Robespierres Revelation of Illuminati Influence

Robespierres Identifying The Left With A Foreign Conspiracy Justifies
1 Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Robespierres Identifying The Left With A Foreign Conspiracy Justifies Reversing Leftward Atheism & Cosmopolitanism
Robespierre in early 1793 was anxious to find a pretext to end the cosmopolitanism and atheism preached by Cloots. Thus, when Chabot, an ardent republican, told him of a conspiracy involving foreigners to overthrow the Republic to put in place a new tyranny, Robespierre seized on this. Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety now claimed Baron de Batz was the leader of a vast conspiracy aimed at promoting Counter-revolution by using the excesses of the ultra-revolutionaries, including dechristianization to bring disgrace on the Revolution.1 By purporting to uncover this supposed conspiracy that the extreme left were actually controlled by foreigners trying to subvert the peoples approval of the Revolution, Robespierre was able to oust the left. Robespierre thereupon replaced the lefts cosmopolitanism with French nationalism. Robespierre also was able to reject all extremist efforts to impose rigid atheism. In its place, Robespierre created a Deistic Cult which was more suitable to French sensibilities. However, those anxious to justify Robespierres destruction of the left as factually-based upon a true conspiracy from the Right duping the left make the preposterous assertion in 1818 that later evidence arose which proved
1. Jean, Baron de Batz, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Jean,_Baron_de_Batz (accessed 1/23/09). Illuminati of Bavaria 1
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Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence
Baron de Batz was indeed in the secret pay of Austria as of January 1793. Thus, this belated evidence proves supposedly that Batz alleged puppets Cloots, Herbert, Chaumette, and Danton while being true extreme left-revolutionaries were supported by a secret right-winger so as to embarass the Revolution. To that end, Robespierre sought to blame Batz for raising to prominence all these left-wing idealogues. Yet, while Batz did support these men, there was never any corroboration that Batz was a counter-revolutionary working for Austria. Such a claim of financial support from Austria never formed any part of Robespierres original accusation against Batz and the Foreign Conspiracy. But this assertion by Robespierre-apologists in 1818 was based upon a supposed letter-memoir to Eckard. From this fable was spawned the literary character in the Scarlet Pimpernel. The hero in that story is a foreigner who pretends to favor the revolution but who secretly works for counter-revolution. As to Batz, this appears to be pure mythology. However, to decipher the true nature of events, one must tell the story chronologically. This way we can separate out the truth from later fiction and conspiracy-fiction. Yet, there was truth in the Robespierre exposure about a pro-revolution foreigner party at Paris who were financing Hebert, Chaumette, Cloots, Danton and other figures on the left. This included Baron de Batz (of German ancestry), the truly pro-revolutionary Frey Brothers of Austria now in Paris, Guzman (a Spaniard) and many other foreigners at Paris. Who were these men? The Illuminati? The interesting way that Robespierre describes these Germans and foreigners is that they were initiates into mysteries of a conspiracy that was based abroad. Robespierres choice-of-words, and targets like Cloots, reveal that Robespierres aim was to destroy the Illuminati influence, especially their atheism and cosmopolitanism, in France. He never names the Illuminati by name, but his targets, his language, and his policy disagreement all suggest Robespierre knew who were the Illuminati among them. He isolated them
Illuminati of Bavaria 2
Robespierre Identifies Initiates of Mysteries Who Are Part of A Foreign Con-
and destroyed them, claiming they supported an ultra-left. To throw off the left, Robespierre claimed the Illuminists within France were secretly working with foreigners in what was, in ulterior planning, an effort to subvert the French Republic for a worse tyrranny or some other counter-revolutionary scheme.
Robespierre Identifies Initiates of Mysteries Who Are Part of A Foreign Conspiracy

In March 1793, Robespierre as spokesperson for the Committee of Public Safety identified a conspiracy whose leader was Baron de Batz (1760-1822) and others who were initiates of mysteries in the service of foreigners.2 Baron de Batz, apparently a German by descent, had come from the Duchy of Albret (near the Gironde) which had been ceded to France in 1641. Batz was elected in 1789 from that Duchy to the National Assembly. He became a member of the Finance Committee within the National Assembly.3 In March 1793, Robespierre explained what this same Batz had been doing in Paris:
There exists among the representatives of the people of France certain perverse men who are initiates of mysteries of a foreign conspiracy, made up of weak but perverse men who are corrupt....4
2. Barry Coward, Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theory in Early Modern Europe (England: Ashgate: 2004) at 255 (Early in the morning of 14 November 1793, Maximilian Robespierre [was told by Chabot]...about a vast financial and political conspiracy....) Based upon Chabots allegations, Robespierre... eliminated... rivals for power first on the left, then on the right. Id., at 255-256. 3. The Russian Wikipedia for Batz contains these facts. See http:// www.wikiznanie.ru/ru-wz. Illuminati of Bavaria 3
As the same speech proceeds, Robespierre aims his attack also at Jacque Roux and Marat (a German by ancestry who previously was Robespierres ally at the Jacobins prior to Marats assassination) as conspirators in the same sense undermining respect for the Legislature:
Republican Representatives, since the first days following the triumph of the Mountain [i.e., the section of the Jacobins led by Robespierre], you were insulted in the House by a priest despicable [i.e., Jacque Roux ],5 who came to denounce you yourselves, as the author of the public hunger. It was at this time that we led those who were experienced in all the major crises of the Revolution, but when, under the name of Marat, mercenary writers sought to arouse the people and blaspheme against you, then all avenues were constantly bombarded by petitions that sought to make you responsible for all the stupid problems caused by the conspirators....These miserable agents of foreign powers, agitated the clubs and the popular sections and assemblies....The head of this plot is Baron de Batz....[The] representatives of the people have coalesced with bankers of powerful foreigners....[And they manifest] hypocritical patriotism....[P]atriots search for this invisible power who wish to strike hidden blows to liberty.... 6
4. Maximilien Robespierre, uvres de Maximilien Robespierre (B. Franklin, 1970) Vol. III at 582 (accessible via books.google.com). The original words were: Il existait...parmi les representants du people francais des hommes pervers, initis dans les mystres de la conspiracion trangre, des hommes qui ntaient point faibles, mais pervers; qui ntaient point corrumpus...) This can be found also in full in Philippe-Joseph-Benjamin Buchez et P.C. Roux, Histoire parlementaire de la rvolution franaise (Paris: Paulin, 1837) Vol. 31 at 18 et seq. 5. Buchez cites a footnote here, and identifies this as Jacque Roux. Illuminati of Bavaria 4
Baron de Batz in 1795 denied Robespierres allegation, claiming he had no correspondence with any foreign powers or enemies of France.7 Yet what Batz was doing in Paris remains essentially mysterious....8 Chabot Robespierres source of evidence linked him firmly with Hbert.9 At the same time, it strains credulity to think Hbert [i.e., a radical on the left] was a genuine royalist agent.10 Which means Baron Batz would not have been a royalist at heart if he was indeed helping Hbert.
What About The Story of Batz Secretly Working To Spare Deposed Queen Marie Antoinette From The Guillotine in January 1793?
Twenty-two years after Robespierres denunciation, Eckard claimed, and Lenotre repeated it, that Batz supposedly sent a letter dated 1818 telling Eckard that he (Batz) was engaged by Austria to save Marie Antoinette, the sister of the Austrian Emperor, from the gallows in January 1793. This supposed Batz-letter to Eckard also included an heroic account of Batzs effort to stop the carriage taking Marie-
6. Philippe-Joseph-Benjamin Buchez et P.C. Roux, Histoire parlementaire de la rvolution franaise (Paris: Paulin, 1837) Vol. 31 at 21-23, 28. 7. Mead Minnigerode, Marie Antoinettes Henchman The Career of Jean, Baron de Batz (1936) at 250-251. 8. David Andress, The Terror (MacMillan 2005) at 261. 9. David Andress, The Terror (MacMillan 2005) at 261. Hebertists predominated in the Cordeliers Club and in the Commune, and had succeeded in infiltrating, through Bouchotte, the Minister of War, the offices of his department. Hbert had at times expressed communist sentiments in his paper. Tridon has given some such extracts in his sketch Les Hbertistes, uvres diverses (Ed. G. Tridon)(Paris 1891) at 86-90. 10.David Andress, The Terror (MacMillan 2005) at 261. Illuminati of Bavaria 5
Antoinette to the gallows, with tales of screaming and shouting and commotion to stop the carriage. Yet, this alleged rescue attempt failed.11 However, there are many reasons to reject this. Responsible historians say Eckard pretended to receive this letter.12 At some level, it was invented, whether by Eckard or someone else. First, it contradicts Batzs 1795 book which his family confirms to have possessed the version with their grand uncles handwritten edits upon it which validate its authenticity.13 Second, other than Eckard, there is no confirmation of this rescue story in any way, e.g., there is no account of someone attempting to rescue the Queen on her fateful day of facing the guillotine. Likewise, Robespierre never made such a claim against Batz to prove Batz service to Austria. Thus, Eckard always remains the principal source of this dubious claim about Batz, first raised 22 years after the fact.14 More important, the family of Batz could find no memoirs to confirm the account (even though they enjoyed the heroism contained therein). They dismissed Lenotres reliance on his hero Eckard to explain why there are no memoirs of their grand-uncle on this and other matters.15
11.Lenotre relates that according to Eckard, Batz wrote Eckard a letter which says in January 1793, Baron de Batz was sent by Austria to rescue the Queen. This mission was expressed in these exact words, among others: Being convinced of the important services that may be expected of the fidelity of the Baron de Batz and Ms attachment to the King and royal family we beg him to return to France, with a view to seeking and adopting every possible means for the rescue of the King, the Queen, and their family, etc., etc. 2nd January, 1793. (G. Lenotre, A Gascon Royalist in Revolutionary Paris: The Baron de Batz 17921794 (trans. Margaret Key Stawell) (N.Y.: Dodd Mead, 1910) at 24647.) If this letter from Batz were true, then it would make the published book by Batz of 1795 a complete lie. This casts in doubt Eckards letter. As he says, one must choose between the Batz book or the Batz letter that Eckard claims to have received. See the next footnote. For an example of accounts of Batz life that give full credence to Eckards account, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean,_Baron_de_Batz. Illuminati of Bavaria 6
Furthermore, it is rather far-fetched to think any statement 22 years later was really made by Batz. Even if so, in those circumstances, it likely would be blatant patronizing to get a job as times had changed. The controlling powers of France were now a restored monarchy. Had the rescue attempt of 1793 really been true in January 1793, and that Batz organized a rescue of the Queen, Chabot would certainly have known and passed this onto Robespierre. But Robespierre never mentions in his speech of May 1793 (or later) that Batz was engaged in a plot to rescue the Queen from the guillotine in January 1793. Regardless, aiding Austria to save its Emperors sister hardly qualifies as a counter-revolutionary act once the king had long since been executed.16 In other words, Batz could have attempted a rescue without this fact proving he opposed the revolutions aims. There is hence no clear cut proof that during 1793, Batz was not sincerely supporting the left. It
12.Franois-Xavier Feller, in Batz, Pierre-Louis, baron de, Dictionnaire historique (8th Ed.)(Paris: Houdaille, 1836) Vol. III at 29, explains: But Eckard pretends/claims [Fr. pretend] there are two works on the same subject one printed and one unpublished, and it was only the latter that Batz actually wrote. It was entitled De la Journe appele des Sections de Paris, ou des 12 et 13 vendmiaire an iv (Octobre 1795). The letter by Batz to Eckard was supposedly dated March 10, 1817. It tells a different story at odds with the 1794 account. (See B. Coward, supra, at 259.) Coward says it is impossible to tell on which of these occasions Batz was telling the truth. ( Id.) Even so, what is the reliability of Jean Eckard? He is described by Coward as a publicist. He wrote Memoires Historiques sur Louis XVII (1818) (available books.google.com). He discusses Batz at pages 125-126 the alleged rescue attempt of Marie Antoinette that supposedly was attempted and failed. Yet, this supposed event is never mentioned anywhere in the story of the execution of Marie Antoinette. Jean Eckard discusses more of Batz in a book entitled LOmbre du Baron de Batz (1833). 13.Baron de Batz [grand-nephew], Notes Indits Sur Le Baron de Batz, La Revue hebdomadaire (October 1899) at 117. (Available through books.google.com.) Batzs grand-nephew writes even this manuscript [of the 1795 work] is extremely interesting because on each page is strikeout and rewrites. Id. Illuminati of Bavaria 7
thus appears a myth created by Robespierres defenders, egged on by Eckard, that contends Batz was a secret rightwinger manipulating the hard left by his financial support to be as extreme and successful as possible so as to embarass the Revolution. Such a conspiracy theory is more ridiculous than anything ever imagined by members of the right.
Batz Circle
Kropotkin in his history of the French Revolution relates:

