CHAPTER 3:FORCES AND PRESSURE the ship anchored away from the (i) Explain what happens to the
(i) Explain what happens to the size of
1.(a) Diagram 9.1(a), Diagram 9.2(b) and
Diagram 9.2(c) show a rock hung on a
spring balance in air, immersed in water
and cooking oil respectively. The reading
of the spring balance for each situation is
as shown in Diagram 9.1.
RAJAH 9.1
(i) What is meant by weight?
[1 mark]
(ii) Using Diagram 9.1(a), Diagram 9.1(b)
and Diagram 9.1(c), compare the spring
balance reading, the weight lost of the
rock and the density of the water and
the cooking oil. Relating the weight lost
and the density, deduce a relevant
physics concept.
[4 marks]
(iii) Name the physics principle that explains
the above situations.
[1 mark]
(b) Diagram 9.2 shows a copper block and a
bowl shape copper sheet of same
mass.Explain why the copper block sink
in water but the bowl shape copper
sheet floats on water.
[4 marks]
(c) Diagram 9.3 shows a barge used to
transport goods from fresh water port to
seaside. bubble as it rises to the surface of the
water. [2 marks]
(ii) Explain how this change affects the
upward motion of the bubble.[2
marks]
DIAGRAM 9.3 (d) Diagram 9.3 and Diagram 9.4 show the side
Using suitable physics concepts, explain the view of two different models of a dam made
required modification needed in designing a from bricks and concrete.
barge that can carry more and heavier
goods, move faster and safe in fresh and
salt
water. You can emphasise on the following
aspects in your modification;
i. material used Water Water
ii. plimsoll line
iii. shape and size of the barge [10 Dam
Dam
marks]
2. Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2 show how water spurts
out from its container when the valve is opened. DIAGRAM 9.3 DIAGRAM 9.4
Water (i) Which model is preferable? Explain your answer.
level [2 marks]
Water
Aras air level (ii) Suggest two uses of the water in the dam.
[2 marks]
(iii) Explain the modifications that need to be made to
DIAGRAM 9.1 DIAGRAM 9.2 the dam to enable it to store more water safely.
When a liquid is held in a container, it exerts [6 marks]
pressure on the container. 3. (a) Figure 9.1, Figure 9.2 and Figure 9.3 show a
(a) What is meant by pressure? [1 mark] fisherman pulling out of the river. In Figure 9.1,
the fisherman finds it easy to pull up the fishing
(b) With reference to Diagram 9.1 and Diagram net while most of his catch is in the water, due to
9.2, compare the depth of the water in both the buoyant force. However as more and more of
containers, the rate at which water spurts out the catch is out of the water it gets harder to pull
and the distance travelled by the water that up the net as shown in Figure 9.2 and 9.3.
spurts out.
Relate the distance travelled by the water that
spurts out to the depth of the water. Hence
make a conclusion regarding the relationship
between the pressure and the depth of the
water. [5 marks]
(c) A small bubble of air is released from the
bottom of a lake.
1
 ρgh. Relate the height of the liquids with the
physical quantity that affect the rise of the
liquids in the glass tube. [5 marks]
(b) Explain how a siphon works so transfer liquid from
one container to another. [4 marks]
DIAGRAM 9.2
Explain how the toothpaste flows out and name a
physics principle related to it. [4 marks]
(c) Diagram 9.3 shows a hidraulic jack which can
lift up a maximum mass of 1 metric tonne.

(i) What is buoyant force? [1 mark]

(ii) Using Figures 9.1, 9.2 and 9.3, compare the mass of
the catch as well as the volume of the catch while
still immersed in the water. Relating the amount of
force required to lift the catch, the weight of water
displaced and the buoyant force, deduce a relevant
physics concept. [5 marks]
(b) A hydrometer is used to measure the density of acid
in a car battery. Using a suitable physics principle,
explain how the hydrometer works.
[4 marks]
(c) The manager of a carnival near your home seeks
your advice on designing and handling a hot air
balloon. The balloon should be able to rise to about
the height of a five-storey building, carry up to
three people and can be brought down to the same
spot after a certain time. Explain your suggestion
taking into account:
(i) the material and other equipment required
(ii) safety aspects
(iii) the best times in a day to launch the balloon
[10 marks]
4. (a) Diagram 10 shows liquid A and liquid B placed in
repective beakers. A joined glass rod is immersed
in both liquids.
(i) What causes the liquids to rise in the glass
rod tube? [1 mark]
(ii) With reference to Diagram 10.1, compare the
height of the liquids in the tube, the pressure
exerted by the liquids. Given the formula; P =
(b) With reference to Diagram 10.2, suggest the
modification that needs to be done on the balloon and
the container to enable the balloon to float and carry
passenger for tourism purposes. In your explanation, DIAGRAM 9.3
emphasise the following aspects on how: Using suitable physics concepts, explain the
(i) to float the balloon modification that needs to be done to the
(ii) to carry passengers i. size of the piston,
(iii) to control the height of the balloon ii. material of the body,
(iv) the safety of the passengers. [10 marks] iii. type of liquid used,
5. Diagram 9.1 show a hydraulic lift used to raise iv. handle and
weight of 200 N and 800 N placed on the pistons v. ability to reset the piston position
Q and R respectively.The pressure exerted on piston easily
P is 1000 N m-2. Cross sectional area of piston Q and of the hidraulic jack to enable it to lift mass of greater
piston R is 0.2 m2 and 0.8 m2 respectively. quantity. [10 marks]
6. (a) Diagram 8.1 shows an object floating in liquid
X of density 1000 kg m-3. Diagram 8.2 shows the
same object floating in a liquid Y of density 1025
kg m-3.
