t"e follo!in$ device (i) (ii) (iii) ,ouse ,odem 67ternal 0# drive - P)4!, )erial, or 1)3 - )erial - Parallel
+1 | P a g e youth

,-& /a0 E#plain t!o difference )et!een computer )erial ports have @ pins, while parallel ports have holes for @ or !+ pins Parallel cables transmit several bits of data simultaneously, while serial cables transmit Dne bit at a time )erial cables are slower than parallel cable )erial cables allow for ! ways communication (i.e. communication to and from the computer and the device connected to it) while parallel cables usually offer 1- way communication. /)0 Give t!o maJor advanta$e of a US. interface ca)le over ot"er ca)le in t"e computer t is light " convenient to carry t provides faster transmission of high : Cuality data ts serial nature enables it to connect devices a longer distance away (he 1)3 port can be used to connect a wide range of peripheral devices due to its common universal interface erial and parallel communication port of a
,2&
Outline t"ree precaution one "ould ta'e !"en a em)lin$ a computer #isconnect all diverts from the power source before starting to work on them Bever work alone because you may need help in ease of energy #ischarge ant static electricity that might have built up on the hands by touching an earthed metallic obJect and wearing an anti- static wrist member.
+! | P a g e youth

;4& State i# factor !"ic" you !ould con ider !"en electin$ computer "ard!are for an or$ani5ation 0ost of the system Processor type and speed )torage capacity of hard disk " 'A, memory si$e *arranty (service contract) 1pgradeability of the computer 0ompatibility of the system Portability (light to carry) 1ser needs Popularity of the hardware manufacturer Availability of spare parts ,ultimedia capability
;3&
(i t do!n any four "ard!are component you can add or up$rade in a computer y tem /, m' 0 Processor (0P1) Ports e.g. 1)3 ports4 )0) ports 2ard disk #5# drives4 tape drives 'A, memory 67pansion slots
+% | P a g e youth

;6& /a0 7"at i !arranty !it" reference to t"e purc"a e of computer A warranty is an agreement between the buyer and the seller that spells out terms and conditions of after selling a product in case of failure or malfunction. A warranty is usually the duration in which your computer is supposed to work without any problem.
/)0 7"y i it important to carefully tudy a !arranty )efore committin$ your elf )y i$nin$ it@ n order to negotiate on sensitive items like duration, after sales services etc.
/c0 (i t do!n t"ree i ue to under tand a)out !arrant #uration (scope of cover) 2ow comprehensive is the warranty- good warranty should cover all the parts of the 0omputer. 8iability agreement e.g. how long should the supplier take to repair a fault or replace the product, and if he4 she delays, who bears the cost. #oes the warranty offer online supportM 'egularity of service or maintenance
;9&
7"at are clone !it" reference to computer and !"at i t"eir di advanta$e@ 0lones are locally assembled computers
Di advanta$e +& | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

(heir components are not optimi$ed to work with each other (hey are not as reliable as their brand names like 3,, 0ompaC, 2ewlett Packard (2P), #ell, .ateway etc.
;,&
/a0 7"at i
tandard oft!are@
(hese are programs developed, packaged and then made available for purchase either directly from the developer, though a vendor or a distributor (hey may be used for a wide variety of purposes
/)0 Small and lar$e cale or$ani5er are turnin$ to t"e u e of in8 "ou e developed oft!are for t"e proce in$ activitie rat"er t"an u e of tandard oft!are
/i0 7"at i in8 "ou e developed oft!are@ (hese are programs that are uniCuely designed " written by the user or a software house under contract, to meet the specific needs of a particular user or organi$ation.
(hey are usually customi$ed (tailored) to perform a specific Job or solve only specific processing tasks in one organi$ation
/ii0 Give t!o rea on t"at may )e influencin$ t"e e or$ani5ation for uc" a deci ion / 6 m' 0 ++ | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

(he user gets well tested program, which he4 she is able to use with confidence (he program provides all the facilities reCuired to solve a particular problem (he purchaser has direct control over the package, as he4 she is involved in its Production (he user is able to Cuickly implement the results obtained from the use of the package (hey can easily be modified to meet specific user=s needs without involving e7pert programmers. ;;& Differentiate )et!een in$le8 purpo e pro$ram and inte$rated oft!are )ingle : purpose software is developed for only one purpose, while integrated software is a suite of more than one program and can be used to carry out a variety of tasks
;<&
E#plain t"e follo!in$ con ideration !"en purc"a in$ oft!are /i0 :ut"enticity
/ 6 m' 0
t is the genuineness, validity or legitimacy of software. (he copy of the software you buy should be accompanied by the license and certificate of authenticity of the developer. /ii0 Porta)ility t refers to whether a program can be copied or installed in more than one computer
;+&
Differentiate )et!een porta)ility !it" reference to "ard!are and oft!are n hardware, the computer device should be sufficiently small " light to carry n software, portability refers to whether a program can be copied from one computer to another or installed in more than one computer.
+/ | P a g e youth
;-&
/a0 E#plain !"y documentation i nece ary for any oft!are pac'a$e t contains details on how to install use and maintain the software. t also shows the purchaser how the program can be used to solve particular problem as well as provide the user with assistance on using the program.
/)0 : firm intend to purc"a e ne! oft!are& (i t t"ree item of documentation t"at "ould accompany t"e oft!are A license nstallation guide 1ser manual (guide) 'eference manual *arranty 1pgrades )ervice pack
+; | P a g e youth
OPER:TING SESTEMS
3& T"e central proce or and perip"eral device of a computer y tem are coordinated )y t"e operatin$ y tem /a0 Define t"e term >operatin$ y tem?
A set of computer programs that normally reside in the main memory and used to
control the basic computer hardware resources " the operation of the entire system
(he main program that controls the e7ecution of user applications, and enables the user
to access the hardware " software resources of the computer
/)0 (i t t!o re ource % component t"at an operatin$ y tem mana$e Processor ,emory ('A,) )econdary storage devices nput4 output devices 0ommunication devices 4D " communication ports <iles
/c0 T"ere are everal type of operatin$ y tem in u e today& State t!o e#ample of Operatin$ y tem !"ic" you are familiar +> | P a g e youth #isk Dperating )ystem (#D)) *indows ,acD) Igniting positive change among our / 6 m' 0

1ni7 8inu7
6& -
Name t"e t!o late t operatin$ y tem from Micro oft corporation / 6 m' 0 *indows RP *indows 5ista
9& /i0 -
E#plain any four function of an operatin$ y tem oft!are Memory allocation K loadin$ of pro$ram
/ - m' 0
8oads application programs from an e7ternal storage into the available locations in the ,ain memory ('A,)
t keeps track (monitors) of the parts of the memory that are in use, and those which are free
/ii0
Proce or mana$ementD (he processor can only e7ecute one program at any one time. (herefore, in a multitasking system access to the 0P1 must be carefully control " monitored. (he D) must decide, which program will be allowed into the system, and for how long
/iii0
Lo) c"edulin$8 it schedules " loads programs in order to provide a continuous seCuence of processing. (his is necessary when more than one application program is occupying the main storage
/iv0
Error reportin$ and interrupt "andlin$8 (he D) reports any errors that occur during program e7ecution.
/v0 +@ | P a g e youth
Mana$ement of CPU timeD Igniting positive change among our

n a multi- taking system where several user programs share the computer resources, the processing is done according to the Job priorities allocated and in a continuous process until all the Jobs in the Cueue within the memory are e7ecuted. (his ensures that the 0P1 does not remain idle at any given time. /vi0 Mana$e t"e input and output device (he D) controls the allocation of 4D devices and tries to resolve any conflicts that arise. t also monitors the state of each 4D device and signals any faults detected /vii0 1ile mana$ement D) is concerned with the logical organi$ation of the files in the computer " provides ways for sorting, retrieving " sharing of the files t also provides a means of protecting the data files " programs against unauthori$ed access and corruption. (viii) t controls the selection " operation of the hardware devices used for input, output " storage (i7) t interfaces the user to the system=s hardware, i.e. it provides a Cuick means of communication between the computer user and his programs /#0 (o$$in$ K accountin$ (he D) keeps records (internal logs) on how the computer resources (e.g. 0P1 time, memory, peripherals) are being used t also keeps a complete record of all what happens during processing (usually in the form of a printed log)
,&
7"at i an interrupt@ Igniting positive change among our
/A | P a g e youth

An interrupt is break from the normal seCuential flow of instructions processing in a program
;&
Give t"ree !ay in !"ic" operatin$ y tem are cla ified
/ 9 m' 0
(he number of users they handle (he number of tasks they e7ecute concurrently 2uman computer interface
<& /a0
Givin$ an e#ample in eac" ca eA e#plain t"e follo!in$ type of operatin$ y tem Sin$le * u er % in$le ta 'in$ A system that allows only one user to run one user program at a time in an interactive, conversational mode. 6.g. ,s- #D), P0- #D).
/)0
Multi8 U er% Multi8 ta 'in$ A multi- user computer system can allow interactive facilities to several at a time. A ,ulti- tasking 0omputer system can allow more than one program which are in the memory to be processed at the same time. 6.g. ,icrosoft *indows, 8inu7.
;.
: computer u er may interact !it" a computer eit"er t"rou$" Grap"ical U er Interface /GUI0 or t"ou$" typed command /a0 .ive one advantage of using .1 based operating system over a command line interface ( 1 mk)
/1 | P a g e youth

1ser friendliness 6asy to learn " use even by those who do not have much knowledge about them Dne does not need to master any commands t is faster to work with than a command line interface as it only relies on clicking the
icons by use of a pointing device /)0 Some computer y tem command line interface (hey are more fle7ible than menu- driven interfaces (here is security of data as only those who know how to use the commands will access it. (hey use cheap hardware " software facilities Dne has a better control over the system resources till u e command line interface & State t!o advanta$e of
-& -
7"at i a deadloc' in reference to operatin$ y tem @ t is a situation in an D) when a particular task holds a needed resource and refuses to release it for use by other tasks
2& /a0
E#plain )riefly t"e follo!in$ concept a u ed in t"e !indo! environmentD De 'top #esktop is mostly an empty screen that appears when windows starts and has some standard icons that show that the computer is ready for use.
/! | P a g e youth
/)0
7indo! A rectangular area on a computer screen in which te7t, graphical images or the contents of a folder or disk may be displaced /c0 Icon A little picture on the computer screen representing a program, disk file folder or any other item /d0 Side'ic' menu A submenu that appears either on the right or left of a main menu
/e0
Ta ')ar A long bar4 strip that runs across the desktop and displays the start button and any other active tasks.
/f0
Ta ' Any activity taking place in windows and is displayed on the taskbar, e.g. running program (% mks)
34&
Identify t"ree function of ta ')ar
ndicates what programs are running 2olds minimi$ed programs
/% | P a g e youth

Provides a shortcut menu for arranging programs
11.
State t!o difference )et!een Di ' Operatin$ Sy tem /DOS0 and 7indo! operatin$ y tem DOS (i) )ingle - tasking (ii) )ingle- user (iii) 0ommand driven interface (iv) Bot easy to use 7indo! (i) ,ulti- tasking (ii) ,ulti- user (iii) .raphical 1ser nterface (iv) 1ser friendly / 6 m' 0
36&
Identify t"ree factor you !ould con ider !"en c"oo in$ an operatin$ y tem for u e in a computer / 9 m' 0
(i)
2ardware configuration of the computer, e.g. 'A, memory si$e, 2ard disk capacity, type of processor, etc
(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
3asic design of the computer : t is an 3, compatible, or apple computerM 2ardware compatibility 1ser (type of work to be done), i.e. the applications intended for the computer 1ser friendliness or human computer interface, i.e. it is command line based, ,enu driven or graphical user interfaceM
(vi)
Availability in the ,arkey, e.g. ,icrosoft *indows based operating systems are very common
(vii) /& | P a g e youth
Portability Igniting positive change among our

(viii) (i7) (7) (7i) 0ost- how e7pensive the D) is 'eliability, i.e. can it run without crashing (stop responding to commands)M (he method of communicating with the computer, e.g. the number of peripherals (he method of operating the computer
39&
E#plain "o! !indo! or$ani5e information in reference to file and folder t stores related data " information records into files, and related files into folders " subfolders
3,&
/a0 Di tin$ui " )et!een y tem file and application file
/ 6 m' 0
)ystem files hold critical system information while application files hold programs data /)0 State t"e e#ten ion u ed i$nifyin$ t"e follo!in$ file type (i) #river or system file (ii) 3atch file : 3A( - #88, )S), B /6 m' 0
3;&
/a0 (i t and e#plain do!n t"e t"ree part of t"e !indo! Ta ')ar
/ 9 m' 0
)tart button
- Provides access to the start menu
(ask ,anager - #isplays buttons of currently running tasks )ystem tray

background - displays icons of applications that automatically start and run in the
/+ | P a g e youth
/)0 Outline t"e procedure of renamin$ a file or folder u in$ !indo! operatin$ y tem /9 m' 0 Met"od 3D
n an e7plorer window, click the file4 folder you want to rename 0lick on file, choose rename (ype the new name, then press enter
Met"od 6D
n an e7plorer window, right- click the file4 folder you want to rename 0hoose 'ename from the shortcut menu that appears (ype the new name, then press 6nter
3<&
/a0 7"at i a dialo$ )o#@ *indow that appears temporarily to reCuest or supply information. t contains options (settings) one must select to complete a task
/)0 (i t five ettin$ t"at may )e found in a dialo$ )o#
(e7tbo7- a bo7 you can type data in 8ist bo7 : a bo7 that contains a list of options, one of which is selected
// | P a g e youth

0heckbo7- a small, sCuare bo7 that can be selected or cleared. t appears with an option
that you can turn on or off. *hen the checkbo7 is selected, a selected, a checkbo7 ( or )appears in the bo7
'adio button : a round button that can either be blank or can contain a dot. f the
button contains a dot, it is selected.
Pull down menu : A bo7 with a downward : pointing triangular button at its right end
(). *hen the triangular button is clicked, it displays a menu.
0ommand button- A button that can click to carry out or cancel the selected action. 6.g.
the D- or cancel button. 3+& /a0 Define > folder% directive tree? #irectory tree is the hierarchical arrangement of folders and storage locations from the root downwards. /)0 Give t!o e#ample of root directorie you 'no! AET 0ET #ET 6ET /9 m' 0 /3 m'0
/c0 Give t"ree u e of u)8 directorie or u)folder -
1sed to store files that are not reCuired currently until they are needed again 1sed to store the files of one program separately from the files of another program t allows each user to keep his4 her files separately, even if all the users are using the
same systems. /; | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our
1>.
T"e =ierarc"ical y tem repre ented )elo! "o! "o! a c"ool or$ani5e it file & Study it and an !er t"e Hue tion )elo!&
(he <! directory has the filesE classlist.doc, #istricts.7ls, and the tribe.mdb. *rite down the path of accessing the #istricts. 7ls file. AET)02DD8T6RA,)T<!T#istricts.7ls (! mks)
32&
/a0 /i0 E#plain t"e meanin$ of )ac'up
/ 6 m' 0
t means making of duplicate copies of data or programs from the hard disk into storage media so that in case the system fails, or originals are corrupted or lost, the data can be reconstructed from the backups. (his is used to protect data from accidental erasure or hardware problems
/> | P a g e youth

/ii0 E#plain t!o met"od you can u e in !indo! to )ac' up data into a tora$e device /6 m' 0 1sing copy and paste commands on the 6dit ,enu 1sing the send to command on the file menu 1sing the backup facility to compress the data into another disk
/)0 Identify t!o rea on !"y a u er need to 'no! t"e pace availa)le for data tora$e in t"e "ard di ' (o know the amount of data that can be stored in the hard disk (o know how much space is left in the hard disk in case a new programs needs to be installed (o detect the likelihood of a virus infection
!A.
Name t"e command one !ould u e to repair cro 8 lin'ed file in $rap"ical u er interface oft!are )candisk / 3m'0
63&
/a0 E#plain t"e team Di ' Defra$menterA and $ive t!o advanta$e of t"i feature / 9 m' 0 #isk defragmenter is a tool that is used to re- arrange scattered files " folders on a storage media :dvanta$e 'earranges scattered folders " files on storage media 'educes the time by the read 4 write head to locate files or folders on the storage media Igniting positive change among our
/@ | P a g e youth

(his speed up access to files " folders, hence, makes files to open more Cuickly 0onsolidates related data close to each other, hence, frees space on the storage media
/)0 Di tin$ui " )et!een di ' compre in$ and di ' defra$mentin$ 0ompressing is creating more space on a disk by sCuee$ing disk contents (files) into a smaller storage location on the disk. #efragmenting is rearranging scattered related files4 folders closer to each other on the surface of a storage unit. 66& Give t!o rea on !"y a ne! di ' mu t )e formatted )efore u in$ it (o prepare a new disk so that files can be stored on it (o create sectors " tracks for the storage of data (o create4 prepare a new root directory and file allocation tables on the disk (o remove4 delete any e7isting files or information stored on the disk, if it is no longer needed (o determine the effective storage capacity of the disk, i.e. formatting enables the user to know how much data the disk can hold. t can also check for bad sectors on the new disk. /6 m' 0
69&
/a0 7"at i meant )y t"e term >di ' partitionin$?@ t is the process of dividing a large physical disk into ! or more partitions4 volume
/)0 Give t!o rea on !"y t"e "ard di ' may )e partitioned ;A | P a g e youth (o install more than one operating systems on the same disk Igniting positive change among our

<or the purposes of backup on the same disk, so that if one partition fails the other will still be working.
6,&
: 1orm four computer tudent i attemptin$ to print a pro$rammin$ documentation& T"e printer i not re pondin$ to t"e print command& E#plain t"ree po i)le cau e for t"e anomaly& /9 mar' 0 (he printer may not be installed. (he printer may not have been set as the default printer. (he data interface cable to the printer could be loose. ,ake sure it is firm at the ports. (he printer could still be off. )witch it on, and it will start printing. (he wrong printer could have been selected. )elect the right printer in the print dialog bo7 and send the print Job again.
6;&
State t!o purpo e of t"e recycle )in& /6 mar' 0 0ontains the files and folders that have been deleted. 0an be used to restore files " folders accidentally deleted from the computer.
;1 | P a g e youth
7ORD PROCESSING
3&
a0
7"at i a !ord Proce or@
/3 m'0
A computer program that enables a person to create, retrieve, edit, format, and print te7t based documents b) (i t t!o common e#ample of !ord proce in$ oft!are !idely u ed in t"e mar'et today& -,icrosoft word -*ordPerfect -8otus *ordPerfect -*ord)tar -*ordPad !. Give t"ree compari on of t"e traditional met"od of typin$ a document on a Type!riter a$ain t u in$ a !ord proce or /<m' 0 /6 m' 0
0orrecting typing mistakes using a word processor is easy9 it is hard to correct mistakes on a typewriter.
Producing multiple copies of the same page is possible using a word processor, but it is not possible to produce multiple copies on a typewriter.
(e7t formatting features are available on a word processor, e.g. front si$e, font type, font colour, boldfacing, italici$ation, etc.
(he documents created can be stored in the computer for future reference
;! | P a g e youth

