Chapter 28: World War II Section 2: World War II (1939-1945)

By Dallin F. Hardy

Axis powers

Major

Germany Italy Japan Hungary Romania Slovakia Bulgaria Yugoslavia Croatia

Minor

Allied Powers

Major

United Kingdom France Soviet Union United States Australia New Zealand Canada

Minor

Blitzkrieg

Lightening War

Planes

Close air support

Tanks

Germany Invades

1940

April

Denmark Norway Holland Belgium Luxemburg

May

The Phony War

October 1939- May 1940 Little force was used by the Germans

Dunkirk

Trapped forces

British French

French port English Channel

Evacuation of Dunkirk

Resulted in saving

British

200,000 10,000

French

Invasion of France

Germany took

Paris June 22, 1940

Battle of Britain

July 1940-May 1941 Germany planned to invade

Operation Sea Lion Started with an air attack

Winston Churchill

1940-1945 Prime Minister of Britain

Luftwaffe

German Air force

Most

Powerful Modern Experienced

Attacked

British

Airfields Fighter planes

Heinkel He 111

Medium bomber

Junkers Ju 87

Germany attacked Great Britain using its Luftwaffe

Royal Air Force

RAF Defenders of Britain

Spitfire

British single seat fighter

Hawker Hurricane Fighter

we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this Island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.

Winston Churchill

we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this Island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.

Winston Churchill

Bombing of London

September, 1940-May 1941 Germany

Switched tactics

Targeted civilians 43,000 people Over a million houses

Killed

Destroyed

English children

Were re-located to the country side

Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.

Winston Churchill

Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, "This was their finest hour."

Winston Churchill

Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves that, if the British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years, men will still say, "This was their finest hour."

Winston Churchill

British Advantages

Well trained pilots Communications

Radar Spitfire Hurricane

Faster fighter planes

Results

British victory Britain

Survived Luftwaffe

Germany

Suffered heavy loses Plans of a British invasion

Abandoned

Churchill & Roosevelt

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President of the United States

1933-1945
WWII

Sought U.S. involvement in

Americans

Isolationists

Non-interventionist Were against participation in the war

83%

I have said this before, but I shall say it again and again and again: Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

1940

Tyler Kent

1940 Code clerk

American embassy Secret dispatches

Discovered

Churchill Roosevelt Sought to bring U.S. into the war

Sought to alert Americans Caught

Imprisoned during the war

United States Support

Supplied

Military

Munitions Intelligence

Traded

Warships for military bases Convoys

Established

All of which was an act of war

Germany

Declined to declare war on the U.S.

The Lend-Lease Act

March 1941

Invasion of Russia

1941 Hitler

Sought

Lebensraum Ukraine To avoid a two front war Subdued

Felt that Britain had been

Operation Barbarossa

1941

June-December 6 Million soldiers 3 Million soldiers

Germans

Soviets

We have only to kick in the door and the whole rotten structure will come crashing down.

Adolf Hitler

The Battle of Moscow

1941

October-December Arrived outside of the city

German troops

Morozko

Russian

Old Man Winter General Winter General Snow

5 Months

November-March -22 F

Great Northern War

1700 Sweden invaded

17,000 Casualties

Napoleon's invasion

1812

525,000 Casualties

Germanys invasion

1941

734,000

Results

German defeat Germany

Casualties

582,000

Soviet Union

Casualties

1.3 Million

The Eastern Front

1941-1945 Germany

2 Front War

1944

War of Extermination The Biggest theatre of war in human history

30 Million killed

Mostly civilians

Bismarck

Sank the Hood

May 24, 1941 Of the British Navy

Pride Flagship

Sink the Bismarck

Winston Churchill

May 27, 1941

Bismarck was attacked

by four British ships

Rodney King George V Norfolk Dorsetshire

Went down with colors flying

In may of nineteen forty-one the war had just begun The germans had the biggest ships That had the biggest guns The Bismark was the fastest ship That ever sailed the seas On her deck were guns as big as steers And shells as big as trees Out of the cold and foggy night Came the british ship the Hood And ev'ry british seaman he knew and understood They had to sink the Bismark the terror of the sea Stop those guns as bid as steers And those shells as big as trees

We'll find that german battleship That's makin' such a fuss We gotta sink the Bismark 'Cause the world depends on us Hit the decks a-runnin' boys And spin those guns around When we find the Bismark we gotta cut her down

The Hood found the Bismark and on that fatal day The Bismark started firin' fifteen miles away We gotta sink the Bismark was the battle sound But when the smoke had cleared away The mighty Hood went down For six long days and weary nights They tried to find her trail Churchill told the people put ev'ry ship a-sail 'Cause somewhere on that ocean I know she's gotta be We gotta sink the Bismark to the bottom of the sea