DIAGRAM 9.1
(a) (i)What is meant by pressure? [1 mark]
(ii) With reference to Diagram 9.1, calculate the
pressure exerted by the liquid M on the piston
Q and piston R. Compare the pressure exerted (i) What is meant by density? [1 mark]
on the piston P, Q and R..Relate the pressure (ii) Using Diagram 8.1 and Diagram 8.2, compare
exerted by piston P on the piston Q and R with the levels of the objects in X and Y, the volume
the liquid M. [5 marks] of liquid displaced by the objects and the
(b) Diagram 9.2 shows the toothpaste flows out of buoyant force on the object. Relating the mass
it’s tube while squeezing at the bottom end. of the object, the volume of liquid displaced
and the density of liquid, deduce a relevant
physics concept. [5 marks]
(iii) Name the physics principle that the above
situation [1 mark]
(b) A submarine can sail on the sea surface and under
the sea. Explain how a submarine submerges
from the sea surface
2
(c) Diagram 8.3 shows the working principle of a
hydrometer. The depth to which the hydrometer
sinks in a liquid depends on the density of the
liquid.
Explain how you would design a hydrometer that can
determine a wide range of densities of liquid. Draw a
diagram that shows the design of your hydrometer and
in your explanation, emphasise the following aspects:
(i) the stability of the hydrometer
(ii) the sensitivity of the hydrometer
(iii) the ability to measure a wide range of
densities of liquids
(iv) the calibration of the hydrometer
[10 marks]
7. (a) Diagram 7.1 shows a metal block immersed in
water of density 100 kgm-3, labeled as experiment
A. Diagram 7.2 shows the same metal block
immersed in a salt solution of density 1100 kg m-3,
labeled as experiment B.
(i) What is meant by buoyant force?
[1 mark]
(ii) Using Diagram 7.1 and Diagram 7.2,
compare the volume and the mass of
liquid displaced. Relate the buoyant force
in the two experiments to determine the
readings of the spring balance.
[5 marks]
(b)(i) If the mass of water displaced in experiment A is
425 g, what is the buoyant force on the block in
experiment A?
(ii) State the principle used to find the answer in (b)(i)
(iii) Find the buoyant force on the block in
experiment B. [6 marks]
(c) Diagram 7.3 shows an experiment carried out by
putting a metre rule on a table and it was covered
by a sheet of newspaper. A student used his hand to
push the metre rule downwards.
The student found that it was very difficult to lift the
paper.
(i) Explain this observation
(ii) Suggest the modification that needs to be
done on the newspaper to enable the
newspaper to be easier to lift up.
8. (a) Diagram 9.1 shows a student holds a sheet of
paper in still air. Diagram 9.2 shows a hair dryer
is used to blow air across the upper surface of the
paper.
(i) What is meant by Bernoulli’s principle? [1 mark]
(ii) Using Diagram 9.1 and Diagram 9.2, compare the
speed of the air on the both sides of the paper.
Relating the speed of air with its pressure to
explain why the paper is lifted up when air is blow
towards the top of the paper in Diagram 9.2.
[4 marks]
(iii) Name the physics principle that explains the above
situation [1 mark]
(iv) Explain the function of Bunser butner. Draw a
suitable diagram to describe it. [4 marks]
(b) Diagram 9.3 shows a horizontal tube fixed with a
manometer and the manometer is filled with water.
Diagram 9.4 shows an air current is passed through
the same horizontal tube with a constant velocity
3
and the water lever in the two arms of the
manometer rises to different height.
(i) In diagram 9.3, explain why the mercury
levels in the two arms of the manometer
are at the same height.
(ii) In diagram 9.4, explain why the mercury
levels in the two arms of the manometer
are at different height.
[4 marks]
(c) You are a designer of airplanes. Explain how
you going to the wings of a plane. Explain how
is the design helps to produce a lifting force on
the airplanes. [5 marks]
9. Johan wears two types of shoes for running on
different grounds. Figure 2.1 below shows the
shoes worn by Johan when he goes jogging along
the beach. He usually jogs without stopping for
about 30 minutes. During his training session for
the 400 m track event on the stadium track, he
wears spikes as shown in Figure 2.2
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2
(a) i. What is meant by pressure?
[1m]
ii. Observe Figure 2.1 and 2.2. Compare
the main features of the surface of the
shoes in contact with the ground,
condition of the ground and the time of
contact during their use. Relate the
functional use of the two types of shoes
on different ground surface to deduce a
relevant physics concept. [5m]
(b) A 5-storey building has a mass of 6.9 x
1010 kg and a ground surface area of 8
 100 m2. Calculate in MPa , the pressure
exerted on the ground by the building.
( 1 MPa = 1.0 x 106 N m-2 ) [4m]
(c) Recently , many organizations try to
promote their image by having roadshow
at different places. One important piece of
equipment they need is a large mobile
platform that can be assembled in a very
short time Using the appropriate physics
concepts, suggest and explain suitable
designs or ways to build a mobile
platform that can be assembled and used
i. on the field ii. in water
[10m]