(yping using a word processor is easier " more efficient because most of the actions are automatic. <or e7ample9 the word wrap feature automatically takes the te7t cursor to the beginning of the ne7t line once it reaches the end of the current line. A new page is automatically inserted after reaching the end of the current page .raphics can be added within documents using a word processor .rammar" spelling mistakes can be checked " a te7t-editing tool that provides alternative words with similar meanings. A word processor allows mail merging, which makes it possible to produce similar letters and sent them to several people.
%.
a)
7"at i a template@
/3m'0
t is a document that acts as a blue print or outline for other documents of the same type. t contains the standard te7t, graphics and formatting for use in all documents of this type. b) State t!o advanta$e of u in$ a template to create a document& /6m' 0 t helps save time and makes creating of new documents easy t ensures that there is consistency between the documents being created.
&.
E#plain t"e difference )et!een overtype and in ert mode in !ord proce in$ /6m' 0 (ype over deletes the current te7t at cursor position and inserts new te7t. nserting pushes the old te7t away as new te7t is inserted at cursor position.
;% | P a g e youth
+.
Geronica tried to retrieve a document file follo!in$ all t"e tep correctly& T"e filename did not appear in file li t )o#& State t"ree cau e for t"i & /9m' 0 (he file may not have been saved (he file may have been deleted (he file may be located in a different folder from the one she was trying to retrieve from (or may have been moved). (he file may have been destroyed by a computer virus.
/.
M!i'ali elected a para$rap" in !ord proce in$& E#plain !"at "appened after pre in$ t"e follo!in$ 'ey on t"e 'ey)oardD i) ii) iii) 0('8 F 3 0('8 FA 0('8F 1 /9m' 0
-0hanges the paragraph to bold4removes bold from paragraph -the whole document is selected -the selected te7t is underlined4removes underline from the selected te7t.
;.
Preci ely e#plain t"e role of t"e follo!in$ editin$ feature of a !ord proce orM /9m' 0 i) ii) <ind and replace 1ndo and redo-(o find words that you want replaced by others 1ndo reverses the previous4latest action, while redo does the undone action iii) (hesaurus - t gives suggestion of words or phrases with similar meaning (synonyms), and sometimes antonyms to the selected word.
;& | P a g e youth

iv) Autocorrect - t checks for wrongly spelled words, and automatically replaces them with the correct ones as set by the user. >. Give t"e tep you !ould u e to find and replace t"e occurrence of a particular !ord in Micro oft 7ord& 0lick on edit, select find (or replace) (ype the word you want to replace with in the replace with bo7 0lick replaces or 'eplace all if you want to replace all the occurrences of that word in your document at once. /,m' 0
@.
Name and e#plain t"e u e of any t"ree )utton found in a pell8c"ec' dialo$ )o# /<m' 0 0hangeE Accepts the current selection in the suggestions bo7
gnore DnceE 8eaves the highlighted error unchanged (if the highlighted word is a valid word) " finds the ne7t spelling or grammar error gnore allE retains all the occurrences of the same word or phrase in the document from another language, e.g. a -iswahili. AddE Adds the highlighted word in the )uggestions bo7 to the 0ustom dictionary.
1A.
Clearly e#plain t"e meanin$ of t"e follo!in$ term a u ed in !ord proce in$D /+m' 0
i) ;+ | P a g e youth
Editin$ a document 8 ,aking changes to an already typed4e7isting document. Igniting positive change among our

ii) .loc'in$ te#t- )electing a group of te7t in order to work with it as a whole, e.g. a word sentence or paragraph. iii) iv) Printin$ : having your work copied on a piece of paper as output Savin$- )toring a file4document permanently in the computer=s secondary memory (e.g., hard disk) so as to be used in the future.
v) vi)
Italici5in$ te#t- making the te7t saint forward =eader- t is a standard te7t or information such as page numbers, chapter titles, etc that appears above the top margin of every page in a document or in a section
vii)
1ooter- t is a standard te7t or information that appears below the bottom margin of every page in a document.
11.
a)
7"at i document formattin$@ Applying various styles to enhance the appearance of a document
/3m'0
b)
Give any five document formattin$ feature of a !ord proce or& /;m' 0
;/ | P a g e youth
3olding <ont colouring (e7t alignment <ont type )etting tabs 1nderlining Igniting positive change among our

talici$ing <ont si$e.
c0
Differentiate )et!een > uper cript? and >Super cript i te#t formatted to )e at t"e )ottom of a line& )uperscript is te7t formatted to be at the top of a line, )ubscript is te7t formatted to be at the bottom of a line.
1!.
7"at are pa$e mar$in @ Bon-printing but visible te7t-limiting borders that mark the distance that te7t starts on a page away from the edge of the page
1%.
Differentiate )et!eenD a) : =ard pa$e )rea' and a Soft pa$e )rea'& /6m' 0
A hard page break is inserted on a page even before the end of the page, e.g. by pressing 0('8F 6B(6' or setting a manual page break. <or a )oft page break, the te7t cursor moves or creates a new page automatically when at the end of the current page during typing.
b)
:uto complete and :utoCorrect
/6m' 0
Auto0omplete helps a person to type Cuickly by completing automatically a word that he4she has already started to type
;; | P a g e youth

Auto0orrect automatically replaces mistyped words with the correct ones as set by the user. c) Dra!in$ and in ertin$ a ta)le in a document #rawing : use the pen tool to draw the table /6m' 0
nserting table- use the (able- nsert-table 0ommand 1&. E#plain "o! a para$rap" can )e moved from one pa$e to anot"er u in$ a !ord proce or& /,m' 0
1+. a)
)elect the paragraph 0lick 0ut on the 6dit menu4 standard toolbar, (or Press 0(8 F UR=) 0lick to place the insertion point here you want to put the te7t 0lick on 6dit, then choose Paste (or Press 0('8 F U5=) 7"at i line pacin$@ (he vertical distance between two te7t lines in a document /3m'0
b)
E#plain any t"ree line pacin$ pecification u ed in Micro oft 7ord& /9m' 0 i) ii) iii) iv) v) )ingle space : accommodates the largest font in a line 1.+ line space- 1 V time that of single line spacing #ouble : twice that of single line spacing 67actly : a fi7ed line spacing that word does not adJust At least : the minimum line spacing that is needed to fit the largest font or graphic on the line.
;> | P a g e youth

vi) ,ultiple- a line spacing that is increased or decreased by a percentage that you specify . 1/. Give any four te#t ali$nment feature 1;. 8eft alignment centre alignment 'ight alignment Iustified (&mks) /, m' 0
(i t any t"ee ource of $rap"ic t"at can )e u ed in Micro oft !ord& /9m' 0 <rom ,icrosoft clip gallery <rom )canner 3y drawing using the #rawing tools available in ,s-*orld mport from another file E#plain t"e concept of $rap"ic t"at can )e u ed in Micro oft !ord& /9m' 0 .etting ready-made obJects and te7t from other applications into the word processor. )0 7"at i t"e difference )et!een o)Ject lin'in$ and em)eddin$@ /6m' 0 n linking, the obJect imported can only be edited in the original application from which it was created. n embedding, the obJect imported becomes part of the current application and can be edited there.
3-&
a0
;@ | P a g e youth

32& Give a rea on !"y it may )e nece ary to mer$e cell in a ta)le&/3m'0 (o create larger cells in a table without increasing the height or width of the e7isting cells.
64&
a0
Define mail mer$in$&
(!mks)
(he process of generating personali$ed letters or documents by combining a standard document, but addressed to different recipients.
)0
.ive two advantages of mail merge over copy and pasting several times to mass mail a document. combining of letters saves time when printing t allows producing of many documents at once (he mailing list can be re-used on another document Give t!o advanta$e of previe!in$ a document )efore printin$& /6m' 0 (o check whether the page layout is D(o confirm that no details are outside the printable area to go through the document before printing (o save on printing papers " printer toner because9 errors on the printouts that may reCuire reprinting will be minimal. (!mks)
63&
a0
66&
a0
Di tin$ui " )et!een Portrait and (and cape orientation & /6m' 0
>A | P a g e youth

n Portrait, te7t " graphics are printed with the longest side of the page vertically upright, while in 8andscape, te7t " graphics are printed with the longest side of the page placed hori$ontally. )0 State t!o rea on !"y it i nece ary to pecify t"e correct paper i5e )efore printin$ a document@ )elect a paper si$e depending on the document page si$e needed (o comply with printer capabilities /6m' 0
!%.
Outline any t"ree main feature t"at ma'e !ord proce or popular pro$ram & /9m' 0 )aving of documents for future reference Printing of multiple documents after editing formatting of documents into reCuired form ,ailing features such as mail merging of standard document with another saved file.
>1 | P a g e youth
SPRE:DS=EETS
1. 7"at i electronic pread "eet oft!are@ /6m' 0
A computer program that looks like the manual ledger sheet with rows " columns for entering data that can be manipulated mathematically using formulae.
!.
Give any t!o application pro$ram cla ified a ,icrosoft 67cel 8otus 1!% -0orel Quattro Pro -super calculators -,ultiplan -5P-Planner -5isi0alc
pread "eet & /6m' 0
%.
Differentiate )et!een t"e traditional analy i led$er "eet and an electronic pread "eet& /;m' 0
An electronic spreadsheet9 2as a large worksheet for data entry " manipulation as compared to manual worksheet 2as inbuilt formulae (called functions) that are non-e7istent in manual worksheets 1ses the power of the computer to Cuickly carry out operations 2as better document formatting " editing Cualities than a manual worksheet 1tili$es the large storage space available on computer storage devices to save " retrieve documents. >! | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

0an easily be modified, while manual spreadsheets involve a lot of manual calculations " are very difficult to amend (he user can very Cuickly " efficiently perform complicated computations using the information stored in an electronic spreadsheet. 6nables the user to produce neat work Dffers graphical representation of data leading to comprehensive decisions. t is accurate in its calculations " allows automatic recalculation on formulae. <or a manual worksheet, changing one value means rubbing the result " writing the correct one again. &. E#plain five application area !"ere pread "eet oft!are can )e u ed& /;m' 0 i) :ccountin$E - spreadsheet software can be used by accountants to record their daily transactions " also keep financial records, e.g. they can record sales " purchases, produce invoices, compile financial statements, calculate profits, prepare budgets, etc. ii) Data mana$ementE - a spreadsheet enables data " information to be arranged neatly in tables, produced easily and also kept up-to-date, e.g. one can edit, save , sort, filter, use forms to enter and view records, and worksheet data. iii) Scientific application E - spreadsheets can be used by scientists " researchers to compile and analy$e their results. iv) Stati tical analy i E - spreadsheets provide a set of statistical <unctions4tools that can be used to develop comple7 statistical or engineering analyses, e.g., teachers can compile their students= marks and >% | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

produce results. v) 1oreca tin$D - using the Uwhat if= analysis techniCue, spreadsheets can be used to find out the effect of changing certain values in a worksheet on the other cells. (his helps in financial forecasting, budgeting, etc. ;& State five feature of pread "eet t"at are u eful in financial modelin$& /;m' 0
2ave inbuilt functions " formulae which can be used to perform most mathematical statistical, trigonometric or financial calculations
Allows automatic recalculation on formulae Whave ability to perform Uwhat if= analysis, which can be used to find out the effect of changing certain values in a worksheet on the other cells
2ave the ability to sort " filter data 2ave a data validation facility, which ensures that the correct data is entered into the spreadsheet.
2ave a chart facility that can be used to draw 8ine graphs, 3ar charts, Pie charts, 2istograms, etc.
)ome spreadsheets have a )D856' facility that is used to uncover the best uses of scarce resources so that desired goals such as profit can be ma7imi$ed, or undesired goals such as cost can be minimi$ed.
(hey enabled printing of entire worksheets, portions of a worksheet or several worksheets within the shortest time possible
2ave the ability to summari$e data using 0onsolidation and Pivot tables.
>& | P a g e youth
<&
Define t"e follo!in$ term a u ed in a !or' "eetD i0 Column
/9m' 0
(hese are the fields that make up the worksheet of a spreadsheet, and are identified by letters. (hey run vertically from top downwards ii0 Ro! (hese are the records that form a worksheet, and are identifies by numbers. (hey run hori$ontally from left to right.
iii0 Cell A bo7 formed when a row " a column intersect in a worksheet where the data is entered +& E#plain t"e follo!in$ concept a u ed in pread "eet D i0 :utomatic recalculation (his is whereby an electronic spreadsheet will adJust the result of a formula automatically when the values are changed, so that they correspond with the different input. /,m' 0
ii0
>7"at if? analy i U*hat if= analysis is a feature in spreadsheets that is used to find out the effect of changing certain values in a worksheet on the other cells. t involves changing the values of one of the arguments in a formula in
>+ | P a g e youth

order to see the difference the change would make on the result of the calculation. iii0 S"eet ta) (hese are names of the worksheets that appear at the bottom of the worksheet window. (hey enable the user to move from one worksheet to another. iv0 7or' "eet A page (single sheet) stored in a workbook -& Name four data type u ed in pread "eet 2. 8abels 5alues <unctions <ormulae /6m' 0
:n :$rovet Company !ant to analy5e it employee? per onal detail u in$ Micro oft E#cel& T"e company "a five employee D Mary :nneA 1ranci Fi"araA (ena :c"ien$A =ellen 7anJi'uA and m!an$i Peter& T"eir a$e are 64A ,;A 24A ,; and 9, year re pectively& Mary departmentM M!an$i Peter in finance department and =ellen 7anJi'u in Computer department Mary :nne and =ellen 7anJi'u are in$le !"erea 1ranci Fi"araA (ena :c"ien$ and M!an$i Peter are married& Con truct a !or' "eet "o!in$ t"e a)ove information& U e appropriate column "eadlin$
>/ | P a g e youth

/<m' 0 A 3 A.'D56( 0D,PABS BA,6) A.6 ,ary Anne !% <rancis &+ -ihara 8ena Achieng 2ellen *anJiku ,wangi Peter @A &+ %& 0 #6PA'(,6B( 'esearch Personnel 'esearch 0omputer 0omputer # )(A(1) )ingle ,arried ,arried )ingle ,arried
1 ! % & + / ; >
34&
a0
7"at i a cell reference@
/3m'0
>; | P a g e youth

A cell reference is the identity of a cell in a worksheet. A cell is identified by use of the column letter and the row number headings.
)0 1or eac" of t"e follo!in$A tate t"e type of cell reference& i) ii) iii) A+ X<X+ 2X!1 'elative reference
/, m' 0
Absolute row reference (only the row reference is absolute) Absolute column reference (only the column reference is absolute)
iv)
X#;
Absolute column reference (only the column reference is absolute)
33&
a0
: formula to add t"e content of .; and C, !a entered in Cell 1;& !"at !ill it )ecome !"en it i copied to Cell =-@ L #> F6; /3 m'0
)0
E#plain t"e rea on for your an !er&
/6m' 0
*hen we move to cell 2> from <+, the column changes by ! while the row changes by %. (he formula L 3+ F0& is also updated likewise. (his is because of relative referencing.
c0
7"at i t"e eHuivalent R3C3 reference for G64@ L'!A0;
/3m'0
36&
Differentiate )et!een relative and a) olute cell reference a u ed in M 8e#cel& (!mks)
>> | P a g e youth

'elative cell referencing means the referencing means that the references of cell used in a formula are relative to the location of the cell where the formula is placed, e.g. 6%L 0%? #%. this tells 67cel to multiply the contents of 0% by #% which have been defined in relation to 6%. Absolute cell addressing means reference is made to one or more cells in a way which doesn=t vary(change) according to circumstances. 39& T"e fi t column in t"e ta)le )elo! contain formula a entered into cell D,<& In t"e econd columnA enter t"e formula a t"ey !ould appear !"en copied to cell .;<& (&mks)
<ormula in #&/ L#1 L<+?01A L2X&/ F I&A LX61! : #X1&?X<X! 3,&
<ormula when copied to 3+/ L311 L#1+ ? A!A L<X&/ F 2+A LX6!!-3X1&?X<X!
: !or' "eet contain t"e data "o!n )elo!D
0ell 6ntry
Al +
A! ;
A% 1A
01 1A
0! 1+
0% 1+
L)1, < (01E0% OYZ 1AP,AlEA%)
>@ | P a g e youth