Baron de Batz undertook to incite certain members of the Convention to make large fortunes by going into stock-jobbingmoney having to be provided for these operations by the Abb Espagnac [Note: a strong financial supporter of the Revolution.]17 For this purpose
14.John Bingham Morton, The Dauphin (Longmans, Green 1937) at 102. 15. The grand-nephew, Baron de Batz, wrote an article entitled Notes Indits Sur Le Baron de Batz, La Revue hebdomadaire (October 1899) and he explains: A happy coincidence put my brother in possession of most of the letters, writings and manuscripts of our greatuncle. We naturally looked with great interest and curiosity for anything that could seem interesting, but, alas! the manuscript of the famous discovered memoirs [i.e., the memoirs to support the MarieAntoinette story]...[is] absolutely missing.... Id. at 117. Later the grand-nephew mock Lentre for putting reliance on Mr. Eckards stories: Mr. Lentre in his beautiful book, discusses the question of whether the Baron de Batz has written memoirs. He believes strongly, and my brother and I also believe they exist...Lentre believes, based on a letter from his hero Mr. Eckard, that the notes made by Mr. Batz were burned or disappeared. We believe that these memoirs, or at least large fragments exist. 16.Even if Batz had worked for the escape of Marie Antoinette, this is not proof of a right-wing agenda. As with many in the Illuminati circle at Paris, such as Adam Lux, Georg Forster and even Mirabeau before them, they were on the left but to their credit they were not in favor of needless murder. There was still tenderness in the hearts of some Illuminists. Illuminati of Bavaria 8
Baron de Batz assembled in his house on a certain day Julien (of Toulouse), Delaunay and Bazire (a Dantonist). The banker Benoit, the poet Laharpe, the Comtesse de Beaufort (Juliens mistress), and Chabot (the unfrocked priest who at one time had been a favourite of the people, but who had since married an Austrian lady, a sister of the banker Frey)18 were also of the party.19
The brothers Frey, in particular Junius Frey, were also identified by Robespierre in his opening attack as an integral part of this Foreign Conspiracy led by Baron Batz. Frey was directly tied in with Hebert. In the accusation of March 16, 1793 by the Committee of Public Safety, it said that Baron Batz, Baron Frey and the Spaniard Gusman were three bankers who supplied Heberts faction with 1,800,000 francs for the initial stage of the rebellion.20
17. In the chapter on the Fournisseurs [in Capefigues work], a history is given of the contracts of the Abbe dEspagnac. This Abbe undertook to provision the army of the Alps in 1792, and acquitted himself with ability. In 1793, he further engaged to furnish the army of Dumouriez with wagons. In this undertaking he made a great deal of money, but when the star of Dumouriez was no longer in the ascendant, dEspagnac was dragged before the Revolutionary Tribunal, and condemned, before he had attained the age of forty. (The British Quarterly Review (Jan.-April 1857)(London) at 183 (citing Histoire des Grandes Operations Financieres, Banquet, Bourses, Emprunts, Banquiers, Fournisseurs, Acquereurs det Biens Nationals. Par M. Capefigue. Paris: Librairie dAmyot. 1856.) 18.A Johann Frey was among the 54 German signers of the German American Declaration of Independence at New York dated August 27, 1774. It was signed at the home of Adam Lux (apparently an ancestor to Adam Lux of the Mainz Jacobins who came to Paris and died as an opponent of the terror). See Frederick Franklin Schrader, 1683-1920 (Concord Publishing 1920) at 176. 19.Kropotkin, P. The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793 (N. F. Dryhurst, Trans.) (New York: 1909) at 539. 20.Barry Coward, Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theory in Early Modern Europe (England: Ashgate, 2004) at 265. Illuminati of Bavaria 9
Who were the brothers Frey? Right wingers? Hardly.

Among [foreigners in Paris] were the brothers Frey, before mentioned, who gained in the space of a year, by dealing in assignats, near eighteen millions of francs. The brothers Frey allied themselves with the Dantonists, and were sworn friends with Camille Desmoulins, Fabre dEglantine, Chabot, Bazire, &c. The Freys lived in a fine mansion in the Place Vendome. Their sister married Chabot, and in this way they knew all that was passing in the Committees of Public Safety, and could regulate their stock-jobbing accordingly. The most active instruments of the bankers Frey were Fabre dEglantine and Delauney21 dAngers.22
Prior to 1789, the Frey Brothers had been ennobled as Counts Schnfeld by the Austrian Emperor. In 1792, they arrived in Paris just ahead of the Revolution of August 10th.23 They were very liberal, these Counts, enamored of
21.In Robespierres speech, he discussed Delaunai as one who serves an equivocal role and who was in league with the discredit Girondin faction (i.e., the early left of the revolution of 1792.) Philippe-JosephBenjamin Buchez et P.C. Roux, Histoire parlementaire de la rvolution franaise (Paris: Paulin, 1837) Vol. 31 at 23. 22.The British Quarterly Review (Jan.-April 1857)(London) at 177, 182. This is a book review beginning on page 177 of a book entitled: Histoire des Grandes Operations Financieres, Banquet, Bourses, Emprunts, Banquiers, Fournisseurs, Acquereurs det Biens Nationals . Par M. Capefigue. Paris: Librairie dAmyot. 1856. This book purports to tell about the financial machinations among the revolutionaries bankers. Capefigue was an attorney. While he was a royalist in his early life, in 1830 he joined the liberal Courier Francaise. Id., at 177. His prior ten volume work History of the Restauration was well written and was still a valuable reference source. Capefigue had written over 4000 articles and innumerable books by this point. He had a tendency to plagiarize and cut-and-paste quotes from others that irritated the reviewer. 23.Mead Minnigerode, Marie Antoinettes Henchman The Career of Jean, Baron de Batz, in the French Revolution (1936) at 78. Illuminati of Bavaria 10
liberty like their friend Gusman, they adored it and to prove it they took the name of Fre or Frey24 which means Free. Sigmund Schnfeld changed his first name to Junius.25 The Freys were soon at the Jacobins, introduced by Chabot, very intimate with Gusman.26 Magnificent dinners had been provided at the Frey mansion on rue dAnjou to Jacobin members of the Convention. The Frey brothers younger sister married Chabot.27 However, in Robespierres accusation, he claimed Junius Frey was a hypocrite, and simply wore a revolutionary costume including the red bonnet so as to guarantee to all the world the purity of his patriotism yet it was supposedly not so.28 Men like Frey allegedly simply flattered the views of the patriots. Yet, indubitably, the Frey brothers were sincere. These men were financing the dechristianizers Chaumette, Hebert & Cloots. The British Quarterly Review mentions the financial benefices these three members received by working with the Frey brothers, as confirmed by later historians sifting through memoirs:
Hebert, who had been a ticket-taker at a small theatre on the Boulevards, had acquired more than a million. Chaumette, the son of a shoemaker, who wished to pull down the mansions in the Faubourg St. Germain and plant potato-
24.Minnigerode, supra, at 78. 25.This suggests they were Illuminati, and deliberately made their initiate name their legal name. 26.Minnigerode, supra, at 78. 27.The Frey Brothers gave Chabot money upon marrying their sister, but warned him if he ever turned on the revolution, they would cut him off. G. Lenotre, A Gascon Royalist in Revolutionary Paris: The Baron de Batz 1792-1794 (trans. Margaret Key Stawell) (N.Y.: Dodd Mead, 1910) at 41-44. 28.Buchez, supra, at 26. Illuminati of Bavaria 11
fields on the ruins, realized a considerable fortune; and Anacharsis Clootz, while preaching liberty and equality, realized somewhat near 8000 lbs. a year of [British] money.29
Soon the conspiracy accusation against Baron de Batz and Hebert led to the implication of Heberts close allies Cloots aka Baron von Clootz and Chaumette. They were all taken to the guillotine. We discuss this in detail in the next section. Afterwards, the names identified by Robespierre increased to include the followers of Danton and others close to Batz still all men opposed to the Monarchy. Danton was very close to Batz. Elie Lacoste, one of the members of the Committee of Surveillance, testified that Danton ate three times a week at Batzs house.30 Lenotre described the scope of the names of the accused after Danton was added to the list:
We have done our best to show how the Committees, being unable to lay their hands on the leaders of the de Batz Conspiracy, seized everyone who could, rightly or wrongly, be suspected of intrigue, corruption, or lukewarmness. The Foreign Conspiracyto use the historical name of the vast plot whose chief incidents we are trying to put together had already sent Hebert and his faction to the scaffold; it was now the turn of the Dantonists. Their ever-famous trial has so often been described that we shall not repeat its details here. We must, however, point out the links,
29. British Quarterly id., at 183. 30.G. Lenotre, A Gascon Royalist in Revolutionary Paris: The Baron de Batz 1792-1794 (trans. Margaret Key Stawell) (N.Y.: Dodd Mead, 1910) at 163. Lenotre summarily dismisses this testimony as invalid, but only because he believes the 1818 story of Eckard that Batz was a true royalist. On LaCostes position on the Committee, see id., at 166. Illuminati of Bavaria 12
hitherto insufficiently recognized, which connect this trial with the conspiracy of the Baron de Batz. The accused numbered sixteen: Danton, Camille Desmoulins, Chabot, Bazire, Delaunay (of Angers), Fabre dEglantine. Herault de Sechelles, Lacroix, and Philippeaux were all deputies in the Convention. To these were added Lhuillier, procureur-general of the department of Paris, the ex-Abbe Sahuguet dEspagnac, Junius and Emmanuel Frey, Diederichsen, advocate [i.e., lawyer] of the royal courts of Denmark 31 [and Danish secretary to the brothers Frey32 as well as previously employed at a Vienna banking house],33 General Westermann [of Strasbourg], and Gusman, a Spanish noble.34
You can see in here many foreigners, in particular Germans, living in France who came to help the Revolution the brothers Frey, Gusman, Westermann (Mayor of Strasbourg, soldier from his youth),35 and Diederichsen. Despite Robespierres denunciation, the police could never lay their hands upon Baron von Batz.36
31.Diederichsen was half-Austrian and half-Danish. He was denounced as an agent of Junius Frey. See G. Lenotre, A Gascon Royalist in Revolutionary Paris: The Baron de Batz 1792-1794 (trans. Margaret Key Stawell) (N.Y.: Dodd Mead, 1910) at 162. 32.Hermann Wendel, Danton (Constable 1936) at 354. 33.H. Wallon, Histoire du Tribunal rvolutionnaire de Paris avec le Journal (Hachette 1881) Vol. 3 at 145. 34.G. Lenotre, A Gascon Royalist in Revolutionary Paris: The Baron de Batz 1792-1794 (trans. Margaret Key Stawell) (N.Y.: Dodd Mead, 1910) at 160-61. 35.Henri Alexandre Wallon, Le Tribunal rvolutionnaire, 10 mars 179331 mai 1795 (Paris: Plon, 1900) Vol. II at 26. Illuminati of Bavaria 13
Baron De Batz Book of 1795
In 1795, a book was released by Baron de Batz entitled La Conjuration de Batz ou la Journ des Soixante (1795). It was a rare book so that by 1816 there were only two copies known to be in existence.37 Lenotre obtained a copy and quoted Batzs denial of being in league with the royalist enemies of France:
I affirm that I took no part in any of the events, nor in any of the conspiracies, whose causes or effects have been attributed to me. I will go further: I affirm, for the edification of those who do not know me, that it would have been impossible for me to be ostensibly a citizen of the Republic while I was secretly conspiring against it; that to ask the help and protection of its laws while I was attacking it under their shelter would have seemed to me very base and cowardly. I affirm then, that while in France I carried on no kind of correspondence nor had any relations whatever, direct or indirect, with the kings, princes, generals, and ministers whose chief agent it pleased the Committees to constitute me: nor even with any foreigner or emigre whatever: and to any man who can give me the lie I grant full permission to expose me. Had I played so prominent a part in Europe I should certainly seek some consolation in the glory of such important undertakings. I should at least abstain from senseless denials and disclaimers of actions that, after all my troubles, would entitle me to rewards whichto be quite frankall the treasures and
36.Henri Sanson, Memoirs of the Sansons [1688-1847] (ed. Henry Sanson) (London: Chatto & Windus, 1876) Vol. II at 173. 37.G. Lenotre, A Gascon Royalist in Revolutionary Paris: The Baron de Batz 1792-1794 (trans. Margaret Key Stawell) (N.Y.: Dodd Mead, 1910) at 224. Illuminati of Bavaria 14
Robespierres Revelation Requires Understanding Cloots
favours of all the kings of the earth could never pay.38
Batz was adamant therefore he was never involved in any counter-revolutionary conspiracy. All the evidence was he was supporting the revolutionaries.
Robespierres Revelation Requires Understanding Cloots

Thus, these exposures by Robespierre become further examples of exposures of the Illuminati without using their name. Robespierre eventually reached out to nab the most obvious Illuminatus in the nation Cloots aka Clootz and broke his power, by using the Foreign Conspiracy accusation to grab Cloots at the end of 1793. In doing this, Robespierre revealed his own belief in the influence of the Bavarian Illuminati in the Revolution. He referred to them as a foreign cabal with a secret government at Paris. He did not name them directly but the context and details of this speech reveal that he believed Cloots represented a force far beyond just Cloots and his few friends who were sent to the scaffold. Before we provide more details from Robespierres accusation, we need to step back and examine Cloots.
38.G. Lenotre, A Gascon Royalist in Revolutionary Paris: The Baron de Batz 1792-1794 (trans. Margaret Key Stawell) (N.Y.: Dodd Mead, 1910) at 246, quoting Conjuration de Batz ou la Journ des Soixante at 64. Illuminati of Bavaria 15
Biography of Clootz / Cloots

