Waxes For Engineering Plastics

Specialty Waxes for the Processing of Engineering Resins
Public BU Additives Technical Marketing Waxes 08.05.2013
Public, Waxes for Engineering Plastics BU Additives, Technical Marketing Waxes, 08.05.2013
Content
Lubricants for engineering resins - demands and effects Clariant lubricant portfolio Methods for internal and external lubrication measurement Results in styrenics and engineering resins - Lubricants for PS and PS -Copolymers - Lubricants for PC - Lubricants for PET / PBT - Lubricants for POM - Lubricants for TPU - Lubricants for PMMA - Lubricants and nucleating agents for PA - Lubricants for thermosets - Specialities
Trademark registered by Clariant in numerous countries * Trademark licensed to Clariant in numerous countries
Demands on Lubricants for Engineering Resins

Challenges 1. High processing temperatures 2. Complicated moulded parts 3. Sticky polymer grades 4. Optimised/maximum colour yield 5. Short cycle times large numbers Requirements on Lubricants Low volatility, high thermal stability Enhancing Melt Flow (internal lubricant) Release/slip effect (external lubricant) Dispersing aid for pigments / fillers Nucleating effect
Licowax, Licomont and Licolub in Plastics The Main Effects

Nucleation Adhesion Promotion / Compatibilisation Coupling Effect Flow Promotion Mold Release Pigment/Additive Dispersion
Waxes for Engineering Resins I Structures and Properties of Main Products

Drop point [C] Acid value [mg KOH/g]
Licowax E / Ceridust 5551 Licowax OP

Ca +
~ 82 ~ 100 ~ 80 ~ 72
~ 17 ~ 12 ~ 25 ~ 10
Licolub WE 4 Licolub WM 31
Licolub WE 40
n
~ 74
~ 17
Licowax C Licolub FA 1 powder vegetable based

~ C30
~ 142
~7
COOH = Montanic acid
~ C18
COOH = Fatty acid
= CO-function (polar)
= Amide group
Waxes for Engineering Resins II Structures and Properties of Main Products

Drop point [C] Acid value [mg KOH/g]
Licomont NaV 101 Licomont CaV 102 Licowax PE 520 Licowax PED 191 Licolub H 12 Licocene PE MA 4221
Na+ [ Ca2+ [
] ]
~210 ~85 ~118 ~123 ~106 ~ 123
<5 ~10 0 ~ 17 ~ 17 ~ 18
Na
= metal soap
Method for External Lubrication Release Force Measurement

Force being necessary to remove the molded part from the injection mold (tool). Evaluation of force which has to be applied at ejection of molded articles during injection molding process. This force is influenced by additives remarkably. In general it is advantageous to keep that force as low as possible.
Release Force Measurement
Cylindrical sleeves (molds)
Molding unit for release force measurement
Method for Internal Lubrication Spiral Length Test - Injection Molding of Sprials
The longer the spiral, the better is the melt flow
Results with Clariant Waxes in Styrenics & Engineering Resins

POLYSTYRENE AND PS-COPOLYMERS POLYCARBONATE POLYESTER POLYACETAL THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE POLYAMIDE SPECIALITIES
11
PS and PS-Copolymers (incl. ABS, SAN etc.) Effects, Products and Dosage
[%]*)
Flow improvement: Licowax E, Licolub WE 4 Licowax C / Licolub FA 1 pwd. veg. based Licowax C / Licolub FA 1 pwd. veg. based Licowax E, Licowax OP Licowax PE 520, Licolub WE 4 Licowax E, Licowax OP Licocene PE 4201 Ceridust 3620 Licowax C / Licolub FA 1 pwd. veg. based 0,3 - 1,0
Release:
0,3 - 1,0
Dispersion: Nucleation of EPS:
0,5 - 7,0 0,05 - 0,3
Slip and antiblocking properties:

*) = concentration by weight in the end article
0,1 - 0,5
12
Waxes for PS and PS-Copolymers

Release Effect in PS-HI
600
Formulation: Polystyrene (S 6600) + 0,5 % Test product
500 Release force [N] 400 300 200 100 0 Without Licowax OP Licowax C Licowax E Licolub WE 40 Licolub WE 4
13