State t"e value di played in G3 )olutionE L )1, < (0ells to be tested4evaluated, e7pression that defines which cells will be added, actual cells to be added). L ;F1A L 1; /6m' 0
1+.
Study t"e !or' "eet )elo! and an !er t"e Hue tion t"at follo!D
A 1 ! % & + / ; > @ 1A 11 P'D#10( 'e7ona 8ifebuoy Dmo 1shindi 0armel (otal ,a7imum Average
6 '6. DB & &1AA !+AA 1/AA /&AA >AAA
< (D(A8 )ale
)-S*AS) A.6B0 6) '6. DB 1 '6. DB ! '6. DB % %&AA !+AA /AAA 1!AA ;AAA %,;AA !/AA /1AA 1+AA /@AA &AAA !1AA /%AA 1&AA ;!AA
i)
7rite function t"at can )e entered to $et totalA ma#imumA and avera$e of eac" re$ion& (otal ,a7imumE AverageE L L L )um (3&E3>) ,a7 (3&E3>) Average (3&E 3>) /9 m' 0
@A | P a g e youth
ii0
7rite do!n t"e function t"at return t"e num)er of ale in t"e four re$ion !"o e value i $reater t"an or eHual to 6444& L )1, < (3&E6&, OZL!AAAP) /3 m'0 (1mk)
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T"e function N um /.,DE,0 i entered at 1; and t"en copied to 1-& 7rite do!n t"e function a it appear in t"e de tination cell& L sum (3;E6;) /6m' 0
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7"at i a c"art !i5ard in pread "eet @
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A chart wi$ard is a step by step procedure of designing spreadsheet charts.
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State t"e u e ofD i)
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: pie c"art8 A pie chart is used to show distribution. t shows the Proportional si$e of items that make up a data series to the sum of the items.
ii)
: line $rap"- A line graph is used to show trend
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D:T:.:SES
3& a0 Define a data)a e& /6m' 0
A collection of related files organi$ed to provide consistent and controlled access to the data items.
A collection of related data elements stored together under one logical structure so as to provide a consistent " controlled access to the items.
A collection of information related to a particular subJect or purpose A common data pool, maintained to support the various activities taking place within the organi$ation.
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(i t four e#ample of data)a e pro$ram in t"e mar'et today& /6m' 0 ,icrosoft Access Dracle <o7Pro #base /6m' 0
State t"e component of a Data)a e "ierarc"y in a cendin$ order& 0haracter (alphabets, numbers and special characters)
<ields
(<acts, attributes, set of related characters)
'ecords
(0ollection of fields)
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<ile (0ollection of records) Igniting positive change among our
#atabase
(8ogical collection of files)
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E#plain t"ree type of data)a e model &
/< mar' 0
i. ii.
1lat file data)a eD
t holds only one set of data
Relational data)a eD 'elated data items are stored or organi$ed together in structures called relations or tables. 6ach table consists of rows and columns.
iii.
=ierarc"ical data)a eD (he data items are organi$ed in hierarchical (tree-like) structure. (he records are stored in multiple levels, where units further down the system are subordinate to the ones above
iv.
Net!or' data)a eD
t allows a data element (or record) to be related to more than one
other data element4record. 8inks are used to e7press the relationship between different data items forming a network of items.
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Define t"e term ortin$
/6m' 0
)orting involves arranging of records in a logical order in the database. t can either be in Ascending or descending order.
,&
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7"at are data)a e mana$ement y tem oft!are@
/6m' 0
A collection of programs used to store " retrieve data, and manage files or records containing related information from a database.
@% | P a g e youth
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Give t"e t!o cla e of data)a e oft!are&
/6m' 0
P0-based database softwareE-Are usually designed for individual users or small businesses, e.g. ,s-Access, #base, Parado7, <o7Pro 0orporate database softwareE-Are designed for big corporations that handle large amounts of data, e.g. Dracle, )Q8 )erver, )ybase, etc ;& State t"e u e of t"e follo!in$ o)Ject in data)a e & i0 ii0 Ta)le 1orm (o store related records (hey act as screens for entering, changing " viewing data in tables iii0 <& a0 Ouery )earching for specific records4#ata manipulation4)electing /6m' 0 /9m' 0
Define t"e term normali5ation a u ed in data)a e de i$n&
Bormali$ation is the process of trying to eliminate storage of duplicate values in a database. )0 +& State t"ree o)Jective of normali5ation& (o relate different tables in a database (o ease the retrieval of data from a relational database 3reaking up multi theme tables into smaller workable tables /9m' 0
Give t"ree advanta$e of eparatin$ data from t"e application t"at u e t"e data in data)a e de i$n& Sou can retrieve recorded data easily Sou can do calculations in an easy way /9m' 0
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0reating of Cueries, forms, reports will be easy by using data separation.
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Differentiate )et!eenD i0 Primary 'ey and relation "ip /6m' 0
Primary 'ey is a field or a set of fields that can be used to uniCuely identify each individual record in a table. t is used to relate a table to the foreign keys in other tables.
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Ta)ular and columnar form layout&
/6m' 0
Ta)ular * the records are displayed from left to right across the page, and the labels appear at the top of each column, with each row representing a new record. Columnar * the fields for each record are displayed down a column, i.e. each value is displayed on a separate line with field labels to the left. 2& State t"ree type of relation "ip t"at can )e u ed to lin' ta)le in data)a e & /9 m' 0 34& Dne-to-Dne Dne-to-many ,any :to-,any /,m' 0
E#plain "o! >parent ? and >c"ild? ta)le are related in relational data)a e&
A parent table is the one that has the primary key of the relationship, while a child table is the one that has the foreign key of the relationship. Parent and child tables are related through a common field that links the two tables. 'ecords in a child table relate to one record in a parent table. @+ | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our
33&
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De cri)e four maJor "ortcomin$ of t"e conventional /paper 0file tructure t"at are )ein$ addre ed )y t"e data)a e approac"& 1nnecessary duplication of data 3oredom " time wastage especially when searching for a particular item n order to carry out any file processing task(s), all the related files have to be processed ,isleading reports due to poor data entry and organi$ation #ifficulty in sorting, retrieving " updating records )ecurityE no protection of files against unauthori$ed access and corruption )haring of files is difficult )ome information resulting from several files may not be available. /,m' 0
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(i t any t!o met"od u ed to ecure data in a data)a e Password protection 1ser and group permissions 1ser-level security #ata encryption
/6m' 0
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T"e follo!in$ car detail are to )e entered in a data)a eD Ma'eA Date8of8manufactureA colourA and co t&
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a0 Prepare a uita)le data)a e tructure "o!in$ field name and t"eir field data type /; m' 0 1ield name # (Primary key) ,ake #ate of manufacture 0olour 0ost )0 Data type Auto Bumber te7t #ate4time (e7t 0urrency
E#plain "o! you inde# t"e data uc" t"at car of t"e ame ma'e and colour are to$et"er& /6m' 0 0reate a Cuery to show same make and colour
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7rite a tatement t"at can )e u ed to elect car of colour $reen& 0reate a Cuery. n the colour field, and in the 0riteria row, write OgreenP
/6m' 0
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Give an in truction t"at !ouldD i) )elect cars whose cost is between +AA,AAA4L and 1,AAA,AAA4L (%mks)
0reate a Cuery. n the cost field, and in the criteria row, write O.Z+AAAAA and Y1AAAAAAP ii) #etermine the average cost of all cars. (%mks)
0reate a Cuery. 0hoose average of costs OAvgP option in the total section.
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DESFTOP PU.(IS=ING /DTP0
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Define t"e term de 'top pu)li "in$&
/6m' 0
(he process of producing publications such as newspapers, books, newsletters, cards, etc by marking areas for te7t and graphical obJects using speciali$ed programs installed on a desktop computer. )0 Give any t"ree e#ample of de 'top pu)li "in$ oft!are availa)le in t"e mar'et today& 6& Adobe Page,aker Adobe Photoshop Adobe illustrator 5entura ,icrosoft Publisher 0orel#raw 2arvard graphics /9m' 0
Identify four different type of pu)lication t"at can )e produced u in$ de 'top pu)li "in$ oft!are& /,m' 0
0ards, e.g. for special occasions such as weddings, graduations, congratulations, etc Bewsletters Bewspapers 0alendars Advertisements4Posters Igniting positive change among our
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%. ,aga$ines 0ertificates Botices 0atalogues Pamphlets 3ooks 3rochures
Differentiate )et!een t"e follo!in$D a0 Pasteboard and printable page. (!mks)
Pasteboard is where te7t " obJects are placed for editing before transferring them to the printable area9 Printable page refers to the area enclosed in margin guides. (!mks)
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Mar$in and column $uide .
(!mks)
,argins mark te7t areas on the page along the edges, while column guides divide the page into several fields. (hey are used to define the printable area. c0 C"an$e ca e and drop cap& (!mks)
0hange case is changing te7t from upper to lower case, sentence, title, or toggle case, while drop cap refer to making the first character in a line bigger and drops down to occupy the space in the lines that follow.
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d0 Fernin$ and trac'in$& /6m' 0
(racking refers to changing the visual denseness or openness of characters in aline, while -erning is fi7ing particular pairs of letters that are too close or too far apart from each other. e0 1ill and tro'e A stroke refers to a line style, while a fill refers to applying background pattern such as shading to a graphical obJect. , a0 7"at i layerin$ a u ed in DTP 8ayering is the placing of te7t or obJects on top of each other. )0 7"y i layerin$ very u eful in a de 'top pu)li "er@ t may be used to create watermarks. +. 7"at command are u ed in place of portrait and land cape pa$e orientation in Pa$eMa'er@ i. ii. Portrait-tall9 8andscape-wide /3m'0 /3m'0 /3 m'0
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Give t"ree met"od t"at are u ed to tran form an o)Ject& i. ii. iii. 'otating )kewing 'eflecting !"at i te#t !rap@
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(e7t wrap is controlling the flow of te7t over or around a graphical obJect. )0 1AA | P a g e youth Give t"ree !ay you can !rap te#t on an o)Ject& /9m' 0

-& ,ake the te7t Jump the obJect to the ne7t page or column Allow to te7t to Jump over the obJect and continue on the same page 0reate a rectangular te7t wrap around all the sides of the obJect. /6m' 0
Define t"e term o)Ject $roupin$
(his refers to Joining obJects in order to manipulate them as one obJect.
1A1 | P a g e youth
INTERNET K E8M:I(
3&
T"e fir t computer Net!or' !a
et up )y :RP: in t"e United State of :merica& 7"at /3m'0
i t"e full meanin$ of t"e acronym :RP: Advanced 'esearch ProJects Agency
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Eour mana$er !i "e to )e connected to t"e Internet& =e already "a a po!erful per onal Computer /PC0A a printerA and acce under tand t"at "e !ill need a Modem& State !"y a modem i reHuired to connect "im to t"e internet& /6m' 0 A modem enables one to connect to the nternet and access information by transmitting data from one computer to another across telephone lines. to a Telep"one line& =o!everA "e
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T"e Internet connect million of computer and telecommunication device t"at "ave different "ard!are and oft!are confi$uration & 1or t"e e incompati)le device to )e a)le to communicateA a protocol @ /3m'0
A protocol is a set of rules that govern how tow computers can send and receive data on a network )pecial communication rule that government sending and receiving of messages by computers on a network
1A! | P a g e youth

)0 Name t"e t!o mo t common protocol for t"e InternetA and tate t"eir function & /9m' 0 Tran mi ion control Protocol /TCP0M - t governs how data is transferred from one place to another Internet Protocol /IP0M - t is used to provide routing from one network to another (i.e. it enable data to be sent" received by the different computers on a network) ,& a0 i0 E#plain t"e follo!in$ term a u ed in internetD 7e) ite / P m'0
A collection 4group of related *eb pages belonging to an organi$ation or individual ii0 .ro! e%Surf t"e !e)& ,oving around and between the *eb pages ;& a0 7"at i meant )y t"e term e8learnin$@ /3m'0 / P m'0
(his is learning through interaction with special programs on the computer. )0 : c"ool intend to et8up an e8learnin$ y tem& (i t t"ree pro)lem t"at are li'ely to )e encountered& 8ack of capital 8ack of skilled manpower (reCuired technology to run " support the e-learning system) )pread of computer viruses Availability of pornographic material " literature to the students from the internet. /9m' 0
1A% | P a g e youth

<& a0 Identify t"e part of t"e follo!in$ e8mail addre D /,m' 0 lat [africaonline . co.ke la)elled :A .A C and
0 #
A 3
Bame of the individual or organi$ation Bame of the host computer in the network on which the e-mail account is hosted
dentifies the type of the organi$ation or institution offering a particular service, i.e. commercial organi$ation
Bame of the country where the site is located, i.e. -enya.
)0
Mention t!o e#ample of e8mail oft!are& - ,icrosoft Dutlook - Dutlook e7press - ,icrosoft e7change - 6udora
/6m' 0
1A& | P a g e youth

+& Di cu mail & :dvanta$e i) 0heap " economicalE - t costs almost nothing to transmit and e-mail message over the network. (here is no need for stamps, envelopes, etc ii) iii) )ecure9-Access to a user=s mailbo7 can be restricted by use of a password <asterE - (he delivery of an e-mail message normally takes seconds or minutes depending on the distance to the receiver. iv) v) 6fficientE- A message prepared only once can be sent to several people 0onvenientE - with e-mail, one can send his4her messages when it is convenient for him4her " the recipients can respond at their convenient times. vi) 0heaper in preparing the messageE - ,ost e-mail users accept less well-formatted messages and slight typing errors are overlooked, unlike in business letters which are e7pected to be error-free and formatted according to certain standards. four advanta$e and t!o di advanta$e t"at electronic mail "ave over re$ular /<m' 0
Di advanta$e the initial installation cost is higher ,essages may be lost before they can be read due to virus infection ,essages may not be kept for future reference due to the high cost of storage (!mks)
1A+ | P a g e youth
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7"at i a earc" en$ine@ .oogle .com Sahoo. 0om 2otmail.com 67cite.com
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.riefly de cri)e four factor contri)utin$ to Internet acce
and $ro!t" in Fenya&
/<m' 0 i) 0ostE - for effective use of internet, a powerful " costly computer is needed. (he cost of installing internet services, telephone bills is also high hence discouraging internet growth. ii) lliteracyE - ,any people are computer illiterate and therefore have no idea of computer internet services. iii) nadeCuate infrastructureE - 8ack of infrastructures such as telephone services in rural areas also hinders growth of internet access. 8ack of electricity discourages people from installing internets in their offices. iv) lack of awareness of the e7istence of such services by the public.
1A/ | P a g e youth
D:T: SECURITE K CONTRO(

3& Differentiate )et!een data ecurity and data inte$rity& /6m' 0
#ata security : the protection of data " information from accidental or intentional disclosure to unauthori$ed person or from unauthori$ed modification. #ata integrity-the accuracy " completeness of data entered in a computer. #efine integrity : the accuracy " completeness of data entered in a computer.
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Define t"e term Computer crime
/6m' 0
(he use of computer hardware or software for illegal activities, e.g., stealing, forgery defrauding, etc.
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A deliberate theft or criminal destruction of computeri$ed data 0ommitting of illegal acts using a computer or against a computer system. E#plain t"e meanin$ of eac" of t"e follo!in$ !it" reference to computer crime & /+m' 0 i) 0racking : use of guesswork over and over again trying to look for weak access points in software in order to get access to data " information ii) 2acking : 3reaking of security codes and passwords to gain unauthori$ed access to a computer system. iii) (apping - 8istening to a transmission line to gain a copy of the message being transmitted. iv) Piracy :,aking illegal copies of copyrighted software, data, or information (i.e. copying of software illegally). Igniting positive change among our
1A; | P a g e youth

v) #ata alteration : llegal changing of stored data " information without permission with the aim of gaining or misinforming the authori$ed users. Alteration changes the information inferences from the data. vi) <raud- use of computers to conceal information or cheat other people with the intention of gaining money or information vii) (respass-illegal physical entry to restricted places where computer hardware, software " backed up data is kept. 9& Outline four !ay of preventin$ piracy !it" re$ard to data and information& /,m' 0 6nact " enforce copyright laws and other regulatory frameworks that protect the owners of data " information against piracy ,& a0 make software cheap enough to increase affordability -use licenses and certificates of authenticity to identify originals )et installation passwords that prevent illegal installation of software. 7"at i a Computer viru @ /6m' 0
(his is a program intentionally written to destroy data, information or the working of other programs inn a computer system )0 i0 State t!o !ay t"rou$" !"ic" computer viru e may )e controlled& /6 m' 0 'unning antivirus software programs regularly 0ontrolling the movement of storage media (e.g. floppy disks, flash disk, etc) in and out of the computer room #isabling the floppy disk drives 1A> | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

ii0 E#plain "o! eac" of t"e t!o !ay li ten in ) /i0 a)ove a i t in controllin$ computer viru e & /6m' 0
Antivirus software helps to detect and remove the viruses from the computer controlling the movement of floppy disks ensures that infected disks are not inserted into computers.
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Computer y tem need ma#imum ecurity to prevent an unaut"ori5ed acce & State i# precaution t"at you !ould e#pect an or$ani5ation to ta'e to prevent ille$al acce computer8)a ed y tem & /<m' 0 to it
8ock the doors, (i.e. keep the computers in a strong room, which should remain firmly locked when nobody is using it).
Avoid welcoming strangers into the computer room 1se of personal identification cards 1se of fingerprint identification nstall security alarms at strategic access points so as to alert the security personnel in case of a break in.
1se of special voice recorders that would be able to analyse the voice of a trespasser " check against the database containing the voice patterns of valid users
6nforce data " information access control policies on all employees to control access to data
1A@ | P a g e youth
1se file passwords to prevent any person from getting access to the electronic files 6nforce network security measures, e.g. use of firewalls Igniting positive change among our

6ncrypt the data " information during transmission Perform freCuent audit trails to identify threats to data " information.
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Give four rule t"at mu t )e o) erved in order to 'eep !it"in t"e la! !"en !or'in$ !it" data and information& t should be kept secure against loss or e7posure )hould not be kept longer than necessary )hould be accurate and up-to-date )hould be collected, used " kept for specified lawful purposes (e.g., data should not be used for unlawful gain) (he owner of the data has a right to know what data is held by the person or organi$ation having it. #ata should not be transferred to other countries without the owner=s permission #o not collects irrelevant and overly too much information for a purpose. /,m' 0
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:n individual "a a ri$"t to demand $uarantee to privacy of per onal information tored on a computer& Give t"ree uc" type of information& /9 m' 0 Bame #ate of birth #. Bumber 'esidence Address Phone number Igniting positive change among our
11A | P a g e youth
111 | P a g e youth
D:T: REPRESENT:TION IN : COMPUTER
3&
7it" t"e aid of a dia$ramA e#plain t"e difference )et!een a di$ital i$nal and an analo$ue i$nal& /6m' 0
An analogue signal is continuous in nature, while a digital signal is in discrete form.
Analogue signal- sine wave
#igital signal : rectangular shaped
6&
E#plain t"e role of a modem i communication&
/6m' 0
A modem converts (modules) data from digital to analogue form to be transmitted over the telephone ling. At the receiving end, the modem attached to the receiving computer converts (demodulates)the analogue signal back to the original digital form.
11! | P a g e youth

9& E#plain eac" of t"e follo!in$ computer termino$ie a u ed in data repre entation& /,m' 0 i) ii) iii) bit - (he smallest binary unit, UA= or U1= 3yte - A group4collection of > bits used to represent a character.
Bibble - a group of four binary digits usually representing a numeric value.
iv)
word - (he total number of bits that a single register of a particular machine can hold
,&
State t!o rea on for u in$ )inary in di$ital tec"nolo$y& - t is easier to develop devices that understand binary language
/6m' 0
- #evices designed using binary logic are simple, more reliable " consume less energy.
;&
Di tin$ui " )et!een .inary and Octal num)er y tem A and $ive an e#ample of eac"& /6m' 0 3inary (base !) system has Just two states usually called ODBP and OD<<P or OAP and O1P, Dctal (base >) system has eight different characters, .e, A1!%&+/;.
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Perform t"e follo!in$ computer arit"metic& In eac" ca eA "o! "o! you arrive at your an !er&
11% | P a g e youth

a0 Convert t"e follo!in$ Decimal num)er to t"eir .inary eHuivalent& i) &+1A ! ! ! ! ! ! &+ !! 11 + ! 1 1 'em 1 A 1 1 A 1 (!mks)
&+1A L 1A11A1!
ii)
&.;+
(1mk)
! 11& | P a g e youth
&
'em

! ! ! 1 1 A A 1 LA.11! A.;+ 7 ! L 1.+A 1 A.+A 7 ! L 1.AA 1 L 1AA! L 1AA.11!
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Convert ++- to .inary& )tep 1E 0onvert the octal number given to decimal (;7>1) F (;7>A) +/ F ; L /%1A
/6m' 0
)tep !E 0onvert the resulting decimal number to binary ! ! ! ! ! ! /% %1 %1 1+ ; % 1 'em 1 1 1 1 1 1 Q c0 N111111! /6m' 0
U e )inary addition to olve t"e follo!in$D ,34 R934
11+ | P a g e youth

