Abstract

The Second law characteristics of heat transfer and fluid flow due to forced convection of steady laminar flow of incompressible fluid inside channel with circular cross section and channel made of two parallel plate is analysed. Different problems are analysed with respective entropy generation profiles and heat transfer irreversibility characteristics. In each case analytical expression for entropy generation number(Ns) and e!an number( e) are derived in dimensionless forms using velocity and temperature profiles.

Introduction
The foundation of "nowledge of entropy production goes bac" to #lausius and $elvin%s studies on the irreversible aspects of the second law of thermodynamics. Since then the theories based on these foundations have rapidly developed however the entropy production resulting from temperature differences has remind untreated by classical thermodynamics & which motivates many researchers to conduct analysis of fundamental and applied engineering problems based on second law (of thermodynamics). 'ntropy generation is associated with thermodynamics irreversibility& which is common in all types of heat transfer process. Different sources are responsible for generation of entropy li"e heat transfer across finite temperature gradient& characteristics of convective heart transfer & viscous effect etc.. e!an focused on the different reason for the entropy generation in applied thermal engineering. (eneration of entropy destroys available wor" of a system. Therefore it ma"es good engineering sense to focus on irreversibility of heat transfer and fluid flow processes and try to understand the function of entropy generation mechanism. Second law analysis focusing on entropy generation and its minimi)ation has been paying a luminant role in recent times to understand the irreversibility in applied engineering and transport process. *luid flow and heat transfer characteristics inside a channel with circular cross+ section and a channel made of two parallel plates at different boundary conditions is one of the fundamental researches in engineering. ,nalyses of simple system are often useful to understand some important features of complex patterns forming processes in various fields of science and technology. This type of geometry appears in many engineering application as single unit or as a combination. e!an presented simplified analytical expression for entropy generation rate in a circular duct with constant heat flux at the wall. This analysis is then extended by calculating optimum -eynolds number as a function of prandtl%s number and duty parameter. *urther extension is done by Sahin who introduced the second law analysis of viscous fluid in a circular duct at isothermal boundary condition. Sahin again presented the effect of variable viscosity on entropy generation rate for constant heat flux boundary condition for circular duct.

The main ob!ect of this article is to analy)e the mechanism of entropy generation in basic configuration encountered in convective heat transfer in this article we see" to identify the origin of entropy production and its distribution through fluid flows most commonly found in convective heat transfer situation. 'ight different types of problems are selected in the present study and analysed. These are forced convection inside a channel with . /. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 0ne fixed plate and one moving plate& Two fixed plate & #ircular cross+section for Newtonian fluid& #ircular annulus& ,xially moving concentric cylinder& -otating concentric cylinder& #ircular cross+section for non+Newtonian fluid& Non Newtonian fluid through a channel with two parallel plates.

1)

ENTROPY GENERATION IN CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

*ig./ 'ntropy generation analysis for an infinitesimal element dx8dy in convective heat transfer Sgen 9Sgen(thermal) : Sgen(friction). #onsidering a point (x&y) in a fluid with convective heat transfer. The fluid element dx+dy surrounding this point is part of thermal flow system. Thus The small element dx+dy can be regarded as an open thermodynamic system& sub!ected to mass

fluxes& energy transfer and entropy transfer interactions that penetrate the fixed control surface. *rom the second law of thermodynamics on the #lausius definition ds9 *rom the figure ;.(/) The first four terms on the right side of the e<uation (/) account for the entropy transfer associated with heat transfer. #ombining terms /&1&2&3 dividing by dx dy and ta"ing limit can be reduced to

Terms 4 to 7 in e<uation (/) represents the entropy convected into and out of the system& while the last term is the time rate of entropy accumulation. Decomposing and combining the terms we can rearrange as ;.. (2) #ombining '<uation 1 = 2 The local rate of entropy generation becomes . ;(3) The last term in e<uation 3 vanishes identically based on the mass conservation principle. Specially for homogeneous fluid >here D?Dt is the material derivative. In vector notation volume rate of entropy generation can be expressed as 5) ,gain we "now >riting the (ibbs e<uation and using material derivative notation we obtain .

#ombining e<uation 7 = 5 the volumetric entropy generation can be expressed as .

If the *ourier law of heat conduction for an isentropic medium applies then&

The rate of volumetric entropy generation in 2+D #artesian co+ordinates is then . ; (//)

In many fundamental convective heat transfer problems& velocity and temperature distributions are simplified assuming that the flow is hydro+dynamically developed (@A?@x 9 B) and thermally developing (@T?@x C B) or developed (@T ?@x 9 B). *or example& see references by e!an & urmeister &Shah and Dondon and >hite. In such situations& '<. (//) can be reduced into the following form. (/1) ,ccording to e!an& entropy generation number (N S) is the dimensionless from of S(& which is& by definition& e<ual to the ratio of actual entropy generation rate (S () to the characteristic entropy transfer rate (S(&#). ,ccording to e!an & the characteristic entropy transfer rate is e<ual to.