Flow Improvement of PS-HI (Spiral Length Test)
63
Lubricant dosage: Mass temperature: Mold temperature: 0,5 % 240C 20 C
62 Spiral length [cm]
61
60
59
58 Without Licowax OP Licowax E
14

Release Effect in GP-PS
600 500 400 60 300 40 200 100 0 Without
Lubricant dosage: 0,5 %
100
80 Transparency [%] Release force Transparency
Release force [N]
20
0 Licowax C Licowax E Licolub H 12 Licowax PE 520
15

Transparency
Corr. Haze [%]
=> the lower corr. haze the higher transparency !
Formulation: Polystyrene (N 2000) + 1 % Wax Extrusion: Temp.: 180 -> 230 C, Screw rotation: 40 rpm, Extruder: Leistritz LSM 30.34 (23 x D) Colorimetry settings transmission measurement: Haze: Spectrophotometer (Minolta CM 3600d), Light source: C, 2 Standard observer; Transparency: LT 12 (Dr. Lange), Light source: C Samples: 1 mm injection moulded plaques
25
Transparency [%] 100
20
80
15
60
10
40
20
16

Pigment Dispersion
115 rel. color yield [%] @ 510 nm
110
105
100 Licowax E Licowax OP Licowax C
Formulation: 30% Pigment Green 7 5% wax 65% Polystyrene N 2000
Processing: cold mixture, 4 min. at 600 rpm Berstorff ZE 25 x 40D, 8 kg/h, 300 rpm 200-185-170-160-175-190-200 C
Colorimetric test: Minolta CM-3600d full shade, 1% MB 510 nm,
17

Pigment Dispersion
120 rel. color yield [%] at 510 nm
110 3% wax 5% wax 7% wax
100
90 Licowax E
Formulation: 30% Pigment Green 7 x% wax 63-67% Polystyrene N 2000 Processing: cold mixture, 4 min. at 600 rpm Berstorff ZE 25 x 40D, 8 kg/h, 300 rpm 200-185-170-160-175-190-200 C
Licowax C
Colorimetric test: Minolta CM-3600d full shade, 1% MB 510 nm, transmission
18

Release Effect in ABS
2200
2000 Release force [N]
1800
1600
1400
1200 Without
Licowax OP
Licowax E
Licolub WE 4
Licowax C
19

Flow Improvement of SAN
49
Injection molding: Mold temperature Lubricants dosage: 220-220-230-240C 50C 0,2 %
48
Spiral length [cm]
47
46
45
44 Without Licowax C Licowax E Licowax OP Licolub WE 4
Results with Clariant Waxes in Styrenics & Engineering Resins

21
Polycarbonate (PC) Effects, Products and Dosage

[ % ] *) Flow improvement: Licowax E, Licowax OP Licowax C / Licolub FA 1 pow. veg. based Licowax E, Licowax OP Licowax C / Licolub FA 1 pow. veg. based Licowax E, Licowax OP Licowax PED 191 Licolub WE 4 0,1 - 0,5
Dispersion:
0,1 - 1,0
Release:
0,1 - 1,0
22
Waxes in PC
Release Effect
7000 6000 Release force [N] 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000

VN 110543-557
23
Waxes in PC
Flow Improvement / Melt Flow Rate (1,2 kg, 300 C)
14 12 MFR [g/10 min] 10 8 6 4 2 0 Without
VN 110543-557
PETS
Licowax E
Licowax OP
Licolub WE 4
Polyesterwax
24
Waxes in PC
Transparency
90 85 Transparency [%] 80 75 70 65 60

VN 110543-557
25
Waxes in PC
Release Effect and Transparency (1 mm Plates)
3300 3000 2700 Release Force [N] 2400 2100 1800 1500 1200 900 without lubricant + 0,3 % PETS
(Pentaerythritol tetrastearate)
100
75 Transparency [%] Release force Transparency
50
25
0 + 0,3 % Licowax E + 0,3 % Licowax PED 191
.
26
Improved Dispersion through Ceridust TEM Photographs of Polycarbonate Samples

Magnification: 4000x
No wax
(colour yield = 100 %)
Formulation: Extrusion: Sample preparation: Microscopy:
3 % Licowax E
(colour yield =117 %)
2 % Licowax E 1 % Ceridust 5551