)tep 1E 0onvert the decimal numbers to binary.
! ! !
& ! 1 1
'em A A 1 &1A L 1AA!
)tep !E Add binary notations 1AA! 11! F 111! 111!
% ! 1 1
'em 1 1 %1A L 11!
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Convert 343444444433333336 to it =e#adecimal eHuivalent&
/6m' 0
!A 1
!%!!!1!A A1AA
!%!!!1!A AAAA
!%!F!1!AF A111
!%!!!1!A 1111
L \1] F \&] F \A] F \&F!F1] F\>F&F!F1] L\1] F\&] F\A] F\;] F\1+] 11/ | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

L 1&A;<1/
+&
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State one u e of "e#adecimal notation in a computer& - 2elps to manage long binary digit properly
/3m'0
- 2elps to improve the processing speed and optimi$e memory usage. )0 Convert +<+- to "e#adecimal eHuivalent& )tep 1E 0onvert ;/;> to decimal >! ; >1 / >A ; /6 m' 0
;7>! F / 7 >1 F ; 7 >A &&> F &> F ; L +A%1A
)tep !E 0onvert +A%1A to he7adecimal
+A% 1/ 1/ %1 1 1
'em ; 1+ 1
;/;> L 1 <;1/ -& U e One? compliment to olve t"e follo!in$ t"e follo!in$ umD 8 ;34 /6m' 0
! ! 11; | P a g e youth
+ !
'em 1

! 1 1 A 1 /9m' 0
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Perform t"e follo!in$ conver ion D /a0& 9,34 to .inary&
! ! ! ! ! !
%& 1; > & ! 1 1
'em A 1 A A A 1 %& 1A L1AAA1A! (!mks)
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+&36;34 to )inary
/6m' 0
! ! !
; % 1 1 L111!
'em 1 1 1
A.1! 7! A.!+A A.!A 7!L A.+AA 11> | P a g e youth
A A

A.+AA7!L1.AAA 1 L A.AA1! L 111.AA1! (1mk)
c0
3433436 to a )a e 34 num)er&
!+ 1
!& A
!% 1
!! 1
!1 A
!A 1
L (17!+) F (17!%) F (17!!) F (17!A) L%! F > F &F 1 L&+1A
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34&336 to decimal
/6m' 0
L (17!1) F (A7!A) (17!-1) F (17!-!) L!FAVF^ L !. _A.+ F A.!+` L !.;+1A
(%mks)
e0
64&63< to decimal
/6m' 0
1/1
1/1
1/A
11@ | P a g e youth

; A !
L \!71/1] F \ A71/A] \!7 (141/)] L%!. \A.1!+] L %!.1!%1A
f0
+:.3< to decimal 1/! ; 1/1 A 1/A 3
/6m' 0
L \;71/!] F \1A7 1/1 ] F \1171/A] L1;@! F 1/A F11 L 1@/%1A
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4&333433&4346 to Octal
/6m' 0
!! !1 !A AAA 111
!1 !A A 11 .
!1 A 1 A
L _& F !F 1` _!F1` _! F1` _!` L;%.!>
1!A | P a g e youth

34& Convert ;+&,34 to it Octal eHuivalent /6m' 0
> > > !
+; ; ; ;
'em 1 1 ;
A.& 7 > L %.! A.! 7 > L 1./
% 1 L A.%1>
L;1>
;1.%1>
33&
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Perform t"e follo!in$ .inary arit"meticD 33344333 R 44343334 /3m'0
111AA111 AA1A111A F (1) AAA1A1A1 L1AAA1A1A1! (1 mk)
ii0
343436 * 334R6 1A1A1! 11A! 1111!
/3m'0
1!1 | P a g e youth
)0
U e T!o? compliment to u)tract 343 from 3444D
/6m' 0
)tep 1E change the values to > binary digits. AAAA1AAA! - AAAAA1A1! )tep !E Add the binary eCuivalent of the first value to the (wo=s complement of the second value AAAA1AAA
11111A11 F
(1)AAAAAA11
L1AAAAAA11!
(!mks)
36& )tep 1
Convert +:E3< to a decimal num)er&
/6m' 0
1/!F ;
1/1 A
1/A 6
L\;71/!] F \1!71/1] F \171/A] L %>&A F 1@! F1 L &A%%1A
)tep ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1!! | P a g e youth &A%% !A1/ 1AA> +A& !+! 1!/ 'em 1 A A A A

! ! ! ! ! ! /% %1 1+ ; % 1 1 A 1 1 1 1 1 1
&A%%1A L 111111AAAAA1! 3,& 7rite t"e follo!in$ a))reviation in fullD /,m' 0
i) ii) iii) iv)
3( 30# A)0 630# 0
-3inary digit -3inary 0oded #ecimal -American )tandard 0ode for information nterchange -67tended 3inary 0oded decimal nterchange 0ode
1!% | P a g e youth
D:T: PROCESSING
3&
7it" an aid of a dia$ramA e#plain t"e ta$e of t"e data proce in$ cycle& /<m' 0 #ata 0ollection
#ata nput
#ata processing
Dutput of Uinformation=
#ata collection involves getting the data4facts needed for processing from the point of its origin to the computer
1!& | P a g e youth

#ata nput- the collected data is converted into machine-readable form by an input device, and send into the machine. Processing is the transformation of the input data to a more meaningful form (information) in the 0P1 Dutput is the production of the reCuired information, which may be input in future.
6&
Clearly differentiate )et!een data collection and data capture&
/6m' 0
#ata capture is the process of obtaining data in a computer-sensible form for at the point of origin (the source document itself is prepared in a machine-sensible form for input)
#ata collection involves getting the original data to the Uprocessing centre=, transcribing it, converting it from one medium to another, and finally getting it into the computer.
9&
Outline t"e ; ta$e of data collection& #ata creation #ata transmission #ata preparation
/9m' 0
,edia conversion (i.e, conversion of data from one medium to another nput validation )orting
,&
a0
E#plain t"e relevance of t"e term $ar)a$e in $ar)a$e out /GIGO0 in Igniting positive change among our
1!+ | P a g e youth

reference to error in data proce in$& /3m'0
(he accuracy of the data entered in the computer directly determines the accuracy of the information given out. )0 Give and e#plain t!o tran cription and t!o computational error committed durin$ data proce in$& /-m' 0
,isreading errorsE
-they occur when the user reads source document incorrectly,
thus entering wrong values, e.g. a user may confuse + in the number +>/ with ), and type )>/ instead. (ransposition errorsE - they result from incorrect arrangement of characters (i.e., putting characters in the wrong order especially when keying data onto a diskette), e.g. the user may enter %@/ instead of %/@ computational errors Dverflow errorsE -An overflow occurs if the result from a calculation is too large
to fit in the allocated memory space, e.g., if the allocated memory space is able to store an >-bit character, then an overflow will occur if the result of the calculation gives a @bit number.
;&
a0
Define t"e term data inte$rity&
/6m' 0
#ata integrity refers to the dependability, timeliness, availability, relevance, accuracy " completeness of data4information )0 1!/ | P a g e youth State t"ree !ay of minimi5in$ t"reat to data inte$rity& /9m' 0 3acking up the data on e7ternal storage media 6nforcing security measures to control access to data Igniting positive change among our

1sing error detection " correction software when transmitting data #esigning user interfaces that minimi$e chances of invalid data being entered.
<&
a0
)riefly e#plain real8time proce in$& Airline reservation systems (heatre (cinema) booking 2otel reservations 3anking systems Police enCuiry systems 0hemical processing plants 2ospitals to monitor the progress of a patient ,issile control systems
/6m' 0
c0
Give t"ree advanta$e and t!o di advanta$e of a real8time y tem& :dvanta$e Provides up-to-date information (he information is readily available for instant decision-making Provides better services to users4customers. <ast "reliable 'educes circulation of hardcopies.
/;m' 0
1!; | P a g e youth

Di advanta$e 'eCuire comple7 Ds " are very e7pensive Bot easy to develop 'eal time systems usually use ! or more processors to share the workloads, which is e7pensive. 'eCuire large communication eCuipment.
+&
Differentiate )et!een CPU )ound Jo) and I%O )ound Jo) & /6m' 0 CPU bound jobs reCuire more of the 0P1 time to process these Jobs. ,ost of the work the 4D devices perform is on the nput9 and Dutput9 hence, they reCuire very little 0P1 time.
>.
,ost companies are now shifting from the use of geographically distributed personal computers. (his method of data processing is known as Di tri)uted Data Proce in$ /DDP0
Required: i0 Name any t"ree computin$ re ource t"at can )e di tri)uted& -0P1 (Processors) time -<iles -Application software -#ata4information4messages -0omputer processing power -,emory (computer storage) 1!> | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our /9m' 0

- nput4Dutput devices, e.g. printers -communication devices4communication ports
ii0
Name four e#ample of indu trie and )u ine di tri)uted proce in$ y tem &
or$ani5ation t"at e#ten ively u e /,m' 0
3anks 0omputeri$ed retails stores, e.g. supermarkets 8earning institutions with many departmental offices 3ureaus or communication cyber cafes Airline reservation systems
iii0
(i t do!n t!o )enefit and t"ree ri ' t"at mi$"t )e a ociated !it" t"e di tri)uted data proce in$ y tem& Benefits (he load on the host computer is greatly reduced (he use of low cost minicomputers minimi$es the cost in data processing #elays in data processing are reduced Provides better services to the customers (here is less risk in case of system breakdown (he design " implementation of the system is less comple7 due to decentrali$ation (he level of e7pertise reCuired is less. Igniting positive change among our /;m' 0
1!@ | P a g e youth

Risks #ata duplication is very common Programming problems occur with microcomputers " minicomputers )ecurity threats, i.e. the data " information sent one the network from one place to another can be tapped, or listened to by unauthori$ed parties ,ore training is needed for the users involved t is e7pensive due to the e7tra cost of communication eCuipment.
2&
a0
E#plain t"e concept of multi8pro$rammin$ /6m' 0 A ,ulti-programming system allows the user to run ! or more programs, all of which are in the computer=s main memory, at the same time.
)0
Give t!o )enefit t"at are derived from multi8pro$rammin$ /6m' 0 t increases productivity of a computer 'educes the 0P1=s idle time 'educes the incidence of peripheral bound operation
34&
State at lea t four advanta$e of torin$ data in computer file over t"e manual filin$ y tem )tored information takes up less space Igniting positive change among our /,m' 0
1%A | P a g e youth

6asier to update and modify Provides faster access and retrieval of data 'educes duplication of data or stored records 0heaper 6nhances data integrity (i.e. accuracy and completeness)
33&
Di tin$ui " )et!een lo$ical and p"y ical computer file & /6m' 0 A logical file is viewed in terms of what data items it contains and what processing operations may be performed on the data A physical file is viewed in terms of how the data items found in a file are arranged on the storage media and how they can be processed.
36&
:rran$e t"e follo!in$ component of t"e information y tem data "ierarc"y in a cendin$ order of comple#ityD 1ieldA Data)a eA .yteA RecordA .itA and file /,m' 0
3it
3yte
<ield
'ecord
<ile
#atabase
39&
In a computer )a ed information y temA tate t"e purpo e of t"e follo!in$ file A and $ive one e#ample !"ere uc" a file may )e reHuired in a c"ool& /-m' 0
1%1 | P a g e youth

i) 'eport file- t contains a set of relatively permanent records e7tracted from the data in a master file. (hey are used to prepare reports, which can ve printed at a later date, e.g. report on student=s class performance in the term, e7tract of students who have not cleared their school fees, report on absentees. ii) 3ackup file- 1sed to backup data or to hold duplicate copies of data4information from the computer=s fi7ed storage or main file for security purposes e.g. a copy of all the students admitted in a school fees, report on absentees iii) 'eference file - 1sed for reference purposes. t contains records that are fairly permanent or semi-permanent, e.g. #eductions in caution money, wage rates, ta7 deductions, employees address, price lists etc. iv) )ort file : used to sort4rank data according to a given order, e.g. ranking position in a class of students. 3,& a0 7"at i file or$ani5ation@ t is the way records are arranged (laid out) within a particular file or any secondary storage device in a computer )0 i0 Differentiate )et!een t"e follo!in$ file or$ani5ation met"od D /,m' 0 SeHuential and erial In sequential file organization, records are stored in a sorted order using a key field, while in serialM the records are stored in the order they come into the file, and are not sorted in any way.
ii0 1%! | P a g e youth
Random and inde#ed8 eHuential Igniting positive change among our

n random file organization, records are stored in the file randomly and accessed directly, while in indexed sequential, the records are stored seCuentially but accessed directly using an inde7.
1%% | P a g e youth
PROGR:MMING Section :
3& Define t"e follo!in$ term D i0 Computer Pro$ram A computer program is a set of instructions that directs a computer on how to process a particular task. ii0 Pro$rammin$ Programming is the process of designing a set of instructions which can be used to perform a particular task or solve a specific problem. iii0 Pro$rammin$ lan$ua$e A programming language is a language (set of instructions) used in writing of computer programs. (he language must be understood by the computer for it to e7ecute. 6& E#plain t"e meanin$ of t"e follo!in$ a u ed in computer pro$rammin$& i) Synta# -these are rules that govern the arrangement of commands in a particular language ii) Semantic language. 9& a0 7"at are lo!8level lan$ua$e @ Give t"eir feature & /,m' 0 - the meaning attached to every command in a particular (!mks) /9m' 0
(hese are the basic programming languages, which can easily be understood by the computer directly, or which reCuire little effort to be translated into computer understandable form. 1%& | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our
1eature D (hey are machine hardware-oriented (hey are not portable, i.e. , a program written for one computer cannot be installed and used on another computer of a different family (hey use ,nemonic codes (hey freCuently used symbolic addresses.
)0
Give t"ree advanta$e of "i$"8level lan$ua$e a oppo ed to lo!8level lan$ua$e 6asier to learn, understand and use 6asily portable, i.e. they can be transferred between computers of different families and run with little or no modification (he programs are short " take shorter time to be translated ,ore fle7ible, hence they enhance the creativity of the programmer and increase his4her productivity in the workplace 6asier to debug (correct errors)" maintain 6asy to modify (hey are user-friendly " problem :oriented, hence can be used to solve problems arising from the real world. /9m' 0
a0
E#amine t!o feature of fourt" $eneration lan$ua$e /,G(S0 /6m' 0 Igniting positive change among our
1%+ | P a g e youth

2ave programming tools such as command buttons, forms, te7tbo7es, etc 1se of mouse pointer to drag an obJect on a form 1se application generators to generate program codes 0an enCuire " access data stored in database systems
)0
(i t t"ree e#ample of fourt" $eneration pro$rammin$ lan$ua$e & 5isual 3asic #elphi Pascal 0obol Access 3asic
/9m' 0
;&
De cri)e ; factor to )e con idered !"ile c"oo in$ a pro$rammin$ lan$ua$e& /;m' 0 i) ii) iii) iv) (he availability of the relevant translator *hether the programmer is familiar with the language 6ase of learning and use Purpose of the program, i.e. application areas such as education, business, scientific, etc. v) 67ecution timeE 2igh :level languages are easy to read, understand " develop9 hence, they reCuire less development time. ,achine code " Assembly languages are relatively difficult to read, understand and develop9 hence, they are time-consuming.
1%/ | P a g e youth

vii) PopularityE - the language selected should be suitable and 4or successful in the market with respect to the problems to be solved. viii) #ocumentationE - t should have accompanying documentation (descriptions on how to use the language or maintain the programs written in the language i7) Availability of skilled programmersE - (he language selected should have a pool of readily available programmers to ease the programming activity, and reduce development time.
<&
Differentiate )et!een t"e follo!in$ a u ed in pro$rammin$D a) : ource pro$ram is a program that is not yet translated9 O)Ject code is a program that is in machine readable form obtained from a source program by use of a translator
)0
1lo!c"art and p eudo code&
/6m' 0
A flowchart is a graphical representation of step-by-step processing logic of a program, while pseudo code is a set of structured 6nglish like statements that describe the processing steps to be followed to solve a given problem.
7"at do t"e follo!in$ a))reviation
tand forD
/6m' 0
i) ii) iii) 1%; | P a g e youth
<D'('AB 0D3D8 DDP
formula (ranslator 0ommon business oriented language DbJect Driented Programming
a0
Define a (an$ua$e tran lator
/3m'0
(his is a language processor such as an assembler, interpreter, or compiler that converts the source program into obJect code.
)0
Give t!o advanta$e of compilin$ a pro$ram rat"er t"an interpretin$ it& /6m' 0
nterpreters translate the source program one statement4line at a time, 0ompilers translate the entire source code at once before e7ecution.
nterpreters translate the program each time it runs, hence slower than compiling. 0omplied programs can be saved on a storage media. t does not reCuire any further translation any time the program is run, hence e7ecutes faster than interpreted programs.
nterpreter translation takes less memory, while compiled programs reCuire more memory as the obJect code files are larger.
2&
Name t"e ta$e of a pro$ram development in t"eir lo$ical eHuence& /93%60 Problem recognition Problem definition Program design Program coding Program testing and debugging
1%> | P a g e youth

34& Program implementation and maintenance Program documentation /6m' 0
/a0 Give t!o rea on !"y it i nece ary to "ave a pro$ram de i$n&
t identifies the e7act order in which the processing tasks will be carried out so as to solve the problem
t provides for easy maintenance " modification
)0 State t!o reHuirement durin$ computer pro$ram te tin$&
/6m' 0
0ompilation to check the whole program if there are any errors #ebugging the program
33&
a0
State any four rule %$uideline t"at "ould )e follo!ed !"en dra!in$ pro$ram flo!c"art & /,m' 0
A flowchart should have only one entry (starting point) and one e7it point (he flowchart should be clear, neat and easy to follow 1se the correct symbol at each stage in the flowchart (he flowchart should not be open to more than one interpretation Avoid overlapping the lines used= to show the flow of logic as this can create confusion in the flowchart ,ake comparison instructions simple, i.e , capable of Ses4Bo answers (he logical flow should be clearly shown using arrows
1%@ | P a g e youth

)0 6nsure that the flowchart is logically correct " complete /3m'0
Give one advanta$e of p eudo code over flo!c"art Pseudo codes are easier to write and understand
(hey are convenient especially for long algorithms which span over several pages.
36&
E#plain t"e follo!in$ type of computer pro$ram error D a0 Synta# error /6m' 0
(hese are programming errors4mistakes that occur due to incorrect4improper use of the grammatical rules of a particular language 6.g., Punctuation mistakes, (i.e. omitting a comma or a semicolon), improper naming of variables, wrong spellings of user defined and reserved words. )0 (o$ical Error (hese are errors that occur as a result of bad program design 8ogical errors relate to the logic of processing followed in the program to get the desired results e.g. they may occur as a result of misuse of logical operators.
c0
Run8time /e#ecution0 error&
/6m' 0
'un-time (e7ecution) errors. (hey occur when the programmer develops statements, which are not proJecting towards the desired goal. )uch statements will create deviations from the desired obJectives
1&A | P a g e youth