As we shall soon discuss, Clootz/Cloots39 first biographer and an eulogistic one at that,40 Georges Avenel, recounted in 1865 that his research indicated Clootz joined the Illuminati of Bavaria in 1778.41 This is dubious to myself. However, from later facts, it appears unquestionable he was influenced by them at some point. Menzel, the greatest German historian, said:
[In promoting t]he idea of the Illuminati...to extend a universal republic over the whole earth,no one was so active and consistent as the Prussian Baron Cloots; who was forthwith chosen into the National Convention, and became the strongest pillar of the party of the Illuminati.42
Billington (then the Librarian of Congress) also likewise noted that Cloots was the closest collaborator of Gbelin as early as 1781 and member of the masonic underworld.43 Gbelin was the Grand Master of the Nine Sisters Lodge at Paris as well as a leading member of the Mesmer lodge Harmony. Elsewhere, we demonstrate Mesmers lodge in the 1780s was an openly declared affiliate of Weishaupts Illuminati.44
39.His true name is Clootz. Yet, the French way of spelling it is Cloots. 40.Cloots, Jean Baptiste du val, Encyclopedia Brittanica (1910) at 556 (too eulogistic). 41.See Clootz Biographer Georges Avenel Says Clootz Had Joined Weishaupts Illuminati on page 50. 42.Menzel, Nationality and Cosmopolitanism, Deutsche Vierteljahrs Scrhrift translated and published in Absalom Peters, The American Eclectic (Jan.-May 1843) Vol. III at 83. 43.Billington, Fire in the Minds of Men, supra, at 109. 44.Secret Societies in France As of 1782 The Level of Illuminati Penetration Prior to Wilhemsbad on page 1. Illuminati of Bavaria 16
Thus, while the papers of the Bavarian Illuminati seized in Bavaria did not reveal Cloots membership, he clearly espoused their peculiar teachings. He publicly advocated prior to and during the revolution:
a Universal Republic; a world campaign of wars of liberation to create a world republic; and the folly of all religion, and a need to extinguish all religion, which he and his cohorts enforced in France by means of the Goddess of Reason church-services, and the execution of the priests and religionists in France.
As most succinctly put by the Library Association in its biography of Clootz:

He was an ardent supporter of the liberation of Europe in the name of the ideals of the Revolution and expounded a doctrine of cosmopolitanism and the cult of reason in writings such as LOrateur du genre humain (1791) and La Rpublique universelle (1792)....Cloots was convinced that a united world republic was near. As a consequence he also started his attacks on all religions 45
In Clootzs ideology, therefore, we find the twin ideas of a world republic and abolition of all religion which was the identical twin plan revealed in the seized writings of Adam Weishaupts Illuminati of Bavaria. Clootz (1755-1794) was born in Berlin, then part of Prussia. He adopted the enlightened ideas of his uncle Abb Cornelius de Pauw (1739-1799). Clootz uncle was a diplomat, geographer and philosopher in the court of Frederick the
45.http://www.ilab.org/db/detail.php?booknr=346015092 (accessed Nov. 26, 2008). Illuminati of Bavaria 17
Great. At eleven years of age [i.e., 1766] [Clootz] was sent to Paris to complete his education.46 At Paris, there he came to personally know Rousseau and Voltaire.47 Clootz then wrote a drama entitled Voltaire Triomphant ou les Prtres Decus (The triumphant Voltaire or disillusioned priest). Prior to 1775, Clootz father enrolled Clootz in a military academy at Berlin. However, enjoying a large inheritance, Clootz at age 20 1775 began to traverse Europe.48 By 1778, Clootz joined the Illuminati, his biographer 49 claims. Later, Clootz in a public debate of approximately 1791 with Fauchet would say he neither loved nor understood the Illuminati, but he never denied being a member.50 Menzel, the greatest German historian, felt it impossible to deny Cloots was an Illuminatus of Weishaupts Order.51 Atheism soon filled Clootz ideology. In 1780, Clootz wrote under the pseudonym Ali-GurBer a book entitled La Certitude du mahomtisme (London 1780). Despite its title, it was not a defense of Mohamedism, but a work against all religion, as the Library Association reports.52 It was
46.Cloots, Jean Baptiste du val, Encyclopedia Brittanica (1910) at 556. 47.Anacharsis Cloots Wikipedia (German version). 48.Cloots, Jean Baptiste du val, Encyclopedia Brittanica (1910) at 556. 49.See Clootz Biographer Georges Avenel Says Clootz Had Joined Weishaupts Illuminati on page 50. 50.This exchange begins with Cloots saying: Claude Fauchet, I do not love you or understand you, because I do not love or understand the Illuminati. ( Georges Avenel, Anacharsis Cloots, lorateur du genre humain (Paris: Librarie Internationale, 1865) Vol. I at 231.) 51. Menzel says in Cloots promoting the idea of the Illuminati...to extend a universal republic over the whole earth,no one was so active and consistent as the Prussian Baron Cloots; who...became the strongest pillar of the party of the Illuminati. (Menzel, Nationality and Cosmopolitanism, Deutsche Vierteljahrs Scrhrift translated and published in Absalom Peters, The American Eclectic (Jan.-May 1843) Vol. III at 83.) Illuminati of Bavaria 18
designed as a response to Nicolas Sylvestre Bergiers Certitude of preuves du christianisme of 1767, and thus served to refute Christianity. The Library Association provides a detailed synopsis and description:
As a consequence [Clootz] also started his attacks on all religions. The present work [ La Certitude du mahomtisme ] is the first result. It is written in defence of Holbach [i.e., a famous French atheist thinker], against the violent attack of Abb Bergier. It is a parody on the latters La Certitude des preuves du Christianisme, which was in itself a reply to N. Frrets Examen critique des apologistes de la religion chrtienne. The pseudonym Gier-Ber under which the present work [by Clootz] is written is in fact an anagram of the priest Nicolas Sylvester Bergier (1708-1790). Cloots showed that the same arguments used by Bergier to prove that Christianity was the true religion, could also be used to prove that Mohammedanism was the true religion. He extensively argued that Islam [thus likewise] was no religion but an invention of the believers themselves, and in the extensive notes, taking up more space throughout the book than the original text itself, he claimed the same for Christianity. The work consists of two parts and is written in the form of letters to teach and convince a friend. At the end are added: Lettres dune philosophe une jeune thologien, now openly attacking Christian religion; and a Supplement in which objections are raised by a priest, a believer and a Jesuit respectively, followed by dialogues between the priest and a free thinker, a believer
52.Clootz, http://www.ilab.org/db/detail.php?booknr=346015092 (accessed Nov. 26, 2008). Illuminati of Bavaria 19
and a non-believer, and a Jesuit and the author himself.53
Thus, being already properly illuminized about the folly of religion, Cloots was about to serve an even more important role. And his actions demonstrated he was a total convert to Weishaupts ideology whether a true member or not. When the revolution broke out in France, Clootz went to Paris in 1789 thinking the opportunity favorable to establishing his dream of a universal family of nations.54 Cloots fell in with the right crowd. He was a member of the Jacobin Club since its foundation in 1789.55 Predictably, Cloots then became a part of the Cercle Social of Paris founded in 1789.56 The Cercle Social was a secret society which had a published house connected to it. The Cercle Social was operated by Nicolas Bonneville, the self-professed follower of the Bavarian Illuminati at Paris.57
53.http://www.ilab.org/db/detail.php?booknr=346015092 (accessed Nov. 26, 2008). 54.Cloots, Jean Baptiste du val, Encyclopedia Brittanica (1910) at 556. 55.Cloots, La Republique Universelle (1792) at 166, quoted in Pauline Kleingeld, Defending the plurality of states: Cloots, Kant, and Rawls, Social Theory and Practice (Oct. 1, 2006) (available online at http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_028628972609_ITM (accessed Nov. 27 2008). 56.Avenel in his biography of Cloots gives an account of Cloots entry into the Cercle Social (apparently in 1789), and the publication by it of one of his works. See Georges Avenel, Anacharsis Cloots, lorateur du genre humain (Paris: Librarie Internationale, 1865) Vol. I at 221-23. The fact Cloots was a member of Cercle Social is indicated in Buchez & Roux, Histoire parlementaire de la rvolution franaise (Paris: Paulin, 1834) Vol. 9 at 443 where it explains that the open letters between Fauchet and Cloots over whether Voltaire was an aristocrat as Fauchet claimed reflected a debate inside the Cercle Social itself. See also Antiquariaat MATTHYS DE JONGH (Netherlands), http:// www.mdejongh.com/117.html (accessed 2/15/09)(lists Cloots among members of Cercle Social). Illuminati of Bavaria 20
In 1790, Cloots became a national celebrity as a result of the next incident. On June 19, 1790, Clootz entered the Paris National Assembly, accompanied with 36 people, as a Embassy of the human race (Ambassade du genre humain) and he declared that the world adhered to the Declaration of human Rights of Man and Citizen.58 Each of the 36 participants appeared in appropriate national costumes German, Dutch, Swiss, even Indian, Turkish and Persian. They congratulated the Assembly for having restored primitive equality among men and encouraged by the glorious example of the French, all the peoples of the universe would soon break the yoke of the tyrants who oppress them.
57.Albert Mathiez (1874-1932), Professor at the Universit of Besanon, Dijon and renown scholar of the French Revolution with over 31 scholarly books on the revolution to his credit, says the Cercle Social in fact... was a Masonic lodge in which Bonneville, the smoky and bold spirit, [was] the Grand Chief. The great aim is to instruct, to prepare the spirits toward profound changes which it keeps from the rest which is announced in veiled and mysterious terms. (Isabelle Bourdin, Les Socits Populaires Paris, etc. (Paris 1910), supra, at 159 quoting A.Mathiez, Le Club des Cordeliers pendant la crise de Varennes et le massacre du Champ de Mars (Geneva: Slatkine, 1975).) Bonneville in 1791 admitted the origin of his ideas were Weishaupts Illuminati. Bonneville wrote in his journal Bouche De Fer, the mouthpiece of the Cercle Social, about Mirabeaus 1788 defense of the Bavarian Illuminati in Mirabeaus On The Prussian Monarchy . After referencing how that passage impacted himself, Bonneville claimed he was carrying on the Bavarian Illuminati program in France: This project (of the Illuminati) continues. Mr. Mirabeau was beautiful, noble and great; and since the very instant when [electoral] districts were summoned in May 1789 [for the Estates General], The Mouth of Iron, persevered with all its might their noble intentions, and never has abandoned the principles and promises of THOSE WHOSE NAME IS CURSED BY POSTERITY [ i.e., the Illuminati]. Albert Mathiez, R. Le Forestier, Les Illumins de Baviere et la Franc-Maonnerie allemande. Paris, Hachette, 1915 [review]. Annales Rvolutionnaires (Besancon: Millot Frres, 1916) VIII at 432, 436.
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The 36 participants requested that they be permitted to participate in the ceremonies celebrating the revolution on July 14th. The Assembly was so happy to promote Cloots and his propaganda stunt that the Assembly printed and distributed no fewer than half a million copies of Clootss request, and a thousand foreigners took part in the anniversary festivities.59 Since that spectacle, Cloots was one of the most prominent political figures of Paris.60 From that point on, Cloots was known everywhere as the Speaker of the human race (orateur du genre humain). The scribbler now was a prominent figure in France. Since his entry into Paris in 1789, Cloots was a public orator and wrote articles for several revolutionary journals La Chronique de Paris, Le Patriot franais, Les Annales patriotique and Les Rvolutions de France. It was this charade, however, of 1790 that made him famous and on everyones lips. Then Clootz in 1791 published the book LOrateur du genre humain, ou du Dpche Prussien Cloots au Prussien Herzberg (The speaker of the human race or messages of Prussian Cloots to the Prussian Herzberg). By November 1791, Clootz was literally redrawing the map of Europe. He proposed universal war and the division of Europe into departments, beginning with Savoy, Belgium, Holland (i.e., the Netherlands) and so on, all the way to the Arctic Ocean. These policy theories later became reality. Hebert, a friend and revolutionary ally, found this idea of initiating an universal war to found a universal republic a bit idealistic. He said:
58.Cloots, Jean Baptiste du val, Encyclopedia Brittanica (1910) at 556. 59.Cloots, La Republique Universelle (1792) at 166, quoted in Pauline Kleingeld, Defending the plurality of states: Cloots, Kant, and Rawls, Social Theory and Practice (Oct. 1, 2006) (available online at http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_028628972609_ITM (accessed Nov. 27 2008). 60.Anacharsis Cloots Wikipedia (German version). Illuminati of Bavaria 22
I do not believe as the prophet Anacharsis Clootz...that we should do as Don Quixote did and undertake universal war in order to convert to freedom those who are not yet worthy of it. It is up to time and reason to effectuate such a miracle.61
Undaunted, at the Jacobin Club, Clootz soon shouted, I shall not rest until there is a republic on the moon! After the June 1790 procession of world representatives before the Convention, Clootz dropped his Christian name, and now adopted the name Anarcharsis. He put aside his titles of nobility as well as his Christian first name and called himself Anacharsis after the natural philosophers of the sixth century BC....62 On April 21, 1792, Clootz took the rostrum in the legislative Convention, and was the first in the legislature to advocate long before anyone else that the French found a Republic. (The republic was founded on September 21st.) Clootz said that the legislators should change the government to a Universal Republic. Cloots received French citizenship in August 1792 and by September he was elected from the Oise department to the National Convention. Cloots was a firm representative of the move to war against the monarchies of Europe. He even contributed large sums for the purchase in 1792 of military armaments. Cloots gave 12,000 livres toward the equipping of forty or fifty fighters in the sacred cause of man against tyrants.63 His speech in doing so is quite memorable, as he extols again the idea of an Universal Republic which book he simultaneously presented to his fellow legislators:
61.Louis Jacob, Hbert, La Pre Duchesne, chef de sans-culottes (Paris: Gallimard, 1960) at 304, quoted in Julia Kristeva, Leon Roudiez, Strangers to Ourselves (1994) at 211. 62.Anacharsis Cloots Wikipedia (German version). See also Cloots, Jean Baptiste du val, Encyclopedia Brittanica (1910) at 556. 63.Cloots, Jean Baptiste du val, Encyclopedia Brittanica (1910) at 556. Illuminati of Bavaria 23
Here is the crisis of the universe. God entangled the primitive chaos; the French will unravel the feudal chaos. God is powerful. We are powerful. Free men are the gods of the Earth. They make war on us with serf soldiers and with extorted money. We make a holy war on them with free soldiers and contributions voluntarily consented. Our victories will be our banquets. Legislators, I place in the sanctuary, in the presence of my supporters, in the sanctuary of the constitutional God, the sum of twelve thousand livres to dress, equip, arm and pay 40 to 50 fighters in the sacred war of men against crowns. I present to you at the same time my last work whose very title makes the aristocrats tremble: The Universal Republic.
The book to which Cloots referred was La Rpublique universal address ou aux tyrannicides - lde la quatre du redemption (1792). This title in English means The World Republic or acclamation to the tyrant slayer - In Year 4 of salvation. In this book, Cloots espoused sentiments worthy of Weishaupt in every particular. Cloots asked: The prejudices [of nationality] spring from such deep roots that no one has even thought of asking: Why is there more than one state?64 Cloots in this work saw eye-to-eye with Weishaupt in other ways, most notably in matters of religion. Cloots wrote:
Religion is a social disease which cannot be too quickly cured. A religious man is a depraved animal.65
64.Cloots, La Republique Universelle (1792) at 166, quoted in Pauline Kleingeld, Defending the plurality of states: Cloots, Kant, and Rawls, Social Theory and Practice (Oct. 1, 2006) (available online at http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_028628972609_ITM (accessed Nov. 27 2008). 65.Cloots, La Republique Universelle (1792) at 27 quoted Nesta Webster, World Revolution (1921) at 100. Illuminati of Bavaria 24
Cloots went on:

[T]he people are the sovereign of the world, and furthermore that it was God, that France was the cradle and rallying point of the godpeople, that only fools fear a Supreme Being....66
A summary of this book by an Antiquarian bookseller also shows Cloots agreement on Weishaupts cure to social ills communism:
Cloots denounces the nobility (tyrants of the human race) and prophetically announced the advent of universal republic which Paris would be the future capital, [and] the French Revolution was a foretaste of a universal revolution. There is the dream of a supranational state and a global communism....67 Cloots Ideas Impact National Policy
On September 28, 1792, Cloots ideas began to impact national policy. At the Club of the Jacobins where Cloots was then a leader, Chabot gave a speech in opposition to annexing territory. Instead, creating federated republics would be the best form of a Universal Republic. Thuriot called for a more nationalistic approach, and that France should annex territories it invades and liberates. The account of this episode and the reply is as follows:
66.Julia Kristeva, Leon Roudiez, Strangers to Ourselves , supra, at 211 fn. 65. 67.SARL Librairie Le Feu Follet (Paris) http://www.edition-originale.com/Jean-Baptiste-Baron-de-CLOOTS-La-republique-universelle-ou-adresse-aux-tyrannicides-par-Anacharsis-Cloots-orateurdu-genre-humain-A-Paris-1792.html,21538 (accessed 11/27/2008). Illuminati of Bavaria 25
In the Club des Jacobins at the meeting of 28 September, Chabot, based on the theory of a universal republic, condemned the idea of annexing Savoy to France; Thuriot replied to him: ... and I, on the contrary, I think it is contrary to the interests of France that Savoy should take any other form than the 84th department [n.b. equivalent to a state], and it is a mistake to believe that France would renounce the right of conquest ..., that she has waived the right to maintain, as its own property and territory what it has wrested from dictators in defending itself against unjust aggression.68
This federative form of a universal republic originated with Brissot and the Cercle Social. Brissot had regarded an annexation of states within its natural boundaries but beyond that others would be federative republics: Unity of the departments of France, extension to the boundaries prescribed for it by nature, and beyond, a belt of federative republics.69 The Brissotins were in domination, and Chabots agreement sealed the agenda of how to accomplish Cloots dream. Cloots, however, had to solve the important question of how to do this without overburdening the state finances. In October 1792, Cloots formulated a solution in a report to the Committee of Diplomacy and War.70 Upon invasion, the French army would requisition a contribution proportionate to what the country could pay to finance the
68.F. Bornarel, Cambon et la rvolution franaise (Paris: 1905) at 215-16. 69.Franois Furet, Mona Ozouf, A critical dictionary of the French Revolution (1989) at 56. 70. This plan was later employed by the Revolutionary armies. Illuminati of Bavaria 26
liberation effort. It would not go to the agents of tyranny.71 Frances enemies would therefore pay for this project of extending a Republic around the world. The French generals in the field supported Cloots project. The head general was Dumouriez, and he wrote on October 12, 1792 to the Convention:
Freedom triumphs everywhere; guided by the philosophy, she will travel the universe; having informed people, it undermines all thrones, having crushed despotism. The constitutional laws you are working on, will be the basis of happiness and the brotherhood of nations. This war will be the last, and tyrants and privileged deceived in their criminal calculations will be the only victims of this struggle of reason against arbitrary power.72
On October 28, 1792, the Jacobin Club of Paris was visited by a deputation from Savoy. They carried banners which said on them Universal Republic and on others To the French, Liberators of Peoples, the Savoyans recognize you!73
Victory on World Republic Agenda in 1792
Cloots battle to win out in his ideas on a world republic became a storm in the Convention (legislature) and at the Jacobin Club in November 1792. More Proof that Cloots was taken seriously, and thus a power-broker, comes from these debates and decrees in November 1792. Thus, while most historians forget about Cloots and the storm of opinion he was leading throughout France, he was clearly a leading fgure of France during the period of formulating the idea of a world
71.F. Bornarel, Cambon et la rvolution franaise (Paris: 1905) at 212. 72.F. Bornarel, Cambon et la rvolution franaise (Paris: 1905) at 216. 73.F. Bornarel, Cambon et la rvolution franaise (Paris: 1905) at 217. Illuminati of Bavaria 27
revolutionary republic and the war policy of a world liberation movement. Because this exactly aligned with Weishaupts plans, one has to study this period intensely to understand what foreign cabal and secret government that Robespierre was targeting when he overthrew Cloots in December 1793. (Our view is that Cloots was a renegade, and with his money-bags took his own route to accomplish Weishaupts agenda. We do not believe he was the Illuminatis agent during this period. Yet, Robespierre did not know this, and we are trying to discover the traits of Cloots ideology that Robespierre was attacking as stemming from a foreign cabal.)
World Revolutionary Legislation
First, the majority in the Convention on November 19, 1792 approved a motion made by Deputy de LaRevellire LePalais. The decree said France would move the whole of Europe, and she accords brotherhood and relief to all people who want to recover their freedom, and the executive branch would be instructed to give general orders to bring relief to these people and defend the [foreign] citizens who were upset [with tyranny] or could be the cause of freedom.74 The Convention ordered that this decree should be translated into various languages and published in all countries occupied by French troops. Dr. Bornarel explains the circumstances:
The vote of the decree was a vote of enthusiasm and the idea of a crusade undertaken by France, to propagate the Declaration of Rights in Europe, inflamed the popular imagination. Local poets composed hymns in the honor of the Universal Republic.75
74.F. Bornarel, Cambon et la rvolution franaise (Paris: 1905) at 213. 75.F. Bornarel, Cambon et la rvolution franaise (Paris: 1905) at 213. Illuminati of Bavaria 28
Military Commanders Endorse Goal of Universal Republic
On November 26, 1792 General douard Jean-Baptiste Milhaud (1766-1833) stepped forth to voice support for the Universal Republic idea. This military leader of the Revolutionary Army took the pseudonym Cumin. He gave a famous speech on November 26, 1792 at the Jacobins in support of Cloots idea. Milhaud would return as a powerful military commander under every succeeding French government until Louise Philippe in 1830. Milaud on that evening in 1792 showed off his credentials. He explained that he knew the obstacles to such a world republic. He admitted that one may logically infer that the system of the Universal Republic is a purely speculative chimera but he said he was nonetheless convinced about it:
I support the Universal Republic that is both one and indivisible... [which] may exist despite all obstacles.76
Regarding the natural differences, Milhaud conceded that now the morals of a Turkish robust peasant is far different than the urban manners of our own. Admittedly, the unity of mankind is neither for today nor for tomorrow. However, it is the duty of a Republican to work towards this goal:
Ah! if it was true that awakening of people came, if it was true that reversal of all thrones had become the result of our weapons and revolutionary volcano, and the Republican virtues finally had vengeance upon all the crowned crimes of the world, that each region became free, and then formed a government in line with what nature more or less would have as
76.Le gnral Milhaud au Snat, Regards dAuvergne Bulletin du Comit de la Haute Auvergne (May 2005) at 25, citing Adolphe Thiers (1797-1877), History of the French Revolution (Furne & Co. Publishers, Paris, 1823-1827). Illuminati of Bavaria 29
its (physical) extent, [and then in turn] their national Conventions [i.e., legislature] sent members to make at the center [i.e., Paris] an extraordinary global and universal convention which would ensure and constantly maintain human rights, freedom of the General Trade and the peace of mankind. Behold! [you have] a Universal Republic! But even if it were impossible to achieve this beautiful plan, at least it is worth trying to approach it; to extend the circle of the republic as far as justice, policy and the common good of France and its neighbors command.77 Rebuttals in The Legislature To This Utopian Scheme
Not all were pleased by this scheme of world revolution to form a world republic. A minority growing in power dissented. The next day on November 27, 1792, foreshadowing Robespierres sentiments against Cloots attack on patriotism, we read that at the Convention session Grgoire in the face of sarcasm tried to prove a Universal Republic was an impossible dream to realize78 He said the immense differences that result from climate, distances, production, soil and industry, language, and customs, makes the project of bringing the universe together into a political unity a Universal Republic represents in politics the same thing as trying to find the philosophers stone in physics....79 Some anonymous works appeared to satirize Cloots idea as world war for world peace a seeming contradiction in terms. [I]n a booklet entitled Neither Marat nor Roland ...
77.Le gnral Milhaud au Snat, Regards dAuvergne Bulletin du Comit de la Haute Auvergne (May 2005) at 25, citing Adolphe Thiers (1797-1877), History of the French Revolution (Furne & Co. Publishers, Paris, 1823-1827). 78.F. Bornarel, Cambon et la rvolution franaise (Paris: 1905) at 214. 79.F. Bornarel, Cambon et la rvolution franaise (Paris: 1905) at 214. Illuminati of Bavaria 30
Cloots Simultaneous Anti-Religion Campaign
one reads: I am not surprised at the aversion of the Rolandists to the Universal Republic of the sans-culottes. We can tell them that universal peace has a price universal law. Tender-hearted men [must learn] that war is necessary from time to time, and like when we heal the human body, some bloodletting of the human race is necessary.80