We'll find that german battleship That's makin' such a fuss We gotta sink the Bismark 'Cause the world depends on us Hit the decks a-runnin' boys And spin those guns around When we find the Bismark we gotta cut her down

The fog was gone the seventh day And they saw the mornin' sun Ten hours away from homeland The Bismark made its run The admiral of the british fleet said Turn those bows around We found that german battleship And we're gonna cut her down

The british guns were aimed And the shells were comin' fast The first shell hit the Bismark They knew she couldn't last That mighty german battleship is just a memory Sink the Bismark was the battle cry That shook the seven seas

We found that german battleship Was makin' such a fuss We had to sink the Bismark 'Cause the world depends on us We hit the deck a-runnin' and We spun those guns around We found the mighty Bismark And then we cut her down

We found that german battleship Was makin' such a fuss We had to sink the Bismark 'Cause the world depends on us We hit the deck a-runnin' and We spun those guns around We found the mighty Bismark And then we cut her down

Capture of U-110

May 1941 Captured the German

Enigma Machine

Japanese Imperialism

Conquest

Manchuria

1931 1941

Indochina

United States

Froze

Japanese assets in the United States

Refused to sell

Oil Metal To Japan

Closed the Panama Canal to

Japan

Sparks will fly before long

American diplomat

Our Empire, for the purpose of self-defense and self-preservation, will complete preparations for war ... [and is] ... resolved to go to war with the United States, Great Britain and the Netherlands if necessary.

Hirohito

Bombing of Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941 Japan launched a surprise attack on

The United States

Destroyed

19 Ships

Arizona Utah Oklahoma

Results

Japanese Victory United States

Declares war on Japan Enters WWII

United States

Casualties

2,335 Killed 1,143 Wounded 8 Battleships 188 Planes

Japan

Casualties

64 Killed 29 Planes

Did FDR know about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor?

The question was how we should maneuver them [the Japanese] into the position of firing the first shot.

Henry Stimson

Secretary of War

The United States declares war on Japan

December 8, 1941 A date which will live in infamy

President Franklin D. Roosevelt

December 11, 1941

Germany Italy

Declare war on the United States

The Doolittle Raid

April 18, 1942 First U.S. air raid against the Japanese

Status of 1942

German Submarines

Sank ships faster than the Allies could make them Controlled most of Europe

Germany

Japanese

Seized

Guam Wake Island Hong Kong Singapore

Allied Focus

European Theatre

United States Navy

Pacific

Still engaged the Japanese

U.S. Aircraft Carriers

Survived the bombing

Pearl Harbor

Battle of Midway

June 4-7, 1942 Pacific theatre of war

Midway Islands

United States attacked Japanese

SBDs

Torpedo Boat

Destroyer

Battleship

Carrier

USS Yorktown

USS Enterprise

Results

United States

United States victory Hampered the Japanese offensive

Casualties

Japanese

307 Killed 1 Carrier 1 Destroyer

Casualties

3,057 Killed 4 Carriers 1 Cruiser 228 Planes

North Africa

British and American forces

Pushed back the Germans

Tanks

Soviet Union

T-26

T-37

T-38

T-34

T-50

T-70

British Tanks M7 Priest

Hobarts Funnies

American Tanks

M3 Lee

M4 Sherman

Sherman DD

M24

M10 Wolverine

Tank Destroyer

M26 Pershing

German Tanks

Panzer

Panzerkampfwagon Armour

Panzer I

Panzer V Panther

Panzer VI Tiger

1942-1945 Thick armor Large main gun

Battle of El Alamein

October 1942 British General

Bernard Montgomery

Led the 8th Army Against Germans in Egypt

General Erwin Rommel

Led the German Afrika Korps Desert Fox

Results

Allied Victory Turning point in the desert theatre of war Casualties

Great Britain

13,500 Killed/Wounded 500 Tanks

Germany

Casualties

20,000 Killed/Wounded 30,000 Captured

Erwin Rommel

German General Forces were pushed back to Tunisia

Operation Torch

1942 British-American invasion

North Africa

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Commanded American troops

Morocco Algeria

May 1943

General Rommels forces surrendered

Tunisia

Allied Advances in Europe

Italians

Overthrew

Benito Mussolini

Shot Hanged with piano wire

New government sided with the Allies

September 1943

Allied forces invade Italy

Liberation of Rome

June 4, 1944 First European capitol to be freed

The Battle of Stalingrad

August 21, 1941February 2, 1943 Soviet Russia German siege Could be

The bloodiest battle in human history

24 Hours

Life expectancy of a Soviet soldier

Besiegers Become the Besieged

1942 German 6th army

Completely surrounded by Soviet troops

Results

Soviet Victory Bloodiest battle in history

The turning point of

World War II

Germany

Casualties

740,000 Killed/Wounded 110,000 Captured

Soviet Union

Casualties

1 Million Killed 40,000 Civilian dead

Soviet forces pushed the Germans westward Stalin

Sought a

Western Front

Operation Overlord

British and American invasion of

German controlled France

Would create a two front war to ease the

Soviet Union

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Commander of Allied forces in Europe By June 1944