39& E#plain four error detectin$ met"od in pro$ram development i) #ry running (desk checking)9 - checking a program for errors by making the corrections on a paper before entering it in the program editor. ii) (ranslator system checkingE - t involves the running of a translator program (e.g., compiler or nterpreter) after entering the set of coded instructions in order to detect any synta7 errors. iii) 1se of debugging utilitiesE - t involves supplying data values to the program for which the answer is known. f the program does not give the correct answers, it shows that it contains some errors. /,m' 0
3,&
De cri)e t"ree type of pro$ram documentation in reference to pro$rammin$ /<m' 0 i) 1ser-oriented documentationE - t is a manual that enables the user to learn how to install and use the program ii) Dperator :oriented documentationE - t is a manual that enables the user to learn how to install and use the program. iii) Programmer-oriented documentationE - (his is a detailed documentation written for skilled programmers. t provides the necessary technical information to help the programmer in future modification of the program.
3;&
a0
State t"ree type of control tructure u e in pro$rammin$& -)eCuence -)election4decision - teration4looping
/9m' 0
1&1 | P a g e youth
)0
Dra! a imple flo!c"art dia$ram to illu trate t"e 1OR8DO tructure& /9m' 0
3oolean 67pression
)top
0ounter ncrement
3<&
a0
Define t"e term tructured pro$rammin$
/6m' 0
1&! | P a g e youth

(his is the techniCue of program design that allows large programs can be broken down into smaller components4sub-programs called modules or sub-routines), each performing a particular task. )0 (i t any t!o c"aracteri tic of Structured pro$rammin$& ,odules or sub-routines 1se of control structures in problems solving /6m' 0
c0
Give t!o )enefit of tructured pro$rammin$&
/6m' 0
3reaks (splits) a large program into smaller sub-programs (modules) each able to solve a particular4specific problem
)tructured programs are easier to read (hey are easy to code and run Programs are easy to modify because9 a programmer can change the details of a section without affecting the rest of the program
,odules are easy to test " debug (i.e correct mistakes4errors). (his is because9 each module can be designed, coded " tested independently
t is easier to document specific tasks. 1se of modules can be named in such a way that, they are consistent " easy to find in documentation
t is fle7ible.
3+&
a0
Define t"e term election to pro$ram control tructure &
/3m'0
1&% | P a g e youth

Selection refers to a situation where further program e7ecution depends on making a decision from two or more alternatives. )0 3-& a0 (i t four election control tructure u ed in !ritin$ a pro$ram/,m' 0 <a(26B <a(26Ba68)6 Bested < 0A)6 aD<< Name t"e control tructure depicted )y t"e follo!in$ dia$ram /6m' 0
)election control structure, e.g. f :then :else
)0
Name t"e ym)ol la)eled : and ) in t"e dia$ram a)ove& A-#ecision bo7 3- Process symbol
/6m' 0
32&
Define t"e term :RR:E a u ed in computer pro$rammin$&
/3m'0
An array is a data structure that stores several data items of the same type. 1&& | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our
64&
Dra! a imple flo!c"art dia$ram "o!in$D a0 I1S&T=ENS& election
/6m' 0
0ontinuation
of program
)0
I1&&&T=ENSE(SE election
/6m' 0
c)
'6P6A(a1B( 8 loop
(&mks)
1&+ | P a g e youth
63&
a0
7it" aid of a p eudo code and a flo!c"artA de i$n an al$orit"m t"at !ouldD
Prompt the user to enter two number R and S #ivide R by S. 2owever, if the value of S is A, the program should display an error message O6rrorE #ivision by $eroP.
)(A'( P' B( (O6nter two numbers, R and SP) nput R, S I1 SLA T=EN P' B( U6rrorE division by $ero= E(SE Quotient L R4S P' B( R, S, Quotient 1&/ | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

ENDI1 )(DP Flowc art
)0 7rite do!n t"e a i$nment tatement u ed in t"e al$orit"m a)ove& QuotientL74S /6m' 0
c0
7"ic" pro$ram control tructure i depicted in t"e al$orit"m@ /3m'0 f athen...6lse
66&
Dra! a flo!c"art for a pro$ram t"at i to prompt for N num)er A accumulate t"e um and t"em find t"e avera$e& T"e output i t"e accumulated total and t"e avera$e&
1&; | P a g e youth
69&
7rite a p eudo code t"at read temperature for eac" day in a !ee'A in de$ree Cel iu A convert t"e celciu into 1a"ren"eit and t"en calculate t"e avera$e !ee'ly temperature & T"e pro$ram "ould output t"e calculated avera$e in de$ree 1a"ren"eit&
)(A'( BP1( temperature in A0 )6( nitial day to A 1&> | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

7=I(E nitial day YL/ DO < L %! F (@c4+) BP1( temperature in A0 nitial day L nitial day F 1 0umulative END 7=I(E Average P' B( average )top L 0ummulative4; L 0umulative F A<
!&.
Mic"ael depo it 3A444 in a )an' at an intere t rat of 34T per year& :t t"e end of eac" yearA t"e intere t earned i added to t"e amount on depo it and t"i )ecome t"e ne! depo it for t"e ne#t year& Develop a p eudo code to determine t"e year in !"ic" t"e amount accumulated fir t e#ceed 6A444& :l o for eac" yearA print t"e year / tartin$ from 30A t"e depo itA t"e Intere t earnedA and t"e total accumulated at t"e end of t"e year&
)(A'( nput initial deposit, nterest rate, and (arget deposit )et #eposit to 1AAA 1&@ | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

)et Sear to A RE:PE:T SearL Sear F 1 nterest L #eposit 7 1AN (otal L #eposit F nterest #eposit L total UNTI( #eposit Z !AAA P' B( #eposit, Sear )(DP
6;&
Study t"e flo!c"art dia$ram )elo! and an !er t"e Hue tion t"at follo!D
1+A | P a g e youth
a0
7"at !ill )e t"e value of t"e um !"en printed@ S"o! "o! you arrive at your an !er& /;m' 0
' A 1 ! %
(erm A7!A 17!1 L ! !7!! L > %7!% L !&
)um A F ALA AF!L! ! F> L1A 1A F !& L %&
(he value of )um L %&
!/.
M!alimu avin$
ociety /MSS0 Pay ;T intere t on "are e#ceedin$ 344A444 "illin$
and 9T on "are t"at do not meet t"i tar$et& =o!everA no intere t i paid on depo it in t"e mem)er? MSS )an' account a0 De i$n a p eudo code for a pro$ram t"at !ouldE
i) ii) iii)
Prompt the user for shares and deposit of particular members 0alculate the interest and total savings #isplay the interest and total savings on the screen for particular members of the society. (;mks)
)(A'( 1+1 | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

P' B( O6nter member Bame, share and #epositP INPUT Bame, )hares, #eposit < shares Z 1AA,AAA (26B nterest L A.A+ 7 )hares 68)6 nterest L A.A% 7 )hares 6B# < (otal savings L#eposit F shares F nterest P' B( Bame, (otal savings, nterest )(DP
)0
Dra! a flo!c"art for t"e a)ove p eudo code&
/-m' 0
1+! | P a g e youth
6+&
a0
Study t"e flo!c"art )elo! and an !er t"e Hue tion t"at follo!D
a0
(i t all t"e output from t"e flo!c"art&
/9m' 0
!&, +A, 1A!
(any correct %)
)0
7"at !ill )e t"e output if t"e tatement in t"e deci ion )o# i c"an$ed to@ /9m' 0 i) ,1AA Dnly one value, 11 will be printed 1
ii)
, Y 1AA Dnly one value, 11 will be printed 1
1+% | P a g e youth

iii) , L 1AA values starting with 11 to infinity, i.e. , 11, !!, &&,aaa. 1 c0 Modify t"e flo!c"art to print t"e um of all t"e output & /2m' 0
6-&
T"e $ro
alary of
employee of Mut on C"emi t i )a ed on t"e .a ic and additional )enefit & Employee !it" more t"an 34 year? e#perience $et an additional pay of 34T of t"eir )a ic alary& .onu e are $iven a per employee ? ale of t"e mont" a D
Z!AA,AAA 1AA,AAA : !AA,AAA 3elow 1AA,AAA
1+N 1AN +N
1+& | P a g e youth

Dra! a flo!c"art for t"e pro$ram t"at !ill calculate Gro .a ic alaryA $ro alary and all )enefit & alary and output eac" employee?
/3; m' 0
SESTEMS DEGE(OPMENT
3&
7"at do you mean )y a y tem@
/6m' 0
A system is a set of items, eCuipments, procedures, programs or techniCues " people working Jointly with an aim of achieving common goals. 1++ | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our
6&
Differentiate )et!een oft y tem and "ard y tem &
/6m' 0
n )oft systems, goals and obJectives are not clearly defined. n hard systems, goals " obJectives are clearly defined and the outcomes from the processes of the systems are predictable
)oft systems are usually the human activity systems9 their boundaries keep on changing. (+mks)
9&
E#plain five c"aracteri tic of a y tem
/;m' 0
=oli tic t"in'in$E - a system contains a set of interacting elements. 2owever, in holistic thinking, a system is considered as a whole unit. Purpo eD8 a system must be designed to achieve a specific predefined obJective. )ystem boundaries and environment9 -the components of each system should operate within a specific framework, limits or space. (he system receives inputs from " communicates its outputs to the environment. Su) y tem E - A system does not e7ist alone, but it is made up of different components or other systems that communicate with each other Input and output E - a system communicates with its environment by receiving inputs and giving outputs. 6.g. a manufacturing firm gets inputs in form of raw materials from the environment and transforms them into finished products which are released into the environment Proce D- a system usually transforms or processes data from one state to another.
1+/ | P a g e youth

)ystem entropy (decay)9a system must have controls which help it not to operate beyond its boundaries. (he controls enable the system to adapt to changes in the environment in order to give the e7pected output or to perform to the e7pected level.
&.
a0 Define t"e term information y tem&
(!mks)
An information s!stem is the arrangement of people, data, processes and information that work together to support and improve the day-today operations of a business. )0 =i$"li$"t t"ree circum tance t"at nece itate t"e development of ne! information y tem & (%mks)
Ne! opportunitie E - a chance to improve the Cuality of internal processes and service delivery in the organi$ation may arise
nvention of new systems which are more successful than the e7isting ones Pro)lem E - the user may encounter some difficulties in the operations of the e7isting system
DirectiveD - these are reCuirements imposed by the management, government, or e7ternal influences.
;&
State four role /function 0 of an Information y tem analy t& 67amines the feasibility of potential computer applications.
/,m' 0
'eviews the e7isting system " makes recommendations on how to improve or implement an alternative system.
1+; | P a g e youth
*orks hand in hand with programmers to construct a computeri$ed system 0oordinates the training of new system users and owners. Igniting positive change among our

2e is the overall proJect manager of the information system being implemented. )ome of his duties includeE assuring Cuality, keeping within schedule " budgeting.
<&
Define t"e follo!in$ term D i0 Sy tem control A system control is a method by which a system adapts to changes in the environment in order to give the e7pected output or perform at the e7pected level. ii0 Sy tem )oundary t is the scope4limits within which the system components operate iii0 Online analytical proce in$ (he process whereby a computer-based information system is used to capture operational data, analy$e it, and generate reports that can be used to support the decision making process in an organi$ation
+&
State one di advanta$e of t"e Traditional approac" in y tem development
/3m'0
(he structure of the old system is not changed in anyway9 hence9 hence, the weaknesses of the old system are not corrected and are carried forward to the new system.
-&
7"at i Prototypin$ a u ed in y tem development@
/6m' 0
t is a 'apid system4program development techniCue 1 where system developers Cuickly capture user reCuirements by designing system interfaces in the presence of the user. 1+> | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our
2&
Outline t"e even tep follo!ed in tructured y tem development& -Problem recognition and definition - nformation gathering -'eCuirements specification -)ystem design -)ystem construction (coding) -)ystem implementation -)ystem review and maintenance. (B3E Drder must be followed)
/9 P m' 0
34&
Define t"e term 1ea i)ility tudy a u ed in y tem development&
/6m' 0
(his is a special study carried out to establish the costs and benefits of a proposed new system. 33& Eou are reHuired to develop a re$i tration y tem for a particular c"ool& State t!o !ay in !"ic" you !ould $at"er t"e information reHuired for t"e y tem development& /6m' 0
-)tudy of available documents -Dbservation - nterviews -1se of Cuestionnaires -workshops and seminars -1se of automated methods 1+@ | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

36& Identify t!o di advanta$e of O) ervation met"od u ed in fact8findin$& /6m' 0
-(he person being observed may perform differently or change his4her behaviour leading to wrong reCuirements being observed -(he work being observed may not involve the level of difficulty or volume normally e7perience during that period of time. -(he need to be on the site where the activities are taking place consumes a lot of time. -)ome activities may take place at odd times causing a scheduling inconvenience for the analyst. 39& a0 Name t"ree circum tance in !"ic" it i )etter to u e a Oue tionnaire t"an an Intervie! for $at"erin$ information& /9m' 0
f the information to be gathered is located over widely spread geographical area. f a large number of people are to be Cuestioned, and the Cuestions to be asked reCuire short answers, or are limited to Ses4Bo
*here 1AAN coverage is not essential *here privacy (anonymity) of the respondents is to be maintained.
)0
Outline t"ree advanta$e of Hue tionnaire &
/9m' 0
1se of Cuestionnaires gives the respondents privacy9 hence, there is likelihood that the information given is sincere and real.
Questions can be answered Cuickly since respondents can complete and return the Cuestionnaires at their convenient time.
t is a cheap method of collecting data from large number of individuals
1/A | P a g e youth

'esponses can easily be tabulated and analy$ed Cuickly.
3,&
a0
E#plain t"e importance of u in$ automated met"od in fact findin$&
/3m'0
Automated method of data collection can be used in areas which are not easily accessible. )0 Give one e#ample of automated information $at"erin$ tec"niHue& -1se of a video camera to capture motion pictures -1se of (ape recorder. 3;& Mention t"e four factor t"at may )e con idered in order to de i$n a $ood file&/,m' 0 o Dutput specifications (i.e., output from the system) o nput specifications /3m'0
o (able4file structure specifications o 2ardware specifications o )oftware specifications
3<&
State four factor t"at may )e con idered in order to de i$n a $ood file& 'ecord key fields #ata type for each field 8ength of each field 3ackup and recovery strategies. /3m'0
/,m' 0
3+&
Define t"e term Battri)uteC
1/1 | P a g e youth

An attribute is a uniCue characteristic of a record for which a data value can be stored in the system database. 6.g., a student record has attributes such as Bame, admission number, class, etc.
3-&
State t!o met"od %tool t"at a y tem analy t may u e to de i$n a y tem& - 1se of system flowcharts - #ata flow diagrams - 6ntity relationship models - )tructured charts
/6m' 0
32&
E#plain t"ree ta ' t"at are carried out durin$ y tem implementation& <ile conversions )taff training ProJect management 0hangeover strategies.
/9m' 0
!A.
Eour c"ool "a decided to replace it li)rary control y tem& T"e current y tem !a implemented ten year a$o )ut "a re tricted reportin$ facilitie and "a a te#t8)a ed interface& T"e c"ool intent to replace t"e old y tem !it" a ne! computeri5ed y temA and i no! con iderin$ )ot" >Parallel runnin$C and Bdirect c"an$eoverC& a0& /i0 .riefly e#plain t"e term parallel runnin$ and direct c"an$eover a u ed in y tem implementation& /6m' 0
1/! | P a g e youth

Parallel running is where both the old and the new systems are run in parallel to each other (a the same time) for sometime until users have gained confidence in the new system. #ata is processed on both systems in order to compare their performance, and also cross-check the results. #irect changeover is a complete replacement of the old system with the new system in one bold move. (he old system is stopped " abandoned and the new system starts operating immediately.
/ii0
Give t!o di advanta$e of direct c"an$eover over parallel runnin$& o
/3m'0
t may be very inconveniencing (or, the organi$ation will incur huge losses) in case the new system fails or faces problems.
o (he users may not have gained enough confidence to run the new system. o (he weaknesses of the old system may not be corrected " may still be transferred to the new system. o 8oss of Jobs for the workers whose departments are affected. o f the new system fails, data recovery may be impossible.
/iii0
Mention any t!o advanta$e of runnin$ )ot" t"e manual y tem ad t"e computeri5ed y tem imultaneou ly& o /6m' 0
f the outputs from the two systems are similar, confidence in the 0( systems.
o 1sers have time to familiari$e themselves with the 0( systems. o t is reliable because it enables thorough testing.
1/% | P a g e youth
o *eaknesses in either of the systems are corrected. Igniting positive change among our

-
NET7ORFING K D:T: COMMUNIC:TION
1. Define t"e follo!in$ term D /i0 Computer net!or'
/6m' 0 /6m' 0
A collection ! or more computers connected together using transmission media (e.g., telephone cables, or )atellites) for the purpose of communication and sharing of resources.
/ii0 Data tran mi ion
/6m' 0
Passing information from one terminal to another in a computer network through telecommunication channels
/)0 Differentiate )et!een a modern and a multiple#er&
/6m' 0
A ,ultiple7er enables sending of multiple data signals over the same medium, either simultaneously or at different times.
A ,odern converts a digital signal to analogue form, so that it can be transmitted over analogue telephone lines.
%& State t"ree advanta$e and t"ree di advanta$e of computer net!or'in$& :dvanta$e )haring of resources between the computers )haring of risks. Provides cheaper and efficient communication. 'unning cost is low because of the minimal hardware reCuired.
/<m' 0
- 'eliable and error-free. 1/& | P a g e Igniting positive change among our youth

6nhances faster communication t is not time-consuming.
Di advanta$e of net!or'in$ 2igh initial installation cost (i.e., e7pensive to install). )ecurity threats e.g., hacking, which posses a great danger to loss of information ,oral and cultural effects. )pread of terrorism, drug-trafficking and viruses. Dver reliance on networks.
&& /a0 7"at i a di tri)uted y tem@
/6m' 0
(his is a system in which data is manipulated in different processors4computers, which are on the same network but placed in separate locations.
(b) State any t!o advanta$e of di tri)uted y tem & (here is sharing of data " other resources. 'elieves the central computer of the burden of processing data
(!mks)
<ailure of the central computer does not affect the operations of the other terminals Processing load is shared eCually9 hence no time wastage (here is faster processing of data since each machine can process " store its data t doesn=t need powerful " e7pensive servers for data storage t can accommodate users with variety of needs Igniting positive change among our
1/+ | P a g e youth

