Mechanical Engineering Science 5: Fluid Mechanics

Tutorial 3 Solutions- Ideal Flows

1. Air passes through a venturi meter that has a throat diameter of 25mm and is tted to a tube
50mm in diameter. A water-lled, U-tube manometer is connected to the venturi and shows a
difference in level of 30mm. Estimate the volume ow rate of air through the tube.
The velocity coefcient of the venturi meter is 0.92, the density of air is 1.2kg/m
3
and the
density of water is 1000kg/m
3
.
p
1
+gh
1
+
u
2
1
2
= p
2
+gh
2
+
u
2
2
2

(u
2
2
u
2
1
)
2
= p
1
p
2
Q = u
1
A
1
= u
2
A
2
u
1
=
Q
A
1
=
4Q
D
2
1
and
u
2i
=
Q
A
2
=
4Q
D
2
2
u
2
=
4Q
C
v
D
2
2
and
p = p
1
p
2
=
H
2
O
gh
Air
gh = gh(
H
2
O

Air
)

Air
2
_
16Q
2

2
C
2
v
D
4
2

16Q
2

2
D
4
1
_
= gh(
H
2
O

Air
)

8Q
2

Air

2
_
1
C
2
v
D
4
2

1
D
4
1
_
= gh(
H
2
O

Air
)

8Q
2

Air

2
_
1
C
2
v
D
4
2

1
D
4
1
_
= gh(
H
2
O

Air
)
Q =

_
gh(
H
2
O

Air
)
8
Air
_
1
C
2
v
D
4
2

1
D
4
1
_
Q =

_
9.81 0.03 (1000 1.2)
8 1.2
_
1
(0.92
2
)(0.025
4
)

1
0.05
4
_
Answer:
Q = 0.01027m
3
/s = 10.27l/s
2. A pipe carrying water with a density of 1000kg/m
3
has its area reduced continuously from
0.002m
2
to 0.0005m
2
. The pressure upstream of this reduction is 30kN/m
2
and the pressure
change across it is 220mmHg. Take the velocity coefcient for the reduction as 0.95 and the
specic gravity of mercury as 13.6. Determine
(a) the uid velocity upstream of the reduction
p
1
+ gh
1
+
u
2
1
2
= p
2
+gh
2
+
u
2
2i
2
p
1
p
2
=
(u
2
2i
u
2
1
)
2
p = p
1
p
2
=
Hg
gh
Hg
= 13600 9.81 0.22 = 29.35kPa
u
2
=
u
1
A
1
A
2
and
u
2i
=
u
2
C
v
u
2i
=
u
1
A
1
C
v
A
2
p =

2
_
u
2
1
A
2
1
C
2
v
A
2
2
u
2
1
_
u
1
=

_
2p

_
A
2
1
C
2
v
A
2
2
1
_
u
1
=

2 29.35 10
3
1000
_
0.002
2
0.95
2
0.0005
2
1
_
Answer:
u
1
= 1.873m/s
(b) the force exerted on the pipe work by the uids motion
F = m(u
1
u
2
) + p
1
A
1
p
2
A
2
F = u
1
A
1
(u
1
u
2
) + p
1
A
1
p
2
A
2
u
2
=
u
1
A
1
A
2
=
1.873 0.002
0.0005
= 7.492m/s
p
2
= p
1
p = 30 10
3
29.351 10
3
= 649Pa
F = (1000 1.873 0.002 (1.873 7.492)) +(30 10
3
0.002) (649 0.0005)
Answer:
F = 38.62N
3. A nozzle is required to meter the ow of oil in a pipeline 200mm in diameter. The pressure
difference across the nozzle is to be measured using an oil/mercury manometer that can display
a maximum level difference of 300mm.
Use the following data to estimate a suitable nozzle diameter.
Maximum ow rate 600l/min
Velocity coefcient 0.92
Oil density 850kg/m
3
Mercury density 13600kg/m
3
p
1
+gh
1
+
u
2
1
2
= p
2
+ gh
2
+
u
2
2i
2

(u
2
2i
u
2
1
)
2
= p
1
p
2
= p
where
p = gh(
Hg

Oil
) = 9.81 0.3 (13600 850) = 37523.25Pa
Q = u
1
A
1
= u
2
A
2
= 600l/min = 0.01m
3
/s
u
1
=
Q
A
1
=
4Q
D
2
1
and
u
2i
=
Q
A
2
=
4Q
D
2
2
u
2
=
4Q
C
v
D
2
2

Oil
2
_
_
4Q
C
v
D
2
2
_
2

_
4Q
D
2
1
_
2
_
= p
_
_
1
C
v
D
2
2
_
2

_
1
D
2
1
_
2
_
=
p
2
8Q
2

Oil
1
D
2
2
= C
v

p
2
8Q
2

Oil
+
_
1
D
2
1
_
2

1
D
2
2
= 0.92

37523.25
2
8 0.01
2
850
+
_
1
0.2
2
_
2
= 679.33
D
2
=
_
1
679.33
Answer:
D
2
= 38.37mm
4. On open topped tank contains water with a density of 1000kg/m
3
. A nozzle with a velocity
coefcient of 0.9 and a diameter of 50mm is located on the side wall of the tank, 10m below
the free surface of the water.
Determine,
(a) the ideal velocity of the water jet leaving the nozzle
p
1
+ gh
1
+
u
2
1
2
= p
2
+gh
2
+
u
2
2i
2
p
atm
+ g(h
1
z) + gz = p
atm
+
u
2
2i
2
u
2i
=
_
2gh
1
=

2 9.81 10
Answer:
u
2i
= 14.01m/s
(b) the mass ow rate from the nozzle
m = A
2
u
2
= A
2
C
v
u
2i
= 1000
0.05
2
4
0.9 14.01
Answer:
m = 24.75kg/s
(c) the force on the tank by the jet
F
x
= mu = m(C
v
u
2i
0) = 24.75 (0.9 14.01)
Answer:
F
x
= 312.1N
5. A 30

converging bend, with an upstream diameter of 25mm and a downstream diameter of

10mm, is set in the horizontal plane. Oil with a density of 850kg/m
3
enters the bend with a
velocity of 4m/s and discharges from it at a pressure of 10kN/m
2
.
Determine,
(a) the velocity at the bend exit
Q = u
1
A
1
= u
2
A
2
u
2
=
u
1
A
1
A
2
= u
1
D
2
1
4
4
D
2
2
u
2
= u
1
D
2
1
D
2
2
= 4
0.025
0.01
2
Answer:
u
2
= 25m/s
(b) the pressure at the bend inlet
p
1
+ gh
1
+
u
2
1
2
= p
2
+ gh
2
+
u
2
2
2
p
1
= p
2
+

2
(u
2
2
u
2
1
) = 10 10
3
+
850
2
(25
2
4
2
)
Answer:
p
1
= 268.8kN/m
2
(c) the mass ow rate through the bend
m = A
1
u
1
= 850
0.025
2
4
4
Answer:
m = 1.669kg/s
(d) the component of force by the uid on the bend in the direction of the inlet velocity
F
x
= mu = m(u
1
u
2
cos ) + p
1
A
1
p
2
A
2
cos
F
x
= m(u
1
u
2
cos ) + p
1
D
2
1
4
p
2
D
2
2
4
cos
F
x
= 1.669(4 25 cos 30) + 268.8 10
3
_
0.025
2
4
_
10 10
3
_
0.01
2
4
_
cos 30
Answer:
F
x
= 101.8N