(colour yield = 131 %)
17 % Pigment Green 7, 3 % montan wax, 80 % Polycarbonate (Blendex HPP 806, GE Plastics) Co-rotating twinscrew extruder 25 mm, L/D= 40, screw speed 300 rpm, barrel 260 240 C, throughput 7 kg/h Ultrafine sections of granules, thickness 60-80 nm; Cutter type Ultracut E (manufacturer Reichert+Jung, Germany) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Microscope type ZEISS EM 10B
27
Advantages of Licowax E in Polycarbonate

Customer statements:
- No reaction of the metal-ion - sensitive PC with Montan waxes
- Almost no effect on transparency
- No safety problems at high processing temperatures (up to 300 C) like burning of the lubricant
- Excellent thermal stability
Some Results with Clariant Waxes in Styrenics & Engineering Resins

29
Polyester (PET/PBT) Effects, Products and Dosage

Flow improvement:
Licowax E, Licowax OP Licolub WE 4, Licolub WE 40 Licocene PE MA 4221 Licowax E, Licowax OP Licolub WE 4 Licowax E, Licowax OP Licolub WE 4, Licolub WE 40 Licocene PE MA 4221 Licomont NaV 101 [%] *) 0,1 - 1,0
Dispersion: Release:
0,1 - 1,0
0,1 - 1,0
Nucleating: Slip antiblocking:
0,1 - 0,3
Licowax C / Licolub FA 1 pwd. veg. based 0,1 - 0,5
For more detailed information on our lubricants for Polyester, please refer to our separate Polyester presentation *) = concentration by weight in the end article
30
Montan Waxes in PBT

Release Effect
7000
Formulation PBT + 0,3 % Test product
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000 Without Licowax E Licowax OP PETS

VN 109995-110012
31
Montan Waxes in PET

Release Effect
8000 7000 6000 Release force [N] 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 without Licowax E Licowax OP Licolub WE 4 Licolub WE 40
Formulation: PET T 86 + 0,3 % Test product
32
Montan Waxes in PBT

Flow Improvement / Melt Flow Rate (2,16 kg, 250 C)
30 29 MFR [g/10 min] 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 Without Licowax E Licowax OP Licolub WE 4
VN 109995-110012
Formulation PBT + 0,3 % Test product
33
Effects of Montan Waxes in Polyester

- EU approval for Montan Waxes like Licowax E, Licowax OP and Licolub WE 4 in PBT / PET Due to long unpolar carbon chains and polar ester groups: - Excellent release properties - Flow improvement - Dispersion of fillers and pigments - Almost no effect on transparency for PET - No degradation of the polyester Due to the high molecular weight: - Low volatility - High thermal stability - Low migration
34
Licocenen PE MA 4221 in PBT

Color Influence & Release Forces
No yellowish discoloration with Licocene PE MA 4221 Acceptable effect of reduction of release forces compared to Licowax E
8 7 Yellowness Index Release force [N] 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Without Wax 0.3 % Licowax E 0.3 % Licocene PE MA 4221 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Without Wax 0.3 % Licowax E 0.3 % Licocene PE MA 4221 > 6700
35
Licomont NaV 101 as an Effective and Unique Nucleating and Lubricating Agent for Polyesters
All advantages for the processing of polyester combined in one additive: Increased mechanical properties Higher degree of cristallisation Higher output in injection molding up to 35 % Faster nucleation, therefore decreased cycle time Easier demolding Improved flow EU approval in Polyester
36
BU Additives, Technical Marketing Waxes, 08.05.2013
Licomont NaV 101 in PET

Nucleation Properties / DSC
1. Cooling cycle
0,5 Wg-1
+ 0,4 % Licomont NaV 101 + 0,2 % Licomont NaV 101 + 0,1 % Licomont NaV 101 without
300
260
220
180
140
100
60
37
BU Additives, Technical Marketing Waxes, 08.05.2013