0reation of employment at the remote centers.
+.
Di tin$ui " )et!een )ounded and un)ounded tran mi ion mediaA $ivin$ t!o e#ample in eac"& n bounded media, data signals are transmitted from the source to the destination through a restricted pathway, e.g., two open wire cables, twisted pair cables, 0oa7ial cables, fiber optic cables. Unbounded media transmits data without physical connections, e.g. microwave, satellite, radio, infrared communication.
<&
State !"at i meant )y eac" of t"e follo!in$ data tran mi ion mediaA and $ive t!o advanta$e and t"ree di advanta$e for eac"& i) T!i ted pair ca)le & (%mks)
A twisted pair cable is made up of ! insulated copper wires twisted around each other in a spiral pattern. (his prevents electromagnetic fields from developing around the two wires as they transmit data. :dvanta$e -2as high data transfer rates of up to 1AA ,bps - t is cheap because9 of mass production for telephone use.
Di advanta$e o (hey suffer from high attenuation o affected by electromagnetic fields o 1// | P a g e youth t has low data transmission rates as compared to other cables
ii0 Coa#ial ca)le 0oa7ial cables consist of two conductors which are insulated and shielded to provide high noise immunity " also more resistant to electromagnetic interference.
:dvanta$e o (hey have a large bandwidth (up to 1 .bps) compared to twisted pair cables o (hey can carry voice, data and video signals simultaneously o (hey are more resistant to radio and electromagnetic interference than twisted pair cables Di advanta$e o (hey are hard to work with o (hey are e7pensive to buy " install
iii0
1i)re optic ca)le i made of tran parent $la
and u e li$"t to tran mit data
i$nal from one point to anot"er on t"e net!or'& :dvanta$e o o o o t is immune to electromagnetic interference, and eavesdropping. t is fast and supports high bandwidth t has low attenuation9 hence, a long distance can be covered t is small " light.
Di advanta$e o #ifficult " e7pensive to install Igniting positive change among our
1/; | P a g e youth

o Dnce broken, it is difficult " e7pensive to repair. iv) 7irele %micro!ave%radio tran mi ion& /9m' 0
n wireless transmission, no physical connections are used to transmit data from one point to another. nstead a transmitting antenna " a receiver aerial are used to facilitate the communication
:dvanta$e o wireless networks can span large geographical areas easily o 0an be used in very remote areas that do not have high cost physical infrastructure like telephone lines o <le7ible. Di advanta$e o (he initial cost is very high o ;. t is relatively difficult to establish or configure.
E#plain t"e function of t"e follo!in$ net!or' device D i) Betwork interface card (B 0) B 0 creates a physical link between the computer and the transmission media. ii) .ateway .ateways provide access to the *ide area networks " the nternet. iii) 3ridge (his is a network device that selectively determines the appropriate network segment for which a message is meant to be delivered.
1/> | P a g e youth
iv0
Repeater A repeater receives a weak signal on the network, cleans and amplifies it for transmission over the ne7t portion of the network. )ignals become weak due to attenuation
-&
(i t t!o advanta$e of cell p"one over fi#ed line & Are cheaper than fi7ed lines 8ess prone to transmission errors 0an be used even where there are no telephone lines Portable, i.e. can be carried around
/6m' 0
2&
a0
Study t"e dia$ram )elo! and an !er t"e Hue tion t"at follo!D
1/@ | P a g e youth
i)
Name t"e communication media depicted in t"e a)ove dia$ram& /3m'0 )atellite communication
ii0 A 3 0 # iii0 -
Name t"e part la)elled :A .A CA and D& -'eceiving earth station -)atellite in space -#own link -1p link (i t t"ree advanta$e of t"e a)ove communication media& t is fast
/, m' 0
/9m' 0
t is convenient because9 it provides a large constant line of sight to each station 2ence, there is no need to keep on moving the parabolic dish so as to track the line of sight
0an be in very remote areas that do not have high cost physical infrastructure like telephone lines. (!mks) /6m' 0
34&
a0
Define t"e term net!or' topolo$y&
Betwork topology refers to the arrangement of the computers, printers and other eCuipment connected on the network. )0 Di tin$ui " )et!een lo$ical and p"y ical net!or' topolo$y& /6m' 0
8ogical (signal) topology deals with the way data passes from one device to the ne7t on the network
1;A | P a g e youth

Physical topology refers to the physical arrangement (layer out) of devices on the network.
:PP(IC:TION :RE:S O1 ICT

3& 7rite in full "enceA e#plain t"e term ICT& 0(- nformation and 0ommunication (echnology 0(- refers to the integration of computers and telecommunication facilities for the purpose of communication. 6& State four area !"ere computer are u ed today& i) ii) /,m' 0 /6m' 0
<inancial systems, e.g. accounting, stock e7change, payroll, banking, etc, (ransport systems, e.g. air traffic control, shipping control, automobile traffic control
iii)
6ntertainment systems, e.g. used in showing movies, playing music, " computer games.
iv)
)cientific research, i.e. weather forecasting, medical research, military " space e7ploration.
%&
State t!o !ay in !"ic" a computer may )e u ed in efficient runnin$ of a "o pital& -eeping records of incoming and outgoing patients n electro-cardiogram screening and monitoring, analy$ing the sickness " checking for damages, e.g. R-ray A computer controls life supporting machines <or inventory control
1;1 | P a g e youth

(o access foreign e7pertise or labour, i.e. to get in touch with consultants or surgeons in another country, thereby reducing traveling of patients " professionals. && a0 Name t"e type of proce in$ t"at !ould )e reHuired )y a payroll y tem& /3m'0 3atch processing
)0 -
Identify t!o )enefit of u in$ computer in accountin$ y tem & (hey make the processing of financial records easier
/6m' 0
6rror checking procedures can e established to ensure accuracy " security of data 1sed to store volumes of financial records 6nsure fast " easy production of financial reports (hey are cheaper than manual systems
;&
a0
7rite do!n all t"e input and output device of an :TM mac"ine of Pe a8point in Fenya& -eyboard (he A(, card )creen (5isual display) Printer
)0 1;! | P a g e youth
(i t do!n t"ree advanta$e of :TM card & Dffer !& hour service to customers 6nsure more fle7ibility in cash deposits and withdrawals
/9m' 0
t is secure because9 it reCuires a personal identification number (Pin), which is only Igniting positive change among our

known by the card holder (here is no need for human bank clerks.
<&
a0 State four component of an electronic Point8of8 ale terminal& (erminal, e.g. 0onsole, which is connected to the main computer ,onitor Printer
/,m' 0
)0
Give t!o advanta$e of u in$ electronic point8of ale terminal a oppo ed to manual entry at a upermar'et c"ec'out counter& /6m' 0
<ewer errors made by employees, i.e. correct prices are used at the point of entry t ensures faster entry of data, since the attendant does not have to enter details manually.
+&
6nsures good stock management procedure.
Define t"e follo!in$ term D a0 .iometric analy i (his is the study, measurement " analysis of human biological characteristics. t uses a computer and a biometric device to recogni$e " analy$e features of human body parts such as fingerprints, lips, voice iris colour, etc
1;% | P a g e youth

)0 Telecommutin$ A situation where an employee works in a location that is remote from the normal place of work either on full-time or part-time basis.
-&
Outline four device reHuired in order to conduct a video conference& /,m' 0 - A computer - A digital video camera (camcorder) attached to a computer - Betwork software for video conferencing - A microphone - )peakers
2&
a0
Define t"e term E8commerce
/6m' 0
6-commerce is a way of doing business where the transactions are carried out electronically without the seller and buyer interacting physically. )0 (i t do!n t!o advanta$e of e8 commerce a u ed in modern )u ine environment 'educes traveling, hence saves money and time A company can access customers all over the world, and is not limited by space " wagons 'educes operating costs of small business as they can establish websites where they can auction their good " services. (his also increases their sales. /6m' 0
34&
De cri)e "o! computin$ "a )een applied to eac" of t"e follo!in$ area D Igniting positive change among our
1;& | P a g e youth

i0 Tran portation y tem & /6m' 0
- 1sed by railway corporations to coordinate the movement of their goods " wagons - 1sed in airline industry for air traffic control, surveillance of airspace using radar eCuipment - 1sed in shipping control - 1sed in automobile traffic control in busy towns, i.e. to simulate the timing of traffic lights.
vi0 vii0
Re ervation y tem & (o keep record of reservation <or online reservation (i.e. provide online remote services) Paperless transaction (Paying via credit cards) 6asy to check for vacant positions (a! enforcement <or keeping record on fingerprints /6m' 0
/6m' 0
3iometric analysis in crime detection so as to provide immediate " accurate information
)cene monitoring " analysis to help the police in arresting traffic offenders and criminals.
viii0 1;+ | P a g e youth
(i)rary mana$ement y tem -eeping book records and stock management (racking overdue books
/6m' 0
33&
Su$$e t "o! computer may in future )e made more u er8friendly for per on t"at areD a) .lind /3m'0 #evelopment of 3raille keyboards, or engraved keyboards 0omputers can be installed with talking software, i.e., can store voice patterns of the user
)0
7it"out "and 1se of voice-activated commands. 0omputers can be installed with powerful multimedia system " speech recognition devices.
36&
Give at lea t four rea on !"y a firm may decide to computeri5e it operation 2andling of errors easily 6asy storage and retrieval of information ncreased efficiency 2igher Cuality work 'educed cost.
1;/ | P a g e youth
FOCUS COMPUTER STUDIES K.C.S.E 2012 to 2015 IMP:CT O1 ICT ON SOCIETE

1. Identify four pro)lem a ociated !it" t"e introduction of computer in a ociety& /,m' 0 o Iob displacement and replacement o 0omputer crimes, e.g. piracy, fraud, hacking o 2ealth effects, e.g. repetitive strain inJury, eye problems o 0ultural effects and immorality (#5#=s, pornographic literature on the nternet !. Di tin$ui " )et!een BJo) replacementC and BJo) di placementC in reference to Computeri5ation /6m' 0
n Job replacement, the unskilled workers may be replaced with the skilled ones. n Job displacement, some employees may be displaced4 moved to new working areas as the computer may serve to perform tasks that may be performed by several people.
%.
: recent )rea't"rou$" in t"e manufacturin$ indu try i t"e development of a full manufacturin$ plantA t"at can produce ve"icle u in$ ro)ot only& a) Give t"ree advanta$e of fully automated manufacturin$& /9m' 0
ncreases efficiency due to the balancing of workload and production capacity.
1;; | P a g e youth
Production increases in the workplace mproves customer service 6nables production of adeCuate " high Cuality goods in time Igniting positive change among our

6nables efficient utili$ation of resources, e.g. raw materials, personnel and eCuipment9 hence reducing operating e7penses. )0 State t"ree ot"er area !"ere automation i applica)le& ntelligent control of traffic lights /9m' 0
- (he autopilot in aircrafts - 1se of robots in industries - ,anufacturing industries such as vehicle assembly plants, oil refineries, and food processing companies. ,& Di cu i0 t"e application of :rtificial Intelli$ence in eac" of t"e follo!in$ field D E#pert y tem n medical institutions for diagnosis of diseases n mining companies for prospecting of minerals. <inancial forecasting, e.g. formulation of ta7ation " marketing policies, and making of investment decisions. <inancial forecasting, e.g. formulation of ta7ation " marketing policies, and making of investment decisions.
ii0
Natural lan$ua$e proce in$
/6m' 0
t involves development of programming languages, whether spoken or written (his will make the task of data processing even faster /6m' 0
iii0
:rtificial neural net!or' .
1;> | P a g e youth

(his is the use of electronic devices " software to emulate the learning process of the human brain and how it recogni$es patterns. ;& E#plain t"e impact of information tec"nolo$y on or$ani5ation in eac" of t"e follo!in$ area /i0 Competition Ability to advertise in the internet mproved Cuality goods " services 'educed operational costs /6 m' 0
/ii0 Pace of $ro!t" 'educed costs 'educed need for manpower 'educed space reCuirement .reater output
/6 m' 0
<&
State t"ree rea on
!"y u er
may re i t t"e introduction of information and
communication Tec"nolo$y /ICT0 to t"eir place of !or' (i) (ii) <ear of change- people are creatures of habit, hence are afraid of change <ear of losing their JobsE 3y installing the computer into an organi$ation, employees fear that they might end up losing their Jobs (iii) <ear of failure : )ince the computer is very new in a given working environment, the people will be afraid that they might never get used to it.
1;@ | P a g e youth

(iv) 8oss of controlE (he management fear that once a computer system is implemented, they might lose control of the organi$ation.
C:REER OPPORTUNITIES IN ICT

3& Give a )rief de cription of t"e follo!in$ career availa)le in t"e computin$ field& (i) A )oftware engineers is one who is skilled in software development and technical operations of computer hardware 2e develops and updates both system and application software together with the associated documentations.
/ii0
Data proce in$ mana$er /DPM0
/ 6 m' 0
A data processing manager is the person who usually is in charge of the overall running of the data processing department in an organi$ation 2e plans, monitors and controls the personnel, ensures that resources and labour are available as reCuired and interfaces to users
6&
Differentiate )et!een oft!are en$ineer and a computer en$ineer
/ 6 m' 0
)oftware engineer develops software4 programs as per reCuirements9 computer engineer designs computer hardware and improves on e7isting ones. 9& /a0 Sate t"ree pu)lic univer itie !"ere one can furt"er "er computer tudie / 9 m' 0 1>A | P a g e youth Bairobi university ,oi 1niversity -enyatta 1niversity Igniting positive change among our

Iomo -enyatta 1niversity of agriculture and (echnology (I-1A() 6gerton 1niversity ,aseno university
/)0 Identify at lea t t"ree related cour e offered at /i0 Colle$e level 0ertificate in information technology #iploma in information technology #iploma in 6ducation (computer science)
/ii0 Univer ity level 3sc. 0omputer science 3sc. nformation technology ,sc. nformation systems
,&
/a0 Name t"ree re pon i)ilitie t"at are carried out )y aD /i0 7e) admini trator #evelop " test websites ,aintains, updates " modifies information on the websites to meet new demands by the users. ,onitors the access " use of internet connection by enforcing security measures #ownwards information needed by an organi$ation or institution from internet websites
/ii0 Computer trainer 1>1 | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

(raining people on how to use a computer " the various application programs #evelopment training reference materials .uiding learners on how to acCuire knowledge through carrying out research Advising the learners on the best career opportunities in the broad field of 0( Preparing learners for 0( e7aminations
;&
E#plain t!o factor one !ould con ider )efore enrollin$ for an ICT cour e in a colle$e (he cost of the course ,arketability of the course, i.e. whether it offers courses recogni$ed both locally and internationally. 3asic course reCuirement, e.g. Cualifications Iob opportunities
1>! | P a g e youth
F&C&S&E S:MP(E P:PER

Fenya Certificate of Secondary Education ,;3%3 computer tudie Paper 3 /t"eory0 6 P "our
INSTRUCTIONS TO C:NDID:TES (his paper consists of (*D sections A and 3 Answer A88 the Cuestions in section A. Answer Cuestions 1/ and any other (2'66 Cuestions from section 3
<D' D<< 0 A8 1)6 DB8S SECTION A OUESTION 1- 1+ 1/ 1; 1> 1@ !A (D(A8 )0D'6 SCORE
SECTION : /,4 mar' 0 :n !er all t"e Hue tion in t"i 1. ection
Computer y tem are )uilt from t"ree type of p"y ical component D proce or A memorie and I%O device
1>% | P a g e youth

/a0 State t!o ta ' of a proce or (o fetch data " information from memory #ecodes instructions 67ecute4 runs programs 0ontrols hardware operations through sending of control signals
/)0 State t"e function of I%O device (ransfer information into " out of the computer )erves as the interface between the user " the computer 6nables the user to communicate with the computer
!.
T"reat to t"e afety of computer y tem ta'e many form crimeA natural di a ter A vandali m and carele ne &
uc" a D !"ite8 collar
Give one !ay a to "o! eac" of t"e e form of t"reat can )e controlled (i) *hite- collar crime 1se of policies )ystem auditing and use of log files 1se of passwords putting in place punitive measures #ata encryption 1se of firewalls
/ 6 m' 0
/ii0 Natural di a ter 1>& | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

1se of 1P) 1se of backups nstallation of lightening arrestors 2aving standby fire fighting eCuipment 1se of fire- proof data saves 0ontingency plans
/iii0 Gandali m (ighten security measures, e.g. use of alarm systems, fitting, burglar- proof doors Punitive measures.
/iv0 Carele ne 3etter selection of personnel mprove employee training and 6ducation Plus Agencies 8imit access to data and computers 'egular backups 1se of 1B#686(6 and 1B<D',A( utilities
9&
/a0 E#plain t"e term ni))le a u ed in data repre entation in computer A nibble is a group of & binary usually representing a numeric number.
/ 3 m'0
/)0 Perform t"e follo!in$ )inary arit"meticA $ivin$ t"e an !er in decimal notation /9 m' 0 1>+ | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

(i) 111A.A111 F 11A1AA1.11
111A.A111 11A1AA1.A11 F 111A111.11A1
(ii). 1AA1A11.A11 : 111.111 1AA1A11.A11 111.111 : 1AAAA11.1AA
,&
/a0 Di tin$ui " )et!een mac"ine and a em)ly lan$ua$e
/ 6 m' 0
,achine language uses machine codes (binary digits) that consist of A=s " 1=s, whereas assembly language makes uses mnemonic codes (symbolic representations of the machine code. /)0 State t"e type of tran lator nece ary for a pro$ram !ritten inD / 6 m' 0
(i)
2igh level language nterpreter or compiler
(ii)
Assembly language Assembler
;&
.riefly e#plain t"e purpo e of t"e follo!in$ type of pro$ram documentationD / 9 m' 0 /a0 U er manual
1>/ | P a g e youth

(his is a manual provided for an end user to enable him4 her use the program. t is applicable in user- oriented documentation.
/)0 Reference $uide is used by someone who already knows how to use the program but needs to be reminded about a particular point or obtain detailed information about a particular feature.
/c0 Ouic' reference $uide (his is a single sheet or card small enough to fit into a pocket, which the user may keep handy for help with common tasks carried out with as program.
<& -
State any t!o feature of a u er8 friendly pro$ram 6rror reporting and recovery .ood screen display 5alidation of input 0omment statements ndentations )elf- descriptive variables ,enu driven Dnline help
/ 6 m' 0
+&
/a0 Di tin$ui " )et!een la)el and formulae !it" re pect to pread "eet / 6 m' 0 Igniting positive change among our
1>; | P a g e youth

8abels are te7t consisting of alphanumeric characters, while a formula is a seCuence of values, cell references, functions and arithmetic operators whose calculations results to a numeric value.
/)0 Con ider t"e entrie made in t"e cell )elo! 0ell 6ntry 3! !AA 3% 1A A State t"e value di played in cell C39 t returns an error messageE W 5A816b /6 m' 0 01A 011 3! 3% 01% L01A F 011
>.
(i t t"ree difference )et!een 7ide :rea Net!or' /7:N0 and local :rea Net!or' /(:N0 / 9 m' 0 8AB is limited to a small geographical distance #ata transmission speed in 8AB) is higher 0ost of data transmission in 8ABs is small (here are less transmission errors in 8ABs
2&
Study t"e flo!c"art e$ment )elo! and tate t"e la t value flo!c"art
printed
from t"e
1>> | P a g e youth
34&
/a0 7"at i an e#pert y tem@
/ 3 m'0
An expert s!stem is computer software that mimics human e7pertise in a particular area of speciali$ation
/)0 State any t!o component of an e#pert y tem nference mechanism (for making decisions) -nowledge base 67planation facility 1ser interface
/6 m' 0
33&
Give rea on !"y optical di 'ette -
di ' are )etter tora$e media compared to floppy
2ave a high storage capacity ,ore secure against alteration, i.e. they reCuire writers to alter their contents ,ore robust, i.e. can resist temperature, electromagnetic fields and not affected by water and dust.
1>@ | P a g e youth
2ave a relatively high access speed Igniting positive change among our