The Wikipedia on Cloots explains that at the very same time Cloots was promoting world war for world revolution to found a World Republic he was the leader of the Cult of Reason movement an effort to impose atheism using the robes of a civil religion:
With his revolutionary utopia aimed at establishing a world republic, it became increasingly evident that Clootz...and... his views led him to come in proximity with a splinter group of Hbertists, whose cult of reason, he [Clootz] also represented. On 10 August 1792 he forswore all religions and declared himself the personal enemy of Jesus. The climax of his political career took place when he presented on 10 November 1793 an organized atheistic ceremony in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, which he transformed into a temple of reason and freedom.
Clootz exact words about Jesus from August 1792 were I am the personal enemy of Jesus Christ. And he simultaneously abjured all revealed religions.81
80.F. Bornarel, Cambon et la rvolution franaise (Paris: 1905) at 215. Illuminati of Bavaria 31
Here was a man worthy of Weishaupts Illuminati at the heart of all the major policy events of the French Revolution of 1792-1793 until Robespierre seizes power from him. Despite his enormous contributions, Cloots is virtually ignored by historians from the U.S.A. Could it be because Cloots so evidently was indoctrinated by the Bavarian Illuminati (by means of his membership at one point in the Cercle Social) and he did everything that possibly could be expected of him to make the dreams of the Illuminati come true? Whatever the reason for ignoring this man, Cloots was not content with mere rhetoric. Cloots and his allies soon instituted all kinds of draconian decrees, including the mass roundup of suspects. The prisons became filled with priests who were suspected as fifth columnists82 which fear was spread by Cloots and his cohorts. Yet, it was not Cloots party, but Marat who devised the plan to slaughter the priests in the jails the famous event known as the September massacres of 1792.
How Cloots Feasts of Reason Swept Religion Out of France
The effort to impose atheism on France in the garb of a new civil religion of reason sometimes misnomered as the Dechristianizing Movement had as its leaders:
Clootz, elected representative to Convention and the head of the French Foreign Legions;83 Chaumette, Procurer of the Commune (i.e., the governing body of Paris); Hbert, the dominating leader of the Commune.
81.Cloots, Jean Baptiste du val, Encyclopedia Brittanica (1910) at 556. As a member of the Convention, Clootz also voted for the execution of the deposed King Louis XVI. The margin in favor of death was a single vote, and thus Clootz vote was just as decisive as every other vote for death. 82.McManners, The French Revolution and the Church (1969) at 64. 83.McManners, The French Revolution and the Church (1969) at 87. Illuminati of Bavaria 32
Collot as well as Billaud-Varenne (a rabid critic of religion prerevolution),84 and Fouch two of the nations twelve member executive committee at Paris known as the Committee of Public Safety (CPS). This was the official body which later orchestrated the Reign of Terror. Sieys who in the Convention spoke as a legislator in favor of the new Feast of Reason system on November 11, 1793. He had officially previously drawn up the ceremonies of the new festivals of reason as a program of the Committee of Education.85
Until the fall of Hbert in late 1793, national power was being arrogated to itself by the Paris Commune under his control, along with Cloots and his friends. [R]adical revolutionists like Chaumette and Anarcharsis Clootz...wished to dechristianize France, and [u]nder their influence the Commune of Paris, not the convention, passed decrees (November 28) ordaining the festival of Reason (November 10) and the closure of the churches.86
84.Prior to the revolution, Billaud-Varenne was a failed lawyer and writer. Yet, his polemic against any religion but of nature was printed in 1787, entitled The Last Blow Against Prejudice and Superstition. In it, Billaud proposed all property of the church should be confiscated and that the clergy were to be controlled by the state. (This plan was introduced to the National Assembly by Talleyrand and Mirabeau in 1789.) Anything in Christianity that did not arise from nature and a few words of Jesus was to be removed from doctrine and services as mystification invented by cunning priests to entrench their power. Any group who opposed this plan represented a vile interest, he wrote, and its motives will be too contemptible to give it ear to its clamor. (See, Schama, Citizens, supra, at 694-95; John McManners, The French Revolution and the Church (Wesport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1989) at 7-8.) Billaud in 1793 wrote a book entitled Elements of Republicanism . Palmer notes that in it Billaud was arguing for a division of wealth and the right of every man to employment. (Palmer, Twelve Who Ruled, supra, at 40.) Billaud with Collot pushed for the July 26, 1793 law against hoarding. It embodied many components of state socialism to it. Illuminati of Bavaria 33
Thus, while atheism was not imposed by the national legislature, it was coming from officials at the Paris-Commune level wielding executive power to impose their wills across France. Eulogius Schneider was a virtual carbon-copy of Cloots, and at Strasbourg, France, Schneider assumed the role of a revolutionary tribunal. He enforced atheism and terrorism simultaneously. Schneider, a member of Weishaupts Illuminati, travelled from Bonn, Germany to take control over Strasbourg, a city in France. Schneiders dates of rise and fall parallel Cloots exactly.87 Thus, when Robespierre arrested Cloots and Schneider in December 1793 and later arrested Chaumette and Hbert, and had them executed in March 1794, the last remnants of the Illuminati had fallen. The prior more influential Cercle Social an Illuminati-lodge by another name had been driven to extinction in July 1793. Thus, with both arms of the Illuminati, both its lodge and its independentlyoperating members like Cloots, having been destroyed, the Illuminati remnants eventually responded. In July 1794, Fouch enlisted his fellow CPS members to arrest Robespierre so as to stop Robespierres effort to move the revolution toward the right as Robespierre was moving againt atheism and cosmopolitanism, and instead toward deism and nationalism.
85.J.M. Thompson, Leaders of the French Revolution (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989) at 12 (He [Sieys] never sank lower than when he spoke in the Convention on November 11, 1793, in support of the anticlerical demonstrations of the Feast of Reason.) He drew up the plan for such festivals previously as a member of the Committee of Education. In the speech to which Thompson refers, Sieys made quite an impressive gesture: when the authorities celebrated the Feast of Reason, and demanded the sacrifice among others, of the Abbs letters of priesthood, he renounced them, together with his benefices of 10,000 francs. (Obituary Abb Sieys, The Gentleman's Magazine (1836) at 427.) 86. Henry Cabot Lodge, The history of nations Vol. X: F.A. Mignet, The French Revolution (Philadelphia: John D. Morris & Co., 1906) at 284. Illuminati of Bavaria 34
August 1793 Festival of Reunion (Paganism Of Cagliostro Revived)
Part of the proof that Robespierre came from the right was his effort to stop Atheism.

Prior to the revolution, Cagliostros Paris EgyptianFreemasonry lodge was known as the Lodge Isis.88 Then Bonneville in LEsprit des Religions published an extensive work advocating that the French regard the goddess Isis as the historic deity of the Druids of France.89 Other than these two sources, there is no known popularity of Isis in France prior to 1792 that can possibly otherwise explain what we will next discuss.
87.Eulogius Schneiders career paralleled Cloots. Schneider engaged in the suppression of Christianity at Strasbourg, France, leading the Festival of Reason on November 21, 1793 where emblems of the church were piled in a rude heap. Schneider then went about with a portable guillotine killing at least 30 citizens who tried resisting his regime at Strasbourg. St. Just, right-hand man to Robespierre, and who decried the ultra-radicals, had Schneider arrested December 15, 1793. Schneider was executed at Paris on April 1, 1794. (Eulogius Schneider, Wikipedia.) Eulogius Schneider joined the Bavarian Illuminati at Neuweid, according to the doctoral dissertation of Edmund Nacken, Eulogius Schneider in Deutschland (1758-1791) (Bonn: 1933), published as part of Studien ber Eulogius Schneider in Deutschland (Bonn: 1933), cited by Billington, Fire in the Minds of Men, supra, at 61; 527 n.39; 540 n. 63. Nacken was a specialist on the Illuminati in Germany. See Edmund Nacken, Die Minervalkirche von Stagira. Zur Geschichte des Illuminaten-Ordens im kurfrstlichen Bonn, Bonner Geschichtsbltter 1 (1937) at 167-75. After joining the Illuminati, Schneider moved 26 miles north-west of Neuweid to Bonn. There Terry Melanson says Schneider became a member of the Bonn Reading Society founded in 1787 as a camouflage organization for the Bavarian Illuminati of Bonn which previously disbanded formally in 1785. (Terry Melanson, Perfectibilists: The 18th Century Bavarian Order of the Illuminati (Trine Day, 2009) at 412, 433 n.92.) Illuminati of Bavaria 35
In the ancient religion of Egypt, they worshipped a goddess known as Isis. The myth of Isis was that by her power Osiris, her sister, was resurrected. Isis was also the consort of...Hathor at the Festival of Reunion.90 Her statue would be carried into a temple to meet a male deity-statue as part of a mating ritual. This was to celebrate the renewal of life.91 As a result of this annual Festival of Reunion, the god of all gods the Sun would be born nine months later. As a result, Isis was also known as the Queen of Heaven and Mother of God. This was because her celestial sign is in the celestial Virgo, which is deemed to make her the mother of the Sun-god the chief god whose birth was celebrated on December 25th precisely nine months after the symbolic reunion of March 25th.92 To celebrate the August 10th revolution of 1792, the government sponsored a Festival of Reunion on August 10, 1793. (This was the identical name for the Egyptian festival.) A statue of the goddess Isis was the centerpiece of the civil celebration.93
88.See Cagliostros Exposure on page 1 et seq. 89.See Nicolas Bonneville, The Spirit of Religions (1792) (trans. Marco di Luchetti, 2009), passim. 90.Safiya Karimah, Moon Goddess (2003) at 19. This festival was played out at Denderah. 91. See David Frankfurter, Pilgrimage and Holy Space in Late Antique Egypt (Brill-Die Deutsche Bibliothek, 1998) at 235. See also, The Festival of the Beautiful Reunion, http://www.philae.nu/ akhet/BeautReun.html 92.Katharine Hillard, The Black Madonna of Loreto, The Atlantic Monthly (1889) at 412. Interestingly, Eusebius in the 300s condemned that some women transferred the worship of Ceres (aka Isis) to the worship of Mary. Id. Later, the Lady-Day aka the Feast of Annunciation, March 25th, was a date which was obviously made to coincide with the date dedicated to Cybele, the mother of the gods. Id., at 412. The Egyptians on this date celebrated the Union of Isis and Osiris, and nine months later (on December 25th) celebrated the birthday of Harpocrates, which means the sun in winter. Id. Illuminati of Bavaria 36
Who was behind this event at Paris? The plan for this fountain from Isis breasts appeared in the Cercle Socials journal run by Condorcet, Chronique de Paris of July 18, 1793. Billington quotes it:
From her fertile breasts (which she will press with her hands) will spurt an abundance of pure and healthful water. From it shall drink, each in his turn, the eight-six commissioners sent from the primary assemblies...a single cup shall serve for all.94
This entire ceremony was choreographed by the painter David.95 The statue of Isis was constructed by Davids brother-in-law.96 Then right at this juncture, the Montagnards in the Jacobins were in the process of crushing the Cercle Social / Brissotin party out of French life. The July 1793 editions would be the last month of publication for the Chronique de Paris. However, David was a close friend of Robespierre who now was dominating at the Committee of Public Safety. Hence, despite the ceremony being bizarre, it was not entirely atheistic. Thus, Robespierre let it proceed. In fact, Davids
93.In this engraving of the Festival of Reunion or Unity of 10 August 1793, a female statue of Nature in the form of the Egyptian goddess Isis represents the regeneration of the French people. It sits on the site of the Bastille prison, whose fall signaled the beginning of the Revolution. The engraving depicts the statue as made of stone, but in fact it was hastily constructed of papier mache. This engraving was printed in 1797 as part of a series of commemorative prints of events of the revolution. http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/searchfr.php?function=find&keyword=engraving# 94.Billington, Fire in the Minds of Men (2007 reprint) at 45, citing in footnote 142 the Chronique de Paris of July 18, 1793. For background on this as Condorcets journal printed by the Cercle Social, see Hlene Delsaux, Condorcet Journaliste (1790-1794) (Paris: Librairie Ancienne, 1931) at 273, 274, 275, 277, 279, 349. 95.Quinlan, id., at 111. 96.Billington, supra, at 45. Illuminati of Bavaria 37
cartoon drawings in anticipation of this event were ordered reprinted in 500 copies by the Committee of Public Safety.97 The only explanation that this went forward was because of Davids good relations with Robespierre: [David] had been elected as a deputy to the National Convention, and became a close associate of Robespierre.98 At the ceremony, a choir of young girls in virginal white sang a hymn written by Gossec entitled Hymn to Nature. The President of the National Convention, M.J. Hrault de Schelles, climbed a flight of stairs leading to an imposing fountain of regeneration, and above this fountain towered a statue of the Egyptian goddess Isis.99 Water streamed from her breasts. A representative from each of the 86 departments took a drink from the fountain. As they left the podium, they received an artillery salvo and a fraternal embrace.
Cloots Engineers Atheism as National Policy Through Executive Decrees of Paris and Department Rulings
While Robespierres was allowing the Cercle Socialinspired Pagan celebrations in August 1793, Cloots and his friends began using the Commune (city-government) at Paris to spread official atheism across France. At this juncture, Cloots co-operated with Chaumette in preaching the worship of reason. To him deism appeared as culpable as catholicism itself. Cloots never ceased to propose
97.Jacques-Louis David and Dorothy Johnson, Jacques Louis David (Rosemont Publishing, 2007) at 127 98.Jack Richard Censer, Lynn Avery Hunt, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (Penn. State Press, 2004) at 92. 99.Sean M. Quinlan, The Great Nation in Decline (Vermont: Ashgate, 2007) at 111. Illuminati of Bavaria 38
Cloots Engineers Atheism as National Policy Through Executive Decrees of
the destruction of tyrants, and of all sorts of gods, declaring that there is no other God but Nature, no other sovereign but the human race, the people-god; and that it was now high time to destroy religion, the only obstacle to the happiness of mankind. The hopes of Cloots were all revived by the requisitions of Chaumette. He called upon Gobel, the constitutional Bishop of Paris. He persuaded him that the moment had arrived for abjuring, in the face of France, the Catholic Name, of which he was the Chief Pontiff. Gobel consented to go and abdicate the episcopacy, and prevailed upon the majority of his vicars to follow his example.
Anacharsis Cloots and Chaumette then took another step forward. Cloots, a Prussian baron, who had wholeheartedly espoused the cause of the Revolution, and who advocated with courage and sincerity an International Federation of all peoples, and the procureur of the Commune, Chaumette, who was a true representative of the Paris working man, persuaded Gobel, the Bishop of Paris, to lay down his ecclesiastical duties. Having received the consent of the Episcopal Council, and having announced his decision to the department and to the Commune, Gobel came in state on the 17th Brumaire (November 7, 1793), accompanied by eleven of his vicars, and followed by the mayor Pache, the procureur Chaumette, and by two members of the department, Momoro and Lullier, to the Convention, to divest himself openly of his prerogatives and titles.100
100.Petr Alekseevich Kropotkin, The Great French Revolution, 17891793 (N.Y.: G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1909) at 522. Illuminati of Bavaria 39
In this proceeding at the national legislature on November 7, 1793, all the various municipal authorities of Paris were present to support Gobel and the vicars who he gained over to his plan. Chaumette began the proceedings by informing the legislature that the Clergy of Paris had come to pay sincere homage to reason. Gobel was then introduced, with a red cap on his head, and holding in his hand his mitre, his crosier, his cross, and his ring. Addressing the Assembly, Gobel said:
Born a plebeian curate of Porentruy, sent by my clergy to the first assembly, then raised to the archbishopric of Paris, I have never ceased to obey the people. I accepted the functions which that people formerly bestowed on me, and now, in obedience to it, I am come to resign them. I suffered myself to be made a bishop when the people wanted bishops. I cease to be so now when the people no longer desire to have any.
Gobel spoke for himself and all his clergy, who ratified his declaration. Sieyes joined Gobel in renouncing his position and his religious faith. He declared that for many years already he had abandoned all ecclesiastical forms, that he had no other faith than that of liberty and equality, and that his prayers had long since called for the triumph of reason over superstition and fanaticism.101 These priests having laid down their insignias of office, the President f the Convention replied that the Convention had decreed freedom of religion; that it had left it unshackled to each sect; that it had never interfered in their creeds, but it applauded those who, enlightened by reason, came to renounce their superstitions and their errors.
After these bishops and curates as well as members of the Convention abjured catholicism, their abdications were nailed to a display accompanied by tumultuous applause. The deputation then retired, and, attended by an immense concourse, proceeded to the Hotel de Ville to receive the congratulations of the Commune. The example once given, it was not difficult to excite all the sections of Paris, and all the communes of the Republic to follow it. The sections all declared that they renounced the errors of superstition, and acknowledged no other worship than that of reason. The section of LHomme-Arme declared that it acknowledged no other worship than that of truth and reason; no other fanaticism than that of liberty and equality; no other doctrine than that of fraternity and of the republican laws decreed since May 31, 1793. The section of La Reunion intimated that it would make a bonfire of all the confessionals and of any books used by the catholics; and that it would shut up the church of St. Mary. The Paris section William Tell renounced forever the worship of error and imposture. The Paris section of Mutius Scoevola abjured the catholic superstition. That of Les Piques that it would adore no other god than the God of liberty and equality. And the Paris section of the Arsenal also renounced the catholic religion. Thus the sections taking the initiation, abjured the Catholic Name as the established superstition, and seized its edifices and treasures, as pertaining to the communal domains. A great number of the departmental communes seized the movable property of the churches, which they said was not necessary for religion. All the churches were stripped, and deputations were sent to the Convention with the gold and silver accumulated in the shrines of saints, or places appropriated to devotion. They went in procession, and the rabble, indulging in their fondness for burlesque, caricatured in the most ludicrous manner the ceremonies of catholicism, which they took as much delight in profaning as they had formerly done in celebrating them.
41
Men wearing surplices and copes, came singing hallelujahs, and dancing the Carmagnole, to the bar of the Convention. There they deposited the host or Wafer-god, the boxes in which it was kept, and the idols of gold and silver. They made burlesque speeches and calls to renounce the faith: O you, exclaimed a deputation from St. Denis, O, you instruments of fanaticism; blessed saints of all kinds; be at length patriots. Rise in mass. Serve the country by going to the mint to be melted, and give us in this world that felicity which you wanted to obtain for us in the other. Having thus trampled on the saints of Romanism, they unveiled the busts of Marat and Lepelletier, and pointing to them, said: These are not gods made by men, but the images of worthy citizens assassinated by the slaves of kings. They then filed off before the Convention, again singing hallelujahs and dancing the Carmagnole, carried the rich spoils of the altars to the mint, and placed the busts of the revered Marat and Lepelletier in the churches, which thenceforth became the temples of a new worship. The bazaar where the archbishops of Paris used to exhibit their spiritual wares was converted into a republican edifice called The Temple of Reason. A festival was instituted to be celebrated there every tenth day as a substitute for the catholic practice of Sunday worship. To this Temple of Reason the mayor, municipal officers and public functionaries repaired. More formal plans were drawn up for the next Decadi (i.e., November 10th, 1793.) Kropotkin (a Russian socialist) gives an apt account of how Paris and the Department officials thereupon combined to give an executive order to celebrate this new religion of reason. Kropotkin also explains the rationale of why Cloots-Chaumette elected to worship a live woman as the Goddess of Reason in the ceremony:
In the meantime, the Department and the Commune of Paris decided to celebrate the following decadi, the 20th Brumaire (November 10), in Notre Dame itself, and to organise a Fete of
Liberty and Reason, during which patriotic hymns were to be sung before the statue of Liberty. Cloots, Momoro, Hebert and Chaumette carried on an active propaganda among the popular societies, and the fete was entirely successful. This fete has been so often described that we need not dwell on the details. It must be mentioned, however, that in representing Liberty a living creature was preferred to a statue, because, said Chaumette, A statue would also have been a step towards idolatry. As Michelet had already remarked, the founders of the new faith recommended the choice, for the fulfillment of so august a part, of persons whose character makes them chastely beautiful, and whose strictness of habits and views repudiates any base idea. 102
The first festival of Reason was held with pomp, on November 10, 1793. It was attended by all the sections and the constituted legal authorities of Paris. Cloots was the leader of the festivities.
On 10 August 1792 [Cloots] forswore all religions and declared himself the personal enemy of Jesus. The climax of his political career took place when he presented on 10 November 1793 an organized atheistic ceremony in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris, which he transformed into a temple of reason and freedom.103
In this ceremony, it began in a small hall. Chaumette entered the Hall first, and lead by the hand a beautiful a young woman. She was the wife of a printer. That day her job was to impersonate the Goddess of Reason. She was draped
102.Petr Alekseevich Kropotkin, The Great French Revolution, 17891793 (N.Y.: G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1909) at 524. 103.Cloots, Wikipedia. Illuminati of Bavaria 43
in white, and a veil of azure blue hung from her head down over her body. Upon the top of her head was the red cap of liberty. She sat upon an antique seat, entwined with ivy, and borne by four citizens. When all was ready for the ceremony, Chaumette removes the blue veil in which her form was enveloped, and displays the nude beauty of the goddess to the gaze of the multitude. Then Chaumette cried out: Mortals, recognize no other divinity than Reason, of which I present you the loveliest and purest image.104 From here, they carried the Goddess of Reason to the Church of Notre Dame on a litter. The church was renamed The Temple of Reason. Then young girls, robed in white and crowned with roses, preceded and followed the deified printers wife. Then came the busts of Marat and Lepelletier (assassinated by a soldier because he had voted the death of Louis XVI), with musicians, troops, and all the armed sections. Speeches were delivered, and hymns sung again, upon which they left the Temple of Reason and presented themselves before the Convention. Legislators! said Chaumette Fanaticism has given way to reason. Its bleared eyes could not endure the brilliancy of the light. This day an immense concourse has assembled beneath the Gothic vaults, which, for the first time, re-echoed the truth. There the French have celebrated the only true worship that of liberty, that of reason. There we have formed wishes for the prosperity of the arms of the republic. There we have abandoned inanimate idols (the images of saints) for reason, for that animated image, the masterpiece of nature, pointing to the printers wife, the new-made goddess of reason. This young beauty then descended from her seat, and went up to the president of the Convention, who gave her the fraternal kiss amidst universal bravos and shouts of the Republic forever! Reason forever! Down with fanaticism! This public theater being over, the procession, accom104.Henry Barton Baker, French Society from the Fronde to the Great Revolution (London: Richard Bentley & Son, 1874) Vol. 2 at 323. Illuminati of Bavaria 44
Robespierres Prompt Denunciations of Atheism
panied by the members of the Convention, returned to the Temple of Reason, sang a patriotic song, and were then dismissed. Soon, in each section one church was dedicated [i.e., expropriated] to the cult of reason.105
Robespierres Prompt Denunciations of Atheism