Nucleation Properties / DSC
1. Cooling cycle
0,5 Wg-1
Without
0,1 % Licomont NaV 101 200,0
0,2 % Licomont NaV 101 203,0 39,5
0,4 % Licomont Nav 101 204,9 41,5
+ 0,4 % Licomont NaV 101
Peak of Crystallisation [C] Heat of Crystallisation [J/g]
187,5
+ 0,2 % Licomont NaV 101
36,9+ 0,1 % Licomont 37,9NaV 101

without
300
260
220
180
140
100
60
38

Nucleation Properties Leading to Cycle Time Reduction
45
40 Cycle time [s]
35
30
Injection molding machine: Arburg Allrounder 320 C Formulation: Polyester (IV = 0,811) Samples: Standard tensile bars Mold temperature: 15C
25
20 without 0,10% 0,20% 0,40%

40
Polyacetal / Polyoxymethylene (POM) Effects, Products and Dosage

[ % ] *)
Flow improvement:
Licowax E Licowax OP Licowax C / Licolub FA 1 pwd. veg. based
0,2 - 0,5
Dispersion:
Licowax E Licowax OP Licowax C / Licolub FA 1 pwd. veg. based Licowax E Licowax OP Licowax PED 191 Licowax C / Licolub FA 1 pwd. veg. based
0,2 - 0,5
Release:
0,2 - 1,0
41
Waxes for Polyacetal (POM)

Release Effect
3000
Formulation: Hostaform C 9021 Test product 99,7 % 0,3 %
2500
Release Force [N]
2000
1500
1000
500
0 without Licowax E Licowax OP Licolub WE 4 Licomont CaV 102

43
Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Effects, Products and Dosage

[ % ]*)
Flow improvement:
Licowax E Licowax OP Licowax C / Licolub FA 1 pwd. veg. based Licowax E Licowax OP Licowax C / Licolub FA 1 pwd. veg. based
0,3 - 0,8
Release:
0,3 - 1,0
44
Waxes for TPU (Polyester-based Polyurethane Elastomer)

Release Effect
> 75 70 60 Tack free time [min.] 50 40 30 20 10 0 without Licowax E Licowax OP
Determination of Tack-free Time (two-roll Mill (stainless steel); 185 C; 16,7 / 20 rpm)
> 75
> 75
Formulation: Elastollan C85A10 0,2 % lubricant (tumbled onto TPU granules) 1,0 % lubricant (tumbled and extruded together with TPU prior to two-roll milling)
Licolub WE 4
Licolub WE 40
Licowax C
Licomont CaV 102

46
Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Effects, Products and Dosage

[ % ] *)
Flow improvement:
Licowax E Licowax C / Licolub FA 1 pwd. veg. based Licolub WE 40 Licowax E Licowax C / Licolub FA 1 pwd. veg. based Licolub WE 40 Licowax E Licolub WE 40 Licowax C / Licolub FA 1 pwd. veg. based
0,1 - 0,5
Dispersion:
0,1 - 0,5
Release effect:
0,1 - 0,5
47
Waxes for Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)

Release Effect
1200
Formulation: Diakon CLG 502 + 0,2 % Test product
800
600
400
200
0 without Licowax E Licolub WE 40 Licowax C
48
Waxes for PMMA

Influence of Waxes on Transparency
Licolub WE 40 Licolub WE 4 Licowax C Licowax OP Licowax E Licowax C: No influence on transparency, even in high concentrations Licolub WE 40: Best Montanwax with regard to transparency. No influence on transparency in low to medium concentrations, less in high concentrations Licolub WE 4: No influence on transparency in low to medium concentrations, unsuitable for high concentrations Licowax E and OP: Suitable for low concentrations, less influence on transparency in medium concentrations. Conclusion: Licowax C for highest demands on transparency 0 4 8 12 16 2,5% 1,0% 0,5% Licolub WE 40 for high demands on transparency if a Montanwax is preferred
no wax
Correlated Haze [%]

50
Polyamide (PA) Effects, Products and Dosage

[ % ] *)
Flow improvement:
Licowax E, Licowax OP Licomont CaV 102, Licolub WE 40 Licowax C / Licolub FA 1 pwd. veg. based Licowax E, Licowax OP Licowax C / Licolub FA 1 pwd. veg. based Licowax E, Licowax OP Licomont CaV 102, Licolub WE 40 Licomont CaV 102
0,1 - 1,0
Dispersion:
0,1 - 1,0
Release:
0,1 - 1,0
Nucleating:
0,1 - 0,3
For more detailed information on our lubricants for Polyester, please refer to our separate Polyester presentation
51
Waxes for Polyamide 6