0heaper per unit of storage. Dptical disks can be used for storage of large volumes of data, hence making them economical. 2ave high data transfer rates
36& (a) (b) (c) (d) 39&
7"at are DOS command u ed for t"e follo!in$@ 0hanging directories 5iewing directories - 0#402# ' - # '4('66
'enaming directories of files - '6B4'6BA,6 #eleting a directory - '#4#68('66 / 6 m' 0
Di tin$ui " )et!een copyin$ and movin$ te#t
0opying is making a duplicating copy of te7t, moving is relocating4 transferring te7t from
one place in a document to another
n copying the original te7t is left intact, while in moving all the selected te7t is transferred
from its original location to a new location.
3,& -
/a0 Name t!o met"od of paper orientation Portrait 8andscape
/)0 Name t!o 'ey u ed to delete te#t in a document 1@A | P a g e youth
/ 3 m'0

3;& #elete 3ackspace Name t!o feature of a data)a e pac'a$e #atabase creating facility (able4 filers structures for holding related records 'ecords4 database updating facility )earch facility that enables the user to scan through the records in the database so as to find information needed <orms (input screens) for viewing and entering data into a table )orting facility, which enables the user to organi$e " arrange the records within the database. 'eport generating facility Query facility #ata validating facility, which ensures that, the correct data is entered into the database ,acros which are used to automate freCuently performed procedures or tasks / 6 m' 0
SECTION . /<4 M:RFS0 :n !er Hue tion 3< and any ot"er t"ree Hue tion from t"i ection
3<&
Study t"e flo!c"art )elo! and an !er t"e Hue tion t"at follo!D
1@1 | P a g e youth
/a0 7rite a "i$" level lan$ua$e pro$ram for t"e a)ove flo!c"art Program A309 1ses *in0'(9 5A' A, 3 0 0D1B(E B(6.6'9 36. B AE A 3L1 '6P6A( *riteln (3) 0D1B(E L 0D1B( F 19 0E L AF39 AE L 3 3E L 09 1@! | P a g e youth
/ + m' 0
1B( 8 0D1B( L 1A
6B#
D' Program A30 (input, output)9 1)6) *in 0'(9
5A' A, 3, 0, 0D1B(E B(6.6'9 36. B AE LA9 3E L 1 <D' 0D1B(E A (D 1A #D 3egin *riteln (3)9 0E A F 3 AE L 39 3E L 0= 6nd9
6B# 1@% | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our
/)0 (i t t"e output of t"e flo!c"art a)ove
/; m' 0
1,1,!,%,+,>,1%,!1,%&,++ (any ten integers)
/c0 Modify t"e flo!c"art
o t"at it add up all it output and di play t"e um o)tained
/9
m' 0
3+&
: computer pecification "a t"e follo!in$ detail D Pentium 1.&& ,3 floppy disk drive !A .3 hard disk
1@& | P a g e youth

<ull multimedia 1;P )5.A monitor Pre installed operating system Pre- installed office suite
/a0 7"at i meant )y@ /i0 3&,, M. floppy di ' drive@ t has a floppy disk for diskettes of capacity 1.&& megabytes
/ii0 64 G. "ard di '@ 'efers to the storage capacity of the hard disk in .igabytes
/iii0 3+C SGG: monitor 'efers to the type (colour) and si$e (1; : inch) of the screen
/)0 7"ic" operatin$ y tem mi$"t )e pre8 in talled in t"i computer and !"y@ /6 m' 0 Any version of windows, 8inu7, ,acintosh, D)4!, 1B R, )olaris, )couni7 'eason- the office suite can only work under windows environment (% mks)
/c0 (i t t"ree Multimedia component 1@+ | P a g e youth Dptical drive (0#- 'D, or #5# : 'D, drive) )peakers (headphones) ,edia Player software Igniting positive change among our

,icrophone )ound card4 adapter (5 (uner card 6diting card #igital camera 5.A or )5.A graphics card and monitor A 'A, of %! ,3 or higher
/d0 /i0 7"at i meant )y computer aided manufacture@ 0A, is the use of computers in the manufacture of industrial products (! mks)
/ii0 Give t!o e#ample of computer aided de i$n oft!are Auto0A# Arch0A# #raffics % #macs
/ 6 m' 0
3-& -
/a0 Give t"ree e#ample of net!or' oft!are 1B R 8inu7 Bovell Bet*are ,icrosoft *indows B( ,icrosoft *indows !AAA ,icrosoft *indows !AA%
/ 9 m' 0
1@/ | P a g e youth
/)0 (i t any t"ree item t"at may )e referred to a data terminal eHuipment in a net!or' ( % mks) )ervers #ummy terminals <ile servers Printers ,odems (erminators
/c0 .riefly e#plain t"e follo!in$ term a u ed in net!or'in$ /i0 Remote communication
/ , m' 0
(his is the transfer of data between computers in different locations t is a long- distance data transfer without the use of cables
/ii0 Di tri)uted proce in$ #istributed processing is the sharing of computer processing power
/d0
State t"ree advanta$e and t!o di advanta$e of me " net!or' topolo$y / ; m' 0
:dvanta$e of me " topolo$y t is fast
<ailure on one mode will not cause communication breakdown 1@; | P a g e Igniting positive change among our youth

6asy to troubleshoot cable problems. f two machines are not communicating, the administrator will only check the cable between them. 6nhances fle7ibility in communication 6nhances fault tolerance provided by redundant4e7cessive links
Di advanta$e #ifficult and e7pensive to install and maintain 5ery costly as it reCuires large amounts of cables ( or redundant links) #ifficult to add more nodes when the network is large #ifficult to isolate faults due to lack of a central control point
1@.
/a0 : company "a decided to computeri5e t"eir operation & T"ey "ave decided to purc"a e pac'a$e in tead of developin$ t"eir o!n pro$ram & Give t"ree advanta$e and t!o di advanta$e of t"eir approac"& / ; m' 0
:dvanta$e of pac'a$e (hey are cheaper to purchase as the cost of developing them is effectively shared between the purchases (here is saving of the programming effort because9 the company buys the software when ready- made Packages are thoroughly tested 'elatively Cuick results are obtained
1@> | P a g e youth

Di advanta$e of pac'a$e (he purchaser is not in direct control of the software because he4 she is not involved in developing it. Packages are produced to meet general needs, hence may not deal with the specific user or company needs. Packages cannot be modified (customi$ed) #ue to the application of the developer=s copyright acts. Packages include e7tra facilities which may not be reCuired by an individual user or company Packages may allow only a clumsy solution to the task at hand )ome packages have capabilities which will reCuire the user to develop them further. t is easy to forget the commands to use the package, especially if it is not used freCuently. /)0 /i0 E#plain !"y a value uc" a <33699,,,;;;; may )e di played a UUUUUUU !"en typed in a cell on a pread "eet / 6 m' 0
/ii0 =o! can t"e pro)lem in /)0 /i0 a)ove )e corrected@ 3y increasing the column width
/c0 7it" rea on A )riefly de cri)e t"e mo t appropriate type of printer or output device for t"e output ofD /i0 Cu tomer invoice on multi8 part tationery /< m' 0
#ot- matri7 printer ( or any impact printer)

1@@ | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

t produces sharp impact on both original land and the copies
/ii0 (etter to cu tomer
8aserIet Printer (or any impact printer) it is fast " produces Cuality printouts
D'
#ot- matri7 printer : t is cheaper for bulky printing

/iii0 Detailed en$ineerin$ de i$n
Plotters
2ave appropriate facilities for drawing " graphical output 64& /i0 /a0 Di tin$ui " )et!een t"e follo!in$ pair of term Data verification and data validation 5erification is checking data manually to ensure4 ascertain that it has been transcribed (written out) correctly. 5alidation involves subJecting data to checks built in a program to check for its appropriateness or integrity before it is processed.
/ii0 Data encryption and pa !ord 6ncryption- mi7ing up, distorting or changing of data being transmitted over a network to prevent unauthori$ed disclosure. A password : a secret code used to prevent unauthori$ed access of data in a computer
/iii0 Dry run and !al't"rou$" !AA | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

#ry run is where the program is tested on paper before it is keyed in *alkthrough is a style of evaluating a program by a team of professionals which in turn reports to the programming team.
/)0 Dra! a la)eled dia$ram to illu trate t"e internal tructure of a di 'ette& /, m' 0
/c0 Give t!o difference )et!een po t Office Mail electronic mail / E8 mail0 / 6 m' 0 Post office mail is operated manually9 6mail is computeri$ed Post office mail is slow9 email is fast 6mail has a wide area of coverage 6mail is more secure
/d0 Speed and accuracy are ome of t"e advanta$e of u in$ computer in )an'in$& State t"ree ot"er advanta$e of u in$ computer in )an'in$ !A1 | P a g e youth ,akes it easy to access information t is easy to update records reCuires less space for storage of documents Igniting positive change among our /9 m' 0

mproved data security " privacy

Fenya Certificate of Secondary Education ,;3%3 computer tudie Paper 3 /t"eory0 6 P "our !A! | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our
<D' D<< 0 A8 1)6 DB8S SECTION A OUESTION 1- 1+ 1/ 1; 1> 1@ !A (D(A8 )0D'6 SCORE
SECTION : / ,4 mar' 0 :n !er all t"e Hue tion in t"i ection
3&
=o! i a point of ale terminal u ed in a )u ine -
or$ani5ation@
/ 6 m' 0
t can be used for pricing the different types of commodities t can be used as a bar code reader <ore checking stock levels (stock control) <or adding totals of purchase " calculating customers change Igniting positive change among our
!A% | P a g e youth

<or receipt production
6&
Di tin$ui " )et!een compiler and interpreter -
/6 m' 0
A compiler translates the entire program at once as a unit before e7ecution can begin. An nterpreter translates one instruction of the source program at a time. (he translated instruction is immediately obeyed before the ne7t instruction can be translated.
An interpreter translates the program each time it is needed for e7ecution9 compiled programs can be saved on a storage media and run when reCuired.
<or an nterpreter, synta7 errors are reported " corrected before the e7ecution can continue. <or a compiler, synta7 errors are reported " corrected after the source code has been translated to its obJect code eCuivalent.
9&
E#plain !"y computer u e )inary num)er in data repre entation
/6 m' 0
#ata is stored in computers in binary form. (he computer=s 0P1 carries arithmetic " logical operations by binary numbers. (his is because9 binary numbers has only two digits, A " 1, which make it suitable for representing two states of data such as D<< " DB.
,&
7"at i meant )y t"e term dry runnin$ a u ed in pro$ram development@
/6 m' 0
!A& | P a g e youth

A method of checking a program for logical errors by making the corrections on a paper or from the printouts
;&
: computer teac"er "a put a rule t"at di 'ette la)oratory
"ould not )e u ed in t"e computer
/a0 Give a rea on for t"e rule (o prevent the spread of viruses between the computers (o prevent unauthori$ed copying of programs from or to the computers )tudents may carry immoral files using the diskettes
/)0 State t!o alternative t"at can )e u ed to ac"ieve t"e ame o)Jective 1sing diskless computers 1se of antivirus software to detect4 clean viruses before use
/6 m' 0
<&
(i t t"ree difference )et!een a la er printer and a dot matri# printer 8aser printers are faster than dot matri7 printers 8aser printers are Cuiet while dot matrices are noisy
/9 m' 0
8aser printers use thermal technology while dot matri7 is an impact printer 8aser Jets use (oner cartridges while dot matri7 use ribbons A laser printer is e7pensive than a dot matri7 (he print Cuality of a laser printer is better
!A+ | P a g e youth

+& (i t four ta$e involved in t"e data proce in$ cycle #ata collection4 preparation #ata input Processing Dutput of information / 6 m' 0
-&
/a0
7"at i a utility oft!are@ (his is a program used freCuently by the computer to carry out routine Jobs 1tility software is used to manage computer files, diagnose and repair computer problems and assist in helping the computer to run more efficiently.
/)0 Give four e#ample of utility oft!are (e7t editors )ort utility 8anguage translators ,erge utility 8oader 0opy utility 8inker #ump utility #iagnostic tools #atabase management system
!A/ | P a g e youth

2& Di tin$ui " )et!een an intelli$ent terminal and dump terminal An intelligent terminal is one which is capable of performing some limited amount of processing on data before transmitting what is beyond their processing abilities to the central computer. A dump terminal is one which does not have any of its own processing capabilities4 power. t relies on the processing capabilities of the central computer that serves it.
34&
(i t t!o dutie of t"e follo!in$ per onnel /a0 Data)a e admini trator #esigns " develops database applications for the organi$ation nstalls " co- ordinates database systems 1pdates the database by adding new record, modifying the e7isting records " deleting the unnecessary records. 'esponsibilities for the security of data in the database (i.e. designs " sets up security measures needed to control access to the organi$ation=s data. 6nsures the database meets the information needs of the organi$ation 6nsures facilities for retrieving data and structuring reports are appropriate to the needs of the organi$ation 'esponsible for documenting the manuals for users
/)0 Data proce in$ mana$er 6nsures that the organi$ational information needs are met
!A; | P a g e youth

n charge of the overall running of the data processing departments, e.g. he is in charge of purchasing the reCuired eCuipment
33&
Differentiate )et!een ource pro$ram and o)Ject pro$ram )ource program is the program as written by the programmer using an editor program either in high level or assembly language. DbJect program is the program in machine code (or binary form) produced by a compiler or assembler after translating the source program, and can be readily and can be readily loaded into the computer.
36&
/a0 In DOSA !"at are t"e follo!in$ command u ed for@ (i) (ii) '# #68 - 'emove directory- means deleting a directory from the tree - deletes all files in a particular directory
/)0 7"at "appen !"en t"e follo!in$ command are typed in t"e DOS environment@ (i) (ii) 0# #ir 0hanges the directory one level up the directory tree t lists all the contents of the current directory
39&
: tudent pre ented a )ud$et in t"e form of a !or' "eet a follo! 1 ! % & + / A tem <are )tationery 3read ,iscellaneous (otal 3 Amount !AA +A %AA 1+A 0
!A> | P a g e youth

(he student intends to have spent half the amount by mid- term /a0 Given t"at t"e value 4&; i typed in cell .2A !rite t"e "orte t formula t"at !ould )e typed in cell C6 and t"en copied do!n t"e column to o)tain "alf t"e value in column .&/3 m' 0
L 3!?X3@
/)0
7rite t!o different formulae t"at can )e typed to o)tain t"e total in cell .< and t"en copied to cell C<& L )1, (3!E 3+) D' L 3! F 3% F 3& F 3+ (! mks)
3,&
State t"ree operation t"at can )e performed on a relational data)a e file nde7ing )orting <iltering Querying 1pdating of records 'eport generation
/9 m' 0
3;&
(i t t"ree part t"at con titute an array definition tatement
/ 9 m' 0
!A@ | P a g e youth

Array name 'ange, which contains the initial value " the final value #ata type
6.g. )coreE Array \1a.+A] of integer
!1A | P a g e youth

SECTION . /<4 mar' 0 :n !er Hue tion 3< and any ot"er t"ree Hue tion from t"i ection
3<&
.idii !"ole aler
"a t!o cate$orie of cu tomer for order proce in$A cate$ory >:?
o)tain 34T di count on all order up to F " 34A444 ot"er!i e t"e di count i 64T on t"e entire order& Cate$ory B.? o)tain 94T di count on all order if t"e de)t repayment i >$ood? ot"er!i e t"e di count i 3;T& Dra! a flo!c"art for t"e order proce in$& /3; m' 0
!11 | P a g e youth

3+& /a0 (i t t"ree application area of artificial intelli$ence 67pert systems, e.g. medical diagnosis, engine repair, legal defense etc Batural language processing Artificial neutral networks e.g. investment analysis, signature Analysis, etc 'obotic4 perception systems / 9 m' 0
/)0
7it" t"e improvement in price and performance of computer and or$ani5ation
communication eHuipment it !ill )e po i)le for people in variou )u ine
to !or' from "ome& Suc" !or'in$ u in$ a PC a a remote terminal i often de cri)ed a tele!or'in$& State t"ree advanta$e and t"ree di advanta$e of !or'in$ from "ome& / 36 m' 0 :dvanta$e 'educes unnecessary travel to the place of work 'educes traveling e7pense (i.e. saves traveling time, risk and cost) (here is less stress due to commuting inconveniences such as traffic Jams 'educes office space, eCuipment and cost 67tends working hours )uitable for people with disabilities, because they are able to overcome the barrier of not being able to commute to an office People can live where they choose without the worry of having to move towns and break up social " family networks in order to find suitable employment.
!1! | P a g e youth
Di advanta$e 8ack4 unavailability of appropriate facilities to allow the work to be done (here is poor security on home offices Privacy threats 8ack of control and supervision. (he workers have to be able to motive themselves to work without supervision (here is possible delegation of duties to unauthori$ed persons solated employees may be e7ploited in an environment where they can= t easily get support from co- workers
3-&
/a0 E#plain t"ree !ay )y !"ic" computer u er can protect t"eir eye from "armful emi ion from t"e computer creen / < m' 0
1sing antiglare (radiation filter) screens that are specially tinted to reduce the radiation from the monitor or light that reaches the eye.
0ontrolling light intensity by adJusting the brightness buttons on the screen (ilting the monitors so as not to face the user directly *earing special spectacles when using computers in order to control the light intensity. Avoid using flickering monitors as they can cause e7treme eye strain that can damage eyesight.
5ery bright wall paints reflect too much light into the user=s eyes. (aking freCuent rests
!1% | P a g e youth

/)0 (i t t"ree factor to )e con idered !"en decidin$ on t"e c"oice of an electronic data proce in$ met"od (ype and si$e of business (iming aspects of the information produces 8ink between applications 5olume of data records held in the organi$ation 0ost pf acCuiring the relevant hardware, software, storage media, etc the cost of maintenance Dperation speed Quality of output reCuired
/c0
E#plain time "arin$ data proce in$ modeA $ivin$ t!o advanta$e and t!o di advanta$e /< m' 0
(ime sharing is a processing mode where a central processor services ! or more users who have different reCuirements.
:dvanta$e of time "arin$ 'educes processor idle time. (his is because the processor doesn=t have to wait for the slower commutating peripherals 2elpful to small companies which cannot afford purchasing a computer " the related facilities. (he company can be served at a fee through time- sharing processing mode. !1& | P a g e youth Provides better services to the user since the output is fast <iles are held online, hence enCuiries or file interrogation is possible Igniting positive change among our