However, on November 21st, Robespierre gave a speech at the Jacobin Club denouncing this new cult of reason. Robespierre said that the Convention would never take the rash step of abolishing the Catholic faith. The liberty of religion would end up being maintained. The people would not tolerate the persecution of peaceful priests. Robespierre said that the notion of a great Being watching over oppressed innocence and punishing crime was entirely popular. Robespierre then intimated the dechristianizers are traitors and agents of the enemies of France.106 However, Robespierre was at a lower rung of power on the 21st than Cloots, Chaumette, Sieyes, Billaud Varenne, etc. Yet, within five weeks, due to the peoples rejection of the Cult of Reason, Robespierres star would rise.
105.Petr Alekseevich Kropotkin, The Great French Revolution, 17891793 (N.Y.: G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1909) at 525. 106.Petr Alekseevich Kropotkin, The Great French Revolution, 17891793 (N.Y.: G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1909) at 526. Illuminati of Bavaria 45
Cloots Shows Off His Greater Power As of November 1793

In defiant response to Robespierres speech and to show their greater power, Cloots and friends took action. In reply, the Commune issued on the 3rd Frimaire (November 23), upon the direction of
Chaumette, an order by which all churches or temples of all religions in Paris were to be immediately closed ; the clergy were made individually responsible for religious disturbances; the Revolutionary Committees were invited to keep a watch on the clergy; and a resolution was made to demand that the Convention exclude the clergy from any form of public service. At the same time a course of morality lectures was established, to prepare the preachers of the new cult. It was also decided to destroy the bell towers, while in various sections fetes of Reason were organized, during which the Catholic faith was ridiculed. One section burnt some missals, and Hebert burnt some relics [of Catholicism] at the Commune.107
Then on the next day November 24, 1793, Cloots gave another speech to the Convention about his Universal Republic idea. Cloots had just published another book advocating a World Republic while radicalizing it in important respects. This work was entitled Bases constitutionelles de la republique du genre humain [Constitutional Foundations of the Republic of the Human Race] (1793). In it, Cloots wrote: The Foreigner! A barbaric expression at which we
Cloots Shows Off His Greater Power As of November 1793
now begin to blush!108 To those who mocked his ideas, Cloots told the Convention in his speech that he had an unshaken response: I mock the mockers.109 Cloots could be so bold because at this juncture, the machinery of terror was at the disposal of Cloots and his friends who engineered the Cult of Reason. They were nowhere as murderous as what would follow under Robespierre when Cloots fell from power in December 1793. Through February 1794, Saint Just complained that the Revolutionary Tribunal was moving too slow, having only executed 300 persons.110 However, that power could easily slip because unless Cloots and friends were willing to engage in mass slaughter to maintain power, the closing of the churches was very badly received in the small villages of France111 and could shift sentiment toward Robespierre if he defended traditional deistic faiths A British traveller, Helen Maria Williams, describes this juncture in the Revolution as a time when:
terror was the order of the day, when atheism was the standard of republican principles, and when bishops, priests, and even protestant ministers, in the convention professed themselves the converts of Cloots the atheist.....112
108.Franois Labbe, IL Y A 60 ANS IL Y A 218 ANS IL Y A ANACHARSIS CLOOTS Garry Davis, GOPOLITIQUE, RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES, DIPLOMATIE (November 2008), reprinted online at http://www.editions-harmattan.fr/ index.asp?navig=catalogue&obj=article&no=10028 (accessed November 27, 2008). 109.Georges Kantin, Douglas A. Cooper, Franois Mitterrand, Thomas Paine, Citizen of the World (Paris: 1990) at 37. 110.David Andress, The Terror, supra, at 265. 111.Petr Alekseevich Kropotkin, The Great French Revolution, 17891793 (N.Y.: G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1909) at 527-28. Illuminati of Bavaria 47
Robespierre Succeeds In Moderating The Revolution in December 1793

Cloots was president of the Jacobin Club at this juncture. Robespierre, however, outmaneuvered Cloots, and then moved to exclude Cloots from the Jacobin Club, and was successful.113 Soon thereafter, Robespierre engaged in a campaign to arrest the sponsors of the festivals of reason. On December 16, 1793, Robespierre on behalf of the Committee of Public Safety came before the Convention to demand a decree concerning religious liberty, the first article of which forbade all violence and measures against the liberty of religions.114 Thereupon, Robespierre on December 27, 1793 instigated Cloots arrest along with that of Thomas Paine who too was elected to the Convention, and was perceived as Cloots ally.115 Robespierre was now acting as the leader of the Committee of Public Safety. From that vantage point, Robespierre used the power of execution to prosecute Cloots, and he implicated Cloots in the Foreign Conspiracy of Batz which was supposedly to use dechristianization to embarrass the revolution.
112.Helen Maria Williams, Letters Containing A Sketch of the Politics of France, from the 31st of May 1793, till the Twenty-eighth of July 1794 (London: G.& G. and J. Robinson, 1796) Vol. IV at 4 113.Cloots, Jean Baptiste du val, Encyclopedia Brittanica (1910) at 556 (excluded at the instance of Robespierre from the Jacobin Club....) 114.Petr Alekseevich Kropotkin, The Great French Revolution, 17891793 (N.Y.: G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1909) at 526. 115.On the 7th Nivose (December 27th) of the 2d year of the French Republic, one and indivisible. TO THE DEPUTIES: The Committee resolves, that the persons named Thomas Paine and Anacharsis Clootz, formerly Deputies to the National Convention, be arrested and imprisoned, as a measure of General Surety; that an examination be made of their papers, and those found suspicious put under seal and brought to the Committee of General Surety. (Moncure Daniel Conway, The Life of Thomas Paine (N.Y.: G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1893) at 104.) Illuminati of Bavaria 48
Cloots Dies Bravely On The Guillotine
Cloots Dies Bravely On The Guillotine

Cloots was executed on March 24, 1794. At his trial, Cloots eloquently spoke in defense of his plan of a Universal Republic which was now supposedly a treacherous plot:
Citizens, the Universal Republic is in the system of nature As for suspecting me to be the partizan of kings merely because I have declared myself the enemy of them all, you dare not do it.116
Upon hearing the verdict of death, Cloots bravely replied:

I appeal from your sentence to the Human Race, but like Socrates I will drink the hemlock with pleasure.117
Bax, a socialist historian from England, notes that Cloots was on the last [cart to the guillotine], calm and at times even smiling. Bax then notes Cloots end represented the downfall of all that was purest and best in the revolutionary movement.... (Id., at 31.) The last voice of Illuminati principles had fallen for now.
Clootz Legacy
The Encyclopedia Brittanica said Clootz was a noteworthy figure.118 While his power was short lived, the German Wikipedia admits he was one of the most prominent
116.Ernest Belfort Bax [socialist historian], Outlooks from the New Standpoint (London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1891) at 31. 117.Bax, id. 118.Cloots, Jean Baptiste du val, Encyclopedia Brittanica (1910) at 556. Illuminati of Bavaria 49
political figures of Paris at one time. Bax, as we just saw, says Clootz represented the purest and best in the revolutionary movement.
Clootz Biographer Georges Avenel Says Clootz Had Joined Weishaupts Illuminati
Georges Avenel (1828-1876), a famous and reputable liberal-left historian, in 1865 wrote the first biography of Jean Baptist de Clootz (or Cloots)(1754-1794). It was entitled Anarcharsis Cloots, Lorateur du genre humain, Paris! France! Univers! (Paris, 1865) (reissued Champ Libre 1976). According to Georges Avenel, Clootz was in Serbia when he first heard of the Illuminati, and he joined an Illuminati lodge in Belgrade in 1778. While this may appear an early date for penetration of the Illuminati outside Bavaria, it is conceivable. Weishaupt was educated to speak Czech. Adam learned Czech and Italian as a child....119 His family was apparently Czech.120 This allowed his entrance into Serbia for in Serbia, in the province Vojvodina, the Slovakian language continues to be an official language.121 This Slovakian language is virtually indistinguishable from Czech which Weishaupt could speak. Czech is similar to and mutually intelligible with Slovak.122 Hence, Weishaupt easily
119.http://wapedia.mobi/en/Adam_Weishaupt (accessed November 25, 2008). 120.Interestingly, there is a company in Czechoslovakia called Weishaupt. Its website is www.weishaupt.com.br. 121.See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Vojvodina (accessed 11/25/08). Slovaks are the third largest ethnic group in the Vojvodina province of Serbia. According to the 2002 census, there are 56,637 ethnic Slovaks in Vojvodina, constituting 2.79% in the population of the province. http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Slovaks-inVojvodina (accessed 11/25/2008). Illuminati of Bavaria 50
Clootz Biographer Georges Avenel Says Clootz Had Joined Weishaupts
could have had Czech family back in Serbia, and utilized those contacts to penetrate Belgrade in Serbia. Thus, Avenels claim is plausible even though I still have doubts it is true.
Avenels Background
Avenel had written many detailed histories about the French Revolution, and was well-regarded. However, this particular book garnered little public attention outside France. A famous socialist in England, Ernest Bax, in 1891 said this book was amazing for its revelations of the true inner workings of the revolution but had achieved little attention:
The one on Anarcharsis Clootz is based mainly on the exhaustive Life of Clootz, by Georges Avenel, a most remarkable contribution toward the inner history of the French Revolution, which, so far as I am aware, has never before been noticed in this country.123
However, by 1994, things somewhat had changed. Recently, Julia Kristeva and Leon Roudiez wrote in their book Strangers to Ourselves (1994) that Avenels biography on Clootz was a visionary one at that, which still fascinates historians. (Id., at 211.)
122.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language (accessed 11/25/08). 123.Ernest Belfort Bax, Outlooks from the New Standpoint (London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1891) at 29. Illuminati of Bavaria 51
Robespierres Quote Implicitly Condemning The Illuminati Claiming Their Extremism Was Incompatible With French Sensibility
By arresting and executing Clootz and his friends, the socialist historian Bax recognizes that Robespierre was attempting... to moderate the revolution.124 Thus, on March 8, 1794, Clootz was executed along with everyone in his inner circlethe Frey brothers; Robert de Chabot, who was married to Leopoldine Frey; the Dutch banker de Kock the revolution-financer DEspenac; the Spanish adventurer Guzman: and three officials of the French Foreign OfficeDesfieux, Dubuisson and Pereira. Robespierre explained why he wanted these men killed. First, he explained that the atheist agenda of this group did not represent French sensibilities, and was contrary to the liberties the Republic which was based upon the freedom of religion. This is recounted in George Sydney Smythe, M.P. Historic Fancies (2d Ed.)(London: Henry Colburn, 1844). This liberal MP mentions that Robespierre was responding to the brutal rationalism which Clootz and his followers had adopted from the German Illuminati. (Id., at 324.) Smythe comments on Robespierres effort to curtail them:
But the extravagant and increasing license of the extreme party made it necessary for Robespierre himself to control them. He became a member of the Committee of Public Safety, in the room of Thuriot, and at the same time, introduced Carnot into the Government, in the place of Gasparin. His first measure was to put down the disgraceful persecution of the clergy,
124.Ernest Belfort Bax, Outlooks from the New Standpoint (London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1891) at 32. Illuminati of Bavaria 52
Robespierres Quote Implicitly Condemning The Illuminati Claiming Their
in which Hebert, Chabot, Clootz, were then employed. (Id.)
Thus, Smythe describes Robespierre as moving toward the center away from the views of the party Cloots represented. Robespierre in the speech was defending the good services of some nuns whom the Clootz-party had harassed. Smythe continues:
One instance will suffice to illustrate its horrors. Some Sisters of Mercy, of the order of St. Vincent of Paul, whose holy duty it was to tend the sick, had been scourged by prostitutes through the streets of Paris. In the outset of [Robespierres] first speech at the Jacobins, after his accession to office, he defended Madame Elisabeth; he proceeded to deny the existence of any superstition, except in the imagination of the ruffians whom he was opposing. (Id.)
Then Robespierre condemned bluntly the atheist talk reflected in the Worship of Reason which Clootz and Chaumette had advanced. He also sought to correct the public misperception that the Republic outlawed Catholicism. Smythe explains, and then quotes Robespierre:
[Robespierre] expressed the most vivid and profound disgust for the Worship of Reason, and the almost bestial prejudices of its instigators. He added in behalf of his own views of toleration, Men have supposed that the Convention had proscribed the Catholic religion. No, the Convention has not done this, and never shall. Its intention is to uphold that Right of Private Judgment which it has decreed..... (Id.)
Robespierre was putting a break on the Illuminati ideoloagy that Cloots was single-handedly advancing. When he prosecuted Clootz, and had him and his closest cohorts
executed, Robespierre explained why. In doing so, Robespierre charged Clootz and his party with a Foreign Conspiracy to subvert the morality of the French. Robespierre described it as a foreign influence which depended on financial manipulation through booms and busts intended to set the people in motion at their will, as we discuss next.
Robespierrres Revelation About The Illuminati (Without Using Their Name)

Here is Robespierres revelation about the Illuminati, even while he acknowledges at the start the foreigners had a positive role serving as the arbitrators of peace. But now their role has supposedly moved to new levels of perniciousness and they had to be stopped:
[T]hey infiltrate our clubs, they even have been seated in the sanctuary of our national representation...They lurk around us, they discover our secrets, they flatter our passions, they try to inspire us even in our opinions, they turn our resolves against us. Are you weak? They praise your prudence. Are you prudent? They accuse you of weakness. They call your courage rashness, your justice cruelty. Treat them with consideration, they conspire in public; threaten them, they conspire in the dark and under the cloak of patriotism. Yesterday they murdered the defenders of freedom, today they join in the funeral ceremonies....Foreigners did for a while appear the arbitrators of public peace. Money would circulate or disappear as they saw fit. When they wanted it, the people had bread to eat, when they wanted otherwise, the people were deprived of it....Their main object is to set us to fight against one another.125
This is an extraordinarily revealing revelation by Robespierre. He recognizes the group Cloots represents were initially the arbitrators of peace bringing the nation to the foundation of its 1791 Constitution. However, now, having acted through state representatives to abolish Catholicism, to persecute nuns in their work of charity, and to deny the Freedom of Religion, the same group had gone too far. (I assume Robespierre equated Cloots with the Illuminati, even though Cloots likely was only inspired by them, not acting for them at this juncture.) Robespierre went on in the quote above, and said this cabal had stirred up revolt by skillful manipulation, buying up bread when necessary or letting it flow so they could hold the mobs at their beck-and-call. The foreigners behind Clootsgroup were always engaged in some new conspiracy in broad daylight if possible, but, if not, then in the darkness. Robespierre saw no end to their work unless he punished them by execution.
Cloots Reply To Robespierre
Cloots in reply wrote words that review his revolutionary legacy as the first one to advocate publicly a Republic in 1792, and whose words encouraged even Desmoulins to commit tyrannicide. Cloots took credit that his ideas were the first to legitimize the idea of creating small federative republics rather than annexing other states. Cloots also said that his nemesis (Robespierre) was upset because Cloots revealed the secrets of the secret government by publishing too freely his thoughts. Most interestingly of all, Cloots says he simply was bringing the ideas of German philosophers to France. In Cloots Letter to Men of Good Will, we read his address to my comrades:
125.Julia Kristeva, Leon Roudiez, Strangers to Ourselves (1994) at 210, quoting from Mathiez at 172. Illuminati of Bavaria 55
You now see a patriot held in chains by the influence no doubt of a foreign cabal who most ardently persecuted the defenders of eternal and universal rights of man. [Note: Cloots is saying that Robespierres claim of Cloots working for a foreign cabal that works against the revolution is absurd.] It is as important to modern tyrants to close the mouth of the apostles of political fraternity as it was important to former tyrants to crush the apostles of Christian brotherhood. Admittedly, a universal church merits at least the honors of persecution [as it advances] that Universal Republic based upon an indivisible society which is free and equal. **** In effect, if a secret government truly exists in France, the means to consolidate it is by disposing of orators who disclose all the secrets. Anacharsis published his confessions too naively.... **** I am very much counting on the righteousness of good spirits, on the candor of the supporters of the one indivisible brotherhood. Hurry my former colleagues of the Committee of Public Safety, to order the lifting of my chains. Examine carefully my paperwork. You can find the graduation of my religious beliefs, my policies on men and things.... **** I live in my books which have been translated into various revolutionary languages. I made more proselytes to the truth that Pitt and others do falsehood. My principles radically
destroyed prejudice than there was nothing good in small federal republics . My book Universal Republic uniquely prepared minds to go on without a king and to familiarize themselves with the idea that France was not too large to create a republic ....My slanderer, Camille Desmoulins, himself said several months before the fall of the throne: Cloots, from a brilliant perspective, you show the human race in your book the Universal Republic, so that when my courage was killed, and the pen fell from my hands, you gave me the will to resume and trumpet consolation for tyrannicide. My philanthropic system, the utopia of my observations and not from my dreams, brought to the French Revolution the most famous philosophers of Germany and of the north [les plus clbres philosophes de lAllemagne et du nord].126
Everything Cloots said about himself was true.

Cloots was the first one to advocate publicly a Republic in 1792. Cloots ideas were the first to legitimize on a grand scale the idea of creating small federative republics rather than annexing other states. Cloots was advancing the ideology of German philosophers in France, i.e., Weishaupt and Kant.
What is also clear is that Cloots is answering the charge that he represents a foreign cabal and a secret government at Paris. Thus, one must understand that this was how Robespierres charges were understood by everyone. Robespierres charges constitute another exposure of the Illu-
126.Louis Paris, Ulysse Robert, ANACHARSIS CLOOTS AUX HOMMES DE BONNE VOLONT, SALUT, Le Cabinet historique (monthly magazine) (Paris: 1856) Vol. 12 at 211-216. Illuminati of Bavaria 57
minati although he chose not to name them by name and though he might have wrongly thought Cloots was a direct agent when more likely he was independently trying to implement their agenda. Robespierre was determined to break what he perceived was Illuminati influence.
Robespierres Political Ascendancy By His Anti-Illuminist Move