Release Effect
1600 > 8000 1400
Formulation: PA + 0,3 % Test product
Relase force [N]
1200
1000
800
600
400 Without Calciumstearat PETS Licowax E Licowax OP Polyesterwax

VN 109971-980 u. VN 109981-991
52
Waxes for Polyamide 6

Flow Improvement / Spiral Flow Test
45
Formulation: PA 6 + 0,3 % Test product
Spiral length [cm]
44 43 42 41 40 39
VN 109971-980 u. VN 109981-991
53
Waxes for Polyamide 6.6

Release Effect
1800
Formulation: PA 6.6 + 0,3 Test product
1600 Release force [N] 1400 1200 1000 800 600
VN 109935-944 u. VN 109945-955
54
Waxes for Polyamide 6.6

70 65 Spiral length [cm] 60 55 50 45 40
Formulation: PA 6.6 + 0,3 % Test product
VN 109935-944 u. VN 109945-955
55
Waxes for Polyamide 6.6 / GF reinforced

60
55 Spiral length [cm]
50
45
40 Without Licowax E Licowax OP Licomont CaV 102
(Spiral test of PA 6.6, 45% GF; Temperature: 320C; Dosage: 0,5 %)
56
Waxes for Polyamide 6.6 / GF reinforced

Release Effect / Optimum Concentration
1000 900 800 700 Release Force [N] 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 without 0,05% 0,10% 0,30% 0,50% 0,80% Concentration Licowax E
57
Licocene PE MA 4221 in PA 6 / GF reinforced (30%)

Color Influence & Release Effect
Almost no yellowish discoloration with Licocene PE MA 4221 Montan Waxes provide better release
20 19 2000 Yellowness Index 17 16 15 14 500 13 12 Without Wax 0,3 % Licowax E 0,3 % Licocene PE MA 4221 0 Without Wax 0,3 % Licowax E 0,3 % Licocene PE MA 4221 Release force [N] 18 2500
1500
1000
58
Properties of Montan Waxes in Polyamides

- EU food-approval in PA Due to long unpolar carbon chains and polar ester groups - Excellent release properties - Flow improvement - Dispersion of fillers and pigments - Almost no effect on transparency Due to the high molecular weight - Low volatility - High thermal stability - Low migration
59
Properties of Licowax C and Licolub FA 1 pwd. veg. based in Polyamides

Flow improvement FDA approval for all polymers according to prior sanction status Almost no effect on transparency and Yellowness Index Vegetable based source available: Licolub FA 1 pwd. veg. based Disadvantage: Tendency to migrate to the surface
60
Licomont CaV 102 for Polyamides

Effective Nucleating Agent and Lubricant for the Processing
Drop point [C] Licomont CaV 102
Ca2+ [ ]2
Acid value [ mg KOH/g ] ~ 10
~ 85*
Ca - salt of long chain carboxylic acids
All advantages for the processing of polyamides are combined in one additive: Increased mechanical properties Higher degree of crystallization Faster nucleation, therefore decreased cycle time Easier demolding Improved flow Higher output in injection molding up to 25 %
= metal soap
* DSC
61
Polyamide Nucleating with Licomont CaV 102

DSC: Isothermal Run at 200C with PA 6 Compounds
=> The shorter time to crystallization the shorter are cycle times for molding !
Heat flow (exothermic)
0,5 % Licomont CaV 102
=> The higher the crystallization peak the higher is mechanical strength of the final article !
Without nucleating agent
T2
5,8
T1
15,3
Time [min]
62
Polyamide -Injection MoldingCycle Time Reduction with Licomont CaV 102

Injection molding machine: Arburg Allrounder 320 C Formulation: Polyamide 6.6 MVR 80 g/10min (275C/5kg) + 30 % glass fibers Samples: Standard tensile bars Mold temperature: 80C Investigation was done under supervision of Arburg
30
- 23 % 25 cycle time [s]
20
15 without mold + 0,5 % Licomont CaV 102
63
Licomont CaV 102 fine grain