(here is user : computer dialogue established through the terminals connected to the host4 central computer Avoids duplicating of software (he user of the system can benefit from the computer facilities through remote terminals
Di advanta$e of time8 "arin$ (e user has no control over the central computer 'esponse time is high when the users are many Bot reliable as regards to the security " privacy of data
32&
A school bought a computer system. (he hardware items supplied includeE a >AA ,2$ processor, /& ,3 of 'A,, a sound card, speakers, a monitor, a keyboard, a 1!A .3 hard disk, a floppy disk drive, a 0# : 'ead4 write drive, a mouse, a modem, an inkJet printer and a Joystick. (he software supplied includeE an operating system, a 3A) 0 interpreter and the following packagesE spreadsheets, graphics, word processor, art, database and games
/a0 -
(i t t"ree input device from t"e $iven pecification -eyboard ,ouse Ioystick
!1+ | P a g e youth

/)0 E#plain t"e meanin$ of t"e follo!in$ (i) >AA ,2G >AA megahert$4 >AA million hert$ t=s the processing speed of the 0P1 in ,egahert$ t means that, the system cock has a speed of >AA million oscillations per second ( ! mks) /ii0 <, M. of R:M (his is a measure of the storage capacity of the primary memory4 'andom access ,emory ('A,) in megabytes
(iii)
1!A .3 hard disk
(his is the measure of the hard disk storage capacity in gigabytes 1!A .igabytes
/c0
Some of t"e tudent in t"e c"ool u e t"e computer to do "ome!or'& Name t"e pac'a$e u ed toD
/i0
Do calculation and dra! $rap" )preadsheets
/3 m'0
/ii0
7rite an e ay *ord processor
!1/ | P a g e youth

/iii0 Ma'e a po ter Art /d0 Student enJoy playin$ noi y computer $ame /i0 7"ic" t!o "ard!are item are needed to produce ound@ /6 m' 0 )ound card )peakers
/ii0 7"ic" input device i only u ed for playin$ $ame @ Ioystick (1 mk)
!A.
A school organi$es its work in directories. (he director *P contains the files 0A(), 6RA,) and A)) .B,6B(). (he directory of )P contain the spreadsheet files. (he directory #3 contains the database files. (he directory P'D. is contained in the D(26') directory. (he directory *P also contains the P6')DBA8 directory. .iven that the directory )(1#6B( contains directories )P, #3, *P and D(26')
/a0 Dra! t"e directory tree tructure !it" C a t"e root
/+ m' 0
!1; | P a g e youth
/)0 7rite t"e pat" at !"ic" t"e content of u)directory D. can )e era ed or di played (! mks) 0E )(1#6B(T#3Z
/c0 7rite t"e pat" for t"e directory PROG 0ET)(1#6B(TD(26')TP'D.Z
/ 6 m' 0
/d0 Give t!o rea on for torin$ file in directorie and u)directorie /6 m' 0 ,anagement of the files will be easier 'etrieving of certain files will be easier (o avoid accidental deletion4 erasure of files when the files in 0 are being deleted.
/e0
Give t!o di advanta$e of u in$ command driven interface a compared to menu driven interface / 6 m' 0
(he user must know the command to type t is less user- friendly i.e. it is not easy to use (he user is reCuired to master the format4 synta7 of all commands and their usage perfectly.
*riting commands is time consuming
!1> | P a g e youth

Fenya Certificate of Secondary Education Plu :$encie ,;3%3 computer tudie Paper 3 /t"eory0 6 P "our
1OR O11ICI:( USE ON(E SECTION A OUESTION 1- 1+ 1/ 1; 1> 1@ !A (D(A8 )0D'6 SCORE
!1@ | P a g e youth

SECTION : /,4 Mar' 0 :n !er all t"e Hue tion in t"i 3& ection
/a0 7"at i di ' formattin$
Process of preparing a new disk for use by imprinting empty tracks " sectors on the
surface of the disk that can be recogni$ed and access by a particular operating system
(he preparation4 initiali$ation of a disk for storage of data

/)0 Indicate !"et"er t"e follo!in$ device are u ed for input or output / 6 m' 0 (i) Plotter (ii) 8ight pen (iii) mouse Dutput nput nput nput4 output
(iv) 5isual display unit-
6&
/a0 E#plain !"y t"e follo!in$ control y tem
"ould )e implemented for computer )a ed / 6 m' 0
(i) 3ack- ups - 3ackups can be used to recover4 restore4 prevent lost data (ii) Password- Passwords control access to computer systems4 facilities
/)0 1or eac" of t"e follo!in$ $ive one rea on !"y t"ey are not allo!ed in a computer la)oratory / 6 m' 0
/i0 Smo'in$
!!A | P a g e youth

)moke particles settle on storage devices and may scratch them during read4 write
operation
t can cause fire t deposits ash on devices causing malfunction t affects the health of other users
/ii0 Eatin$ food <ood particles may fall into the moving parts of the computer and damage them
9&
Di tin$ui " )et!een realA inte$er and c"aracter data type a u ed in pro$rammin$D RealD 1sed for numeric values that may contain fractions4 decimals 2as a higher range than integer
Inte$er 1sed for whole numbers 2as a lower range than real
C"aracter 1sed for alphanumeric4 control4 signal4 graphical character 0haracter uses fewer bits than a real or integer
!!1 | P a g e youth

,& T"e cell F9 to F34 of a !or' "eet contain remar' on tudent ? performance uc" a very $oodA $oodA fair and fail dependin$ on t"e avera$e mar'& 7rite a formula t"at can )e u ed to count :(( tudent !"o "ave t"e remar' Bvery $oodC& L0D1B( < (-%E-1A,==5erry .ood==) (% mks)
;&
/a0 State t"e purpo e of re$i ter in a computer y tem
/ 3 m' 0
(hey act as high speed storage locations. (hey are used to hold data and instructions temporarily Just before and after processing.
/)0 <&
Name t!o multipro$rammin$ operatin$ y tem 8inu7 ,icrosoft windows @> 1B R ,icrosoft windows !AAA D)4! ,icrosoft *indows ,e Bovell Betware ,icrosoft *indows RP ,acintosh D)
/a0 : erial file compri e of record placed in po ition 3 to 34& State t"e po ition of t"e end of t"e file mar'et& / 3 m'0
(he end- of : file marker is the position immediately after the last record, i.e. position 11 /)0 State t"e purpo e of eac" of t"e follo!in$D !!! | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

/i0 1ile erver oft!are 0ontrols access to avail files stored on a networked4 shared storage location )ervices client reCuests for files
/ii0 Communication oft!are 1sed for receiving4 sending messages or data in a network 1sed for routing traffic 1sed for assigning identities to nodes
+&
/a0 Name t"e control tructure depicted )y t"e flo!c"art )elo!
/ 3 m'0
)election control structure e.g., f-then-else
/)0 E#plain t"e follo!in$ term a u ed in pro$ram implementation !!% | P a g e youth
/ 6 m' 0

/i0 parallel runnin$ (his is where both the e7isting and the new systems are run concurrently4simultaneously (at the same time) for a period of time until users have gained confidence in the new system. #ata is processed on both systems in order to compare their performance, and also cross check the results.
ii0
Direct c"an$e over (his is a complete replacement of the e7isting system with the new system in one bold move. (he e7isting system is stopped " abandoned and the new system starts operating immediately.
-&
Con ider t"e linear array D i) ii) iii) AA (+E +A) 333 (-+E+A) 000 (1>)
1ind t"e num)er of element in eac" array& AAA (+E+A) L +A- + F1 333 (-+E +A) L 1A : (-+) F1 000 (1>) L 1> : 1 F1 L&/ L1/ L1>4cannot be determined
/9m' 0
2&
Define t"e term artificial intelli$ence&
/6m' 0
!!& | P a g e youth

Artificial intelligence is the development of machines that imitate4copy human-like Cualities in particular areas, e.g. learning, reasoning, communicating, seeing, hearing and self-correction (hese are programs that make computers to mimic human intelligence A study in which computer systems are made to think4act4imitate human beings
34&
Name t!o type of relation "ip t"at can )e applied in data)a e de i$n& - Dne to one - Dne to many4 ,any to Dne - ,any to ,any
/6m' 0
33&
E#plain t"e follo!in$ term a u ed in !ord proce in$D a0 Indentin$
/9 m' 0
t is moving of line4paragraph te7t away from the left or right margin 8eaving a space at the beginning of a line4paragraph of te7t from the margin b) :li$nment 'efers to how te7t is positioned4lined up in a paragraph relative to the left, right or centre of the page. c) 7ord !rap A facility that word processor use to automatically move the te7t cursor to the beginning of the ne7t line when it reaches the right margin automatic rolling of te7t to the ne7t line when you reach the end of the line. 36& Outline t!o !ay in !"ic" computer can )e u ed in "otel & !!+ | P a g e youth 'eservation4booking of rooms Igniting positive change among our /6m' 0

39& 'ecord keeping on sales and purchases (stock control) Producing bills " payrolls ,arketing and advertising 0ommunication )ecurity /3m'0
a0 E#plain )inary coded decimal code of data repre entation&
(his is a data encoding system that uses & binary digits to represent an individual decimal digit.
)0
7rite t"e num)er ,;334 in .CD notation Bumber 30# eCuivalent & A1AA + A1A1 1
/3m'0
AAA1
&+11A L A1AAA1A1AAA130#
3,&
:rran$e t"e follo!in$ data unit in a cendin$ order of i5e& .ETEA 1I(EA .ITA NI..(E /6m' 0
3it
Bibble
3yte
<ile
1+.
)tate two health issues that may result from prolonged use of computers. (!mks) 2armful radiations that cause damage to eyesight4eye problems eyestrain4eye fatigue Igniting positive change among our
!!/ | P a g e youth

2eadaches 'epetitive )train nJury (') ) i.e. arm strain, wrist strain finger deformation 3ack strain.
!!; | P a g e youth

SECTION . /<4 MFS0
:NS7ER OUESTION 3< :ND :NE OT=ER T=REE OUESTIONS 1ROM T=IS SECTION
3<&
a0 i0
State t"e ta$e of pro$ram development in !"ic"D : flo!c"art !ould )e dra!n Program design
/6m' 0
ii0
T"e pro$rammer !ould c"ec' !"et"er t"e pro$ram doe a reHuired pro$ram (esting
iii0
T"e u er $uide !ould )e !ritten Program testing
iii0
T"e u er $uide !ould )e !ritten Program documentation
iv0
T"e reHuirement
pecification !ould )e !ritten&
Problem definition4analysis
!!> | P a g e youth
)0 State t"e output of t"e follo!in$ flo!c"art e$ment
AL%A
3L!>
3LA
AL 3
*rite A, 3 AL %A, 3L %A (!mks)
!!@ | P a g e youth
c0
i0
Dra! a flo!c"art to compute t"e com)ined re i tance /R0 of t!o re i tor RR3 and RaN6 in parallel u in$ t"e formulaM /;3%6m' 0
!%A | P a g e youth
ii0
7RITE : PROGR:M USING Pa cal or c lan$ua$e for t"e flo!c"art in c/i0 a)ove& (+mks) P'D.'A, resistors ( nput, Dutput )9 G:R ', '1, '!E 'eal9 1
.e$in *riteln (U nput '1 and '!=)9 'eadln ('1, '!) 1
'E L 14 (14'F 14'!)9 % (reciprocals-1mk, sum4reci : 1mk, result r- 1mk) *riteln ( ')9 V
END 3+& a0 (i t para$rap" formattin$ activitie in !ord proce in$& /9m' 0
0hanging case 3ackground
3orders #rop caps alignment ndentation columns
3ullets and numbering Paragraph )pacing (abs -
!%1 | P a g e youth

b) Differentiate )et!een )oldin$ and "i$"li$"tin$ te#t& /6m' 0
Highlighting: )electing or marking a given of te7t e.g., a word, sentence or paragraph, in order to work with it 2ighlighting is temporary.
Bolding: making the selected te7t appear darker then the rest of the te7t (o add emphasis to the te7t by thickening4darkening the characters 3olding is permanents.
c0
T"e follo!in$ information "o! t"e income and e#penditure for B)e"ayoteC matatu for five day & T"e income from Monday to 1riday !a F "& ,A444A 2A444A 34A444A 3;A444A and 36A444 re pectively !"ile t"e e#penditure for t"e ame period !a F " & 6A444A eA 444A +A444A ;A444A and <A444 re pectively&
!%! | P a g e youth

i0 Dra! a pread "eet t"at !ould contain t"e information& Indicate t"e ro! a 3A 6A 9S&&:nd t"e column a aA .A CS& /,m' 0
: 1 ! % & + / ;
. .E.: EOTE M:T:TU Day Income ,onday (uesday *ednesday (hursday <riday /F "0 &,AAA @,AAA 1A,AAA 1+,AAA 1!,AAA
C E#penditure /F "0 !,AAA %,AAA ;,AAA +,AAA /,AAA
% columns with titles [ 1 mark each L % marks 8abeling rows4columns 1 mark
ii0
State t"e e#pre ion t"at !ould )e u ed to o)tainD I Monday? profit L 3%-0% II Total income L )1,(3%E3;) -D'- L3% F 3& F 3+ F 3/ F 3; III =i$"e t e#penditure& L ,AR(0%E0;) /6m' 0
3-&
/a0
Su)tract Oil 36 from 34436 1AA1
!%% | P a g e youth

A111 : AA1A /)0 LAA1A! L1A!
U in$ t!oV complementA u)tract + from , and $ive t"e an !er in decimal notation& )tep 1E *rite it as & F (-;) )tep !E 0hange the values to > binary digits. /, mar' 0
! !
& ! 1 1
'em A A 1
LAAAAA1AA!
! !
; % 1 1
'em 1 1 1
LAAAAA11
)tep %E .et the Dnes complement of the second value. L11111AAA! )tep &E Add 1 to the Dnecs complement to get (wocs complement. L11111AAA 1F !%& | P a g e youth Igniting positive change among our

11111AA1
)tep +E Add the binary eCuivalent of the first value to the (wocs complement of the second value. AAAAA1AA 11111AA1 F 111111A1 L 111111A1!
/c0
ConvertD 23.i< to octal
/9 mar' 0
Step "# 0onvert @131/ to decimal 1/! 1/c 1/d @ 1 3
@7l/! F171/cF 1171/d !%A&F1/ F 11 L!%%11A Step $# 0onvert !%%11A to octal > > > > !%%1 !@1 %/ & & 'em % % & &
!%+ | P a g e youth
/ii0
%;/> to "e#adecimal
Step "# 0onvert %;/> to decimal
>! %
>1 ;
>A /
%7>! F ;7>1 F /7>A 1@!F+/F/L !+&1A
Step $# 0onvert !+&1A to he7adecimal 1/ !+& 'em 1/ 1+ 1+ 1& 1+ %;/>L<61/
/iii0 @./!+1A to )inary
/, mar' 0
! ! !%/ | P a g e youth
@ &
'em 1

! ! 1 1 A./!+7!-1.!+ A.!+A7! L A.+A A.+A7! L1.AA A A 1 1 A 1
A./!+1A-1A1!
@./!+1AL 1AA1.1A1!
32&
/a0 /i0
E#plain !"at t"e follo!in$ DOS command !ill do !"en e#ecuted& :DWXcopy Y&Y .D /6 mar' 0
0opy all the files from drive AE to drive 3E /ii0 CDWXER:SE Y&DOC /6 mar' 0 #elete all files with e7tension .#D0 from drive 0E /iii0 .DWXDIR PY&.:T /6 mar' 0 #isplay all the files beginning with P and have e7tension of .3A( in drive 3E /iv0 :DWXMD 6RA,) (! mar' 0 0reates a directory called 6RA,) in drive AE /)0 /i0 7it" t"e aid of a dia$ramA e#plain "ierarc"ical /tree0 net!or' topolo$y&
!%; | P a g e youth
/9 mar' 0
t is connected in such a way that nodes are in different levels of control such that higher nodes control those below them.
!%> | P a g e youth
A child node has only one parent but a parent node can have more than one child. Igniting positive change among our

(he child nodes can only be accessed through the parents. /ii0 (i t t!o advanta$e and t!o di advanta$e of "ierarc"ical net!or' topolo$y& :dvanta$e Provides centrali$ed control. 6nhances data security " privacy. 6asy to isolate faults. 6asy to add and remove nodes. f a non-critical node fails, partial communication is still possible. /, mar' 0
Di advanta$e ;4& /a0 )low data movement along the branches. f the parent node fails, the child nodes are inaccessible. #ifficult4sophisticated to implement in a wide area network. Name and e#plain t"e function of t"e 'ey)oard 'ey repre ented )y t"e follo!in$ ym)ol &
Ta) 'eyD
/6 mar' 0
!%@ | P a g e youth
1sed in *ord processors to move certain te7t or the cursor at set intervals on the )ame line to the reCuired position on the screen. 1sed to move from one cell to another. Igniting positive change among our

1sed to move the cursor between options. , 1sed to indent te7t.
Enter 'eyD
/6 mar' 0
t is used as a %&'U%( )e!* *hen pressed at the end of a te7t line or paragraph in a word processor, it forces the te7t cursor to move to the ne7t line or paragraph.
t is used to issue completion commands to the computer. t is used to instruct the computer to carry out (e7ecute) a command that has been typed or selected on the screen.
S"ift 'eyD
(! mar' 0
t can be used for changing cases, e.g., to get single capital letters. t is used to get the punctuation marks on top of the Bumber keys or the symbols on top of certain keys .especially on the alphanumeric section.
1sed for shortcuts in combination with other keys, e.g., )2 <( F #68
/)0
Simulation i one of t"e application area of computer A /i0 7"at i meant )y t"e term imulation@ /3 mar'0
!&A | P a g e youth

Simulation is the designing of models of either an actual or theoretical physical item, and analy$ing4testing the e7ecution output using a computer. /ii0 Name t!o application area of imulation& /6 mar' 0
- n training of pilots, using flight simulators. - n medicine to train doctors on operation techniCues. - n engineering, e.g. - Architectural design (of buildings) - #esign of electronic circuits, ships, roads and cars. - #esign of bridges. - Aeronautical engineering (i.e., design of aircrafts) - (o simulate the timing of traffic lights. - (o simulate the timing of a nuclear attack for testing national defences. - Aviation training. - 8aboratory e7periments - ,issile launch. - )pace e7ploration. - 5ehicle accidents. - 6ntertainment, e.g., games. /iii0 State three advanta$e of computer )a ed imulation& /9 mar' 0 )aves cost - it is an economical4cheap way of testing models before actually building them. !&1 | P a g e youth t enables the manufacturers identify weaknesses of the real situation or obJect, hence9 put the correct reinforcements to their designs Igniting positive change among our

'educes risks - it allows some activities that would otherwise be e7pensive " dangerous in real-life situation to be put under test. /c0 <aster. 0onvenient. .
E#plain t"ree !ay in !"ic" computer "ave impacted on education& )tandardi$ing learning. 2as ensured Cuality output. 3rought the need for retraining staff. 6nabled distance learning, 0reated Jobs, e.g., computer trainers. 0auses Job displacement and replacement. /9 mar' 0
!&! | P a g e youth

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