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Importance of Listening
Most basic of the four areas of language development Our ability to speak, read, write, & master cognitive skills depend on our ability to listen Listening skill is vital in both formal & informal situations Our attitudes, skills, & behaviors are affected by listening
Hearing physiological process of receiving aural & visual stimuli Listener takes in the sound of the speakers voice Passive phase of speech reception we can hear without effort
Listening is more than hearing Active phase of speech reception A physiological process guided & controlled by the habits, attitudes, & conscious intentions of the listener Choosing information from complex stimuli information that will be helpful in formulating response
Definitions of Listening
Nichols: If hearing is the apprehension of sound & listening is the comprehension of aural symbols, then listening can be more accurately defined as the attachment of meaning to aural symbols. (1954)
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Definitions of Listening
Baird & Knower: Listening is the term for a whole group of mental processes which enable us to interpret the meaning of messages. It is a cognitive process that involves perception, comprehension, & other mental processes. (1968)
Definitions of Listening
Wolvin: Listening is the process of receiving, attending to, & assigning meaning to aural stimuli. (1988)
1. Listening is a dynamic, transactional process. 2. Listening is an active process (not a passive one). 3. Listening is a complex process.
Hearing
Auding
S P E E C H S O U N D S
Identification of words
Stages of Listening
W. Brooks (1993) 1. Hearing 2. Identifying & recognizing 3. Auding
appreciation
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1. Hearing
Hearing reception of sound waves by the ear. 3 Important Factors: Auditory acuity frequencies or tones at various intensities (loudness) Masking background noise with same frequency range as the message Auditory fatigue prolonged exposure to sounds of certain frequencies can result to hearing loss
3. Auding
The listener assimilates the words, & responds to them with understanding & meaning. Thinking skills: Indexing arranging the material according to importance Making comparisons Noting sequence arranging by time Forming sensory impressions translating the material into sensory images (or even taste, smell, or feel of the message) Appreciating responding to the aesthetic nature of the message
S P E E C H S O U N D S
Hearing
Auding
Identification of words
appreciation
4.
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Avoiding difficult & unpleasant material. Suggestion: Practice listening in a wide variety of situations
Engaging in private planning Suggestion: Set aside unrelated personal problems or concerns
Trying to outline everything that the speaker says. Suggestion: Try more effective ways of outlining/note-taking
Wasting the advantages of thought speed Suggestion: Capitalize on the advantages of thought speed
4.
5. 6.
Listen actively Listen with empathy Listen for total meaning Listen with an open mind Give effective feedback Listen critically
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Propaganda Techniques
Propaganda Techniques
Name-calling Glittering generalities Irrelevant personal attacks False appeal to authority Transfer (of authority, sanction, prestige) Half-truth Card-stacking (selecting only favorable evidence)
Propaganda Techniques
Plain-folks device Bandwagon (appeal to popular opinion) False causality False analogy