The Ultimative Additive for Injection Molded Polyamides
Licomont CaV 102 fine grain provides a lot of advantages for polyamide processing: - Nucleating effect - Lubricating effect - Excellent release properties - Dispersion of fillers and pigments - High thermal stability - Low volatility - Low discoloration of the polymer - Easy handling (reduction of dust fumes, better metering properties compared to powder) - Sufficient melt strength - No polymer degradation - Almost no negative influence on transparency - No negative influence on mechanical properties ( e.g. impact strength) - Effective at low concentrations (~ 0,2 - 0,3 %)
64
Thermosettings Effects, Products and Dosage

Flow improvement:
Release effects: Licowax E Licowax OP Wetting effect: Licowax S 0,5 - 2,0 %
Dispersion:
Moisture barrier:
Surface improvement:

66
Specialities
[ % ] *) Anti-tack agent:
(TPEs, EPDM)
Ceridust 3620 Ceridust 5551 Ceridust 3910 Licocene PE MA 4351 Licocene PP MA 7452 TP Licocene PP MA 6452 TP Licocene PE MA 4351 Licocene PP MA 7452 TP Licocene PP MA 6452 TP
0,5 - 1,0
Coupling agents/ Adhesion promoter:

(i.e. Glass and natural-fiber reinforced Polyolefins)
0,3 - 5,0
Compatibilizer:
(i.e. PP/PA-Blends)
1,0 - 5,0

Waxes For Engineering Plastics

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Waxes For Engineering Plastics

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Specialty Waxes for the Processing of Engineering Resins

Public BU Additives Technical Marketing Waxes 08.05.2013

Demands on Lubricants for Engineering Resins

Licowax, Licomont and Licolub in Plastics The Main Effects

Waxes for Engineering Resins I Structures and Properties of Main Products

Licowax E / Ceridust 5551 Licowax OP

Licowax C Licolub FA 1 powder vegetable based

COOH = Montanic acid

COOH = Fatty acid

Waxes for Engineering Resins II Structures and Properties of Main Products

~210 ~85 ~118 ~123 ~106 ~ 123

Method for External Lubrication Release Force Measurement

Release Force Measurement

Cylindrical sleeves (molds)

Molding unit for release force measurement

The longer the spiral, the better is the melt flow

Results with Clariant Waxes in Styrenics & Engineering Resins

Dispersion: Nucleation of EPS:

0,5 - 7,0 0,05 - 0,3

Slip and antiblocking properties:

Waxes for PS and PS-Copolymers

Waxes for PS and PS-Copolymers

62 Spiral length [cm]

58 Without Licowax OP Licowax E

Waxes for PS and PS-Copolymers

80 Transparency [%] Release force Transparency

Release force [N]

0 Licowax C Licowax E Licolub H 12 Licowax PE 520

Waxes for PS and PS-Copolymers

Transparency [%] 100

Waxes for PS and PS-Copolymers

100 Licowax E Licowax OP Licowax C

Formulation: 30% Pigment Green 7 5% wax 65% Polystyrene N 2000

Colorimetric test: Minolta CM-3600d full shade, 1% MB 510 nm,

Waxes for PS and PS-Copolymers

110 3% wax 5% wax 7% wax

Waxes for PS and PS-Copolymers

2000 Release force [N]

Waxes for PS and PS-Copolymers

Spiral length [cm]

44 Without Licowax C Licowax E Licowax OP Licolub WE 4

Results with Clariant Waxes in Styrenics & Engineering Resins

Polycarbonate (PC) Effects, Products and Dosage

*) = concentration by weight in the end article

Lubricant dosage: 0,3 %

Lubricant dosage: 0,3 %

75 Transparency [%] Release force Transparency

0 + 0,3 % Licowax E + 0,3 % Licowax PED 191

Improved Dispersion through Ceridust TEM Photographs of Polycarbonate Samples

2 % Licowax E 1 % Ceridust 5551

Advantages of Licowax E in Polycarbonate

- No reaction of the metal-ion - sensitive PC with Montan waxes

- Almost no effect on transparency

- Excellent thermal stability

Some Results with Clariant Waxes in Styrenics & Engineering Resins

Polyester (PET/PBT) Effects, Products and Dosage

Nucleating: Slip antiblocking:

Licowax C / Licolub FA 1 pwd. veg. based 0,1 - 0,5

Montan Waxes in PBT

6000 Release force [N]

1000 Without Licowax E Licowax OP PETS

Montan Waxes in PET