(/2)

In the above e<uation& < is the heat flux& T B is the absolute reference temperature& T is the reference temperature difference and D is the characteristic length that depends on geometry of the channel and problem type. The first s<uare brac"eted term is used for isoflux boundary condition and the second s<uare brac"eted term is used for isothermal boundary condition. The velocity u is scaled with reference velocity uB& distance y is scaled with D& axial distance x is scaled with D 1uB?E and dimensionless temperature F can be expressed as (. ,fter putting into dimensionless form& '<. (1) can be expressed as.

(/3)

In the above e<uation& Pe is the Geclet number& which determines the relative importance between convection and diffusion. Br is the rin"man number& which determines the relative importance between dissipation effects and fluid conduction effects (see >hite H2I for details). J is the dimensionless temperature difference& which is e<ual to . 0n the right+hand side of '<. (3)& the first term (N #) represents the entropy generation by heat transfer due to axial conduction& second term (NK) accounts for entropy generation due to heat transfer in normal direction to the axis and the last term (N*) is the fluid friction contribution to entropy generation.

3) FLUI

FRICTION VERSUS HEAT TRANSFER IRREVERSI!ILITY

'ntropy is generated in a process or system due to the presence of irreversibility. In convection problem & both fluid friction and heat transfer have contribution to the rate of entropy generation. 'xpression of entropy generation number(N S) is good for generating spatial entropy profile& but fails to give any idea which of the fluid friction or heat transfer dominates. ,ccording to e!an the irreversibility distribution ratio(L) ta"es care of the above problem L is e<ual to the ratio of entropy generation due to fluid friction(N *) to heat transfer (Nc:Ny). heat transfer irreversibility dominates over fluid friction irreversibility for BM LN/ and fluid friction dominates when LO/ . *or L9/ & both the heat transfer and fluid friction have the same contribution for generating entropy. In many engineering design and optimi)ation problems contribution of heat transfer entropy generation (N c:N-). on overall entropy generation rate (NS) is needed. ,s an alternative irreversibility distribution parameter. Pathematically e!an number is. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;(/4) e!an number ranges from B to /. ,ccordingly& e 9 / is the limit at which the heat transfer irreversibility dominates& e 9 B is the opposite limit at which the irreversibility is dominated by fluid friction effects& and e 9 Q is the case in which the heat transfer and fluid friction entropy generation rates are e<ual. In the following subsections & the expressions of entropy generation number (N S)& irreversibility distribution ratio (L) and e!an number ( e) are determined for a series of important convective heat transfer configurations.

3"# STEA Y FLO$ !ET$EEN A FI%E

AN

&OVING PLATE

Steady flow between a fixed and a moving plate is commonly named as #ouette flow. The velocity and temperature distribution for such flow& provided that the walls are at different temperatures is given by. ;;;;;;;;;.(/5) ;;;;;;;.......(/6) >ith proper scaling '<.(5) and (6) are put into their dimensionless forms. R9K ;;;;;;;;;...(/7) ;;;;;;;;;...(/S) Rsing e<uations (3)&(7) and(S)&the expression for dimensionless entropy generation number(Ns)for #ouette flow with isothermal boundary conditions becomes. ;;;;;;;;;;(1B)

The second s<uared brac"et termon the right hand side is the fluid friction contribution to entropy generation&which is constant and independent of Kfor a particular value of group parameter( r?T).*rom '<s.(4) and(/B)&the e!an number( e)for this particular problem becomes. ;;;;;;;;;;..(1/) 'ntropy generation number(NS)is plotted as a function of K in *ig 1 at different rin"man number ranges B+14 and constant group parameter 9/.

*ig 1 'ntropy generation number as a function of K at different ric"man number. 3"' STEA Y FLO$ !ET$EEN T$O FI%E PLATES

The second example of fluid flow between two fixed parallel plates(Goiseuille flow)with differentially heated isothermal boundary condition. The expressions for the velocity and temperature distribution& according to urmeister are. ;;;;;;;.(11) ;;;;;;;..(12) >ith proper scaling the dimensionless forms pf '<s.(/1) and (/2) are. R9(/+K1) ;;;;;;;;..(14) Rsing (3)&(/3)and (/4)&the expression for dimensionless entropy generation number (Ns) for Goiseuille flow with isothermal boundary conditions becomes. ;;;;;;;;;(15) e!an number( e) can be derived from e<s (4) and (/5) and which is e<ual to. ;;;;;;;;;.(16) 'ntropy generation number(Ns) plotted as a function of K in *ig 2 at different group parameter ranges /+S and constant rin"man number9/. ;;;;;;;..(13)

*ig.2 'ntropy generation number as a function of K at different group parameters.