3 Million troops were ready to cross

The English Channel

You are about to embark upon the Great Crusade, toward which we have striven these many months. The eyes of the world are upon you. The hopes and prayers of liberty-loving people everywhere march with you. In company with our brave Allies and brothers-inarms on other Fronts, you will bring about the destruction of the German war machine, the elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed peoples of Europe, and security for ourselves in a free world. Your task will not be an easy one. Your enemy is well trained, well equipped and battle-hardened. He will fight savagely. But this is the year 1944! Much has happened since the Nazi triumphs of 1940-41. The United Nations have inflicted upon the Germans great defeats, in open battle, man-to-man. Our air offensive has seriously reduced their strength in the air and their capacity to wage war on the ground. Our Home Fronts have given us an overwhelming superiority in weapons and munitions of war, and placed at our disposal great reserves of trained fighting men. The tide has turned! The free men of the world are marching together to Victory! I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty and skill in battle. We will accept nothing less than full Victory! Good Luck! and Let us all beseech the blessing of Almighty God upon this great and noble undertaking.

Atlantic Wall

German fortifications to oppose an Allied invasion Mined beaches Barbed wire Machine guns Anti-tank walls

June 6, 1944

D-Day Operation Overlord

4,000 ships carried the invasion force to France Landed on the beaches of Normandy 1,000,000 Soldiers

Battle of Normandy

June 6, 1944 Allied invasion of Europe Largest Sea invasion in history Beaches

Omaha Utah

Air invasion

101st Airborne Used

Paratroopers Gliders

Results

Allied victory Allies gained foothold in Europe Turning Point

Western front

Casualties

Allies

10,000 9,000

Axis

Liberation of Paris

August 25, 1944 4 years

Under Nazi rule

Advance on Germany

Operation Cobra Allies moved east

Berlin

Battle of the Bulge

December 16, 1944 German counterattack

George S. Patton

Old Blood and Guts Commanded the 3rd Army

101st Airborne division

Trapped behind enemy lines Passed the front lines to save

General Patton

101st Airborne Division Bastogne Berlin

Could have taken

Results

Allied Victory The last German offensive Casualties

Allied

90,000

German

Casualties

85,000

Bombing of Germany

Bombing of Dresden

February 13-15, 1945 Killed

250,000 Civilians

By Allied forces

Dresden 1890

April 1945

President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Died

Suffered a Cerebral Hemorrhage

Harry S. Truman

33rd President of the United States 1945-1953

Battle of Berlin

April-May 1945 Soviet invasion of the capital of Germany Extremely bloody

Results

Soviet Victory

Set the stage for the

Cold War

Soviet war crimes

100,000 German civilians

Robbed Starved Raped Murdered

The Death of Adolf Hitler

April 30, 1945 Committed suicide

Cyanide Shot himself Bodies

Burned Buried

With Eva Braun

Married the day before

Germany Surrenders

May 7, 1945

V-E Day

May 8, 1945 Victory in Europe

Campaign in the Pacific

United States objectives

Regain

Philippines Japan

Island hopping

Capturing some Going around others

General Douglas MacArthur

October 1944

Returned to the Philippines Captured Manila

February 1945

United States forces

Captured

Iwo Jima Okinawa

Kamikaze

Japanese pilots Suicide missions

Planes full of explosives

Question of Invasion?

Japan

Possible results

1,000,000 American deaths Millions of Civilian deaths

The Manhattan Project

1942-1946 Development of the first

Atomic weapons

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Later discovered to be

Communist Supplied Soviets

With classified atomic secrets

Soviet Union developed

Atomic weapons

1949

Trinity Test

July 16, 1945 First nuclear explosion in history

The United States had

2 Working atomic bombs

Little Boy Fat Man

Potsdam Declaration

July 1945

Truman Churchill Stalin

Sent Japan a message

Surrender or face prompt and utter destruction Japan refused to surrender

Enola Gay

August 6, 1945 Dropped an atomic bomb on

Hiroshima

Destroyed the city Killed

70,000

August 9, 1945

The second atomic bomb Dropped on

Nagasaki 40,000 By both bombs

Killed

110,000 killed

August 14, 1945

Japan announced its surrender

September 2, 1945

Formal surrender Tokyo Bay

USS Missouri

Costs of the War

The deadliest conflict in human history

63 Million people

Military and Civilian Military deaths

15-20 Million

418,500 American deaths

Atrocities of War

Civilian Deaths

19 Million U.S.S.R. 9 Million China 6 Million Holocaust 2.5 Million Poland 2 Million Germany 1.3 Million Yugoslavia