Robespierre became the hero of the public when he took action against the atheist and cosmopolitan agenda of Cloots. Prior to these events, Robespierre had handwritten two notes that showed he too was a shrewd manipulator of the sentiment of the people. In Taines French Revolution Vol. IV, he mentions the following important document... on file in the Archives Nationales, F7, 4446, which consists of two notes written by Robespierre in June and July, 1793:
Who are our enemies? The vicious and the rich.... How may the civil war be stopped? Punish traitors and conspirators, especially guilty deputies and administrators.... make terrible examples.... proscribe perfidious writers and anti-revolutionaries.... Internal danger comes from the bourgeois; to overcome the bourgeois, rally the people. The present insurrection must be kept up.... The insurrection should gradually continue to spread out... The sansculottes should be paid and remain in the towns. They ought to be armed, worked up, taught.
The result of Robespierre executing Cloots and friends was thus for this purpose to make examples of them. Robespierre calculated well. The immediate reaction in
58
Robespierres Political Ascendancy By His Anti-Illuminist Move
his favor from the people was positive. At the same time, this frightened the left associated with Cloots. Taine goes on to explain:
We can trace the effect of his attitude on the public in the police reports, especially at the end of 1793, and beginning of the year 1794. (Archives Nationales, F 7, 31167 report of Charmont, Niver 6, year II.) Robespierre gains singularly in public estimation, especially since his speech in the Convention, calling on his colleagues to rally and crush out the monsters in the interior, also in which he calls on all to support the new revolutionary government with their intelligence and talents.... I have to state that I have everywhere heard his name mentioned with admiration. They wound up by saying that it would be well for all members of the Convention to adopt the measures presented by Robespierre. - (Report of Robin, Nivers 8.) Citizen Robespierre is honored everywhere, in all groupes and in the cafes. At the Cafe Manouri it was given out that his views of the government were the only ones which, like the magnet, would attract all citizens to the Revolution. It is not the same with citizen Billaud-Varennes. (Report of the Purveyor, Nivese 9.) In certain clubs and groups there is a rumor that Robespierre is to be appointed dictator.... The people do justice to his austere virtues; it is noticed that he has never changed his opinions since the Revolution began.
Thus, Robespierres moderation of atheism and cosmpolitanism, and initial use of terrorism to suppress it, gained favor with the people. The execution of aristocrats did not bother the people. Yet, some on the left perceived Robespierre was planning massive depopulation killing people by the millions to prevent lack of food and then counter-revoluIlluminati of Bavaria 59
tion. This is what forced the dechristianizers and the people at large to seek together the toppling of Robespierre. Unbeknownst to the dechristianizes, when they executed Robespierre, his death had the opposite result than they intended. The people rose up to overthrow those who took Robespierres place, and finally the people restored the nation to a moderate Republic. The practice of systematic unprincipled terror was stopped. The new government put on trial those guilty of mass killings by vertical deportations (drownings) at Nantes, and other such crimes against humanity.
Robespierres Religious Ideals In The Worship of the Supreme Being in 1794 Revert to Ceremonies Involving Isis in 1793
Robespierre had come from within the Jacobin underworld. He was imbued still with their tainted theosophy, i.e., a desire to revive paganism. Prior to the revolution, Cagliostro the Illuminatus on August 7, 1785 had inaugurated the Lodge Isis as part of his Egyptian Freemasonry. It made the Egyptian goddess Isis the center of attraction. Later, the Illuminatus Bonneville in the Esprit des religions (1791) at 42 said that the worship of Isis by France goes far back into its pre-Christian days. In that time, the citizens of Gaul (France), the Celts, and the Scandinavians had a cult in the honor of Isis a cult of fire of eternal light.127 Bonneville claimed the worship of Isis took place where the Cathedral of Notre Dame now stood in Paris.128 In 1791, Bonneville in the LEsprit pined for the revival of this cult at the temple of its historic location.
127. Laurent Bricault, De Memphis Rome (Poitiers 2000) at 154. 128.James H. Billington, Fire in the Minds of Men (8th edition)(Basic Books, 2009) at 37. Illuminati of Bavaria 60
Robespierres Religious Ideals In The Worship of the Supreme Being in 1794
Quintus Aucler likewise in 1791 wrote a book which sought to renovate the ideas of Alexandria (Egypt) and he invented a liturgy of the Egyptian mysteries for public participation. Aucler appeared to be the first major representative of a world religion129 based on Isis worship. Robespierre did not approve of the return to paganism. He and his friend, David, designed [the festival of June 8, 1794 to the Supreme Being130] to counter the notorious Festivals of Reason.131 Nerval, an avid admirer of the Bavarian Illuminati, wrote in Les Illumins, Prcurseurs du socialisme (Paris:1852) how Robespierres presentation of the statue of the female impersonification of Wisdom actually still represented in the designers mind (David) Isis. The public (and perhaps Robespierre himself) were not informed about this. David was still imbued with Isis worship in the form he used in the Festival of Reunion of 1793, but now in 1794 kept quiet as he presented Isis under a different name. There are some obvious reasons for Nervals deduction. At this festival to the Supreme Being, the same person who made Isis the focus of the public Festival of Reunion on August 10, 1793, Jacques L. David, the painter, was hired to plan this 1794 event. For this occasion, David made a statue of a female once again as the center of attention.132 She was called the Statue of Wisdom.133 Furthermore, the ceremonies themselves help identify the Statue of Wisdom as really Isis. The festival began in the Tuileries Gardens. The opening act of this play featured a statue representing Atheism. The inscription on it read: only
129.Laurent Bricault, De Memphis Rome (Poitiers 2000) at 154. 130.Le culte de lEtre Suprme. 131.Lynn Hunt, Family Romance of the French Revolution (1992) at 154. 132. Laurent Bricault, De Memphis Rome (Poitiers 2000) at 158. 133.See Footnote 135 on page 62. Illuminati of Bavaria 61
hope of the foreigner.134 Read into that Robespierres likely snipe at the German Illuminati represented, so he imagined, by Cloots. In this 1794 ceremony, David then handed Robespierre a torch. Robespierre then set fire to the Statue of Atheism. When it disappeared in flames, then appeared a statue of wisdom135 which up to that point had been veiled136 by a veil...which concealed the statue of Wisdom.137 It had been choreographed so that just as the combustible statue of Atheism burned up, then the veiled statue of Wisdom would be unveiled.138 This was very much like the veiled Isis in the 1793 public ceremony planned by David. That earlier ceremony focused on the unveiling of the statuesque form of Isis then clearly and publicly identified as Isis. And just like in the Isis-ceremony of 1793, David in the 1794 ceremony made libations of emblematic water, and prayed his pagan prayer....139
134. James R. Lehning, The Melodramatic Thread (2007) at 1. 135. James R. Lehning, The Melodramatic Thread (2007) at 1. See also Eyre Evans Crowe, The History of France (London 1827) Vol. III at 81 (a statue of Wisdom, in marble, was concealed by three figures until the statue of Atheism was burned away). 136.David King, The British Harbinger (London 1870) Vol. 23 at 293. 137.George Lillie Craik, The Pictorial History of England (London 1849) Vol. VII at 430. 138.John Frederick Smith, William Howitt, John Cassell, John Cassells Illustrated History of England During the Last Hundred Years (London & N.Y.: Cassell, Petter, & Galpin, 1862) Vol. II at 123. 139.John Frederick Smith, William Howitt, John Cassell, John Cassells Illustrated History of England During the Last Hundred Years (London & N.Y.: Cassell, Petter, & Galpin, 1862) Vol. II at 123. Illuminati of Bavaria 62
Thus, David, apparently unbeknowst to Robespierre, had continued to keep elements that he, David, had used in the Festival of Reunion of 1793 so that the 1794 festival still contained elements of Isis-worship but without using her name. Incidentally, some smoke ended up on the statue of Wisdom. Some dechristianizers in the crowd who preferred the Goddess of Reason started murmurs and satirical sallies.140 The atheists Barrre, Collot dHerbos, Prieur and Carnot seemed greatly dissatisfied141 with this festival. The next day, Robespierre would rant and rave at the Committee for Public Safety to track down these atheists who spoiled the ceremonies with hisses the day before; Robespierre felt they had to die for their crime. Robespierre claimed they were the remnants of the Cloots-Herbert party he just destroyed.142 However, unlike the festival of 1793 put on by David, no one openly said this female Statue of Wisdom was Isis.143 Yet, just as before in the worship of Isis in 1793, there were hymns and sermons. This time the festival took place on the Champs de Mars where David constructed an artificial mountain. Nerval regarded this is as a new-Isis cult rite, as clearly this statue was the same Isis as in the prior ceremonies of 1793. It too was veiled144 which is a key attribute of Isis ceremonies. Nerval says clearly this goddess of wisdom was to replace the Divinity, by the necessity of [adopting] a public sect.145
140.George Lillie Craik, The Pictorial History of England (London 1849) Vol. VII at 431. 141.George Lillie Craik, The Pictorial History of England (London 1849) Vol. VII at 431. 142.George Lillie Craik, supra, Vol. VII at 431. 143.Many historians say this is the statue of Lady-liberty but they mispeak. 144.See Footnote 136 on page 62. Illuminati of Bavaria 63
Relying on the unveiling imagery, Nerval in 1852 wrote:

We must recognize the details of the ceremony that [Robespierre] instituted in honor of the supreme being, revived practices of the Illuminati in that this statue was covered with a veil which he then set fire to and which represented Nature, that is Isis.146
Robespierre intended this new cult not to be mistaken for Christianity, but he did not say it would be an Isis-worship religion, suggesting he did not comprehend it as such. Robespierre wrote:
How is the God of Nature different from the God of the priests? The true priest of the Supreme Being is Nature. His temple is universal. His cult is one of virtue. His festivals are joyous coming from an assembled people whose eyes...are upon universal fraternity and which presents hommage to it of sensible and pure hearts....147
Robespierre argued that having some god was a necessity to satisfy the masses. Robespierre explained on the 1st of Frumaire:
If there had been no God, we should have been obliged to invent him....The idea of a great being who watches over oppressed innocence, and punishes triumphant crime, is a thoroughly popular one.148
145. Laurent Bricault, De Memphis Rome (Poitiers 2000) at 158. 146. Laurent Bricault, De Memphis Rome (Poitiers 2000) at 154. This is from Nerval, Les illumins, ou, Les prcurseurs du socialisme (Paris 1852)(reprint 1994) at 404. 147.R.i.t.a, Le monde de Rita (n.d.) at 78. Illuminati of Bavaria 64
Thus, while Robespierre used the term Supreme Being, Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety were actually adherents of the God of Nature whom Nerval argues that some among the planners of this event (I suggest David, who designed the 1793 event), still understood to be Isis. David had previously openly endorsed the worship of Isis on August 10, 1793 at the Festival of Reunion. When for the 1794 celebration they decided to honor the Supreme Being, Davids design was now publicly vague on the name of the Supreme Being. Clearly, David intended this Goddess of Wisdom to represent Isis. As Nerval says, Davids use of a female statue of a lady with a liberty cap in the 1794 Supreme Being ceremony was to represent the same Isis deity openly worshipped as Isis in the civic celebration of 1793. And clearly the formal content of the festivals overwhelmingly referred not to Christianity, but to pagan antiquity....149
Presence of Hercules In Both The 1793 and 1794 Ceremonies
In the 1794 ceremony to the Supreme Being, there was also a fifty-foot column bearing a statue of Hercules.150 This is significant because a statue of Hercules was similarly used by David at the June 1793 Festival of Reunion151 which was an overt expression of Isis worship and thus the Hercules statue was clearly a link in Davids mind to his religious purpose in designing both festivals. Hence, what one must conclude is that David believed in the pious pagan religion that Cagliostro and Bonneville had taught, and with him he was bringing along his close friend Robespierre. However, Robespierre was adamant that
148. Louis Madelin, The French Revolution (1916) at 406. 149.David A. Bell, The Cult of the Nation in France (2003) at 167. 150.David A. Bell, The Cult of the Nation in France (2003) at 167. 151.James A. Leith, George Whalley, Symbols in Life and Art (Royal Society of Canada 1987) at 109 Illuminati of Bavaria 65
this should not be taken to the point of atheism. When Cloots tried to institute the ultimate plan of the Illuminati atheism in the form of a religous cult worshipping the goddess of Reason Robespierre destroyed him and turned the clock back to the worship of a Supreme Being.
Epitaph on Robespierres Grave: His Rightward Move Lost The Revolution

Proudhon, the famous leftist radical of 1848, explained the lefts historic revulsion at Robespierres actions in General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century (1851) (editor John Beverley Robinson) [reprint](2004) at 166-67:
Alas one is never betrayed but by his friends....Robespierre, the talker, without initiative....held back from the 10th of August [i.e., the declaration of a Republic]; neither approved nor disapproved the massacres of September; voted for the Constitution of 1793 and for its postponement until peace; condemned the Feast of Reason, and established that of the Supreme Being; prosecuted Carrier [i.e., guilty of the Noyades mass drownings] and supported Fouquier-Tinville [i.e., the lead prosecutor of the Terror];... proposed the abolition of the death penalty, and drew up the law of Prairial [i.e., to kill enemies of the people],... [thereby] cast[ing] discredit upon the Revolution...when, among the middle-course men, he endeavored by connivance with them,... to bind the chains of the Revolution. Ah! I know this reptile too well...It was Robespierre who lost the Revolution....
66
Epitaph on Robespierres Grave: His Rightward Move Lost The Revolution
What is ironic is that later Buonarroti tried to make Robespierre into a left wing icon, and by this means imprint socialism and totalitarianism as features of the left. However, Proudhon in the above quote saw Robespierre as the enemy of the revolution, and persecutor of the left. History of this era is certainly confused. The source of this confusion, in our opinion, was Buonarroti.
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Robespierres Revelation of Illuminati Influence

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Robespierres Identifying The Left With A Foreign Conspiracy Justifies

1 Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

1. Jean, Baron de Batz, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Jean,_Baron_de_Batz (accessed 1/23/09). Illuminati of Bavaria 1

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Robespierre Identifies Initiates of Mysteries Who Are Part of A Foreign Con-

Robespierre Identifies Initiates of Mysteries Who Are Part of A Foreign Conspiracy

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Robespierre Identifies Initiates of Mysteries Who Are Part of A Foreign Con-

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Robespierre Identifies Initiates of Mysteries Who Are Part of A Foreign Con-

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Kropotkin in his history of the French Revolution relates:

Robespierre Identifies Initiates of Mysteries Who Are Part of A Foreign Con-

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Who were the brothers Frey? Right wingers? Hardly.

Robespierre Identifies Initiates of Mysteries Who Are Part of A Foreign Con-

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Robespierre Identifies Initiates of Mysteries Who Are Part of A Foreign Con-

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Baron De Batz Book of 1795

Robespierres Revelation Requires Understanding Cloots

favours of all the kings of the earth could never pay.38

Robespierres Revelation Requires Understanding Cloots

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Biography of Clootz / Cloots

Biography of Clootz / Cloots

As most succinctly put by the Library Association in its biography of Clootz:

45.http://www.ilab.org/db/detail.php?booknr=346015092 (accessed Nov. 26, 2008). Illuminati of Bavaria 17

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Biography of Clootz / Cloots

52.Clootz, http://www.ilab.org/db/detail.php?booknr=346015092 (accessed Nov. 26, 2008). Illuminati of Bavaria 19

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

and a non-believer, and a Jesuit and the author himself.53

Biography of Clootz / Cloots

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Biography of Clootz / Cloots

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Biography of Clootz / Cloots

Cloots went on:

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Biography of Clootz / Cloots

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Biography of Clootz / Cloots

Military Commanders Endorse Goal of Universal Republic

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Cloots Simultaneous Anti-Religion Campaign

Cloots Simultaneous Anti-Religion Campaign

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Cloots Simultaneous Anti-Religion Campaign

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

August 1793 Festival of Reunion (Paganism Of Cagliostro Revived)

August 1793 Festival of Reunion (Paganism Of Cagliostro Revived)

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

August 1793 Festival of Reunion (Paganism Of Cagliostro Revived)

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Cloots Engineers Atheism as National Policy Through Executive Decrees of

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Cloots Engineers Atheism as National Policy Through Executive Decrees of

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Cloots Engineers Atheism as National Policy Through Executive Decrees of

Robespierres Revelation of The Illuminatis Influence

Robespierres Prompt Denunciations of Atheism

Robespierres Prompt Denunciations of Atheism