3"3 CONVECTION IN ROUN

TU!E

The third example is fluid flow through a circular pipe(Goiseuille flow) with constantheat flux boundary condition. *ully developed laminar flow is considered here.The expressions for boundary layer according to ird et al are. ;;;;;;;;.(17) ;;;;;;;;..(1S) >ith proper scaling&the dimensionless form of '<s.(/7) and (/S)are. ;;;;;;;;;(2B) ;;;;;;;;;.(2/) '<. 3 is derived for #artesian co+ordinate. ut the problem in present problem is in cylindrical co+orinate., simple substitution of K with - in '<. (3) will give the general expression for Ns in cylindrical co+ordinate. Now using '<s. (1B) and(1/) and modified form of '<. (3) in cylindrical coordinate& the expression for dimensionless entropy generation number (Ns) for Goiseuille flow in round tube with isothermal boundary condition becomes. ;;;;;;;;;;(21) The first term in the right hand side of '<.(11) is related to the axial conduction and which is inversely proportional to s<uare of Geclet number (Ge) .'xcept for li<uid metals (GrNN/)and for creeping flow (low -eynolds number)&magnitude of Geclet number(Ge) is usually higher in value.*or the case where GeOO3&the dominance of first term on entropy generation is negligible& Rsing e<uation (4)and (11) the expression for e!an number for this problem becomes. ;;;;;;;;;;;(22) 'ntropy generation Ns iss plotted as afunction of - in *ig 3.at different parameter ranges B+/ and for negligible effect of Geclet number.

*ig. 3 'ntropy generation number as a function of - at different group parameters

3"( CONVECTION IN CIRCULAR ANNULUS The next problem is convective heat transfer inside a circular annulus. The inner and the outer radii of the annulus are ri and ro. The velocity profile inside the annular space& according to is.

;;(23)

#/ and #1 are two constants and can be defined as a function of U (9 ri?rB) by using the following relations. ;;..(24) >ith proper scaling& the dimensionless form of '<. (2/) is. ;..;.(25) *or this example& energy e<uation is. ;;;;. (21)

;;;. (26)

, separation of variables solution is assumed in the following form. F(r&x) 9 F/(r)F1(x): F/(x) : F1(r) ;;..(27)

;;;;.(2S)

;;;;;;;;;;.(3B) #omparing e<uation (1B) = (26) >e get&

;;;;;(3/) Now e!an number&

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;(31)

3") A*ia++, -o.in/ conc0ntric c,+ind0r1 Aelocity distribution inside the annular space can be expressed by the following e<uation. ;;;;..(32) >ith proper scaling& the dimensionless form of above e<uation is. ;;;;;;;(33) the expression for dimensionless temperature distribution with the isoflux boundary condition at the inner cylinder and adiabatic boundary condition at the outer cylinder of the annulus is presented in '<. (34).

;;;;;.(34)

In above e<uation& W is a constant of integration& U is radius ratio (9 ri?rB). ;;;;;.(35) #omparing e<uation (1B) = (31) we get

So&

e!an number&

Xere #2 9
;;;;;(36)

3"2"Rotatin/ conc0ntric c,+ind0rs1

Xere the velocity and temperature profiles can be expressed as

;.(37) V ;;;(3S)

>ith proper scaling& the dimensionless forms of the above e<uations are.

Y Z is the velocity ratio ([B?[i) and U is the radius ratio (ri?rB). - is e<ual to r?rB.The expression for entropy generation number is. ;;.(4/) the entropy generation number (NS) for rotating concentric cylinder with isothermal boundary condition becomes.

;;;..(41) #onstants W/& W1& W2& W3 of above e<uation are defined as

#omparing e<uation (1B) = (33) we get and Now e!an number

3"3 Non4N05tonian 6+uid 6+o5 in a circu+ar tub0

for Newtonian fluid li"e air n 9 /. (overning momentum e<uation and its solution for velocity distribution are given in the following e<uations.

;;;;.(42) Gutting (n:/)?n9 m &the dimensionless form of energy e<uation we obtain.

;;;;;..(43) Now from this we get the expression for dimensionless temperature distribution.

where is a constant of integration.

;;;;;..(45) #omparing e<uations we get

*I(.7

Now

e!an number is

;;;;;;;;;..(46)
*ig 7 shows the distribution of average entropy generation rate as a function of fluid index n at different group parameter ranges B+/.

3"7 Non4N05tonian 6+uid 6+o5 t8rou/8 a c8ann0+ 5it8 t5o 9ara++0+ 9+at0s1
*or non+Newtonian fluid & the momentum e<uation in #artesian co+ ordinate reduces to the form given in e<uation(4B) with no slip boundary condition & the solution of e<uation (4B) is given by e<uation (4/). ;;;;;;.(47)

u 9 H/+(I;;;;;;;;(4S)

>here&D9 half length of the channel 9 max. velocity The solutions are given as;;;.. ;;;;;;;(5B) ;;;;;;;;;.(5/)
In the above expressions& y and x are scaled with D and D 1um?E& respectively. W is a constant of integration. Rsing '<s. (/3)& (4/) and (42)& the dimensionless entropy generation number for the present problem is.

;;(51)

;. (54) ,gain from e<uation(/4) e9) or& e

FIG : In fig S average entropy generation rate is plotted as a function of fluid index n at different group parameter ranges B+/.

Conc+usion
The second law of thermodynamics is applied to forced convection inside channel with circular cross section and channel made of two parallel plates with finite gap between them. Different examples are considered here for which simplified or approximate analytical expressions for temperature and velocity distribution are available. oth isoflux and isothermal boundary conditions are considered. Non Newtonian fluid flow is also considered. (eneral expression for entropy generation no and e!an no are derived.